Chapter 2 – Part 2 Multiview Drawing Chapter Objectives
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Realistic Modeling and Rendering of Plant Ecosystems
Realistic modeling and rendering of plant ecosystems Oliver Deussen1 Pat Hanrahan2 Bernd Lintermann3 RadomÂõr MechÏ 4 Matt Pharr2 Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz4 1 Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg 2 Stanford University 3 The ZKM Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe 4 The University of Calgary Abstract grasslands, human-made environments, for instance parks and gar- dens, and intermediate environments, such as lands recolonized by Modeling and rendering of natural scenes with thousands of plants vegetation after forest ®res or logging. Models of these ecosystems poses a number of problems. The terrain must be modeled and plants have a wide range of existing and potential applications, including must be distributed throughout it in a realistic manner, re¯ecting the computer-assisted landscape and garden design, prediction and vi- interactions of plants with each other and with their environment. sualization of the effects of logging on the landscape, visualization Geometric models of individual plants, consistent with their po- of models of ecosystems for research and educational purposes, sitions within the ecosystem, must be synthesized to populate the and synthesis of scenes for computer animations, drive and ¯ight scene. The scene, which may consist of billions of primitives, must simulators, games, and computer art. be rendered ef®ciently while incorporating the subtleties of lighting Beautiful images of forests and meadows were created as early in a natural environment. as 1985 by Reeves and Blau [50] and featured in the computer We have developed a system built around a pipeline of tools that animation The Adventures of Andre and Wally B. [34]. Reeves and address these tasks. -
CS 543: Computer Graphics Lecture 7 (Part I): Projection Emmanuel
CS 543: Computer Graphics Lecture 7 (Part I): Projection Emmanuel Agu 3D Viewing and View Volume n Recall: 3D viewing set up Projection Transformation n View volume can have different shapes (different looks) n Different types of projection: parallel, perspective, orthographic, etc n Important to control n Projection type: perspective or orthographic, etc. n Field of view and image aspect ratio n Near and far clipping planes Perspective Projection n Similar to real world n Characterized by object foreshortening n Objects appear larger if they are closer to camera n Need: n Projection center n Projection plane n Projection: Connecting the object to the projection center camera projection plane Projection? Projectors Object in 3 space Projected image VRP COP Orthographic Projection n No foreshortening effect – distance from camera does not matter n The projection center is at infinite n Projection calculation – just drop z coordinates Field of View n Determine how much of the world is taken into the picture n Larger field of view = smaller object projection size center of projection field of view (view angle) y y z q z x Near and Far Clipping Planes n Only objects between near and far planes are drawn n Near plane + far plane + field of view = Viewing Frustum Near plane Far plane y z x Viewing Frustrum n 3D counterpart of 2D world clip window n Objects outside the frustum are clipped Near plane Far plane y z x Viewing Frustum Projection Transformation n In OpenGL: n Set the matrix mode to GL_PROJECTION n Perspective projection: use • gluPerspective(fovy, -
Axonometric (Isometric Projection)
AXONOMETRIC (ISOMETRIC PROJECTION) Representation Systems Isometric Into the ISOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE, the isometric axes form a 120º angle between one another Elevation Profile Plan Isometric Into the ISOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE, the isometric axes form a 120º angle between one another Front View Isometric Into the ISOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE, the isometric axes form a 120º angle between one another Front View Isometric Into the ISOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE, the isometric axes form a 120º angle between one another Front View Isometric Into the ISOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE, the isometric axes form a 120º angle between one another Front View Isometric Into the ISOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE, the isometric axes form a 120º angle between one another Front View Isometric Into the ISOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE, the isometric axes form a 120º angle between one another Front View Isometric Into the ISOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE, the isometric axes form a 120º angle between one another Front View Isometric Into the ISOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE, the isometric axes form a 120º angle between one another Front View Isometric Into the ISOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE, the isometric axes form a 120º angle between one another Front View Isometric Into the ISOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE, the isometric axes form a 120º angle between one another Front View Isometric Into the ISOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE, the isometric axes form a 120º angle between one another Front View Isometric Into the ISOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE, the isometric axes form a 120º angle between one another Front View Isometric Into the ISOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE, the isometric axes form a 120º angle between one another Front View Isometric Into the ISOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE, the isometric axes form a 120º angle between one another Front View Isometric Into the ISOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE, the isometric axes form a 120º angle between one another Front View Isometric Into the ISOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE, the isometric axes form a 120º angle between one another Front View Technical Drawing Name and Surname: Axonometric System Draw the AXONOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE of these pieces. -
