Republic of Cuba Chapter Pages 366-391 14

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Chapter 14 Republic of Cuba Chapter Pages 366-391 14

Section 1 The Geography of Cuba Republic of Cuba Pages 372-376 (República de Cuba) Section 2 A Brief History of Cuba Pages 377-381 Chapter Preview Section 3 The Government of Cuba People Christopher Columbus, Fulgencio Pages 382-383 Batista, Fidel Castro, Raúl Castro

Section 4 Places Isle of Youth (Isla de la Juventud), The Economy of Cuba Turquino Peak (Pico Turquino), Havana Pages 384-387 Terms islet, blackout, Spanish-American War, Section 5 embargo, Cuban Missile Crisis, unitary government, National Assembly of US-Cuba Relations People’s Power, Cuban convertible peso Pages 388-389 (CUC), Cuban peso (CUP), mestizo, emigration, normalization, embassy Chapter Review Pages 390-391

Getting Started Have students copy the terms and significant individuals into their notebooks. Top: The royal palm is Cuba’s national tree. Background: Castillo de los Tres Reyes Magos del Morro (Morro Castle) guards the entrance to Havana Bay as it has since 1589.

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NOTE: Websites appear, disappear, and change addresses constantly. The Internet addresses included throughout this program were operative when the text was published.

T 366 Class Discussion As a class, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of being an island nation in the Caribbean.

Did You Know? Sometimes Cuba is referred to as “El Cocodrilo” because the shape is similar to a crocodile. The island nation also includes 4,000 other islands and cays.

Using Reading Skills: Most people in the United States have only heard stories about Cuba— of its architectural splendor, hand-rolled cigars, or the beat of the salsa. Interpreting Quotations To modern Americans, Cuba was largely known as an island nation in Raúl Castro became president the Caribbean, just south of Key West, Florida, that US citizens could not I was not chosen to be of Cuba in 2008. Have students visit. Others in the United States know Cuba through family members “ president to restore living in the United States after they fl ed Cuba in the 1960s. During that read his quotation on this page. capitalism to Cuba. I same time period, Cubans only knew the United States through school Ask: Does it surprise you that a was elected to defend, history books fi lled with communist propaganda. Most Cubans knew country’s leader would continue their neighbor as an enemy. maintain and continue What comes to mind when you hear people talk about Cuba? Many to criticize capitalism and defend to perfect socialism, people think of an island nation, Fidel Castro, the Cuban Missile Crisis, socialism in so recent an era? Have emigrants, and the economic embargo. However, these reminders of the not destroy it. past are changing. Many of these ideas are a product of Cuba’s history - Raúl Castro, students think back to what they and role during the Cold War. Cuba was a communist nation with close leader of Cuba learned about Russia and the fall ties to the Soviet Union. This fact and its location just a short distance of communist rule there in the from Florida increased tensions between Cuba and the United States. Today, Cuba is undergoing political and economic reforms, and rela- early 1990s. tions between the United States and Cuba are improving. In 2015, Cuba and the United States reopened embassies in each other’s countries that had been closed for over 50 years. The next year, about 450,000 Ameri- can tourists visited Cuba. The country expects millions more to follow.

Top: A yellow classic American automobile navigates the streets of Havana. Above: A rumba dancer and musicians share their talents on Havana’s streets.

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Getting Started Have students copy the official PASSP RT government information of Cuba found in the Passport section into their notebooks.

Using Photographs and Illustrations

Have students look at the image O cial Name: Republic of Cuba of the Cuban pesos. Ask: How are Capital: Havana they similar to and different from Form of Government: communist state Head of Government: President of the Council of other currencies? State and President of the Council of Ministers Head of State: President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers Peach State Trivia Su rage: 16 years of age; universal Currency: Cuban peso Georgia’s exports to Cuba have grown to $27.5 million, and many people across the state want to end the embargo to improve econom- ics. The Port of Brunswick exports more to Cuba than any other port in the United States.

Top: Flag of Cuba. Top Right: Coat of arms of the Republic of Cuba. Middle Left: El Capitolio, the National Capitol building, in the city of Havana. Middle Right: Raúl Castro, the country’s highest-ranking o cial, assumed the o ce of president of Cuba in 2008. Right: Cuban pesos.

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T 368 Introduction

Class Discussion CULTURE Lead a discussion about the FUN FACTS different ethnic groups, with C NNECTION The Gardens of the Queen National “white” being the most populous Marine Park covers 850 square miles in Cuba. Compare that percentage POPULATION of small islands and underwater coral reefs. It is one of the most unspoiled to Mexico or other Latin American habitats in the Caribbean Sea. countries.

0 10 million 20 million Going Deeper Cuba United States O cial Language: Research the religious freedoms 11,179,995 (est. July 2016) 324,386,000 (est. 2017) Spanish of Cuba today. Have students write Population Rank 78 Population Rank 3 a before-and-after Fidel Castro es-

Phrases in Spanish say about the topic.

