DOCSLIB.ORG

7 X 11 Long.P65

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
7 X 11 Long.P65 Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-74583-3 - Structural Geology: An Introduction to Geometrical Techniques, Fourth Edition Donal M. Ragan Frontmatter More information STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY An Introduction to Geometrical Techniques fourth edition Many textbooks describe information and theories about the Earth without training students to utilize real data to answer basic geological questions. This volume – a combi- nation of text and lab book – presents an entirely different approach to structural geology. Designed for undergraduate laboratory classes, it is dedicated to helping students solve many of the geometrical problems that arise from field observations. The basic approach is to supply step-by-step instructions to guide students through the methods, which include well-established techniques as well as more cutting-edge approaches. Particular emphasis is given to graphical methods and visualization techniques, intended to support students in tackling traditionally challenging two- and three-dimensional problems. Exer- cises at the end of each chapter provide students with practice in using the techniques, and demonstrate how observations and measurements from the field can be converted into useful information about geological structures and the processes responsible for creating them. Building on the success of previous editions, this fourth edition has been brought fully up-to-date and incorporates new material on stress, deformation, strain and flow. Also new to this edition are a chapter on the underlying mathematics and discussions of uncertainties associated with particular types of measurement. With stereonet plots and full solutions to the exercises available online at www.cambridge.org/ragan, this book is a key resource for undergraduate students as well as more advanced students and researchers wanting to improve their practical skills in structural geology. Don Ragan was educated at Occidental College, University of Southern California and at the University of Washington in Seattle, receiving his Ph.D. in 1960. He spent a year as a Fulbright Scholar at the University of Innsbruck, and later, with a National Sci- ence Foundation Fellowship, at Imperial College, London, where he received a Diploma of Membership in Geology (DIC). His teaching career at the University of Alaska, Fair- banks, and at Arizona State University has spanned a total of 34 years, and has focused on imbuing students with a thorough understanding of geometrical and analytical tech- niques in structural geology. His research interests center on the role of structural settings in structure-making processes, including studies of Alpine peridotites, glacial ice and welded tuffs. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-74583-3 - Structural Geology: An Introduction to Geometrical Techniques, Fourth Edition Donal M. Ragan Frontmatter More information STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY An Introduction to Geometrical Techniques fourth edition donal m. ragan Arizona State University, USA © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-74583-3 - Structural Geology: An Introduction to Geometrical Techniques, Fourth Edition Donal M. Ragan Frontmatter More information cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao˜ Paulo, Delhi Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/ragan c D. M. Ragan 2009 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2009 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-521-89758-7 hardback ISBN 978-0-521-74583-3 paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-74583-3 - Structural Geology: An Introduction to Geometrical Techniques, Fourth Edition Donal M. Ragan Frontmatter More information For Janne, Anneliese and Asta´ © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-74583-3 - Structural Geology: An Introduction to Geometrical Techniques, Fourth Edition Donal M. Ragan Frontmatter More information Contents Preface page xv Acknowledgements xvii 1 Structural planes 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Definitions 