Change and Disadvantage in the Barwon South West

Home , Barwon South West, Gippsland, Postcodes in Australia

2011 January 2011

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Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West Region, Victoria March 2011 Prepared by: Jeanette Pope, Policy and Strategy, Department of Planning and Community Development (DPCD). (03) 92083849 or [email protected] March 2011

Acknowledgement of data source DPCD gratefully acknowledges the Department of Health and its two data collation products from which most of the data for this report has been drawn:

› 2009 Local Government Area Statistical Proﬁ les (DHS 2009) › Town and Community Proﬁ les 2008 (DHS 2009)

A note of the limitations of data to describe disadvantage There is a signifi cant paucity of data to describe disadvantage, particularly at the small area level, in Australia. Measuring disadvantage in individuals requires measuring the wide range of factors that contribute to standard of living (Figure 10). Most surveys do not collect this detail. Only a few composite measures exist that combine a range of variables, notably, the Australian Bureau of Statistics’ (ABS) fi ve Socio-economic Indices for Areas (SEIFA) (that combine information about income, education, occupation, wealth and living conditions) (ABS 2006). In addition, some disadvantaged population groups are very small, or are hard to identify, and are not routinely detected in population surveys (for example, Indigenous Victorians, refugees and people with a disability). These issues mean there are signifi cant data gaps in this report.

Acronyms ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics AEDI Australian Early Development Index ATSI Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander DPCD Department of Planning and Community Development LGA Local Government Area SEIFA RSD Socio-economic Indices for Areas

Copyright & Disclaimer The materials presented in this report are for information purposes only. The information is provided solely on the basis that readers will be responsible for making their own assessments of the matters discussed and are advised to verify all relevant representations, statements and information and obtain independent advice before acting on any information contained in or in connection with this report. While every effort has been made to ensure that the information is accurate the Department of Planning and Community Development will not accept any liability for any loss or damage which may be incurred by any person acting in reliance upon the information.

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 2 Contents

Introduction and summary ...... 4 Change in the Barwon South West region as a backdrop to disadvantage ...... 7 What is disadvantage and who does it affect? ...... 16 Disadvantage in Barwon South West ...... 21 Colac-Otway LGA ...... 24 Corangamite LGA ...... 27 Glenelg LGA...... 30 Greater Geelong LGA ...... 33 Moyne LGA ...... 36 Queenscliffe LGA ...... 39 Southern Grampians LGA ...... 41 Surf Coast LGA ...... 44 Warrnambool LGA ...... 47 Conclusion and what can be done ...... 50 Appendix A. The full list of relatively disadvantaged towns in the Barwon South West region . . . . . 51 References ...... 53

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 3 Introduction and summary

This report describes change and disadvantage This section demonstrates localities are in the Barwon South West government region experiencing economic and demographic (Figure 1). It has been compiled to assist change differently and disadvantage therefore agencies better assess disadvantage and plan looks different in different places. Three major collaborative strategies to address it. changes are discussed: 1. the process of economic restructuring that is decreasing The fi rst section provides a brief introduction economic opportunities for some residents to the widespread economic and (creating skilled work environments where there demographic changes in regional Victoria are predominantly unskilled workers); 2. shifting that provide the backdrop to disadvantage. population compositions that are resulting in a It shows that the economy is restructuring in need for services and business to restructure (as different ways across the region and this is needs change or as services become unviable); causing the purpose of many regional towns to and 3. rising house prices that are resulting in change (for example from agricultural service some populations becoming concentrated in low towns to tourist towns). As a result, many places service/economic opportunity areas. also have changing population compositions, with some localities experiencing decline and This background highlights the need for aging and others growth from new populations collaborative planning – that can fi nd solutions moving from Melbourne (weekenders, specifi c to a locality’s economy, demography, commuters, “downshifters”, affl uent retirees and needs and interests – to address disadvantage in non-affl uent retirees, welfare recipients and small regional localities. numbers of new Australian migrants).

Figure 1. The Barwon South West government region.

Including the LGAs of … Colac-Otway Corangamite Glenelg Loddon Mallee Greater Geelong Moyne Grampians Hume Queenscliffe Southern Grampians Surf Coast Gippsland Warrnambool

Barwon South-West

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 4 The second section defi nes disadvantage The third section examines disadvantage as occurring when an individual, family in the Barwon South West region. For each or community is deprived of resources Local Government Area (LGA) it provides a map or opportunities – enjoyed by all other of the most disadvantaged localities and a table Victorians – that underpin social and describing the population composition of these economic wellbeing. Disadvantage exists on areas using the categories identifi ed above. a continuum with some people experiencing The tables show different towns have different mild disadvantage, while others experience population compositions. Some are dominated deprivation so severe as to be unacceptable to by older people, some by working populations community standards. This includes those that experiencing high levels of unemployment cannot afford medical and dental treatment, who and single parent families, some by public do not have safe and secure housing, and who housing tenants and welfare recipients, some cannot afford activities for their children. This with a signifi cant multicultural mix. This section section shows that around 10% of the Australian reinforces the need for strategies that take population are signifi cantly disadvantaged and into consideration both the economic and clustered in particular geographic localities. demographic changes in different localities and Some population groups are consistently their different population mix. overrepresented in data about disadvantage and this section identifi es these in Australia as: A full list of all localities highlighted in the LGA maps is provided at Appendix A. Some of the › aged persons; towns on this list additionally contribute to the › public housing renters; most disadvantaged 10% of the population in Australia and these are shown in Table 1 as a › Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders; summary. › one parent families; › people with non-English speaking backgrounds; › the unemployed; › private renters; and › people with a disability (Australian Government 2009; Saunders & Wong 2009). The section concludes with a description of the size of these groups in the Barwon South West region (Table 5).

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 5 Table 1. Localities in Barwon South West that are relatively disadvantaged in Victoria and that also contribute to the most disadvantaged 10% of the population in Australia

Population size

Large > 3000 1000 – 3000 Small < 1000

Corio Norlane (14928) Warrnambool (2495) Camperdown (881) Whittington (4651) Colac (2044) Heywood (863) North Geelong Lismore (285) (postcode 3215) (2142) Merino (220) Portland (1730) Glenthompson (139) Cressy (123)

Note: population numbers are less than total town populations – the latter can be found in the LGA sections

The ﬁ nal section examines what can be done. This paper has been provided to begin a The complex and multidimensional nature of discussion about priority disadvantaged localities, disadvantage means that many agencies can population groups or issues (education and early contribute to reducing it or lessening its impacts childhood development, housing, etc) that may and this section outlines some of the areas be impacted on by collaborative action. under different agencies’ control. Because of its complexity, however, reducing disadvantage will require collaboration. No single agency controls all the levers.

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 6 Change in the Barwon South West region as a backdrop to disadvantage

Regional Victoria is changing – both economically An illustration of the magnitude of the change and demographically. across regional Victoria can be seen in change in jobs over one year (2007/8 to 2008/9) in In Barwon South West the economy has Table 2. Jobs were lost in several industries been substantially restructuring. The primary including Manufacturing and Education and industry of agriculture is transforming from one Training (highlighted pink), but gained in others dominated by many small family run farms to one including, Health Care and Social Assistance characterised by larger corporate ones run with and Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing (highlighted new production methods to increase productivity green). Figure 2 provides another example from (Barr 2009). Large towns built on manufacturing the Barwon South West city of Geelong over the are becoming reliant on tourism and service last 20 years (1986 to 2006). It shows the decline provision (DIIRD 2010). in manufacturing jobs, and the rise of jobs in retail and services.

Table 2. Change in employment (number of jobs), Victoria, 2007/08 to 2008/09 (in order for regional Victoria) (SGS Economic and Planning 2010)

Regional Victoria Melbourne

Health Care and Social Assistance 7 000 9 000 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 5 000 -3 000 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 3 000 1 000 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 3 000 13 000 Accommodation and Food Services 2 000 6 000 Public Administration and Safety 2 000 14 000 Wholesale Trade 1 000 3 000 Administrative and Support Services 0 1 000 Retail Trade -1 000 -7 000 Mining -1 000 2 000 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services -1 000 -3 000 Arts and Recreation Services -1 000 5 000 Financial and Insurance Services -2 000 -11 000 Construction -3 000 5 000 Information Media and Telecommunications -3 000 2 000 Professional, Scientiﬁ c and Technical Services -3 000 -8 000 Education and Training -5 000 4 000 Manufacturing -5 000 -14 000 Other Services -10 000 1 000 Total number of jobs -12 000 + 20 000

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 7 Figure 2: Proportion of employed persons, by selected industry, Geelong, 1986–2006 (DPCD 2010b)

% 30

0 Manufacturing Retail TradeHealthcare & Education & Construction Accom & Food Public Admin & Social Assistance Training Services Safety

1986 1996 2006

In Barwon South West population compositions › Weekenders (some LGAs now have signifi cant are also changing. Structural aging is occurring non-resident populations – see Figure 5); as farmers get older, young people migrate to cities in search of better economic prospects › Commuters and those that share their time (the migration of young women is double the rate between a city and a regional household; of young men), and older people retire to regional › “Downshifters”; Victoria from metropolitan Melbourne (Figures 3 & 4 and LGA snapshot 1, page 9 & 10). › Affl uent retirees; and Some high amenity areas are also experiencing › Non-affl uent retirees, welfare recipients and a signifi cant infl ux of “amenity migrants” moving small numbers of new Australian migrants from Melbourne seeking a rural lifestyle (Barr 2009). moving to areas where there is cheaper The new types of people moving to regional housing (AHURI 2005; Barr 2009; DHS 2009). Victoria include:

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 8 Figure 3. Net migration between regional Victoria and Melbourne between 2001 and 2006, by age (ABS 2006)

12 Gain to Regional 10

8 5-19 20-24 6 5-9 10-14 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-59 80-84 85-89 90+ 4 Age Group (years) 2

Number of persons (’000) -2

-4 Loss from Regional -6

LGA snapshot 1 Older people (60+) percentage of population, 2006 (ABS 2006) and projected population aging in 2026 (DPCD 2008)

2006 2026 %(n)%(n) Colac-Otway 22 4636 31 7309 Corangamite 23 3981 33 6014 Glenelg 21 4272 36 7978 Greater Geelong 21 42704 28 74845 Moyne 20 3181 30 5365 Queenscliffe 39 1223 54 1801 Southern Grampians 24 4079 33 5825 Surf Coast 18 4133 27 9538 Warrnambool 19 6054 27 10789

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 9 Figure 4. Population aged 75 years and over, Statistical Local Areas, 2006 (ABS 2006)

% of population 9% to < 18%

7% to < 9%

5% to < 7%

1% to < 5%

Changing economies and population transformed by amenity migrants into a tourism compositions mean the purpose of many regional destination (Barr 2009). The changing purpose towns is changing (Barr 2009). For example, of towns impacts on whether they grow or towns that once provided service support to decline and this will in turn impact on the viability farming communities no longer have this function. and appropriateness of their services, business Some have reinvented themselves with a different and industry. It will also impact on levels of purpose. For example, Queenscliffe has been disadvantage if some people get “left behind”.

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 10 Figure 5. Non-resident ratepayers by Local Government Area 2007 (DPCD 2007)

Non-resident ratepayers as a % of all ratepayers1 Mildura 9% More than 40%

Swan Hill 30% to <40% 4% 20% to <30% 10% to <20% Yarriambiak 18% Ganawarra 13% Less than 10% Buloke Wodonga Hindmarsh 22% Moira 14% 8% Data unavailable Campaspe Loddon 13% Indigo Shepparton Towong 21% 8% Wang 21% 9% West Benalla Nthn Wimmera Horsham Bendigo Strathbogie 12% Alpine Grampians 13% 27% 8% 21% 29% Cent. Mt Alex. 26% Mitchell G’fields 21% Mansfield Pyrenees Hepburn Macedon 50% 35% 32% Ranges Murrindindi East Gippsland Ararat Ballarat 17% Southern 30% 20% Grampians 13% 8% Moorabool 11% 20% Golden Glenelg Plains Coran- Baw Baw Moyne 23% Greater 15% 2 gamite Geelong Wellington 14% 12% Surf 11% 37% Coast Latrobe Colac 50% Warnambool 53% South Otway 11% Gippsland 37% Queenscliffe Bass 52% Coast 33%

Notes: 1. Multiple properties are excluded from this analysis – property owners are counted only once in calculations. 2. Wellington has 1,700 rateable properties where resident/non-resident status was unclear. These have been excluded from the analysis.

Source: Map compiled by Spatial Analysis & Research Branch DPCD. Data obtained from Local Council ofﬁcers September 2007.

The three maps on the next page show the many small towns that would have once been overall patterns of growth and decline in towns agricultural service towns (the red dots), but across Barwon South West from 1981 to 2006. growth in a few larger ones that now ﬁ ll that niche They examine two types of landscapes – those in the new production environment (Geelong, that still have a predominantly agricultural land Warrnambool) (the blue dots). base – and those where the land has become attractive to amenity migrants (Barr 2009). Figure 8 shows in blue the areas where there is an amenity pressure on land use (where farms may be Figure 6 shows in red the areas that still have subdivided and sold to amenity migrants willing to a predominantly agriculture land base. In these pay a higher price for land) (Barr 2009). In Barwon areas farm size is increasing while the number South West these include the LGAs of (from west of farms (and therefore the size of farming to east) Glenelg, Warrnambool, Surf Coast, Greater communities) is decreasing (Barr 2009). In Geelong and Queenscliffe. Amenity migration is Barwon South West these areas include the the most likely way smaller regional towns have LGAs of (from west to east) Southern Grampians, avoided decline in the Barwon South West region Moyne and Corangamite. Figure 7 shows this (Barr 2009) and Figure 7 shows the many towns landscape is associated with the decline of that have grown as a result (the blue dots).

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 11 Figure 6. The Production landscape of Victoria (from ABS census data, Statistical Local Area boundaries and Victorian land transaction data). The deeper the red, the deeper the production inﬂ uence on the landscape (Barr 2009)

Figure 7. Population change in Victorian Towns 1981–2006 (DPCD 2008a)

No. of persons 5000

2500

500

-500

-2500

Figure 8. Neil Barr’s (DPI) interpretation of the Victorian amenity landscape in 2001. The deeper the blue, the greater the amenity pressures on land use (Barr 2009).

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 12 Many towns and populations have adapted, other industries (SGS Economic and Planning and will continue to adapt, to the economic and 2010). In addition, regional Victoria has less demographic changes occurring in the region. diversity of employment options (Figure 9) and This report is concerned with those that may this makes unskilled workers vulnerable when be left behind by change. Three major changes industries restructure, particularly as there is also should be kept in mind as background to less opportunity to retrain in regional Victoria. discussion about disadvantage. The issue of a mismatch between unskilled workers and increasingly skilled work could 1. The fi rst change is economic restructure perpetuate in regional Victoria given it has a that results in decreased economic signifi cant proportion of children entering school opportunities for some residents. This is developmentally vulnerable (12% compared to particularly signifi cant because some areas in 10% in metropolitan Melbourne, LGA snapshot Barwon South West have high unemployment 3, page 26), more young people not staying at (LGA snapshot 4, page 29) and around one in school through years 10 to 12 (23% compared to fi ve workers are unskilled or semi skilled (LGA 15% in metropolitan Melbourne) and more young snapshot 6, page 35). Research has shown people aged 15 to 19 who are not engaged in that skilled workers have portable skills and can school, work or further education/training (up deal well with change, while others (for example, to 22% in Barwon South West LGAs) (LGA from manufacturing) have limited specifi c snapshot 5, page 32). skills and fi nd it diffi cult to fi nd employment in

Figure 9. Economic diversity*, Statistical Local Areas, 2001 (DSE 2005)

Diversity Index 95.5 to 96.0

95.0 to 95.4

90.0 to 94.9

65.0 to 89.9

* Index score of 100 = complete diversiﬁ cation with employment spread evenly across all industry types. Index score of 0 = employment concentrated in a single area.

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 13 2. The second change is shifting population In all towns there will be a need to attract staff compositions that result in the need for to run services. Some areas in regional Victoria services and business to restructure. This will have trouble attracting skilled workers because affect both towns in growth and decline. Towns of lower incomes, lack of premium housing that are growing may experience pressure on or low perceived amenity in particular areas their existing services or have a need for new (DIIRD 2010). Table 3 shows the current skill or different services. Towns in decline may have shortages in the Barwon South West region difﬁ culty keeping their services and facilities and subsequently the services affected. This viable (schools, health services, sporting clubs, problem is likely to be exacerbated by the out etc). This may mean residents have to travel for migration of young people leaving fewer people services and this may become an increasing to replace retiring workers and to work in areas of problem as they age or if they have transport increasing demand as the population ages (such limitations. The issue of service access is of as health care). In some areas however, the loss particular importance to disadvantaged people of young people may be compensated for by the who are more likely to have a greater range of in-migration of amenity migrants. service needs due to worse physical and mental health, lower assets and incomes, etc.

Table 3. Skills shortages in the Barwon South West Region (DIIRD 2010)

Bakers Motor mechanics Bricklayers Pastry cooks Cabinetmakers Plumbers Carpenters Real estate professionals Chefs Registered nurses Community workers Roof slaters and tilers General electricians Structural steel and welding tradespeople Metal ﬁ tters and turners Welfare workers Metal machinists

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 14 3. The third change is rising house prices Disadvantage exists against that result in some populations becoming a backdrop of economic and concentrated in low service areas. Three groups will be affected. The ﬁ rst is residents who demographic change in move into low service areas from high amenity regional Victoria that is affecting areas as house prices rise (particularly as amenity localities differently. migration has generally not resulted in new houses being built (Barr 2009)). The second is those existing residents in low service areas who are unable to move to more expensive serviced This brief background demonstrates that different localities when their need for services increases economic and demographic changes are (for example, as they age, become disabled, or occurring in different places in Barwon South need to access the labour market) (Barr 2009). West. As a consequence, disadvantage is likely This will include social housing tenants who live to look different in different localities. In some in low serviced areas away from labour markets. communities disadvantage will be characterised The third is the group of welfare recipients or by an aging population, in others by a working underfunded retirees who move into low service population that is precariously employed, in areas because of the cheaper housing (Barr others by a diverse group of welfare recipients. 2009). For example, in 2000 a net of 9500 In addition, all changing communities in Barwon welfare recipients moved to regional Victoria South West, whether disadvantaged or not, will for the housing (AHURI 2005). While housing need to restructure their services to meet their is cheaper in general in regional Victoria (both changing needs. This background highlights the rents and purchase) people will still be at risk importance of collaborative planning that of housing stress if their incomes do not keep examines solutions matched to disadvantaged pace with house prices or rent. This will include locality’s economy, assets, demographics, needs those on pensions and beneﬁ ts and lower paid and interests. single workers.