ETHNIC GROUPS Hello – Hola ■ White 64% Goodbye – Adiós Did You Know? ■ Mestizo 27% Do you speak English? – One of the most famous ■ Black 9% Hablas inglés? American literary figures, Ernest Line (like the one you stand in while waiting) – cola Hemingway, lived in Cuba for The end? (as in, Is this the end twenty years but left after Castro’s of the line?) – el último revolution. He was upset about the Good night – Buenas noches treatment of Americans in Cuba See you later - Hasta luego under Fidel Castro.

RELIGION LIFE EXPECTANCY Note: prior to Castro assuming power Average 78.7 years Male 76.4 years Nominally Roman Catholic 85% Female 81.1 years Protestant, Jehovah’s Witness, Jewish, Santería 15%

0 15 30 45 60 75 90 EDUCATION Literacy 99.8% Education Expenditures 12.8% of GDP Rank 2

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T 369 Chapter 14: Republic of Cuba

Background: The destruction of the Getting Started USS Maine in Havana harbor (1898) Have students list five major led to the Spanish-American War. TIMELINEOF CUBA HISTORY events in Cuban history. Consider Below: Che Guevara and Fidel Castro were leaders of the revolution against having them research the events dictator Fulgencio Batista. Bottom: US Figure 14.1 and write a sentence describing planes photographed Soviet missiles as 1400 each. part of the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962.

1492 Christopher Columbus landed in Cuba

1500 Teach the Timeline 1511 First European settlement in Cuba Ask: How much time passed between when Columbus landed in Cuba and settlement by Europe- ans? (19 years) How long did Cuba 1800 remain under Spanish control? (410 years from the time of Colum- bus’s landing)

1868 Ten Years’ War started Using Photographs and 1878 Ten Years’ War ended Illustrations 1886 Slavery abolished in Cuba Look at the image of Che 1898 USS Maine blown up in Havana harbor Spanish-American War began Guevara and Fidel Castro. Guevara 1900 was a communist revolutionary 1902 Cuba became an independent country who fought across Latin America. His image was immortalized by 1952 Fulgencio Batista became dictator 1959 Fidel Castro became Cuba’s communist dictator the Cuban propaganda and is still 1960 United States imposed an embargo on Cuba widely seen today. 1961 United States broke diplomatic relations with Cuba 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis 1976 Cuban constitution gave citizens free health care 1991 Collapse of the Soviet Union brought hard times to Cuba Did You Know? 2000 A United States Lockheed U2 2008 Raúl Castro succeeded his brother Fidel as president spy plane was responsible for the 2011 Cuban Communist Party Congress met images of the Cuban Missile Crisis. 2014 United States and Cuba restored diplomatic relations 2015 United States eased some embargo restrictions It was shot down over Cuba, and Barack Obama and Raúl Castro met at the Summit of the Americas Rudolf Anderson Jr., the pilot, was 2016 Fidel Castro died the only person killed during the crisis. 370

T 370 Introduction

Answer to Map 14.1 Skill Mexico, United States, Ba- hamas, Haiti, Jamaica, Cayman Islands

Getting Started Have students copy the physical geography features of Cuba and the environmental issues facing Cuba into their notebooks.

Mapping Activity Have students create a T Chart that divides the Greater Antilles and the Lesser Antilles that are viewable on the map. Then have them explain the importance of Cuba to the Caribbean because of Map 14.1 its location and size. Area: 42,803 sq mi Cuba Area Rank: 106 Map Skill: Name the countries cobalt, nickel, iron Natural Resources: that surround Cuba. Class Discussion ore, chromium, copper, salt, timber, silica, petroleum, arable land Ask: What about the physical geography enticed Spain to hold Environmental Issues: air and water onto Cuba so long after other colo- pollution; biodiversity loss; deforestation nies had become independent?

Right: Aerial view of Havana.

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Section 1 Section 1 The Geography of Cuba The Geography INTRODUCE of Cuba Outline As you read, look for A. Location and Size of Cuba  the location of Cuba; B. Physical Geography of Cuba  how geography and climate a ect where people live in Cuba; C. Climate of Cuba  natural resources in Cuba; D. Natural Resources of Cuba  terms: islet, blackout.

Materials Location and Size of Cuba The Republic of Cuba is the largest nation in the Caribbean. It is about Textbook, Pages 372-376 the size of Tennessee but is smaller than Georgia. Cuba is located in the Student Workbook western and northern hemispheres. It is bounded by the Gulf of Mexico Teacher Tech Website to the northwest, the Atlantic Ocean to the northeast, and the Caribbean Sea to the south. Located about 90 miles south of Key West, Florida, Lesson Plan Cuba consists of one large island and some 1,600 islets (small islands). Guided Reading, 14.1 The main island of Cuba has a land area of 42,803 square miles with myworldstudies.com a length of about 780 miles. At its widest, the island is about 120 miles across but only about 20 miles across at its narrowest point. The next-larg- Online Textbook est island is the Isle of Youth (Isla de la Juventud), located south of the main island, with a land area of 850 square miles. The remaining islets that form Cuba have a combined total of 1,434 square miles. Getting Started Have students define islet and blackout and explain the relevance of each term to Cuba.