1 1.3 Dip and strike 2 1.4 Accuracy of angle measurements 5 1.5 Graphic methods 10 1.6 Finding apparent dip 13 1.7 Analytical solutions 15 1.8 Cotangent method 17 1.9 True dip and strike 18 1.10 Dip vectors 20 1.11 Three-point problem 24 1.12 Observed apparent dips 25 1.13 Exercises 27 2 Thickness and depth 30 2.1 Definitions 30 2.2 Thickness determination 31 2.3 Thickness by direct measurement 31 2.4 Thickness from indirect measurements 32 2.5 Apparent thickness 36 2.6 Thickness between non-parallel planes 39 2.7 Thickness in drill holes 41 2.8 Depth to a plane 43 2.9 Distance to a plane 44 2.10 Error propagation 46 2.11 Exercises 54 vii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-74583-3 - Structural Geology: An Introduction to Geometrical Techniques, Fourth Edition Donal M. Ragan Frontmatter More information viii Contents 3 Lines and intersecting planes 57 3.1 Definitions 57 3.2 Linear structures 57 3.3 Plunge of a line 59 3.4 Pitch of a line 61 3.5 Intersecting planes 64 3.6 Cotangent method 65 3.7 Structure contours 66 3.8 Line vectors 67 3.9 Accuracy of trend determinations 69 3.10 Exercises 71 4 Planes and topography 72 4.1 Exposures on horizontal surfaces 72 4.2 Effect of topography 74 4.3 Dip and strike from a geological map 76 4.4 Linear interpolation 77 4.5 Parallel lines 79 4.6 Three-point problem 80 4.7 Structure contours 82 4.8 Predicting outcrop patterns 84 4.9 Exercises 87 5 Stereographic projection 88 5.1 Introduction 88 5.2 Stereogram 88 5.3 Stereonet 92 5.4 Plotting techniques 93 5.5 Measuring angles 99 5.6 Attitude problems 101 5.7 Polar net 104 5.8 Dip and strike errors 105 5.9 Intersection errors 106 5.10 Exercises 107 6 Rotations 109 6.1 Introduction 109 6.2 Basic techniques 109 6.3 Sequential rotations 114 6.4 Rotations about inclined axes 116 6.5 Rotational problems 118 6.6 Tilting problems 119 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-74583-3 - Structural Geology: An Introduction to Geometrical Techniques, Fourth Edition Donal M. Ragan Frontmatter More information Contents ix 6.7 Two tilts 121 6.8 Folding problems 122 6.9 Small circles 124 6.10 Exercises 128 7 Vectors 130 7.1 Introduction 130 7.2 Sum of vectors 134 7.3 Products of vectors 136 7.4 Circular distributions 143 7.5 Spherical distributions 147 7.6 Rotations 149 7.7 Rotational problems 154 7.8 Three-point problem 157 8 Faults 165 8.1 Definitions 165 8.2 Fault classification 166 8.3 Slip and separation 168 8.4 Faults in three dimensions 172 8.5 Slip and its determination 174 8.6 Overthrusts 179 8.7 Fault terminations 182 8.8 Faults and folds 184 8.9 Extension and contraction 185 8.10 Rotation 188 8.11 Facing on faults 194 8.12 Dilation of dikes 195 8.13 Exercises 197 9 Stress 198 9.1 Introduction 198 9.2 Traction 199 9.3 Stress components 201 9.4 Stress in two dimensions 204 9.5 Mohr Circle for stress 209 9.6 Superimposed stress states 215 9.7 Pole of the Mohr Circle 217 9.8 Role of pore pressure 222 9.9 Deviatoric and hydrostatic stress 223 9.10 Stress ellipse 224 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-74583-3 - Structural Geology: An Introduction to Geometrical Techniques, Fourth Edition Donal M. Ragan Frontmatter More information x Contents 9.11 Tractions versus forces 227 9.12 Stress tensor 229 9.13 Exercises 238 10 Faulting 240 10.1 Introduction 240 10.2 Experimental fractures 240 10.3 Role of friction 241 10.4 Coulomb criterion 247 10.5 Limitations 250 10.6 Classification of faults 251 10.7 Faults and stresses 251 10.8 States of stress at depth 254 10.9 Magnitudes of stress components 257 10.10 Open fractures 261 10.11 Stress drop 262 10.12 Faults in anisotropic rocks 263 10.13 Oblique faults 264 10.14 Other limitations 266 10.15 Earthquakes 266 10.16 Exercises 267 11 Deformation 269 11.1 Introduction 269 11.2 Continuum assumption 273 11.3 Homogeneous deformation 276 11.4 Analysis of simple shear 278 11.5 Superimposed deformations 284 11.6 Inhomogeneous deformation 287 11.7 Deformation and related tensors 290 11.8 Exercises 300 12 Strain 302 12.1 Introduction 302 12.2 Deformed grains 302 12.3 Deformed fossils 304 12.4 Deformed pebbles 306 12.5 Geometry of the strain ellipse 309 12.6 Mohr Circle for finite strain 313 12.7 Pole of the Mohr Circle 315 12.8 Strain from measured angles 316 12.9 Strain from measured stretches 321 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-74583-3 - Structural Geology: An Introduction to Geometrical Techniques, Fourth Edition Donal M.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Solis Catherine 202006 MAS Thesis.Pdf