7 X 11 Long.P65
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-74583-3 - Structural Geology: An Introduction to Geometrical Techniques, Fourth Edition Donal M. Ragan Frontmatter More information STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY An Introduction to Geometrical Techniques fourth edition Many textbooks describe information and theories about the Earth without training students to utilize real data to answer basic geological questions. This volume – a combi- nation of text and lab book – presents an entirely different approach to structural geology. Designed for undergraduate laboratory classes, it is dedicated to helping students solve many of the geometrical problems that arise from field observations. The basic approach is to supply step-by-step instructions to guide students through the methods, which include well-established techniques as well as more cutting-edge approaches. Particular emphasis is given to graphical methods and visualization techniques, intended to support students in tackling traditionally challenging two- and three-dimensional problems. Exer- cises at the end of each chapter provide students with practice in using the techniques, and demonstrate how observations and measurements from the field can be converted into useful information about geological structures and the processes responsible for creating them. Building on the success of previous editions, this fourth edition has been brought fully up-to-date and incorporates new material on stress, deformation, strain and flow. Also new to this edition are a chapter on the underlying mathematics and discussions of uncertainties associated with particular types of measurement. With stereonet plots and full solutions to the exercises available online at www.cambridge.org/ragan, this book is a key resource for undergraduate students as well as more advanced students and researchers wanting to improve their practical skills in structural geology. -
Viewing in 3D
Viewing in 3D Viewing in 3D Foley & Van Dam, Chapter 6 • Transformation Pipeline • Viewing Plane • Viewing Coordinate System • Projections • Orthographic • Perspective OpenGL Transformation Pipeline Viewing Coordinate System Homogeneous coordinates in World System zw world yw ModelViewModelView Matrix Matrix xw Tractor Viewing System Viewer Coordinates System ProjectionProjection Matrix Matrix Clip y Coordinates v Front- xv ClippingClipping Wheel System P0 zv ViewportViewport Transformation Transformation ne pla ing Window Coordinates View Specifying the Viewing Coordinates Specifying the Viewing Coordinates • Viewing Coordinates system, [xv, yv, zv], describes 3D objects with respect to a viewer zw y v P v xv •A viewing plane (projection plane) is set up N P0 zv perpendicular to zv and aligned with (xv,yv) yw xw ne pla ing • In order to specify a viewing plane we have View to specify: •P0=(x0,y0,z0) is the point where a camera is located •a vector N normal to the plane • P is a point to look-at •N=(P-P)/|P -P| is the view-plane normal vector •a viewing-up vector V 0 0 •V=zw is the view up vector, whose projection onto • a point on the viewing plane the view-plane is directed up Viewing Coordinate System Projections V u N z N ; x ; y z u x • Viewing 3D objects on a 2D display requires a v v V u N v v v mapping from 3D to 2D • The transformation M, from world-coordinate into viewing-coordinates is: • A projection is formed by the intersection of certain lines (projectors) with the view plane 1 2 3 ª x v x v x v 0 º ª 1 0 0 x 0 º « » « -
'The "Perfyt Scyens" of the Map; a Study of the Meaning and Interpretation of Local Maps in Early Tudor England 1509-1547'
'The "Perfyt Scyens" of the Map; a Study of the Meaning and Interpretation of Local Maps in Early Tudor England 1509-1547' Lewis John Kaye Roberts Queen Mary, University of London 70,056 words (excluding bibliography) This work was supported by the AHRC (BGP award reference: 0673) A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of London 1 Statement of Originality. I, Lewis Roberts, confirm that the research included within this thesis is my own work or that where it has been carried out in collaboration with, or supported by others, that this is duly acknowledged below and my contribution indicated. Previously published material is also acknowledged below. I attest that I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original, and does not to the best of my knowledge break any UK law, infringe any third party’s copyright or other Intellectual Property Right, or contain any confidential material. I accept that the College has the right to use plagiarism detection software to check the electronic version of the thesis. I confirm that this thesis has not been previously submitted for the award of a degree by this or any other university. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author. Signature: Date: 16th January 2014 2 Abstract. This thesis begins by examining an unexplored contextual background for sixteenth century local maps. It argues that the architectural drawing techniques developed by master masons in the late twelfth century continued to be taught to the King’s masons well into the sixteenth, and that these drawing techniques lie behind the innovations in sixteenth century topographical mapping. -