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 15 What is disadvantage and who does it affect?

Disadvantage occurs when an individual, family lack either material resources (income, or community is deprived of resources or housing, services, transport), skills/knowledge opportunities – enjoyed by other Victorians – resources (education, health) or “social capital” that underpin social and economic wellbeing. resources (social participation, inclusion, strong Disadvantaged people and communities governance) (Figure 10).

Figure 10. The resources that contribute to an individual, family or community’s social and economic wellbeing

Material Resources Skills & knowledge (Economic Capital) (Human Capital) Income, jobs Education Secure housing Training Services available Workforce participation Infrastructure Good Health Transport Resilient families Local leadership

Resilient communities

Relationships (Social Capital) Connectedness Social participation Positive socialisation: inclusive, tolerant, safe Involvement in decision-making

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 16 Some people and communities experience transport limitations in the last 12 months (CIV disadvantage only mildly – perhaps only on one 2007). This group is not the main focus of this indicator in Figure 10 – such as labour market report although it is acknowledged that these insecurity (rather than no job) or transport inequalities make people vulnerable to more limitations. These people are likely to be serious disadvantage and are an important managing, but may be vulnerable to more severe subject for public policy debate. disadvantage when the economy changes or services/facilities are relocated (the Australian This report focuses on the approximately 10% Government following the European Commission of the population that face multiple social and reports these people as “at risk of poverty” economic problems that impact signiﬁ cantly (Australian Government 2009) (Figure 11)). on their wellbeing (Australian Government The size of this group depends on the resource 2009). These people will be experiencing a they do not have access to. For example, in combination of material deprivation, economic Barwon South West, 47% of the population do precariousness, labour market disadvantage, not have access to the internet at home (ABS poor health, inadequate housing and exclusion 2006), while 16% report they have experienced from social, educational and civic life (Australian Government 2009).

Figure 11. Disadvantage exists on a continuum from severe to mild disadvantage – relative to the rest of the population.

Disadvantaged (approx 10% of the population)

At risk of disadvantage (approx 10% of the population)

The remainder of the population

Determined using a European Commission measure of having incomes 60% below the national median (Australian Government 2009)

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 17 Disadvantage of this kind has been shown An Australian study of deprivation additionally to be geographically concentrated (PHIDU found signiﬁ cant disadvantage in: 2010 – Atlases of census data since 1999; ABS 2010). For example, the report Dropping › the unemployed; off the Edge (Vinson 2007) showed particular › private renters; and localities in Australia have the highest levels of › people with a disability disadvantage in terms of low incomes, housing (Saunders & Wong 2009). stress, detachment from the economy (fewer employed, lower involvement in education, early The study of deprivation asked a representative school leaving), poorer service access (limited sample of the Australian population what they computer and internet access) and increased thought were the minimum acceptable standards social problems (physical and mental disabilities, of living for Australians. This was done by asking long prison admissions, child maltreatment) them what they thought were essential items (Vinson 2007). for living – such as a substantial meal a day (Saunders & Wong 2009). The disadvantaged Not all population groups in Australia population groups described above were then experience disadvantage equally. Considerable surveyed using the list of essential items – or inequalities exist with some groups consistently minimum community standards – to see if these overrepresented in data related to disadvantage. were met (Saunders & Wong 2009). The Australian Government’s comprehensive Compendium of Social Inclusion Indicators The second survey of the disadvantaged (2009) found the groups that experience higher population groups found a proportion (between levels of disadvantage in Australia across a range 6 and 20 percent) were so disadvantaged that of indicators were: they were deprived of items considered essential by the general population (Saunders & Wong › aged persons; 2009). Table 4 shows the percentage of select › public housing renters; population groups that experience deprivation on the top ten essential items. It shows an › Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders; signiﬁ cant number of Indigenous people, renters › single parent families; and (both public and private), sole parent families › people with non-English speaking and unemployed people in Australia do not have backgrounds. decent and secure homes, are unable to treat medical and dental issues, and are unable to provide activities for their children (Saunders & Disadvantage occurs when an Wong 2009). individual, family or community is deprived of resources that underpin social and economic wellbeing. Some population groups are consistently overrepresented in data related to disadvantage.

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 18 Table 4. Deprivation of the top ten essential items among population groups in Australia (%) (Saunders & Wong 2009)

Essential item Indigenous Indigenous Australians Public Renters Parent Sole Families Private Renters Unemployed People People with disabilitya Single Older Person

The percentage of the population %%%%%%% group that did not have ….

Medical treatment if needed 0.0 4.3 7.6 5.2 3.4 2.4 2.3 Warm clothes & bedding if it's cold 5.6 2.2 0.6 0.9 0.0 0.2 0.8 Substantial meal at least once a day 10.5 8.4 1.9 2.4 3.4 2.7 0.8 Able to buy prescribed medicines 33.3 14.0 11.6 12.3 10.5 5.7 4.5 Dental treatment if needed 42.1 36.2 35.7 32.6 40.7 20.8 17.5 A decent and secure home 22.2 29.3 21.9 31.2 14.0 9.5 8.3 School activities/outings for children 21.1 16.3 10.4 7.5 12.5 6.6 7.1 Dental check-up for children 27.8 12.8 22.1 23.6 24.0 13.0 6.3 A hobby or leisure activity for 31.6 20.5 18.6 13.9 20.0 9.6 8.0 children A roof and gutters that do not leak 5.0 7.6 11.4 6.3 6.8 6.2 4.1 Average deprivation rate 19.9 15.2 14.2 13.6 13.5 7.7 6.0

Table 5 shows the size of population groups may additionally be marginalised, and not well identiﬁ ed above as experiencing a greater catered for in communities because of a lack of burden of disadvantage in the Barwon South their critical mass. West region. Some of the groups make up very small proportions of the population. While this The groups in Table 5 will be used to examine means the overall magnitude of disadvantage the population composition of disadvantaged may be small (as a population percentage), the localities in Barwon South West in the following disadvantage may be severe, and these groups section.

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 19 Table 5. Potentially disadvantaged population groups in Barwon South West region.

Barwon Regional Metropolitan Victoria South West measure measure measure

Older people (ABS 2006) Percent persons aged over 65 15.9% 16.0% 12.7% 13.6% Percent persons aged 85+ 2.0% 2.0% 1.7% 1.8% Percent persons aged 75 + 2.9% 2.7% 2.0% 2.2% and living alone (n= 824) (n= 3 038) (n= 4 336) (n= 7 246) Public housing tenants (DHS 2010) Proportion of public housing 4.6% Not reported Not reported 3.5% households (at 30 June 2009) (n= 4 963) (n= 62 561) Public Housing applications on 2 984 Not reported Not reported 39 940 waiting lists as at 30 June 2009 Private housing tenants (ABS 2006) Proportion of private housing tenant 18% 16.8% 21.8% 20.4% households (n= 26 522) (n=80 567) (n=269 302) (n=349 869) Aborigines & Torres Strait Islanders (ABS 2006) Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders 0.9% 1.3% 0.4% 0.6% (that identiﬁ ed in the census 2006) (n= 2 276) (n= 18 460) (n= 15 572) (n= 40 398) Single parent families (ABS 2006) Percentage of families that are single 15.6% 15.4% 15.4% 15.4% parent families (n= 8 297) (n=54 645) (n=135 691) (n=199 004) Children in households with income 19.2% 21.3% 16.6% 17.9% less than $650 per week Non-English speaking (ABS 2006) Speaks language other than English 6.4% 4.8% 27.9% 21.6% at home (n= 16 186) (n= 68 161) (n= 1 086 155) (n= 1 454 344) New settler arrivals per 100000 195.5 148.1 696.1 549.6 population (2008–2009) (DIMIA 2009) (n= 496) (n= 2 103) (n= 27 099) (n= 37 004) Unemployed (ABS 2010) Unemployed March 2010 5.7% 6.0% 5.7% 5.8% People with a disability (ABS 2006) Core activity need for assistance 4.9% 5.0% 4.3% 4.5% (disability) (n= 12 393) (n= 71 001) (n= 167 400) (n= 302 988)

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 20 Disadvantage in Barwon South West

Disadvantaged people are concentrated in of disadvantage in Australia (r=0.8) because the particular geographic locations in Victoria (PHIDU two indices are based on the same ABS census 2010). Geographic location of disadvantage is data (Vinson 2004). most commonly described using the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Index of Relative Figure 12 provides a summary of Relative Socio- Socio-economic Disadvantage (one of the economic Disadvantage (SEIFA RSD) across Socio-Economic Indices for Areas (SEIFA)) (ABS Victorian Statistical Local Areas in Victoria (more 2010). The index combines information from a detailed maps for Barwon South West LGAs number of variables from the population census are provided in the following pages). The red in (2006) relating to income, education, occupation, Figure 12 indicates the areas where the most wealth and living conditions. It ranks areas on a disadvantaged 20% of the Victorian population continuum of advantage to disadvantage. The live (i.e. areas ranked by SEIFA are divided into average score is 1000 for Victoria as a whole, ﬁ ve equal proportions of the population – red 986 for Regional Victoria (Table 6). Scores below equals the lowest quintile). This includes both average are relatively disadvantaged. The index is those disadvantaged and those vulnerable to highly correlated with the earlier Vinson measures disadvantage (20%).