    An Investigation of Display Shapes and Projections for Supporting Spatial Visualization Using a Virtual Overhead Map by Catherine Solis A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science Graduate Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering University of Toronto c Copyright 2020 by Catherine Solis Abstract An Investigation of Display Shapes and Projections for Supporting Spatial Visualization Using a Virtual Overhead Map Catherine Solis Master of Applied Science Graduate Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering University of Toronto 2020 A novel map display paradigm named \SkyMap" has been introduced to reduce the cognitive effort associated with using map displays for wayfinding and navigation activities. Proposed benefits include its overhead position, large scale, and alignment with the mapped environment below. This thesis investigates the substantiation of these benefits by comparing a conventional heads-down display to flat and domed SkyMap implementations through a spatial visualization task. A within-subjects study was conducted in a virtual reality simulation of an urban environment, in which participants indicated on a map display the perceived location of a landmark seen in their environment. The results showed that accuracy at this task was greater with a flat SkyMap, and domes with stereographic and equidistant projections, than with a heads-down map. These findings confirm the proposed benefits of SkyMap, yield important design implications, and inform future research. ii Acknowledgements Firstly, I'd like to thank my supervisor Paul Milgram for his patience and guidance over these past two and a half years. I genuinely marvel at his capacity to consistently challenge me to improve as a scholar and yet simultaneously show nothing but the utmost confidence in my abilities.
    [Show full text]
  • The Position of Madagascar Within Gondwana and Its Movements During Gondwana Dispersal ⇑ Colin Reeves
    Journal of African Earth Sciences xxx (2013) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of African Earth Sciences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jafrearsci The position of Madagascar within Gondwana and its movements during Gondwana dispersal ⇑ Colin Reeves Earthworks BV, Achterom 41A, 2611 PL Delft, The Netherlands article info abstract Article history: A reassembly of the Precambrian fragments of central Gondwana is presented that is a refinement of a Available online xxxx tight reassembly published earlier. Fragments are matched with conjugate sides parallel as far as possible and at a distance of 60–120 km from each other. With this amount of Precambrian crust now stretched Keywords: into rifts and passive margins, a fit for all the pieces neighbouring Madagascar – East Africa, Somalia, the Madagascar Seychelles, India, Sri Lanka and Mozambique – may be made without inelegant overlap or underlap. This Gondwana works less well for wider de-stretched margins on such small fragments. A model of Gondwana dispersal Aeromagnetics is also developed, working backwards in time from the present day, confining the relative movements of Indian Ocean the major fragments – Africa, Antarctica and India – such that ocean fracture zones collapse back into Dykes themselves until each ridge-reorganisation is encountered. The movements of Antarctica with respect to Africa and of India with respect to Antarctica are defined in this way by a limited number of interval poles to achieve the Gondwana ‘fit’ situation described above. The ‘fit’ offers persuasive alignments of structural and lithologic features from Madagascar to its neighbours. The dispersal model helps describe the evolution of Madagascar’s passive margins and the role of the Madagascar Rise as a microplate in the India–Africa–Antarctica triple junction.