Reading Strategies Have students outline or create a concept map of the section as they read.

Peach State Trivia Above: A lionﬁ sh swims near colorful Brasstown Bald, called Entoah corals at Cayo Largo, a small resort island of Cuba. by the Cherokee, is the highest mountaintop in Georgia at 4,784 372 feet. The highest point in Cuba, Pico Turquino, is 6,476 feet.

Georgia Standards of Excellence for Section 1 SS6G1 Find specific features of Latin America. a. Locate on a map: Amazon River, Amazon Rain Forest, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Panama Canal, Andes Mountains, Sierra Madre Mountains, and Atacama Desert. b. Locate on a map: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, and Panama. SS6G3 Describe the impact of location, climate, distribution of natural resources, and population distribution on Latin America. a. Describe how the location, climate, and distribution of natural resources influence trade in Mexico, Brazil, and Cuba. Continued on bottom of next page.

T 372 Section 1: The Geography of Cuba

Using Photographs and Illustrations Look at the image of the Cuban beach of Varadero. Ask: What do you think the major economic resource of that town is?

Physical Geography of Cuba Class Discussion About two-thirds of Cuba is a mostly fl at to rolling plain with an aver- Ask: Why is the Cuban climate age elevation of about 350 feet above sea level. This land has been used over the centuries for farming. There are also hills and mountains with ideal for vacations? What causes the highest mountain, Turquino Peak (Pico Turquino) in the southeast, the climate to be relatively the reaching nearly 6,500 feet above sea level. Cuba has over 3,500 miles of same all year? beautiful coastline that attracts tourists from around the world. Many of the largest cities in Cuba are on or near the coast. About 77 percent of Cubans live in urban areas. Approximately 20 percent of them live in the capital and largest city, Havana. Many workers in the urban Did You Know? areas have jobs in manufacturing. A large number have jobs in service Cuba is part of the West professions such as education, health care, government, and tourism. Cuba’s location on ocean trading routes has been an important infl uence The islands of Cuba Indies—named by Christopher are part of an archipelago, on its history and current economy. or group of islands, Columbus because he thought called the Antilles he was near the Asian country of Climate of Cuba (or the West Indies). Cuba lies just south of the Tropic of Cancer (the imaginary line marking India. latitude 23.5° N). This location gives the country a tropical climate, which means Cuba is warm to hot all year long. However, the temperatures are moderated by trade winds throughout the year that move the air and provide relief from the heat. There is a rainy season from May to October, and there is a dry season from November to April. This warm climate makes Cuba seem like the perfect place to live for those who love tropical temperatures with a gentle breeze to keep things from getting too hot.

Top Left: The town of Trinidad is in central Cuba on the southern coast in a valley long known for its sugarcane production. Top Right: Cuban children enjoy the warmth of a tropical climate. Bottom: Calm turquoise waters and a tropical sun make the town of Varadero ideal for tourism.

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Georgia Standards of Excellence for Section 1 - Continued SS6E3 Explain factors that have an impact on economic growth in Brazil, Cuba, and Mexico. d. Identify the role of natural resources in a country’s economy.

T 373 Chapter 14: Republic of Cuba

Cuba’s location and climate also make it a target for hurricanes. The Class Discussion warm tropical waters provide energy for the storms, which begin spin- Ask: How can the quality of soil ning off the coast of Africa once they contact the warm waters of the Atlantic Ocean. As the storms move west, they often move across islands be a major resource for one area in the Caribbean, including Cuba. Not only are hurricanes devastating and not for another area of Cuba? to Cubans when they happen, but some may have a long-term impact. Because the highest chance for hurricanes is from June to October, hurricane season coincides with the natural rainy season. In the past, Class Activity hurricanes have damaged the small island country Have the class list the natural with tremendous loss of life and torrential fl ooding resources of Cuba and list some that wiped out crops. goods that can be made from each Natural Resources of Cuba resource. About 28 percent of Cuba’s land is arable. This is more than a quarter of the island. Cuba makes good use of this land by growing not only crops for its own people but also crops to sell to other countries. For centuries, sugarcane Using Photographs and plantations have been a major source of income for Cuba. This is true Illustrations today, with sugar being the country’s most important export. Coffee, fi sh, Ask: How might the life of the fruits, and tobacco products are traded to other countries as well. Cuba is known for its cigars. This tobacco product is highly prized by many farmer shown in this image be dif- people and provides a good income to the country. Cuba’s location on ferent than that of a Cuban living the ocean gives it easy access to rich fi shing waters. Fishing provides food in a city? Do you believe they have for Cubans, and it gives the country another product to export. Cuba has timber and mineral resources that include cobalt, nickel, iron different needs? What are some ore, chromium, copper, salt, silica, and petroleum. Nickel accounts for 21 examples? percent of Cuba’s exports. This mineral is used in manufacturing stainless steel as well as electronic and automotive parts. After the sugarcane crop, nickel is perceived as Cuba’s second most valuable natural resource.