Table 6. Socio-economic status of geographic areas in Victoria.

Barwon Regional Metropolitan Victoria South West measure measure measure Index of Relative Socio-economic – 986 1022 1000 Disadvantage score Percentage of the population living in 37% 52% 31% 37% collector districts with a score under (n= 124952) the regional Victoria average of 986

Figure 12. The Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage in deciles for Victorian Statistical Local Areas, 2006 (SGS Economics & Planning 2009)

2006 SEIFA Relative Socio-Economic Disadvantage

4th quintile

5th quintile

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 21 While regional Victoria contains more Disadvantage is clustered in towns disadvantaged areas, a much larger number across Barwon South West. Different of disadvantaged people live in metropolitan locations. Nonetheless, just over a third (37%) population groups are affected in of the Barwon South West Region population, those towns due to the different or 124 952 people, live in collector districts economic and demographic changes with SEIFA scores under the 986 Regional Victorian average. occurring in them. The following pages describe the specifi c locations in the Barwon South West LGAs that Red shading indicates the proportion of the are relatively disadvantaged. A full list of the indicated population is greater than the Barwon localities can be seen at Appendix A. South West average. Reading the Local Government Area 3. Some general data about the LGA for sections that follow context. This includes some employment data Each LGA section includes: and service access data. 1. A map made at the collector district level Additional context is provided in LGA snapshots (around 200 census households) for each for each indicator and the following three of the regions LGAs (DPCD 2010). The red maps describing some accessibility indicators localities in the maps indicate where the most across Victoria. disadvantaged 10% of the population lives. LGA snapshot 2 2. A table of localities with SEIFA scores Number and percentage of the population living in under 986 divided into large towns collector districts with SEIFA score under the 986 (populations over 3000), mid sized towns Regional Victorian average, 2006 (ABS 2006) (populations between 3000 and 1000) and small towns (populations under 1000) that Number % have Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage scores under the Regional Barwon South West 124 952 37% Victorian average (986). Each table describes Glenelg 10929 55% whether the area has groups identifi ed as overrepresented in disadvantage statistics: Southern Grampians 8265 50% Corangamite 6962 42% › low income › public housing tenants Warrnambool 11397 38% › older people Greater Geelong 70084 36% › people with a disability Colac-Otway 12400 23% › single parent families Moyne 3078 20% › disadvantaged children Surf Coast 1837 8% › Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders Queenscliffe – 0% › those with low English profi ciency › an indicator of access to services in those areas (households with no internet).

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 22 Figure 13. Accessibility of areas in Victoria – The Accessibility and Remoteness Index of Australia, 2006 (DHS 2009a)

Legend Highly Accessible

Accessible

Moderately Accessible

Remote

Figure 14. Households without internet connection, Local Government Areas, 2006 (ABS 2006)

% of households 47 and above

43 to <47

39 to <43

31 to <39

Less than 31

Figure 15. People that experienced transport limitation in the last 12 months, 2007 (CIV 2007)

Quantile Legend 13.1 – 17.2

17.3 – 19.4

19.5 – 21.9

22.0 – 24.4

24.5 – 34.3

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 23 Colac-Otway LGA

0.5 projected annual population rate of change 2006 to 2026 (growth)

&5(66<

+$0,/721 Collection Districts +,*+:$< by Victorian decile 9th and 10th deciles (Least disadvantaged) 7th and 8th deciles 5th and 6th deciles 3rd and 4th deciles 2nd decile %(($& 1st decile (Most disadvantaged) Unranked Town boundary

35,1&(6 35,1&(6 +,*+:$< +,*+:$< :(67

&2/$& %,55(*855$

)255(67

6.(1(6&5((.

$32//2%$<

0$5(1*2

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 24 Localities with SEIFA RSD scores under the regional Victorian average of 986 decline or or decline r ciency growth, q = stable 2006 to 2001) income Individual under $400 a week Public Housing dwellings 65 over Aged alone living 75 Over Disability families parent Single Developmentally children vulnerable Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders Low English Proﬁ with Households internet no Locality SEIFA Population (

Populations in Colac (2044) and Cressy (123) areas in this LGA contribute to the most disadvantaged 10% of the population in Australia (Table 1)

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 25 Disadvantaged areas in the Colac  Fewer residents report their area has good Otway LGA by the Index of Relative facilities and services like shops, childcare, Socio-economic Disadvantage (SEIFA) schools, libraries (75% compared to 83%, LGA Snapshot 7, page 38) Colac-Otway contains one large and four small towns that score below the regional Victoria  Fewer residents report their area has easy average on the Index of Relative Disadvantage. access to recreational and leisure facilities Around 39 to 60% of the population of these (75% compared to 82%, LGA Snapshot 8, towns have low incomes and Colac and Beeac page 40) have higher than average proportion of people aged over 65 years, people with a disability and  More households have no internet (52% single parent families. Colac has a higher than compared to 45%, LGA Snapshot 11 page 49, average multicultural mix. Figure 14) Context: Colac Otway LGA in general  More residents report they have experienced transport limitations (24% compared to 16%, Education/employment LGA snapshot 10 page 46, Figure 15)

› 13% of children (241) across the LGA were found to be developmentally vulnerable in their fi rst year of school of 2009 (LGA Snapshot 3, LGA snapshot 3 page 26) % of children in their fi rst year of school who were developmentally vulnerable on two or more domains* › The LGA has an unemployment rate of 4.9% 2009 (DEECD 2010) compared to 5.8% for Victoria (March 2010) – in the midrange of the 10 LGAs in Barwon Number % South West (LGA snapshot 4, page 29) Victoria 61187 10% › One in fi ve (17%) of those aged between 15 and 19 are not engaged in work or Barwon South West 3933 9% further education or training (LGA snapshot 5, Colac-Otway 241 13% page 32) Warrnambool 406 11% › 24% of those employed are semi skilled or unskilled workers (LGA snapshot 6, page 35) Moyne 206 10% Access to services Glenelg 251 9% Greater Geelong 2 300 9% The LGA is “moderately accessible” by the Accessibility and Remoteness Index (Figure 13) Southern Grampians 188 9% Compared to the Barwon South West averages: Surf Coast 341 5%  More residents report their area has a wide Corangamite Not available range of community and support groups (71% Queenscliffe Not available compared to 69%, LGA snapshot 9, page 43) * Five domains:  The area has a higher rate of low care aged Physical health & wellbeing care places (61 compared to 51 per 1000 Social competence & wellbeing population eligible) Emotional maturity Language & cognitive skills  The area has a higher rate of high care aged Communication skills & general knowledge care places (44 compared to 41 per 1000 population eligible)

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 26 Corangamite LGA

Production landscape predominantly agriculture (Figure 6) 0.2 projected annual population rate of change 2006 to 2026 (growth) 6.,3721 */(1(/* +,*+:$< Collection Districts by Victorian decile

9th and 10th deciles (Least disadvantaged) 7th and 8th deciles 5th and 6th deciles 3rd and 4th deciles 2nd decile 1st decile (Most disadvantaged) Unranked +$0,/721 +,*+:$< Town boundary

'(55,1$//80 /,6025(

35,1&(6 1225$7 +,*+:$< :(67

7(5$1* &$03(5'2:1

&2%'(1

7,0%221 6,03621

3257&$03%(//

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 27 Localities with SEIFA RSD scores under the regional Victorian average of 986 decline or or decline r ciency growth, q = stable 2006 to 2001) income Individual under $400 a week Public Housing dwellings 65 over Aged alone living 75 Over Disability families parent Single Developmentally children vulnerable Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders Low English Proﬁ with Households internet no Locality SEIFA Population (

Populations in Camperdown (881) and Lismore (285) contribute to the most disadvantaged 10% of the population in Australia (Table 1)

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 28 Disadvantaged areas in the Corangamite  Fewer residents report their area has good LGA by the Index of Relative Socio- facilities and services like shops, childcare, economic Disadvantage (SEIFA) schools, libraries (76% compared to 83%, LGA Snapshot 7, page 38) Corangamite contains one large, two mid-sized and four small towns that score below the  Fewer residents report their area has easy regional Victoria average on the Index of Relative access to recreational and leisure facilities Disadvantage. Between 39 to 56% of these (79% compared to 82%, LGA Snapshot 8, populations have low incomes and Camperdown page 40) and Lismore have higher than average public housing. There is a larger proportion of people  More households have no internet (51% aged over 65 in all areas and Camperdown, compared to 45%, LGA Snapshot 11 page 49, Terang and Lismore have a higher proportion of Figure 14) single parent families. Most areas have a limited  More residents report they have experienced multicultural mix. transport limitations (18% compared to 16%, Context: Corangamite LGA in general LGA snapshot 10 page 46, Figure 15) Early years/education/employment