    [Show full text]
  • Determine Strike and Dip from Two Apparent Dips
    Structural geology - third year Geometrical Projection: Finding True Dip Lab.No.6 /11/2020 True dip: maximum dip angle of a plane measured in vertical section perpendicular to the strike line. Determine strike and dip from two apparent dips Example: A fault trace is exposed in two adjacent cliff faces. In one wall the apparent dip is15°, S50°E, and in the other it is 28°, N45°E (Fig.1-a).What is the strike and dip of the fault plane? Solution: (Fig.1-b) 1-Use the two trend lines, OA and OC, as fold lines .Also, use a vertical line of arbitrary length d. Draw the two trend lines in plan view. 2-From the junction of these two lines (point O) draw apparent dip angle α1 and α2. 3-Draw a line of length (d=h) perpendicular to each of the trend lines to form the triangle COZ and AOX. The value of d must always be drawn exactly the same length because it represents the depth to the layer along any strike line. 4- Triangles COZ and AOX Folded up into plan view with the two apparent-dip trend lines used as fold lines. In Fig.1-b, line AC is horizontal and parallel to the fault plane; therefore it defines the fault's strike. 5-Line OB is then plotted perpendicular to line AC; it represents the direction of true dip. 6-Using line OB as a fold line, triangle BOY (Fig.1-b) can be projected into the horizontal plane, again using length d to set the position of point Y.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Palaeomagnetism to Determine Late Mesoproterozoic Palaeogeographic History and Tectonic Relations of the Sinclair Terrane, Namaqua Orogen, Namibia
    Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by AJS on May 1, 2016 Using palaeomagnetism to determine late Mesoproterozoic palaeogeographic history and tectonic relations of the Sinclair terrane, Namaqua orogen, Namibia J. E. PANZIK1,2*, D. A. D. EVANS1, J. J. KASBOHM3, R. HANSON4, W. GOSE5 & J. DESORMEAU6 1Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA 2Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, 1412 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA 3Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA 4School of Geology, Energy, and the Environment, Texas Christian University, TCU Box 298830, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA 5Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, 2275 Speedway Stop C9000, Austin, TX 78712, USA 6Geological Sciences and Engineering, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA *Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract: The Sinclair terrane is an important part of the Namaqua orogenic province in southern Namibia containing well-preserved Mesoproterozoic volcano-sedimentary successions suitable for palaeomagnetic and geochronological studies. The Guperas Formation in the upper part of the Sin- clair stratigraphic assemblage contains both volcanic and sedimentary rocks cut by a bimodal dyke swarm with felsic members dated herein by U–Pb on zircon at c. 1105 Ma. Guperas igneous rocks yield a pre-fold direction and palaeomagnetic pole similar to that previously reported. Guperas sedimentary rocks yield positive conglomerate and fold tests, with a maximum concentration of characteristic remanence directions at 100% untilting. The combined Guperas data generate a palaeomagnetic pole of 69.88 N, 004.18 E(A95 ¼ 7.48, N ¼ 9).
    [Show full text]
  • Lab 01: Orientations of Lines & Planes
    GG303 Lab 1 9/10/03 1 ORIENTATIONS OF LINES AND PLANES IN SPACE I Main Topics A Definitions of points, lines, and planes B Geologic methods for describing lines and planes C Attitude symbols for geologic maps D Reference Frames II Definitions of points, lines, and planes A Point 1 Defined by one set of coordinates (an ordered triple in 3-D) 2 Defined by distance and direction from a reference point 3 Intersection of two lines 4 Intersection of three planes B Line 1 Defined by two sets of coordinates 2 Defined by two points 3 Defined by distance from a reference point and the direction of the line Direction Reference point 4 Intersection of two planes C Plane 1 Defined by three sets of coordinates 2 Defined by three points 3 Defined by distance and direction from a reference point Plane (edge view) Direction of line normal to d plane Reference point 4 Defined by two intersecting or two parallel lines Stephen Martel Lab1-1 University of Hawaii GG303 Lab 1 9/10/03 2 III Geologic methods for describing lines and planes A Orientations of lines 1 Trend & plunge a Trend: Direction (azimuth) of a vertical plane containing the line of interest. i Azimuth (compass bearing): direction of a horizontal line contained in a vertical plane. Measured by quadrant or (°). Examples: N90°E, N90°W, S90°W, 270°. ii The trend "points" in the direction a line plunges b Plunge: The inclination of a line below the horizontal 2 Pitch (or rake): the angle, measured in a plane of specified orientation, between one line and a horizontal line (see handout) B Orientations of planes 1 Orientation of two intersecting lines in the plane Strike & dip a Strike: direction of the line of intersection between an inclined plane and a horizontal plane (e.g., a lake); b Dip: inclination of a plane below the horizontal; 0°≤dip≤90° c The azimuth directions of strike and dip are perpendicular d Good idea to specify the direction of dip to eliminate ambiguity, but right hand rule (see handout) can also be used.