Implementation of Projections
CS488 Implementation of projections Luc RENAMBOT 1 3D Graphics • Convert a set of polygons in a 3D world into an image on a 2D screen • After theoretical view • Implementation 2 Transformations P(X,Y,Z) 3D Object Coordinates Modeling Transformation 3D World Coordinates Viewing Transformation 3D Camera Coordinates Projection Transformation 2D Screen Coordinates Window-to-Viewport Transformation 2D Image Coordinates P’(X’,Y’) 3 3D Rendering Pipeline 3D Geometric Primitives Modeling Transform into 3D world coordinate system Transformation Lighting Illuminate according to lighting and reflectance Viewing Transform into 3D camera coordinate system Transformation Projection Transform into 2D camera coordinate system Transformation Clipping Clip primitives outside camera’s view Scan Draw pixels (including texturing, hidden surface, etc.) Conversion Image 4 Orthographic Projection 5 Perspective Projection B F 6 Viewing Reference Coordinate system 7 Projection Reference Point Projection Reference Point (PRP) Center of Window (CW) View Reference Point (VRP) View-Plane Normal (VPN) 8 Implementation • Lots of Matrices • Orthographic matrix • Perspective matrix • 3D World → Normalize to the canonical view volume → Clip against canonical view volume → Project onto projection plane → Translate into viewport 9 Canonical View Volumes • Used because easy to clip against and calculate intersections • Strategies: convert view volumes into “easy” canonical view volumes • Transformations called Npar and Nper 10 Parallel Canonical Volume X or Y Defined by 6 planes -
Visualization in Multiobjective Optimization
Final version Visualization in Multiobjective Optimization Bogdan Filipič Tea Tušar Tutorial slides are available at CEC Tutorial, Donostia - San Sebastián, June 5, 2017 http://dis.ijs.si/tea/research.htm Computational Intelligence Group Department of Intelligent Systems Jožef Stefan Institute Ljubljana, Slovenia 2 Contents Introduction A taxonomy of visualization methods Visualizing single approximation sets Introduction Visualizing repeated approximation sets Summary References 3 Introduction Introduction Multiobjective optimization problem Visualization in multiobjective optimization Minimize Useful for different purposes [14] f: X ! F • Analysis of solutions and solution sets f:(x ;:::; x ) 7! (f (x ;:::; x );:::; f (x ;:::; x )) 1 n 1 1 n m 1 n • Decision support in interactive optimization • Analysis of algorithm performance • X is an n-dimensional decision space ⊆ Rm ≥ • F is an m-dimensional objective space (m 2) Visualizing solution sets in the decision space • Problem-specific ! Conflicting objectives a set of optimal solutions • If X ⊆ Rm, any method for visualizing multidimensional • Pareto set in the decision space solutions can be used • Pareto front in the objective space • Not the focus of this tutorial 4 5 Introduction Introduction Visualization can be hard even in 2-D Stochastic optimization algorithms Visualizing solution sets in the objective space • Single run ! single approximation set • Interested in sets of mutually nondominated solutions called ! approximation sets • Multiple runs multiple approximation sets • Different -
Solis Catherine 202006 MAS Thesis.Pdf
An Investigation of Display Shapes and Projections for Supporting Spatial Visualization Using a Virtual Overhead Map by Catherine Solis A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science Graduate Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering University of Toronto c Copyright 2020 by Catherine Solis Abstract An Investigation of Display Shapes and Projections for Supporting Spatial Visualization Using a Virtual Overhead Map Catherine Solis Master of Applied Science Graduate Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering University of Toronto 2020 A novel map display paradigm named \SkyMap" has been introduced to reduce the cognitive effort associated with using map displays for wayfinding and navigation activities. Proposed benefits include its overhead position, large scale, and alignment with the mapped environment below. This thesis investigates the substantiation of these benefits by comparing a conventional heads-down display to flat and domed SkyMap implementations through a spatial visualization task. A within-subjects study was conducted in a virtual reality simulation of an urban environment, in which participants indicated on a map display the perceived location of a landmark seen in their environment. The results showed that accuracy at this task was greater with a flat SkyMap, and domes with stereographic and equidistant projections, than with a heads-down map. These findings confirm the proposed benefits of SkyMap, yield important design implications, and inform future research. ii Acknowledgements Firstly, I'd like to thank my supervisor Paul Milgram for his patience and guidance over these past two and a half years. I genuinely marvel at his capacity to consistently challenge me to improve as a scholar and yet simultaneously show nothing but the utmost confidence in my abilities. -
Inviwo — a Visualization System with Usage Abstraction Levels