› The LGA has an unemployment rate of 3.4% LGA snapshot 4 compared to 5.8% for Victoria (March 2010) Estimates of unemployment, ABS, March quarter 2010 (LGA snapshot 4, page 29) (ABS 2010a)

› One in ﬁ ve (17%) of those aged between Victoria 5.8% 15 and 19 are not engaged in work or further education or training (LGA snapshot 5, Glenelg 7.3% page 32) Greater Geelong 6.1% › One in ﬁ ve of those employed are semi skilled Warrnambool 5.5% or unskilled workers (21%) (LGA snapshot 6, Southern Grampians 5.0% page 35) Colac-Otway 4.9% Access to services Queenscliffe 3.7% The LGA is “accessible” by the Accessibility and Remoteness Index (Figure 13) Moyne 3.5% Compared to the Barwon South West averages: Corangamite 3.4% Surf Coast 3.4%  More residents report their area has a wide range of community and support groups (72% compared to 69%, LGA snapshot 9, page 43)  The area has a higher rate of low care aged care places (65 compared to 51 per 1000 population eligible)  The area has a higher rate of high care aged care places (45 compared to 41 per 1000 population eligible)

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 29 Glenelg LGA

“Amenity” pressures landscape (Figure 8) 0.3 projected annual population rate of change 2006 to 2026 (growth)

Collection Districts by Victorian decile

9th and 10th deciles (Least disadvantaged) */(1(/* +,*+:$< 7th and 8th deciles 5th and 6th deciles 3rd and 4th deciles 2nd decile &$67(5721 1st decile (Most disadvantaged) Unranked Town boundary

0(5,12

'$570225

+(17< +,*+:$<

+(<:22'

1$55$:21*

3257/$1'

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 30 Localities with SEIFA RSD scores under the regional Victorian average of 986 decline or or decline r ciency growth, q = stable 2006 to 2001) income Individual under $400 a week Public Housing dwellings 65 over Aged alone living 75 Over Disability families parent Single Developmentally children vulnerable Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders Low English Proﬁ with Households internet no Locality SEIFA Population (

Populations in Portland (1730), Heywood (863) and Merino (220) contribute to the most disadvantaged 10% of the population in Australia (Table 1)

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 31 Disadvantaged areas in the Glenelg LGA = The same proportion of residents report by the Index of Relative Socio-economic their area has easy access to recreational Disadvantage (SEIFA) and leisure facilities (82%, LGA Snapshot 8, page 40) Glenelg has one large, two mid-sized and two small towns that score below the regional Victoria  The area has a lower rate of high care aged average on the Index of Relative Disadvantage. care places (32 compared to 41 per 1000 Around 41 to 54% of these populations have population eligible) low incomes and all except Dartmoor have  higher than average levels of public housing. Fewer residents report their area has good Heywood, Casterton and Merino have a greater facilities and services like shops, childcare, proportion of people aged over 65 and all towns schools, libraries (75% compared to 83%, but Dartmoor have a greater proportion of single LGA Snapshot 7, page 38) parent families. All have greater than average  More households have no internet (49% multicultural mix. compared to 45%, LGA Snapshot 11 page 49, Context: Glenelg LGA in general Figure 14)  Early years/education/employment More residents report they have experienced transport limitations (21% compared to 16%, › 9% of children (251) across the LGA were LGA snapshot 10 page 46, Figure 15) found to be developmentally vulnerable in their ﬁ rst year of school of 2009 (LGA Snapshot 3, page 26) LGA snapshot 5 › The LGA has an unemployment rate of 7.3% % of young people aged 15 to 19 who are not compared to 5.8% for Victoria (March 2010) – engaged in school, work or further education/ training the highest out of the 9 LGAs in Barwon South (ABS 2006) West (LGA snapshot 4, page 29) Victoria 17% › One in ﬁ ve (22%) of those aged between 15 and 19 are not engaged in work or Glenelg 22% further education or training (LGA snapshot 5, Queenscliff 20% page 32) Warrnambool 18% › A quarter of those employed are semi skilled or unskilled workers (26%) (LGA snapshot 6, Greater Geelong 18% page 35) Colac-Otway 17% Access to services Corangamite 17% The LGA is “accessible” by the Accessibility and Southern Grampians 17% Remoteness Index (Figure 13) Moyne 16% Compared to the Barwon South West averages: Surf Coast 15%  More residents report their area has a wide range of community and support groups (71% compared to 69%, LGA snapshot 9, page 43)  The area has a higher rate of low care aged care places (55 compared to 51 per 1000 population eligible)

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 32 Greater Geelong LGA

“Amenity” pressures landscape (Figure 8) 1.4 projected annual population rate of change 2006 to 2026 (growth)

Collection Districts by Victorian decile

9th and 10th deciles (Least disadvantaged) 7th and 8th deciles 5th and 6th deciles 3rd and 4th deciles 2nd decile 1st decile (Most disadvantaged) Unranked Town boundary

/$5$

0,'/$1' +,*+:$< 35,1&(6 +,*+:$<

+$0,/721 3257$5/,1*721 +,*+:$<

*((/21* &/,)721 635,1*6 ,1'(17('+($'

/(232/' 67 /(21$5'6 '5<6'$/(

2&($1*529(

%$5:21 48((16&/,)) +($'6

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 33 Localities with SEIFA RSD scores under the regional Victorian average of 986 decline or or decline r ciency growth, q = stable 2006 to 2001) income Individual under $400 a week Public Housing dwellings 65 over Aged alone living 75 Over Disability families parent Single Developmentally children vulnerable Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders Low English Proﬁ with Households internet no Locality SEIFA Population (

Barwon South West – 365696 48.8 4.6 16.1 2.9 4.9 15.6 9 0.9 1.0 44.9 Regional Victoria 986 1383233 50.0 4.8 16.0 2.7 5.0 15.4 – 1.2 0.7 46.1 Melbourne Metro 1022 3744982 44.3 4.0 12.7 2.0 4.3 15.4 – 0.4 5.2 36.2 Victoria 1000 5313053 45.8 4.2 13.6 2.2 4.5 15.4 10.0 0.7 4.0 39.0 Large towns population >3000 - Norlane 759 7947 54.0 23.0 19.1 3.4 7.8 34.2 18 1.7 20.5 67.4 - Whittington 827 4227 48.6 18.3 12.6 2.7 6.0 30.2 – 1.7 7.7 57.1 - Corio 876 15114 45.7 9.6 11.3 1.6 5.2 26.4 16 1.9 10.3 52.3 - Bell Park 899 4651 47.1 2.8 19.5 3.7 6.2 18.7 14 0.7 26.6 57.2 - Newcomb 915 4346 45.4 1.9 24.6 4.2 7.8 21.9 15 1.0 3.1 56.1 - Herne Hill 949 3269 41.9 1.6 18.4 3.6 3.4 21.3 7 0.2 4.1 52.4 - Bell Post Hill 964 4920 42.3 1.5 15.2 1.9 4.9 15.2 23 0.3 18.4 51.2 - St Albans Park 980 4692 35.5 1.8 14.6 1.9 4.7 15.5 8 0.7 3.6 41.6 - Hamlyn Heights 983 5838 41.3 1.0 19.5 4.0 4.7 17.0 12 0.5 8.0 47.3 Portarlington 968 3023 48.2 0.0 33.2 5.4 6.7 11.7 0 0.6 5.8 54.6 Mid sized towns population between 1000–3000 - Breakwater 907 1051 47.6 8.9 16.4 3.5 4.9 23.9 – 1.0 4.3 54.2 - Nth Geelong 914 2670 41.1 7.7 32.2 3.8 11.3 23.5 – 0.5 18.0 55.0 St Leonards 948 1620 49.0 0.0 33.2 4.4 6.6 14.0 22 0.4 8.5 60.1 - Thomson 842 1605 50.0 23.6 23.0 5.5 7.0 31.4 – 0.5 1.3 62.1 Small towns population <1000 ** CAUTION using percentages from small populations (there may be high rates from small numbers in small populations)** Indented Head 965 588 47.7 0.0 32.5 4.7 7.4 13.8 – 0.5 13.3 53.8 - Marshall 973 843 43.7 0.0 45.7 12.4 15.5 9.5 – 0.7 7.1 62.1 - North Shore 938 317 37.5 3.6 14.8 3.8 5.0 21.3 – 3.2 8.5 49.6

Populations in Corio Norlane (14928), Whittington (4651) and North Geelong (2142) contribute to the most disadvantaged 10% of postcodes in Australia (Table 1).