Above: This sugarcane ﬁ eld is near the town of Viñales. Sugar is Cuba’s most important export. Bottom: A Cuban farmer tends to his tobacco crop. Cuba is well known for its cigars made from local tobacco.

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T 374 Section 1: The Geography of Cuba

Developing Writing Skills Have students write a journal entry that answers the following: What do you think life would be like in your city or town if the government turned off the electricity at different times? What are some adjustments your family would have to make?

Cuba has a beautiful natural landscape and wonderful beaches. These features have made tourism one of the fastest-growing industries in the ASSESS country. Tourists from Canada, Europe, and Latin America bring money to the island and provide jobs for the people. Hotels are being built or Answers to Reviewing the renovated to attract even more tourists. Even though Cuba is a communist country where the government owns or controls most farms and busi- Section nesses, it is using its natural gifts to sustain its economy and provide the 1. Most people in Cuba live rest of the world with a glimpse at its beautiful scenery. in cities (about 77 percent), When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, Cuba faced diffi cult times. Cuba does not have the resources to supply all of its energy needs. To- and most of them work in day, Venezuela sells oil to Cuba at a reduced price, but Cuba cannot sell manufacturing jobs. enough goods to buy everything its people need. In order to save energy, the government sometimes orders businesses and factories to close. The 2. Sugar is the most valuable government also orders blackouts, or times when all electricity to a export, and coffee, fruits, and region is cut off. tobacco are also exported. The Reviewing the Section growing season is long because The name “Cuba” comes of the tropical climate, but there 1. Where do most people live in Cuba? What types of from the Taíno Indian jobs do they have? name for the island is a rainy season from May to Coabana, which means 2. What are Cuba’s most valuable agricultural “great place.” October that corresponds to the products? How does its climate impact the growing hurricane season. Hurricanes season? 3. How is tourism a ecting Cuba? can wipe out crops. 4. After what signiﬁ cant event did Cuba begin to 3. Tourism brings great economic experience hard times? To what country did the Top Left: An oil reﬁ nery in Cuba. Top growth to Cuba but can have government turn for help with natural resources the Right: Improving relations between the people need? United States and Cuba may encourage a negative impact on the 5. Deeper Thinking: Why do you think the Cuban Americans to visit Cuba as part of a environment. government has to order blackouts for certain vacation cruise. Cubans hope cruises 4. The fall of the Soviet Union regions? How does this a ect how the people live? will improve their tourism industry. Above Right: Using pumps like these, in 1991 brought hard times Cuba is able to supply some of its oil to Cuba. The country turned demand. to Venezuela, which helps by

375 selling oil to Cuba at a reduced price. 5. Cuba does not have the resources to supply all its energy needs, so it has to conserve energy by ordering blackouts. Answers about the effect will vary.

T 375 Reading Strategies special Have students work with a partner to read the special feature, Feature “Gardens of the Queen.” Consider partnering weaker readers with stronger readers. Have them list Gardens of the Queen five details and provide evidence (Jardines de la Reina) supporting each detail. Lying just 50 miles o shore from the south side of Cuba’s main island lies a magniﬁ cent national park—the Jardines de la Reina, or Gardens of the Queen. Named by Christopher Columbus for the Class Discussion Queen of Spain, this reef and marine wilderness is protected with Ask: Why is it important for park status by the Cuban government. Cubans to protect their natural Today the unspoiled waters of the park are rich in wildlife. The reefs and mangrove islands are teeming with healthy coral, wonders? sea turtles, spiny lobsters, stingrays, sharks, snappers, groupers, and lionﬁ sh to name a few. The abundant marine life makes the Gardens of the Queen a highly desirable location for divers, marine biologists, and tourists. Developing Writing Skills Many reefs in the world today are threatened. One of Have students write a short the major threats is coral bleaching. Healthy coral and essay (two or three paragraphs) microscopic algae depend on each other to survive. The algae live in the corals’ tissues and are their main describing two different actions the food source. If water temperatures or pollution increase, government can take to protect the algae leave the coral. Then coral turns white and is more environment. vulnerable to disease. Causes of bleaching include a rise in ocean temperature, chemical runo and pollution, too much sunlight, and exposure to the air during extreme low tides. Looking Back The reefs of the Gardens of the Queen have been protected Ask students if they recall read- from many of these threats. There is less chemical use by farmers in Cuba, so runo from farms into storm water does not have as ing about another famous coral much pollution when it reaches the sea. There has also been less reef—one that is in grave environ- tourism and boat tra c overall in the protected area of the Gardens. One of the concerns about having more American tourists visit mental danger. (the Great Barrier Cuba is the e ect of increased tourism on the Gardens of the Queen. Reef of Australia, detailed on pages Currently there are rules in e ect to limit the number of visitors and 276-277 of Chapter 11). How does divers to the region. However, demand for tourism may cause some people to work to change the rules. Research money from various the outlook for Cuba’s coral reef international organizations has helped Cubans study their beautiful compare with Australia’s? What reef and appreciate the need to protect it. factors make a difference in the How could the Cuban government balance the desire of the tourism industry to market the Gardens of the Queen against the relative health of these two under- need to protect this unique ecosystem? water landscapes?