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS, VOL X, NO. Y, MAY 2019 1 Inviwo — A Visualization System with Usage Abstraction Levels Daniel Jonsson,¨ Peter Steneteg, Erik Sunden,´ Rickard Englund, Sathish Kottravel, Martin Falk, Member, IEEE, Anders Ynnerman, Ingrid Hotz, and Timo Ropinski Member, IEEE, Abstract—The complexity of today’s visualization applications demands specific visualization systems tailored for the development of these applications. Frequently, such systems utilize levels of abstraction to improve the application development process, for instance by providing a data flow network editor. Unfortunately, these abstractions result in several issues, which need to be circumvented through an abstraction-centered system design. Often, a high level of abstraction hides low level details, which makes it difficult to directly access the underlying computing platform, which would be important to achieve an optimal performance. Therefore, we propose a layer structure developed for modern and sustainable visualization systems allowing developers to interact with all contained abstraction levels. We refer to this interaction capabilities as usage abstraction levels, since we target application developers with various levels of experience. We formulate the requirements for such a system, derive the desired architecture, and present how the concepts have been exemplary realized within the Inviwo visualization system. Furthermore, we address several specific challenges that arise during the realization of such a layered architecture, such as communication between different computing platforms, performance centered encapsulation, as well as layer-independent development by supporting cross layer documentation and debugging capabilities. Index Terms—Visualization systems, data visualization, visual analytics, data analysis, computer graphics, image processing. F 1 INTRODUCTION The field of visualization is maturing, and a shift can be employing different layers of abstraction. -
Basic Engineering Drawings
Today’s Thoughts The thing that’s so wonderful about using beautiful, appropriate [CAD] tools is that they become an extension of you, your body, you fingertips, and your mind. They get out of the way and let you directly interact with the problem you are solving. Everyone’s tried to remove a screw without a screwdriver; a task quickly becomes impossible that otherwise would be trivial. — Luke Crawford Here is one of the few effective keys to the design problem — the ability of the designer to recognize as many of the constraints as possible — his willingness and enthusiasm for working within these constraints. Constraints of price, of size, of strength, of balance, of surface, of time and so forth. — Charles Eames Section Views ME 172 Outline • Full Section • Half Section • Offset Section • Broken-out Section • Revolved Section • Removed Section • Sectioning Problems • Sectioning Quiz A Section View Technical Drawing– by Giesecke Visualizing a Section View Technical Drawing– by Giesecke Visualizing a Section View Technical Drawing– by Giesecke A Cut Plane Line Technical Drawing– by Giesecke Full Section View Blueprint Reading Basics – by Warren Hammer Full Section View Technical Drawing– by Giesecke Correct Full Section View Technical Drawing– by Giesecke Correct Full Section View Technical Drawing– by Giesecke Correct Full Section View Technical Drawing– by Giesecke Sectioning Symbols Technical Drawing– by Giesecke Correct Sectioning Lines Technical Drawing– by Giesecke ProblemAligned Full with Section a Full Section Blueprint Reading -
The Position of Madagascar Within Gondwana and Its Movements During Gondwana Dispersal ⇑ Colin Reeves
Journal of African Earth Sciences xxx (2013) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of African Earth Sciences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jafrearsci The position of Madagascar within Gondwana and its movements during Gondwana dispersal ⇑ Colin Reeves Earthworks BV, Achterom 41A, 2611 PL Delft, The Netherlands article info abstract Article history: A reassembly of the Precambrian fragments of central Gondwana is presented that is a refinement of a Available online xxxx tight reassembly published earlier. Fragments are matched with conjugate sides parallel as far as possible and at a distance of 60–120 km from each other. With this amount of Precambrian crust now stretched Keywords: into rifts and passive margins, a fit for all the pieces neighbouring Madagascar – East Africa, Somalia, the Madagascar Seychelles, India, Sri Lanka and Mozambique – may be made without inelegant overlap or underlap. This Gondwana works less well for wider de-stretched margins on such small fragments. A model of Gondwana dispersal Aeromagnetics is also developed, working backwards in time from the present day, confining the relative movements of Indian Ocean the major fragments – Africa, Antarctica and India – such that ocean fracture zones collapse back into Dykes themselves until each ridge-reorganisation is encountered. The movements of Antarctica with respect to Africa and of India with respect to Antarctica are defined in this way by a limited number of interval poles to achieve the Gondwana ‘fit’ situation described above. The ‘fit’ offers persuasive alignments of structural and lithologic features from Madagascar to its neighbours. The dispersal model helps describe the evolution of Madagascar’s passive margins and the role of the Madagascar Rise as a microplate in the India–Africa–Antarctica triple junction.