Which Chart Or Graph Is Right for You? Tell Impactful Stories with Data
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Realistic Modeling and Rendering of Plant Ecosystems
Realistic modeling and rendering of plant ecosystems Oliver Deussen1 Pat Hanrahan2 Bernd Lintermann3 RadomÂõr MechÏ 4 Matt Pharr2 Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz4 1 Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg 2 Stanford University 3 The ZKM Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe 4 The University of Calgary Abstract grasslands, human-made environments, for instance parks and gar- dens, and intermediate environments, such as lands recolonized by Modeling and rendering of natural scenes with thousands of plants vegetation after forest ®res or logging. Models of these ecosystems poses a number of problems. The terrain must be modeled and plants have a wide range of existing and potential applications, including must be distributed throughout it in a realistic manner, re¯ecting the computer-assisted landscape and garden design, prediction and vi- interactions of plants with each other and with their environment. sualization of the effects of logging on the landscape, visualization Geometric models of individual plants, consistent with their po- of models of ecosystems for research and educational purposes, sitions within the ecosystem, must be synthesized to populate the and synthesis of scenes for computer animations, drive and ¯ight scene. The scene, which may consist of billions of primitives, must simulators, games, and computer art. be rendered ef®ciently while incorporating the subtleties of lighting Beautiful images of forests and meadows were created as early in a natural environment. as 1985 by Reeves and Blau [50] and featured in the computer We have developed a system built around a pipeline of tools that animation The Adventures of Andre and Wally B. [34]. Reeves and address these tasks. -
Network Monitoring & Management Using Cacti
Network Monitoring & Management Using Cacti Network Startup Resource Center www.nsrc.org These materials are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) Introduction Network Monitoring Tools Availability Reliability Performance Cact monitors the performance and usage of devices. Introduction Cacti: Uses RRDtool, PHP and stores data in MySQL. It supports the use of SNMP and graphics with RRDtool. “Cacti is a complete frontend to RRDTool, it stores all of the necessary information to create graphs and populate them with data in a MySQL database. The frontend is completely PHP driven. Along with being able to maintain Graphs, Data Sources, and Round Robin Archives in a database, cacti handles the data gathering. There is also SNMP support for those used to creating traffic graphs with MRTG.” Introduction • A tool to monitor, store and present network and system/server statistics • Designed around RRDTool with a special emphasis on the graphical interface • Almost all of Cacti's functionality can be configured via the Web. • You can find Cacti here: http://www.cacti.net/ Getting RRDtool • Round Robin Database for time series data storage • Command line based • From the author of MRTG • Made to be faster and more flexible • Includes CGI and Graphing tools, plus APIs • Solves the Historical Trends and Simple Interface problems as well as storage issues Find RRDtool here:http://oss.oetiker.ch/rrdtool/ RRDtool Database Format General Description 1. Cacti is written as a group of PHP scripts. 2. The key script is “poller.php”, which runs every 5 minutes (by default). -
Munin Documentation Release 2.0.44
Munin Documentation Release 2.0.44 Stig Sandbeck Mathisen <[email protected]> Dec 20, 2018 Contents 1 Munin installation 3 1.1 Prerequisites.............................................3 1.2 Installing Munin...........................................4 1.3 Initial configuration.........................................7 1.4 Getting help.............................................8 1.5 Upgrading Munin from 1.x to 2.x..................................8 2 The Munin master 9 2.1 Role..................................................9 2.2 Components.............................................9 2.3 Configuration.............................................9 2.4 Other documentation.........................................9 3 The Munin node 13 3.1 Role.................................................. 13 3.2 Configuration............................................. 13 3.3 Other documentation......................................... 13 4 The Munin plugin 15 4.1 Role.................................................. 15 4.2 Other documentation......................................... 15 5 Documenting Munin 21 5.1 Nomenclature............................................ 21 6 Reference 25 6.1 Man pages.............................................. 25 6.2 Other reference material....................................... 40 7 Examples 43 7.1 Apache virtualhost configuration.................................. 43 7.2 lighttpd configuration........................................ 44 7.3 nginx configuration.......................................... 45 7.4 Graph aggregation -
Automatic Placement of Authorization Hooks in the Linux Security Modules Framework