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T 376 Section 2: A Brief History of Cuba

Section 2 Section 2 A Brief History of A Brief History of Cuba Cuba INTRODUCE As you read, look for Outline  the role of African slaves in the colony of Cuba; A. Colonial Times and  how Cuba gained independence from Spain; Independence  Fidel Castro’s role in the history of Cuba; B. The Cuban Revolution  changes in the relationship between Cuba and the United States; C. Strained Relations with the  terms: Spanish-American War, embargo, Cuban United States Missile Crisis. Materials Textbook, Pages 377-381 Student Workbook Teacher Tech Website Lesson Plan Guided Reading, 14.2 myworldstudies.com Online Textbook

Getting Started Have students define the terms and use each term in a sentence of their own. Challenge higher-level Colonial Times and Independence learners to also draw an image Cuba’s islands were among those explored by Christopher Columbus in 1492. At the time, there were a number of indigenous people living symbolizing the term. there. In 1511, Spanish settlers and African slaves made the fi rst European settlement. Experimentation led the colonists to grow both sugarcane and tobacco for profi t. These crops could be sold to markets elsewhere in the Did You Know? world. However, the large farms on which they grew encouraged the use Middle: A 1639 view of Havana harbor of African slaves as laborers. It is believed that over a half-million people in watercolor. Above: A statue on Christopher Columbus discov- were brought from Africa as slaves to work in Cuba in the 19th century the beach at Guardalavaca honors ered the “New World” by chance. before slavery was abolished in 1886. Christopher Columbus. He visited Cuba on three of his four voyages to the New He had miscalculated the planet to World. be about half the size it really was. A Greek geographer named Era- 377 tosthenes calculated the circumfer- ence of Earth nearly 90 percent accurately about 1,700 years before Columbus sailed. Georgia Standards of Excellence for Section 2 SS6H1 Examine conflict and change in Latin America. a. Explain the influence of African slavery on the development of the Americas. b. Explain the influence of the Spanish and the Portuguese on the language and religions of Latin America. c. Explain the impact of the Cuban Revolution and the current relationship between Cuba and the United States. d. Describe the impact of poverty, the war on drugs, and migration to the United States on Latin America.

T 377 Chapter 14: Republic of Cuba

The Ten Years’ War (1868-1878) was a bloody time in which Cubans Using Technology fought for independence from Spain. Hundreds of thousands of Cubans Have students research the voy- died in the struggle. A result was that Spain sent more troops to the country to maintain control. The USS Maine, an American ship, was blown up in age of Columbus to Cuba. Have Havana harbor in 1898. This event helped push the United States into a them complete a “Who, What, war with Spain known as the Spanish-American War. After the brief When, Where, Why, and How” confl ict, Spain lost control of Cuba. It became an independent country with the aid of the United States in 1902. presentation on the topic. The Cuban Revolution For the fi rst half of the twentieth century, Cuba had political problems. Class Activity Leaders came to power and then were thrown out by others. At the same Have students create a concept time, American businesses were trading with Cuba. American companies owned a large amount of land in the country. Most of Cuba’s map on the history of Cuba. They sugarcane crop was sold to the United States, the country’s should use details and elabora- largest trading partner. In 1952, former president Fulgencio Batista made himself dictator. That meant he ruled without any tion from the text to complete the controls on his power, and he became the sole decision maker concept map. for the business of the country. Many people in Cuba were unhappy with his rule. There was much poverty. Education and health care were not good for most Cubans. In 1959, a change in leadership took place. Fidel Castro Using Photographs and led a group of rebels against Batista. Because Batista was so Illustrations unpopular, many Cubans followed Castro. At the time, Castro Look at the image of Theodore sought help from the United States. He promised that, if the United States helped him defeat the Batista regime, he would Roosevelt. Ask: Why did this feat begin the process of making Cuba a democratic country. How- make Roosevelt famous? What ever, Castro and his followers defeated the Batista government, and he made himself dictator in 1959. He created the only image do you think Americans had communist country in the western hemisphere. of him after seeing this picture? Do He declared that all the property belonging to Americans now belonged you think it helped him become to the government of Cuba. All farms, factories, and businesses owned by Cubans also became government property. Castro’s power was such president later on? Why or why that he ruled for nearly fi fty years. not?