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 34 Disadvantaged areas in the Greater  Fewer households have no internet (44% Geelong LGA by the Index of Relative compared to 45%, LGA Snapshot 11 page 49, Socio-economic Disadvantage (SEIFA) Figure 14) Greater Geelong has 14 suburbs, one mid- = The same proportion of residents say their sized town and one small town that score below area has easy access to recreational and the regional Victoria average on the Index of leisure facilities (83% compared to 82%, LGA Relative Disadvantage. Around 38 to 54% of the Snapshot 8, page 40) population of these towns have low incomes and Norlane, Whittington, Corio, Breakwater, North = The same proportion of residents report they Geelong and Thomson have higher than average have experienced transport limitations (16%, public housing. Most of the areas have a greater LGA snapshot 10 page 46, Figure 15) proportion of people aged over 65 and single  Fewer residents report their area has a wide parent families. All have a higher multicultural mix. range of community and support groups (65% Context: Greater Geelong LGA in general compared to 69%, LGA snapshot 9, page 43) Education/employment  The area has a lower rate of low care aged care places (50 compared to 51 per 1000 › 9% of children (2300) across the LGA were population eligible) found to be developmentally vulnerable in their fi rst year of school of 2009 (LGA Snapshot 3, page 26) LGA snapshot 6 › The LGA has an unemployment rate of 6.1% Unskilled and semi skilled workers compared to 5.8% for Victoria (March 2010) – (ABS 2006) the 2nd highest out of the 9 LGAs in Barwon South West (LGA snapshot 4, page 29) Victoria 16% Glenelg 26 › One in fi ve (18%) of those aged between 15 and 19 are not engaged in work or Colac-Otway 24 further education or training (LGA snapshot 5, page 32) Corangamite 21 Greater Geelong 18 › One in fi ve of those employed are semi skilled or unskilled workers (18%) (LGA snapshot 6, Moyne 18 page 35) Warrnambool 18 Access to services Southern Grampians 16 The LGA is “moderately accessible” by the Surf Coast 12 Accessibility and Remoteness Index (Figure 13) Queenscliffe 10 Compared to the Barwon South West averages:  The area has a higher rate of high care aged care places (44 compared to 41 per 1000 population eligible)  More residents report their area has good facilities and services like shops, childcare, schools, libraries (86% compared to 83%, LGA Snapshot 7, page 38)

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 35 Moyne LGA

Production landscape predominantly agriculture (Figure 6) 0.6 projected annual population rate of change 2006 to 2026 (growth)

Collection Districts by Victorian decile

9th and 10th deciles (Least disadvantaged) 7th and 8th deciles 5th and 6th deciles 3rd and 4th deciles 2nd decile 1st decile (Most disadvantaged) Unranked Town boundary

+$0,/721 +,*+:$<

0$&$57+85 +23.,16 +,*+:$<

0257/$.(

35,1&(6 +,*+:$< :(67 .252,7

3257)$,5<

3(7(5%2528*+

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 36 Localities with SEIFA RSD scores under the regional Victorian average of 986 decline or or decline r ciency growth, q = stable 2006 to 2001) income Individual under $400 a week Public Housing dwellings 65 over Aged alone living 75 Over Disability families parent Single Developmentally children vulnerable Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders Low English Proﬁ with Households internet no Locality SEIFA Population (

No populations in Moyne contribute to the most disadvantaged 10% of the population in Australia (Table 1)

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 37 Disadvantaged areas in the Moyne LGA  Fewer residents report their area has good by the Index of Relative Socio-economic facilities and services like shops, childcare, Disadvantage (SEIFA) schools, libraries (73% compared to 83%, LGA Snapshot 7, page 38) Moyne has two small towns that score below the regional Victoria average on the Index of  Fewer residents report their area has easy Relative Disadvantage. Around 47 to 49% of access to recreational and leisure facilities these populations have low incomes and both (69% compared to 82%, LGA Snapshot 8, have a higher proportion of people aged over page 40) 65. Mortlake has a larger proportion of single parent families and both towns have a higher than  More households have no internet (47% average multicultural mix. compared to 45%, LGA Snapshot 11 page 49, Figure 14) Context: Moyne LGA in general  More residents report they have experienced Early years/education/employment transport limitations (18% compared to 16%, LGA snapshot 10 page 46, Figure 15) › 10% of children (206) across the LGA were found to be developmentally vulnerable in their ﬁ rst year of school of 2009 (LGA Snapshot 3, page 26) LGA snapshot 7 Residents that feel their area has good facilities and › The LGA has an unemployment rate of 3.5% services like shops, childcare, schools, libraries, 2008 compared to 5.8% for Victoria (March 2010) (DPCD 2010a) (LGA snapshot 4, page 29) Barwon South West 83% › 16% of those aged between 15 and 19 are not engaged in work or further education or training Moyne 73% (LGA snapshot 5, page 32) Surf Coast 74% › Nearly one in ﬁ ve of those employed are Glenelg 75% semi skilled or unskilled workers (18%) (LGA snapshot 6, page 35) Colac-Otway 75% Access to services Corangamite 76% The LGA is “accessible” by the Accessibility and Queenscliffe 81% Remoteness Index (Figure 13) Southern Grampians 82% Compared to the Barwon South West averages: Greater Geelong 86%  The area has a lower rate of low care aged Warrnambool 94% care places (47 compared to 51 per 1000 population eligible)  The area has a lower rate of high care aged care places (34 compared to 41 per 1000 population eligible)  Fewer residents report their area has a wide range of community and support groups (67% compared to 69%, LGA snapshot 9, page 43)

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 38 Queenscliffe LGA

“Amenity” pressures landscape (Figure 8) 0.3 projected annual population rate of change 2006 to 2026 (growth)

Localities with SEIFA RSD scores under the regional Victorian average of 986

%(//$5,1( Collection Districts +,*+:$< by Victorian decile

9th and 10th deciles (Least disadvantaged) 7th and 8th deciles 5th and 6th deciles 3rd and 4th deciles 2nd decile 1st decile (Most disadvantaged) Unranked Town boundary

No populations in Queenscliffe contribute to the most disadvantaged 10% of the population in Australia (Table 1)

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 39 Disadvantaged areas in the Queenscliffe = The same proportion of residents report their LGA by the Index of Relative Socio- area has good facilities and services like shops, economic Disadvantage (SEIFA) childcare, schools, libraries (81% compared to 83%, LGA Snapshot 7, page 38) Queenscliffe does not contain any areas that score below the regional Victoria average on the Index of = The same proportion of residents report they Relative Disadvantage. have experienced transport limitations (17% compared to 16%, LGA snapshot 10 page 46, Context: Queenscliffe LGA in general Figure 15) Early years/education/employment  The area has a lower rate of low care aged › The LGA has an unemployment rate of 3.7% care places (50 compared to 51 per 1000 compared to 5.8% for Victoria (March 2010) population eligible) (LGA snapshot 4, page 29)  The area has a lower rate of high care aged › One in ﬁ ve (20%) of those aged between care places (0 compared to 41 per 1000 15 and 19 are not engaged in work or population eligible) further education or training (LGA snapshot 5, page 32)

› One in ten of those employed are semi skilled LGA snapshot 8 or unskilled workers (10%) (LGA snapshot 6, Residents that feel their area has easy access to page 35) recreational and leisure facilities, 2008 (DPCD 2010a) Access to services Barwon South West 82% The LGA is “accessible” by the Accessibility and Moyne 69% Remoteness Index (Figure 13) Colac-Otway 75% Compared to the Barwon South West averages: Surf Coast 78%  More residents report their area has a wide Corangamite 79% range of community and support groups (77% Glenelg 82% compared to 69%, LGA snapshot 9, page 43) Greater Geelong 83%  More residents report their area has easy access to recreational and leisure facilities Southern Grampians 84% (88% compared to 82%, LGA Snapshot 8, Queenscliffe 88% page 40) Warrnambool 92%  Fewer households have no internet (42% compared to 45%, LGA Snapshot 11 page 49, Figure 14)

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 40 Southern Grampians LGA

Production landscape predominantly agriculture (Figure 6) 0.1 projected annual population rate of change 2006 to 2026 (growth)

Collection Districts by Victorian decile

9th and 10th deciles (Least disadvantaged) 7th and 8th deciles 5th and 6th deciles 3rd and 4th deciles 2nd decile 1st decile (Most disadvantaged) Unranked +(17< Town boundary +,*+:$<

%$/025$/

&$9(1',6+

&2/(5$,1(

'81.(/'

*/(17+203621

+$0,/721

7$55,1*721

+$0,/721 +,*+:$<

3(16+8567

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 41 Localities with SEIFA RSD scores under the regional Victorian average of 986 decline or or decline r ciency growth, q = stable 2006 to 2001) income Individual under $400 a week Public Housing dwellings 65 over Aged alone living 75 Over Disability families parent Single Developmentally children vulnerable Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders Low English Proﬁ with Households internet no Locality SEIFA Population (

Populations in Glenthompson (139) contribute to the most disadvantaged 10% of the population in Australia (Table 1)