Automatic Placement of Authorization Hooks in the Linux Security Modules Framework Vinod Ganapathy [email protected] University of Wisconsin, Madison Joint work with Trent Jaeger Somesh Jha [email protected] [email protected] Pennsylvania State University University of Wisconsin, Madison Context of this talk Authorization policies and their enforcement Three concepts: Subjects (e.g., users, processes) Objects (e.g., system resources) Security-sensitive operations on objects. Authorization policy: A set of triples: (Subject, Object, Operation) Key question: How to ensure that the authorization policy is enforced? CCS 2005 Automatic Placement of Authorization Hooks in the Linux Security Modules Framework 2 Enforcing authorization policies Reference monitor consults the policy. Application queries monitor at appropriate locations. Can I perform operation OP? Reference Monitor Application to Policy be secured Yes/No (subj.,obj.,oper.) (subj.,obj.,oper.) (subj.,obj.,oper.) (subj.,obj.,oper.) (subj.,obj.,oper.) CCS 2005 Automatic Placement of Authorization Hooks in the Linux Security Modules Framework 3 Linux security modules framework Framework for authorization policy enforcement. Uses a reference monitor-based architecture. Integrated into Linux-2.6 Linux Kernel Reference Monitor Policy (subj.,obj.,oper.) (subj.,obj.,oper.) (subj.,obj.,oper.) (subj.,obj.,oper.) (subj.,obj.,oper.) CCS 2005 Automatic Placement of Authorization Hooks in the Linux Security Modules Framework 4 Linux security modules framework Reference monitor calls (hooks) placed appropriately in the Linux kernel. Each hook is an authorization query. Linux Kernel Reference Monitor Policy (subj.,obj.,oper.) (subj.,obj.,oper.) (subj.,obj.,oper.) (subj.,obj.,oper.) (subj.,obj.,oper.) Hooks CCS 2005 Automatic Placement of Authorization Hooks in the Linux Security Modules Framework 5 Linux security modules framework Authorization query of the form: (subj., obj., oper.)? Kernel performs operation only if query succeeds. -
Masked Graph Modeling for Molecule Generation ✉ Omar Mahmood 1, Elman Mansimov2, Richard Bonneau 3 & Kyunghyun Cho 2
ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23415-2 OPEN Masked graph modeling for molecule generation ✉ Omar Mahmood 1, Elman Mansimov2, Richard Bonneau 3 & Kyunghyun Cho 2 De novo, in-silico design of molecules is a challenging problem with applications in drug discovery and material design. We introduce a masked graph model, which learns a dis- tribution over graphs by capturing conditional distributions over unobserved nodes (atoms) and edges (bonds) given observed ones. We train and then sample from our model by iteratively masking and replacing different parts of initialized graphs. We evaluate our 1234567890():,; approach on the QM9 and ChEMBL datasets using the GuacaMol distribution-learning benchmark. We find that validity, KL-divergence and Fréchet ChemNet Distance scores are anti-correlated with novelty, and that we can trade off between these metrics more effec- tively than existing models. On distributional metrics, our model outperforms previously proposed graph-based approaches and is competitive with SMILES-based approaches. Finally, we show our model generates molecules with desired values of specified properties while maintaining physiochemical similarity to the training distribution. 1 Center for Data Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA. 2 Department of Computer Science, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New ✉ York, NY, USA. 3 Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA. email: [email protected] NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2021) 12:3156 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23415-2 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23415-2 he design of de novo molecules in-silico with desired prop- enable more informative comparisons between models that use Terties is an essential part of drug discovery and materials different molecular representations. -
Chartmaking in England and Its Context, 1500–1660
58 • Chartmaking in England and Its Context, 1500 –1660 Sarah Tyacke Introduction was necessary to challenge the Dutch carrying trade. In this transitional period, charts were an additional tool for The introduction of chartmaking was part of the profes- the navigator, who continued to use his own experience, sionalization of English navigation in this period, but the written notes, rutters, and human pilots when he could making of charts did not emerge inevitably. Mariners dis- acquire them, sometimes by force. Where the navigators trusted them, and their reluctance to use charts at all, of could not obtain up-to-date or even basic chart informa- any sort, continued until at least the 1580s. Before the tion from foreign sources, they had to make charts them- 1530s, chartmaking in any sense does not seem to have selves. Consequently, by the 1590s, a number of ship- been practiced by the English, or indeed the Scots, Irish, masters and other practitioners had begun to make and or Welsh.1 At that time, however, coastal views and plans sell hand-drawn charts in London. in connection with the defense of the country began to be In this chapter the focus is on charts as artifacts and made and, at the same time, measured land surveys were not on navigational methods and instruments.4 We are introduced into England by the Italians and others.2 This lack of domestic production does not mean that charts I acknowledge the assistance of Catherine Delano-Smith, Francis Her- and other navigational aids were unknown, but that they bert, Tony Campbell, Andrew Cook, and Peter Barber, who have kindly commented on the text and provided references and corrections. -