    [Show full text]
  • Pluto's Far Side
    Pluto’s Far Side S.A. Stern Southwest Research Institute O.L. White SETI Institute P.J. McGovern Lunar and Planetary Institute J.T. Keane California Institute of Technology J.W. Conrad, C.J. Bierson University of California, Santa Cruz C.B. Olkin Southwest Research Institute P.M. Schenk Lunar and Planetary Institute J.M. Moore NASA Ames Research Center K.D. Runyon Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory and The New Horizons Team 1 Abstract The New Horizons spacecraft provided near-global observations of Pluto that far exceed the resolution of Earth-based datasets. Most Pluto New Horizons analysis hitherto has focused on Pluto’s encounter hemisphere (i.e., the anti-Charon hemisphere containing Sputnik Planitia). In this work, we summarize and interpret data on Pluto’s “far side” (i.e., the non-encounter hemisphere), providing the first integrated New Horizons overview of Pluto’s far side terrains. We find strong evidence for widespread bladed deposits, evidence for an impact crater about as large as any on the “near side” hemisphere, evidence for complex lineations approximately antipodal to Sputnik Planitia that may be causally related, and evidence that the far side maculae are smaller and more structured than Pluto’s encounter hemisphere maculae. 2 Introduction Before the 2015 exploration of Pluto by New Horizons (e.g., Stern et al. 2015, 2018 and references therein) none of Pluto’s surface features were known except by crude (though heroically derived) albedo maps, with resolutions of 300-500 km obtainable from the Hubble Space Telescope (e.g., Buie et al. 1992, 1997, 2010) and Pluto-Charon mutual event techniques (e.g., Young & Binzel 1993, Young et al.
    [Show full text]
  • U. S. Department of Agriculture Technical Release No
    U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TECHNICAL RELEASE NO. 41 SO1 L CONSERVATION SERVICE GEOLOGY &INEERING DIVISION MARCH 1969 U. S. Department of Agriculture Technical Release No. 41 Soil Conservation Service Geology Engineering Division March 1969 GRAPHICAL SOLUTIONS OF GEOLOGIC PROBLEMS D. H. Hixson Geologist GRAPHICAL SOLUTIONS OF GEOLOGIC PROBLEMS Contents Page Introduction Scope Orthographic Projections Depth to a Dipping Bed Determine True Dip from One Apparent Dip and the Strike Determine True Dip from Two Apparent Dip Measurements at Same Point Three Point Problem Problems Involving Points, Lines, and Planes Problems Involving Points and Lines Shortest Distance between Two Non-Parallel, Non-Intersecting Lines Distance from a Point to a Plane Determine the Line of Intersection of Two Oblique Planes Displacement of a Vertical Fault Displacement of an Inclined Fault Stereographic Projection True Dip from Two Apparent Dips Apparent Dip from True Dip Line of Intersection of Two Oblique Planes Rotation of a Bed Rotation of a Fault Poles Rotation of a Bed Rotation of a Fault Vertical Drill Holes Inclined Drill Holes Combination Orthographic and Stereographic Technique References Figures Fig. 1 Orthographic Projection Fig. 2 Orthographic Projection Fig. 3 True Dip from Apparent Dip and Strike Fig. 4 True Dip from Two Apparent Dips Fig. 5 True Dip from Two Apparent Dips Fig. 6 True Dip from Two Apparent Dips Fig. 7 Three Point Problem Fig. 8 Three Point Problem Page Fig. Distance from a Point to a Line 17 Fig. Shortest Distance between Two Lines 19 Fig. Distance from a Point to a Plane 21 Fig. Nomenclature of Fault Displacement 23 Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Glyph-Based Visualization: Foundations, Design Guidelines, Techniques, and Applications