Above: Colonel (later US President) Theodore Roosevelt and his Rough Riders posed at the top of the hill they captured in Cuba during the Spanish- American War. Right: A mural on a school wall in Trinidad honors Che Guevara, revolutionary leader in Cuba during the 1950s.

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T 378 Section 2: A Brief History of Cuba

Many changes occurred in the life of Cubans as a result of Castro’s rule. Castro had Batista’s supporters arrested. Most were Class Activity executed by fi ring squad. Some spent decades in prison. Cubans Have the class do a biography no longer had the right to protest against the government. Cuban newspapers, radio, and television were shut down. The govern- presentation on Fidel Castro. ment became the only source for news, therefore controlling all the information the Cuban people knew about the rest of the world. The people were not allowed to practice their religion. Going Deeper Churches were closed, and all church property was taken by the government. People resorted to secretly having church services Have students research the em- in their homes, living in fear of what would happen if the gov- bargo of Cuba and write five major ernment found out. details of the embargo. Then, have Because of these harsh events, the United States placed an embargo on Cuban goods. That meant Cuba’s sugarcane crop them write a paragraph answer- could not be sold to the United States. The Soviet Union became ing the following question: Do friends with Cuba. They bought the country’s sugarcane each you think the embargo should be year. They also supplied weapons and other goods to the Cubans. The Soviets helped educate young Cubans and trained their military as part lifted? Why or why not? of the Cold War rivalry against the United States. Under Castro’s rule, the Cuban people had some benefi ts. Hospitals and schools were improved. Women and blacks became better educated and had better jobs. However, most parts of people’s lives were controlled by Class Discussion the government. Although everyone was guaranteed a wage, the income Ask: Why do you think the of most Cubans was extremely low. This made the country one of the United States took such a hard poorest in the region. Communist rule also made its people among the least free in the world. stance against Cuba, and why did Fidel Castro grow to hate Ameri- Strained Relations with the United States cans? Castro’s government and the US government did not get along well during the remainder of the 20th century. The United States was fearful of having a communist country so close to Florida. Americans who owned land and businesses in Cuba did not like the loss of their property. The United States decided to keep the pressure on Cuba. It did not allow travel by Americans to or from Cuba. It also tried to keep other countries from trading with the Cubans.

Top: Fidel Castro, shown in 1989, controlled Cuba’s government for nearly 50 years. Above: The Museum of the Revolution in Havana honors Fidel Castro and other revolutionaries. Left: The US Embassy building in Cuba was abandoned on orders of President Eisenhower in 1961. The embassy reopened in 2015 when US-Cuba diplomatic relations were restored.

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T 379 Chapter 14: Republic of Cuba

In the meantime, Cuba tried to spread communism into Latin America. Using Technology It supported revolutionary ideas in many countries by providing military Have students research the Cu- training, money, and weapons. One event, the Cuban Missile Crisis, almost started a nuclear war. In 1962, Cuba gave the Soviet Union per- ban Missile Crisis. Then have them mission to build a missile-launching complex. Missiles launched from the write a journal entry that a sixth site could reach cities in the United States. US President John F. Kennedy grade student would have written demanded the missiles be removed. A tense time followed. Finally, the Soviets agreed to remove the missiles, and the United States said it would in Georgia during the crisis. not invade Cuba. Relations between the United States and Cuba did not improve much over the next fi fty years. There was still an embargo on goods from Cuba. Americans, however, were allowed to send money to their families in ASSESS Cuba. In the early 1980s and again in the 1990s, there were periods in which large numbers of Cubans escaped their island for America. The Answers to Reviewing the United States had been accepting Cubans who escaped. However, thousands were being “allowed” to escape. This caused a strain on relations Section between the two countries. In 1994, the United States agreed to allow 1. The United States placed an 20,000 Cubans a year to enter the United States. The Cubans agreed to embargo on Cuban goods stop allowing so many Cubans to “escape.” In 2008, Fidel Castro turned over power to his brother, Raúl Castro. because Cuba chose to adopt By 2014, Raúl Castro and US President Barack Obama announced the communism. restoration of diplomatic relations between the two countries. Establish- ing diplomatic relations with Cuba now allows Americans greater travel 2. He became the sole decision opportunities, more people-to-people contacts, and closer business ties. In maker for the business of the 2016, Fidel Castro died at the age of 90. country. There was much poverty. Education and health Reviewing the Section care were not good for most 1. What stopped the United States from being Cuba’s largest trading partner? Cubans. 2. How had Cuba changed under Batista’s time as 3. Fidel Castro said he would leader? begin the process of making 3. What did Fidel Castro say he would change if the United States helped him defeat Batista? Cuba a democratic country. 4. Once Castro was in power, what changes did he 4. Fidel Castro declared that make? How did the United States react? all property belonging to 5. Copy the following chart. Explain how each US Americans now belonged to president has a ected relations with Cuba. President EISENHOWER KENNEDY OBAMA the Cuban government. All Top: This boat with Cuban refugees Issue End of US/ Cuban Missile Reopening of US/ farms, factories, and businesses was one of many that arrived in Cuba Relations Crisis Cuba Relations the United States in 1980. Middle: US Reaction owned by Cubans became President John F. Kennedy met with Cuba Reaction government property. Cubans pilots who found the missile sites 6. Deeper Thinking: Why do you think so many lost the right to protest against during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. Cubans tried to escape to the United States? Why Above: A “Welcome to Cuba” poster did the Cuban government allow this to happen? the government. Newspapers, on the streets of Havana is a sign of How did the countries work together on this issue? radio, and television were shut improved relations between Cuba and down. People were not allowed the United States.