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 42 Disadvantaged areas in the Southern = The same proportion of residents report their Grampians LGA by the Index of Relative area has easy access to recreational and Socio-economic Disadvantage (SEIFA) leisure facilities (84% compared to 82%, LGA Snapshot 8, page 40) Southern Grampians has one large and four small towns that score below the regional Victoria  The area has a lower rate of low care aged average on the Index of Relative Disadvantage. care places (50 compared to 51 per 1000 Around 37 to 57% of these populations have low population eligible) incomes and Hamilton and Balmoral have higher  than average levels of public housing. All areas The area has a lower rate of high care aged have a larger proportion of people aged over care places (37 compared to 41 per 1000 65 and Glenthompson, Coleraine and Balmoral population eligible) have more single parent families. All areas but  Fewer residents report their area has good Glenthompson and Coleraine have higher than facilities and services like shops, childcare, average multicultural mix. schools, libraries (74% compared to 83%, Context: Southern Grampians Ranges LGA LGA Snapshot 7, page 38) in general  More households have no internet (50% Early years/education/employment compared to 45%, LGA Snapshot 11 page 49, Figure 14) › 9% of children (188) across the LGA were found to be developmentally vulnerable in their ﬁ rst year of school of 2009 (LGA Snapshot 3, page 26) LGA snapshot 9 Residents that feel their area has a wide range of › The LGA has an unemployment rate of 5.0% community and support groups, 2008 (DPCD 2010a) compared to 5.8% for Victoria (March 2010) (LGA snapshot 4, page 29) Barwon South West 69%

› One in ﬁ ve (17%) of those aged between Greater Geelong 65% 15 and 19 are not engaged in work or Moyne 67% further education or training (LGA snapshot 5, page 32) Surf Coast 68% Colac-Otway 71% › 16% of those employed are semi skilled or unskilled workers (LGA snapshot 6, page 35) Corangamite 72% Access to services Glenelg 74% The LGA is “accessible” by the Accessibility and Queenscliffe 77% Remoteness Index (Figure 13) Southern Grampians 78% Compared to the Barwon South West averages: Warrnambool 86%  More residents report their area has a wide range of community and support groups (78% compared to 69%, LGA snapshot 9, page 43)  Fewer residents report they have experienced transport limitations (13% compared to 16%, LGA snapshot 10 page 46, Figure 15)

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 43 Surf Coast LGA

“Amenity” pressures landscape (Figure 8) 2.1 projected annual population rate of change 2006 to 2026 (growth)

Collection Districts by Victorian decile

9th and 10th deciles (Least disadvantaged) 7th and 8th deciles 5th and 6th deciles 3rd and 4th deciles 2nd decile 1st decile (Most disadvantaged) Unranked Town boundary 35,1&(6 35,1&(6 +,*+:$< +,*+:$< :(67 025,$& :,1&+(/6($

685)&2$67 +,*+:$<

72548$<

$1*/(6($

$,5(<6,1/(7 )$,5+$9(1

/251(

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 44 Localities with SEIFA RSD scores under the regional Victorian average of 986 decline or or decline r ciency growth, q = stable 2006 to 2001) income Individual under $400 a week Public Housing dwellings 65 over Aged alone living 75 Over Disability families parent Single Developmentally children vulnerable Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders Low English Proﬁ with Households internet no Locality SEIFA Population (

No populations in Surf Coast contribute to the most disadvantaged 10% of the population in Australia (Table 1)

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 45 Disadvantaged areas in the Surf Coast  The area has a lower rate of low care aged LGA by the Index of Relative Socio- care places (45 compared to 51 per 1000 economic Disadvantage (SEIFA) population eligible) Surf Coast has one mid-sized town that scores  Fewer residents report their area has good below the regional Victoria average on the Index facilities and services like shops, childcare, of Relative Disadvantage. Around 46% of the schools, libraries (74% compared to 83%, population of Winchelsea have low incomes. LGA Snapshot 7, page 38) It also has higher than average levels of public housing, seniors and multicultural mix.  Fewer residents report their area has easy access to recreational and leisure facilities Context: Surf Coast LGA in general (78% compared to 82%, LGA Snapshot 8, page 40) Early years/education/employment  More residents report they have experienced › 5% of children (341) across the LGA were transport limitations (18% compared to 16%, found to be developmentally vulnerable in their LGA snapshot 10 page 46, Figure 15) ﬁ rst year of school of 2009 (LGA Snapshot 3, page 26)

› The LGA has an unemployment rate of 3.4% LGA snapshot 10 compared to 5.8% for Victoria (March 2010) People that experienced transport limitation – the lowest of the 9 LGAs in Barwon South in the last 12 months, 2007 (CIV 2007) West (LGA snapshot 4, page 29) Barwon South West 16% › 15% of those aged between 15 and 19 are not engaged in work or further education or training Glenelg 21% (LGA snapshot 5, page 32) Surf Coast 18% One in ten of those employed are semi skilled › Moyne 18% or unskilled workers (12%) (LGA snapshot 6, page 35) Colac-Otway 18% Access to services Corangamite 18% The LGA is “moderately accessible” with Queenscliffe 17% some “Remote” areas by the Accessibility and Warrnambool 17% Remoteness Index (Figure 13) Greater Geelong 16% Compared to the Barwon South West averages: Southern Grampians 13%  The area has a higher rate of high care aged care places (43 compared to 41 per 1000 population eligible)  Fewer households have no internet (33% compared to 45%, LGA Snapshot 11 page 49, Figure 14) = The same proportion of residents report their area has a wide range of community and support groups (68% compared to 69%, LGA snapshot 9, page 43)

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 46 Warrnambool LGA

“Amenity” pressures landscape (Figure 8) 1.1 projected annual population rate of change 2006 to 2026 (growth)

Collection Districts by Victorian decile

9th and 10th deciles (Least disadvantaged) 7th and 8th deciles 5th and 6th deciles 3rd and 4th deciles 2nd decile 1st decile (Most disadvantaged) %86+),(/' +23.,16 :22')25' +,*+:$< Unranked Town boundary

35,1&(6 +,*+:$< :(67 :$551$0%22/

$//$16)25'

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 47 Localities with SEIFA RSD scores under the regional Victorian average of 986 decline or or decline r ciency growth, q = stable 2006 to 2001) income Individual under $400 a week Public Housing dwellings 65 over Aged alone living 75 Over Disability families parent Single Developmentally children vulnerable Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders Low English Proﬁ with Households internet no Locality SEIFA Population (

Populations in Warrnambool (2495) contribute to the most disadvantaged 10% of the population in Australia (Table 1)

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 48 Disadvantaged areas in the = The same proportion of residents report they Warrnambool LGA by the Index of have experienced transport limitations (17% Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage compared to 16%, LGA snapshot 10 page 46, (SEIFA) Figure 15) Warrnambool has one large that scores below the  The area has a lower rate of low care aged regional Victoria average on the Index of Relative care places (47 compared to 51 per 1000 Disadvantage. Around 40% of this population population eligible) have low incomes and the town has higher than  average public housing, single parent families and The area has a lower rate of high care aged a higher multicultural mix. care places (38 compared to 41 per 1000 population eligible) Context: Warrnambool LGA in general  More households have no internet (48% Early years/education/employment compared to 45%, LGA Snapshot 11 page 49, Figure 14) › 11% of children (406) across the LGA were found to be developmentally vulnerable in their ﬁ rst year of school of 2009 (LGA Snapshot 3, page 26) LGA snapshot 11 Households with no internet connection, 2006 › The LGA has an unemployment rate of 5.5% (ABS 2006) compared to 5.8% for Victoria (March 2010) (LGA snapshot 4, page 29) Victoria 39% › One in ﬁ ve (18%) of those aged between Barwon South West Region % 15 and 19 are not engaged in work or Colac-Otway 51.9% further education or training (LGA snapshot 5, page 32) Corangamite 50.8%

› Nearly one in ﬁ ve of those employed are Southern Grampians 49.7% semi skilled or unskilled workers (18%) Glenelg 48.5% (LGA snapshot 6, page 35) Warrnambool 48.2% Access to services Moyne 46.7% The LGA is “accessible” by the Accessibility and Remoteness Index (Figure 13) Greater Geelong 43.6% Queenscliffe 42.4% Compared to the Barwon South West averages: Surf Coast 33.3%  More residents report their area has a wide range of community and support groups (86% compared to 69%, LGA snapshot 9, page 43)  More residents report their area has good facilities and services like shops, childcare, schools, libraries (94% compared to 83%, LGA Snapshot 7, page 38)  More residents report their area has easy access to recreational and leisure facilities (92% compared to 82%, LGA Snapshot 8, page 40)

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 49 Conclusion and what can be done

The data in this report show that disadvantage is › local governments in the economic clustered in different localities across the Barwon development of local areas, providing services South West region. Each appears to have a (early years, aged care, youth services) and in different mix of people. Some are predominantly community development; and aging populations, some working populations › non-government organisations in providing and some concentrations of welfare recipients. services and advocating on behalf of Some areas have a signifi cant multicultural mix, disadvantaged groups. while others do not. These differences are the result of economic and demographic changes Because of its complexity, reducing disadvantage occurring across the region that are resulting in: will require collaboration. It will require partnerships of agencies bringing a range › a decrease of economic opportunities for of resources to bear on the issue. In the fi rst residents in some areas particularly for unskilled instance, it will require processes that bring workers (of which there is a greater proportion together empirical, expert, strategic and local in Barwon South West – a trend likely to knowledge to identify strategic priorities and perpetuate due to lower than state average locally appropriate solutions. It will also involve educational outcomes across early years, building the capacities of both communities and secondary and tertiary education); agencies to mount effective responses. › population growth, decline or change that is causing a need for the restructure of services Change will continue to occur in the Barwon (putting pressure of services, creating a need South West region and individuals, families and for new services or making services in some communities will need to continue to adapt. areas not viable); or This can be supported by service systems and governments that are also refl exive to change › the concentration of disadvantage in certain and that fi nd processes for dealing with complex areas because of rising housing costs in some issues, like disadvantage, that run across areas with others not keeping pace (trapping agencies and jurisdictions. residents) in others. The complex and multidimensional nature of disadvantage means that the efforts of a range The complex and multidimensional of agencies will be needed to reduce it or lessen its impacts. No single agency holds all the nature of disadvantage means reducing levers to the factors outlined in the beginning of disadvantage will require collaboration this report as making a difference to social and across a range of agencies. economic wellbeing (Figure 10). The roles played by different agencies include:

› the Commonwealth government in employment policy, income support, the tax transfer system (including pensions and beneﬁ ts, etc), housing, health and other social programs; › the State government in providing or subsidising essential services (health, education and training, etc), planning policy, housing, support for economic development, reducing barriers to opportunity and supporting disadvantaged groups and places;

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 50 Appendix A. The full list of relatively disadvantaged towns in the Barwon South West region

Towns that score under the Regional Victorian average (986) on the Index of Relative Socio-Economic Disadvantage.