Visualization in Multiobjective Optimization
Final version Visualization in Multiobjective Optimization Bogdan Filipič Tea Tušar Tutorial slides are available at CEC Tutorial, Donostia - San Sebastián, June 5, 2017 http://dis.ijs.si/tea/research.htm Computational Intelligence Group Department of Intelligent Systems Jožef Stefan Institute Ljubljana, Slovenia 2 Contents Introduction A taxonomy of visualization methods Visualizing single approximation sets Introduction Visualizing repeated approximation sets Summary References 3 Introduction Introduction Multiobjective optimization problem Visualization in multiobjective optimization Minimize Useful for different purposes [14] f: X ! F • Analysis of solutions and solution sets f:(x ;:::; x ) 7! (f (x ;:::; x );:::; f (x ;:::; x )) 1 n 1 1 n m 1 n • Decision support in interactive optimization • Analysis of algorithm performance • X is an n-dimensional decision space ⊆ Rm ≥ • F is an m-dimensional objective space (m 2) Visualizing solution sets in the decision space • Problem-specific ! Conflicting objectives a set of optimal solutions • If X ⊆ Rm, any method for visualizing multidimensional • Pareto set in the decision space solutions can be used • Pareto front in the objective space • Not the focus of this tutorial 4 5 Introduction Introduction Visualization can be hard even in 2-D Stochastic optimization algorithms Visualizing solution sets in the objective space • Single run ! single approximation set • Interested in sets of mutually nondominated solutions called ! approximation sets • Multiple runs multiple approximation sets • Different -
Inviwo — a Visualization System with Usage Abstraction Levels
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS, VOL X, NO. Y, MAY 2019 1 Inviwo — A Visualization System with Usage Abstraction Levels Daniel Jonsson,¨ Peter Steneteg, Erik Sunden,´ Rickard Englund, Sathish Kottravel, Martin Falk, Member, IEEE, Anders Ynnerman, Ingrid Hotz, and Timo Ropinski Member, IEEE, Abstract—The complexity of today’s visualization applications demands specific visualization systems tailored for the development of these applications. Frequently, such systems utilize levels of abstraction to improve the application development process, for instance by providing a data flow network editor. Unfortunately, these abstractions result in several issues, which need to be circumvented through an abstraction-centered system design. Often, a high level of abstraction hides low level details, which makes it difficult to directly access the underlying computing platform, which would be important to achieve an optimal performance. Therefore, we propose a layer structure developed for modern and sustainable visualization systems allowing developers to interact with all contained abstraction levels. We refer to this interaction capabilities as usage abstraction levels, since we target application developers with various levels of experience. We formulate the requirements for such a system, derive the desired architecture, and present how the concepts have been exemplary realized within the Inviwo visualization system. Furthermore, we address several specific challenges that arise during the realization of such a layered architecture, such as communication between different computing platforms, performance centered encapsulation, as well as layer-independent development by supporting cross layer documentation and debugging capabilities. Index Terms—Visualization systems, data visualization, visual analytics, data analysis, computer graphics, image processing. F 1 INTRODUCTION The field of visualization is maturing, and a shift can be employing different layers of abstraction. -
3B – a Guide to Pictograms
3b – A Guide to Pictograms A pictogram involves the use of a symbol in place of a word or statistic. Why would we use a pictogram? Pictograms can be very useful when trying to interpret data. The use of pictures allows the reader to easily see the frequency of a geographical phenomenon without having to always read labels and annotations. They are best used when the aesthetic qualities of the data presentation are more important than the ability to read the data accurately. Pictogram bar charts A normal bar chart can be made using a set of pictures to make up the required bar height. These pictures should be related to the data in question and in some cases it may not be necessary to provide a key or explanation as the pictures themselves will demonstrate the nature of the data inherently. A key may be needed if large numbers are being displayed – this may also mean that ‘half’ sized symbols may need to be used too. This project was funded by the Nuffield Foundation, but the views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Foundation. Proportional shapes and symbols Scaling the size of the picture to represent the amount or frequency of something within a data set can be an effective way of visually representing data. The symbol should be representative of the data in question, or if the data does not lend itself to a particular symbol, a simple shape like a circle or square can be equally effective. Proportional symbols can work well with GIS, where the symbols can be placed on different sites on the map to show a geospatial connection to the data. -
Propensity Scores up to Head(Propensitymodel) – Modify the Number of Threads! • Inspect the PS Distribution Plot • Inspect the PS Model