to practice their religion. The 380 United States reacted by placing an embargo on Cuban goods. 5. Check students’ charts. 6. Answers will vary.

T 380 special Reading Strategies Allow students to work with a Feature partner to read the special feature, “Cuba: A Rolling Car Museum?” Have them write five details and Cuba: A Rolling indicate how those details support Car Museum? the topic.

One of the ﬁ rst things an American visitor to Cuba will notice is the abundance of old cars—but not broken-down junk cars parked Critical Thinking in people’s yards. The streets of Havana, in fact, are busy with old, operating automobiles. These are not cars from the 1990s, or 1980s, Ask: What kind of businesses or even the 1960s. The automobiles in use today are buzzing around do you think Cubans could open Havana as they have been since the 1950s. Why are there so many to keep the classic cars running? old cars, and how are they kept running? At the time of the Cuban Revolution, the United States was Cuba’s largest trading partner. This is not surprising considering how close the two countries are to each other. American and European Developing Writing Skills cars were purchased by Cubans for their personal use. When Castro came to power in 1959, he put an embargo on foreign-made cars. Have students write a para- With no new supply of automobiles, car owners had to get creative graph explaining what they believe with keeping their pre-1959 automobiles running. They scavenged will happen to the cars if the parts from other cars or learned to build homemade parts to replace broken ones. Thousands of classic cars are still on the roads in Cuba. embargo is lifted. In fact, some refer to Cuba as a rolling car museum. The government has begun to allow more cars to be imported, and American car companies are anticipating a market eager for seat belts, working speedometers, and a new luxury—air conditioning. For Cubans who have the money, modern automobiles are just a few miles away. How do you think Cuba will change as its citizens are allowed to purchase more goods from outside their country?

Background: Typical cars in Cuba. Above Left: Tourists enjoy seeing, and riding in, classic American cars on the streets of Cuban cities. Left: Cubans have had to use parts from other cars or build their own parts to keep their classic cars running. 381

T 381 Chapter 14: Republic of Cuba

Section 3 Section 3 The Government of Cuba The Government INTRODUCE of Cuba Outline As you read, look for A. Structure of Government  the type of government found in Cuba; B. Citizen Participation  the role of the Communist Party in elections;  the role of citizens in choosing the leaders of Cuba;  terms: unitary government, National Assembly of Materials People’s Power. Textbook, Pages 382-383 Student Workbook Structure of Government The government of Cuba is a unitary government. This means power Teacher Tech Website is organized from a strong central government that controls each of the Lesson Plan smaller units in the country. The country is a communist dictatorship. Guided Reading, 14.3 The president is appointed by the National Assembly of People’s Power. Citizens may vote for members of the National Assembly of People’s myworldstudies.com Power, but only for candidates approved by the Communist Party of Online Textbook Cuba. The Communist Party controls the central government and all aspects of smaller units of government. Citizens may carry out their right to vote, but only for the preapproved candidates chosen by the Cuban government. Getting Started The leader of Cuba carries the title of president of the Council of State. Have students define the terms The current leader, General Raúl Castro, is the younger brother of Fidel and use them in a sentence of their Castro, the rebel-turned-dictator who brought Cuba out from under the Batista government in the 1959 Cuban Revolution. Raúl Castro and the own. Council of Ministers that form his cabinet take care of the day-to-day running of the government. The president and vice president are elected every fi ve years for a new term, and there is no limit to the number of terms they can serve. They are indirectly elected. This means that the Using Photographs and Top: The logo for the Communist Party citizens do not vote directly for the offi ces of president and vice president, Illustrations of Cuba (Partido Comunista de Cuba). but for the representatives who do elect them. Look at the images of the PCC The ﬁ rst secretary of the party is also the country’s president and prime and the Ministry of the Interior minister. Middle: Che Guevara’s image building. Ask: Why do you think is displayed on the Ministry of the the government chooses to use Interior building in Revolution Square, Havana. Above: The National Assembly those types of imagery? What does of People’s Power meets in the Capitol the image of the people of the PCC building in Havana. Right: Russian leader Vladimir Putin and Fidel Castro display? maintained close ties between their countries.