    Cronfa - Swansea University Open Access Repository _____________________________________________________________ This is an author produced version of a paper published in : EUROGRAPHICS 2013, State of the Art Reports Cronfa URL for this paper: http://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa24643 _____________________________________________________________ Conference contribution : Borgo, R., Kehrer, J., Chung, D., Laramee, B., Hauser, H., Ward, M. & Chen, M. (2013). Glyph-Based Visualization: Foundations, Design Guidelines, Techniques, and Applications. EUROGRAPHICS 2013, State of the Art Reports, http://dx.doi.org/10.2312/conf/EG2013/stars/039-063 _____________________________________________________________ This article is brought to you by Swansea University. Any person downloading material is agreeing to abide by the terms of the repository licence. Authors are personally responsible for adhering to publisher restrictions or conditions. When uploading content they are required to comply with their publisher agreement and the SHERPA RoMEO database to judge whether or not it is copyright safe to add this version of the paper to this repository. http://www.swansea.ac.uk/iss/researchsupport/cronfa-support/ EUROGRAPHICS 2013/ M. Sbert, L. Szirmay-Kalos STAR – State of The Art Report Glyph-based Visualization: Foundations, Design Guidelines, Techniques and Applications R. Borgo1, J. Kehrer2, D. H. S. Chung1, E. Maguire3, R. S. Laramee1, H. Hauser4, M. Ward5 and M. Chen3 1 Swansea University, UK; 2 University of Bergen and Vienna University of Technology, Austria; 3 University of Oxford, UK; 4 University of Bergen, Norway; 5 Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA Abstract This state of the art report focuses on glyph-based visualization, a common form of visual design where a data set is depicted by a collection of visual objects referred to as glyphs.
    [Show full text]
  • Neotectonic Setting of the North American Plate in Relation to the Chicxulub Impact
    What do we know about the Chicxulub impact? •Originally proposed by Luis and Walter Alvarez (1979-80) based on Iridium anomalies found in an Neotectonic setting of ash layer in Italy, and subsequently throughout the world. •Occurred at around 65 mya, possibly in conjunction with a multiple-impact episodes over hundreds the North American plate of thousands years that essentially brought the Cretaceous period of the dinosaurs to an end. • These findings led to an extensive search for a large impact crater that is 65 million years old. in relation to the Seven researchers finally located the impact site on Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula (early 1990’s). • It is a huge buried impact crater that is called Chicxulub, a Maya word that roughly translates as Chicxulub impact. "tail of the devil." The crater is approximately 150-300 km wide, lies buried beneath a kilometer-thick sequence of sediments, and has been imaged using geophysical techniques. Gregory C Herman, New Jersey Geological Survey PO Box 427, Trenton, NJ 08625 [email protected] •The asteroid or comet that produced the Chicxulub crater was about 10-20 km in diameter. When an object that size hits Earth's surface, it causes a tremendous shock wave while transferring energy and momentum to the ground. The neotectonic setting of the North American plate (NAP) is mapped using terrestrial geophysical data with geographic information systems. •The energy of the impact is estimated to be 6 million times more energetic than the 1980 Mount St. NASA’s GPS records of crustal plate motion show rotation of the NAP Helens volcanic eruption.