Overview of the CohortMethod package Martijn Schuemie CohortMethod is part of the OHDSI Methods Library Cohort Method Self-Controlled Case Series Self-Controlled Cohort IC Temporal Pattern Disc. Case-control New-user cohort studies using Self-Controlled Case Series A self-controlled cohort A self-controlled design, but Case-control studies, large-scale regressions for analysis using fews or many design, where times preceding using temporals patterns matching controlss on age, propensity and outcome predictors, includes splines for exposure is used as control. around other exposures and gender, provider, and visit models age and seasonality. outcomes to correct for time- date. Allows nesting of the Estimation methods varying confounding. study in another cohort. Patient Level Prediction Feature Extraction Build and evaluate predictive Automatically extract large models for users- specified sets of featuress for user- outcomes, using a wide array specified cohorts using data in of machine learning the CDM. Prediction methods algorithms. Empirical Calibration Method Evaluation Use negative control Use real data and established exposure-outcomes pairs to reference sets ass well as profile and calibrate a simulations injected in real particular analysis design. data to evaluate the performance of methods. Method characterization Database Connector Sql Render Cyclops Ohdsi R Tools Connect directly to a wide Generate SQL on the fly for Highly efficient Support tools that didn’t fit range of databases platforms, the various SQLs dialects. implementations of regularized other categories,s including including SQL Server, Oracle, logistic, Poisson and Cox tools for maintaining R and PostgreSQL. regression. libraries. Supporting packages Under construction Technologies CohortMethod uses • DatabaseConnector and SqlRender to interact with the CDM data – SQL Server – Oracle – PostgreSQL – Amazon RedShift – Microsoft APS • ff to work with large data objects • Cyclops for large scale regularized regression Graham study steps 1. -
1) Key Words 2) Tally Charts 3) Pictograms 4) Block Graph 5) Bar
KS2 1) Key Words 2) Tally Charts 3) Pictograms 4) Block Graph 5) Bar Graphs 6) Pie Charts 7) Grouped Tally Charts (KS2/3 analysis) 8) Grouped Frequency Diagrams 9) Frequency Polygons 10) Line Graphs 11) Scatter Diagrams 12) Cumulative Frequency Diagrams 13) Box Plots 14) Histograms KS4 15) Grouped Tally Charts (KS4 analysis) 16) What Makes A Good Graph * Analysing Data Key words Axes Linear Continuous Median Correlation Origin Plot Data Discrete Scale Frequency x -axis Grouped y -axis Interquartile Title Labels Tally Types of data Discrete data can only take specific values, e.g. siblings, key stage 3 levels, numbers of objects Continuous data can take any value, e.g. height, weight, age, time, etc. Tally Chart A tally chart is used to organise data from a list into a table. The data shows the number of children in each of 30 families. 2, 1, 5, 0, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 3, 2, 4, 3, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 4, 0, 1, 3, 1, 2, 2, 6, 3, 2, 2, 3 Number of children in a Tally Frequency family 0 1 2 3 4 or more Year 3/4/5/6:- represent data using: lists, tally charts, tables and diagrams Tally Chart This data can now be represented in a Pictogram or a Bar Graph The data shows the number of children in each family. 30 families were studied. Add up the tally Number of children in a Tally Frequency family 0 III 3 1 IIII I 6 2 IIII IIII 10 3 IIII II 7 4 or more IIII 4 Total 30 Check the total is 30 IIII = 5 Year 3/4/5/6:- represent data using: lists, tally charts, tables and diagrams Pictogram This data could be represented by a Pictogram: Number of Tally Frequency -
Generalized Scatter Plots
Generalized scatter plots Daniel A. Keim a Abstract Scatter Plots are one of the most powerful and most widely used b techniques for visual data exploration. A well-known problem is that scatter Ming C. Hao plots often have a high degree of overlap, which may occlude a significant Umeshwar Dayal b portion of the data values shown. In this paper, we propose the general a ized scatter plot technique, which allows an overlap-free representation of Halldor Janetzko and large data sets to fit entirely into the display. The basic idea is to allow the Peter Baka ,* analyst to optimize the degree of overlap and distortion to generate the best possible view. To allow an effective usage, we provide the capability to zoom ' University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, smoothly between the traditional and our generalized scatter plots. We iden Konstanz, Germany. tify an optimization function that takes overlap and distortion of the visualiza bHewlett Packard Research Labs, 1501 Page tion into acccount. We evaluate the generalized scatter plots according to this Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA94304, USA. optimization function, and show that there usually exists an optimal compro mise between overlap and distortion . Our generalized scatter plots have been ' Corresponding author. applied successfully to a number of real-world IT services applications, such as server performance monitoring, telephone service usage analysis and financial data, demonstrating the benefits of the generalized scatter plots over tradi tional ones. Keywords: scatter plot; overlapping; distortion; interpolation; smoothing; interactions Introduction Motivation Large amounts of multi-dimensional data occur in many important appli cation domains such as telephone service usage analysis, sales and server performance monitoring.