Small towns <1000 Medium sized towns 1000–3000 Large sized towns >3000

SEIFA Pop. change Town RSD Population 2001–6 1 Greater Geelong (C) Norlane 759 7947 q 2 Greater Geelong (C) Whittington 826 4227 q 3 Corangamite (S) Lismore 831 286 q 4 Greater Geelong (C) Thomson 842 1605 q 5 Southern Grampians (S) Glenthompson 863 143 q 6 Glenelg (S) Heywood 873 1288 q 7 Glenelg (S) Merino 875 205 q 8 Greater Geelong (C) Corio 876 15114 q 9 Greater Geelong (C) Bell Park 899 4651 q 10 Glenelg (S) Dartmoor 902 216 q 11 Glenelg (S) Casterton 903 1658 q 12 Greater Geelong (C) Breakwater 907 1051 q 13 Southern Grampians (S) Penshurst 910 461 q 14 Southern Grampians (S) Coleraine 911 992 q 15 Greater Geelong (C) North Geelong 914 2670 q 16 Greater Geelong (C) Newcomb 915 4346 q 17 Surf Coast (S) Winchelsea 921 1334 q 18 Corangamite (S) Derrinallum 926 233 r 19 Corangamite (S) Skipton 930 480 r 20 Corangamite (S) Terang 931 1833 q 21 Southern Grampians (S) Balmoral 933 188 q 22 Greater Geelong (C) North Shore 938 317 q 23 Corangamite (S) Camperdown 939 3163 q 24 Corangamite (S) Cobden 940 1533 q 25 Moyne (S) Mortlake 941 992 q 26 Colac-Otway (S) Beeac 941 204 r 27 Glenelg (S) Portland 942 9819 q 28 Colac-Otway (S) Colac 947 10862 q 29 Greater Geelong (C) St Leonards 948 1620 q 30 Greater Geelong (C) Herne Hill 949 3269 q 31 Moyne (S) Macarthur 952 260 q 32 Colac-Otway (S) Forrest 956 167 r

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 51 Small towns <1000 Medium sized towns 1000–3000 Large sized towns >3000

SEIFA Pop. change Town RSD Population 2001–6 33 Corangamite (S) Timboon 963 870 q 34 Greater Geelong (C) Bell Post Hill 964 4920 q 35 Greater Geelong (C) Indented Head 965 588 q 36 Greater Geelong (C) Portarlington 968 3023 q 37 Greater Geelong (C) Marshall 973 843 q 38 Colac-Otway (S) Birregurra 978 464 q 39 Greater Geelong (C) St Albans Park 980 4692 q 40 Greater Geelong (C) Hamlyn Heights 983 5838 q 41 Southern Grampians (S) Hamilton 985 9388 q

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 52 References

DPCD gratefully acknowledges the Department of Health and its two data collation products from which most of the data for this report (referenced below) has been drawn:

› 2009 Local Government Area Statistical Proﬁ les (DHS 2009) › Town and Community Proﬁ les 2008 (DHS 2009)

ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) (2006) Census of Population and Housing data. Australian Bureau of Statistics website. www.abs.gov.au. Accessed July 2010. ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) (2010) SEIFA: Socioeconomic Indexes for Areas webpage http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/D3310114.nsf/home/Seifa_entry_page. Accessed July 2010. ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) (2010a) 1367.2 – State and Regional Indicators, Victoria, Mar 2010 webpage. Unemployment estimates. Available at http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/ Latestproducts/B9D12E43B7000E74CA257729002006E4?opendocument Accessed July 2010. AHURI (Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute) (2005) Why low-income households move: the search for affordable housing and employment. Research and Policy Bulletin, Issue 53 Available at www.ahuri.edu.au/publications/download/8726 Accessed July 2010. Australian Government (2009) A compendium of social inclusion indicators. How’s Australia faring? www.socialinclusion.gov.au >Publications. Accessed July 2010. Barr N (2009) The House on the Hill: the transformation of Australia’s farming communities. Land & Water Australia in association with Halstead Press: Canberra. CIV (Community Indicators Victoria) (2007) Community Wellbeing Survey of Victorian LGAs. http://www.communityindicators.net.au Accessed July 2010. DEECD (Department of Education and Early Childhood Development) (2010) Victorian Australian Early Childhood Development (AEDI) results for areas information sheets. DEECD: Melbourne. DHS (Department of Human Services Workforce Planning, Portfolio Services and Strategic Projects Division) (2009) 2009 Local Government Area Statistical Proﬁ les and Town and Community Proﬁ les 2008. DHS (Department of Human Services Workforce Planning, Portfolio Services and Strategic Projects Division) (2009a) Accessibility ARIA+ map. https://fac.dhs.vic.gov.au/publicfolder/data_statistics/DHS/ maps/ARIAP.pdf Accessed July 2010. DHS (Department of Human Services) (2010) Summary of Housing Assistance Programs 2008–09 (word version). DHS Housing and Community Building Division: Melbourne. Available at www.housing.vic.gov.au/publications/reports Accessed July 2010. DIIRD (Department of Innovation, Industry and Regional Development) (2010) Live in Victoria website. http://www.liveinvictoria.vic.gov.au/working-and-employment/skill-shortages. Accessed July 2006. DIMIA (Department of Immigration and Citizenship) (2009) Settlement database. Taken from DHS 2009 DPC (Premier and Cabinet) (2005) A Fairer Victoria. DPC: Melbourne.

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 53 DPCD (Department of Planning and Community Development) (2007) DPCD compilation of Local Council data about non resident rates payers. DPCD (Department of Planning and Community Development) (2008) Towns in Time. DPCD: Melbourne. Available at http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/DSE/dsenres.nsf/LinkView/ E05D934749B13CE2CA256D3B0005539F5D8F38B915AF5AA1CA256D1A0022BDE9 Accessed July 2010. DPCD (Department of Planning and Community Development) (2008a) Victoria in Future 2008 – Population Projections. DPCD: Melbourne. Available at http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/DSE/dsenres.nsf/ LinkView/BD4EF8A400A9E6DECA256D8D00151A4F775206E3E0281595CA256F0E0013C1FB Accessed July 2010. DPCD (Department of Planning and Community Development) (2010) Strategic Policy Research and Forecasting, DPCD. LGA maps of the SEIFA Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage mapped at the collector district level. www.dpcd.vic.gov.au >Urban and Regional > Demographics Accessed July 2006. DPCD (Department of Planning and Community Development) (2010a) Indicators of Community Strength at the Local Government Area Level for Victoria, 2008 www.dpcd.vic.gov.au >Research and Publications Accessed July 2010. DPCD (Department of Planning and Community Development) (2010b) Victoria's regional centres – a generation of change. Bendigo. DPCD: Melbourne. Forthcoming on www.dpcd.vic.gov.au DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2005) Regional Matters: an atlas of Regional Victoria 2005. www.dpcd.vic.gov.au. Accessed July 2010. PHIDU (Public Health Information Development Unit) (2010) The Social Health Atlas of Australia: Victoria. (Editions since 1999). www.publichealth.gov.au. Accessed July 2010. Saunders P & Wong M (2009) Still doing it tough: an update on deprivation and social exclusion among welfare service clients. Social Policy Research Centre, University of New South Wales. www.sprc.unsw.edu.au. Accessed July 2010. SGS Economics & Planning (2009) The role of community development in responding to economic decline. Paper commissioned by Community Development, DPCD. Vinson T (2004) Community adversity and resilience. JSS: Melbourne. Vinson T (2007) Dropping Off the Edge. JSS & CSSA: Melbourne.

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Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 55 If you would like to receive this publication in an accessible format, such as large print or audio, please telephone Jeanette Pope on 9208 3849, or email [email protected]. This publication is published in PDF and Word formats on www.dpcd.vic.gov.au

Published by the Department of Planning and Community Development 1 Spring Street Melbourne, Victoria 3000 Telephone (03) 9208 3799 March 2011 © Copyright State Government of Victoria 2007 This publication is copyright. No part may be reproduced by any process except in accordance with provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. Authorised by the Victorian Government, Melbourne.

Change and disadvantage in the Barwon South West region, Victoria 56