    [Show full text]
  • 26445 - Structural Geology
    Year : 2019/20 26445 - Structural Geology Syllabus Information Academic Year: 2019/20 Subject: 26445 - Structural Geology Faculty / School: 100 - Degree: 296 - Degree in Geology 588 - Degree in Geology ECTS: 9.0 Year: 588 - Degree in Geology: 2 296 - Degree in Geology: 2 Semester: First semester Subject Type: Compulsory Module: --- 1.General information 1.1.Aims of the course The expected results of the course respond to the following general aims The general goals of the subject are brought up at three levels: (a) Learning of conceptual and methodological aspects through theoretical and practical classes (deductive learning) (b) Practical use of techniques for analytical treatment and plotting of structural data. (c) Development of research capabilities using empiric methodologies, from field-data collection to final interpretation. General goals: The student should: 1) know the different types of tectonic structures: definitions, classifications; as well as geometric, kinematic, and dynamic characteristics at different scales. 2) develop observation abilities and collect field data. 3) learn the main techniques to represent and analyze tectonic structures. 4) know how to apply the concepts and models of Structural Geology to regional scale interpretations. 5) be able to work alone and in a group. 6) learn to be critical with scientific information, and be able to express clearly his/her scientific results. 1.2.Context and importance of this course in the degree Structural Geology is a fundamental tool to decipher the geology of deformed areas and thus it should be considered an indispensable knowledge for any geologist. On the other hand, Structural Geology deals with geometrical aspects of deformation and thus it is closely related with disciplines like Geological Mapping, Geophysics and Tectonics.
    [Show full text]
  • Syllabus Sub Committee for B.E. Safety and Fire Engineering
    ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI AFFILIATED INSTITUTIONS B.E. SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING REGULATIONS – 2017 CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM I TO III SEMESTERS OF CURRICULUM AND SYLLABI PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the program, students will be able to: a. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, basic sciences, and Safety and Fire Engineering to the solution of complex engineering problems. b. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, study research literature, and analyze complex Safety and Fire Engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions. c. Design/development of solutions Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design Safety and Fire components that meet the specified needs. d. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use Fire engineering research- based knowledge related to interpretation of data and provides valid conclusions. e. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply modern Safety and Fire Engineering and IT tools to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations. f. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning acquired by the Safety and Fire Engineering knowledge to assess societal and safety issues. g. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of engineering solutions on the environment, and demonstrate the knowledge for sustainable development. h. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice. i. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings. j. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering community and with society at large. k. Project management and finance: Understand the engineering and management principles and apply these to the multidisciplinary environments.
    [Show full text]
  • Weber Et Al., 2001A; Pérez Et Al., 2001]
    PUBLICATIONS Tectonics RESEARCH ARTICLE Tectonic inversion in the Caribbean-South American 10.1002/2014TC003665 plate boundary: GPS geodesy, seismology, Key Points: and tectonics of the Mw 6.7 22 April • The 22 April 1997 Mw 6.7 Tobago earthquake inverted a low-angle 1997 Tobago earthquake thrust fault • Seismology, GPS, and modeling John C. Weber1, Halldor Geirsson2, Joan L. Latchman3, Kenton Shaw1, Peter La Femina2, resolve coseismic slip, fault geometry, 4 3 1 4,5 and moment Shimon Wdowinski , Machel Higgins , Christopher Churches , and Edmundo Norabuena • Coseismic slip subsided Tobago and 1 2 moved it NNE Department of Geology, Grand Valley State College, Allendale, Michigan, USA, Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA, 3Seismic Research Centre, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, 4RSMAS-Geodesy Lab, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA, 5Now at Instituto Geofisica del Peru, Lima, Peru Correspondence to: J. C. Weber, [email protected] Abstract On 22 April 1997 the largest earthquake recorded in the Trinidad-Tobago segment of the Caribbean-South American plate boundary zone (Mw 6.7) ruptured a shallow (~9 km), ENE striking (~250° Citation: azimuth), shallowly dipping (~28°) dextral-normal fault ~10 km south of Tobago. In this study, we describe Weber, J. C., H. Geirsson, J. L. Latchman, this earthquake and related foreshock and aftershock seismicity, derive coseismic offsets using GPS data, K. Shaw, P. La Femina, S. Wdowinski, M. Higgins, C. Churches, and E. Norabuena and model the fault plane and magnitude of slip for this earthquake. Coseismic slip estimated at our episodic (2015), Tectonic inversion in the GPS sites indicates movement of Tobago 135 ± 6 to 68 ± 6 mm NNE and subsidence of 7 ± 9 to 0 mm.
    [Show full text]