Class Discussion 382 Discuss as a class the difference between a unitary structure of government versus a federal structure. What might be some advantages and disadvantages of a unitary Georgia Standards of Excellence for Section 3 government? SS6CG1 Find likenesses and differences in various forms of government. a. Understand citizen participation in autocratic and democratic governments. Understand the role of citizens in choosing leaders of Mexico (presidential democracy), Cuba (autocratic), and Brazil (presidential democracy). b. Explain parliamentary and presidential democratic governments.

T 382 Section 3: The Government of Cuba

Critical Thinking Ask: Why is Cuba’s democracy just for show? How is it different than what Castro promised?

ASSESS

Answers to Reviewing the Section 1. A unitary government means

The legislative body, the National Assembly of People’s Power, has 612 that power is organized from representatives. Members serve fi ve-year terms. In order to run for a seat a strong central government in the Assembly, one must be an approved candidate. The Communist that controls each of the Party is the only legal party, and it approves all candidates. Based on a Soviet Union-style constitution, the Cuban constitution gives smaller units in the country. all the decision-making power to the Council of State when the elected The Communist Party and representatives of the Assembly are not in session. Because the National Assembly only meets on two scheduled occasions per year, the Council the dictator Raúl Castro are in of State is left to make most of the decisions for the country. control of the government. 2. They are elected every five Citizen Participation years. There are no term limits. Cuba calls itself a democracy because its people vote in elections. 612 However, it is not possible for a person to be elected to offi ce without the 3. No, they do not. They can approval of the Communist Party of Cuba. Even though they can vote, only vote for a single party the citizens of Cuba have little power, because there is often only a single, preselected candidate running for a position. Men and women who are and sometimes for only one citizens age 16 years or over may choose to vote. candidate, who is preselected. 4. Answers will vary. Reviewing the Section 1. What does a unitary government mean? Who is in control of the Cuban government? 2. How often are the president and vice president elected? Do they have term limits? 3. Do the citizens of Cuba have any power in elections? Explain your answer. 4. Deeper Thinking: Why do you think the Cuban government allows citizens to vote if they cannot Top: Headquarters for the Communist freely choose who they want to lead? What role do Party of Cuba in Havana. Above: All you think the National Assembly of People’s Power members of the National Assembly of has in the government? If the citizens do not agree People’s Power in Cuba are from the with the decisions being made, what options do same party—the Communist Party of they have? Cuba.

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T 383 Economic Systems with British Ties

Command Market Chapter 14: Republic of Cuba

Section 4 Section 4 United United Canada Australia The Economy of Cuba StatesTheKingdom Economy of INTRODUCE Economic Systems Cubain Europe Outline As you read, look for A. Economic System Today Command  the economicMarket system in Cuba; B. Trade  currency used in Cuba; C. Currency  how Cuba trades with other countries; Russia Germany theUnited standardUnited of living of Cuba’s people; D. Standard of Living States Kingdom  terms: Cuban convertible peso (CUC), Cuban peso (CUP), mestizo, emigration.

Materials Figure 14.2 Textbook, Pages 384-387 Economic System Today Economic Systems in Cuba has a command economy in which government planning groups Student Workbook Latin AmericaEconomic Systems in Latinmake Americathe basic economic decisions. They determine such things as which Teacher Tech Website goods and services to produce, the pric- Lesson Plan es of goods, and the wages of workers. Command Market Individuals and corporations generally Guided Reading, 14.4 do not own businesses or farms. These myworldstudies.com are owned by the government. Workers at a business are told what to produce Online Textbook Cuba Brazil Mexico United and how much to produce in a given States time, or they are given a quota. The government’s goal is to assign quotas to all workers. The expectation is Getting Started that when all workers meet all quotas, everyone in the country will have the goods and services they need when they need them. Have students define the terms There are benefits and problems in and explain their relevance to this type of economy. Some benefi ts of Cuba’s economic system. a command economy include wage and price control. The government sets all the wages for workers. People know how much money they will be paid for their jobs. Using Charts and Graphs The people also know exactly how much Analyze Figure 14.2. Ask: What items will cost. Prices for food and other basic needs are kept low so everyone can does the economic continuum sug- afford them. Education and health care are gest about the Cuban government provided to the citizens of Cuba at no cost. All basic needs of the people are provided at and the economy? free or affordable prices. Luxury items are Right: The Cuban government has entirely different. Computers, cell phones, relaxed rules a bit to allow small gaming devices, and televisions are priced Critical Thinking entrepreneurs to sell goods on their very high because they are not considered own. a basic need. Ask: Why do you think the Cuban government does not allow 384 many businesses to open? Why has this hurt Cubans? Georgia Standards of Excellence for Section 4 SS6G3 Describe the impact of location, climate, distribution of natural resources, and population distribution on Latin America. a. Describe how the location, climate, and distribution of natural resources influence trade in Mexico, Brazil, and Cuba. SS6E1 Evaluate different economic systems. a. Compare traditional, command, and market economies. b. Understand that countries have a mixed economic system located on a continuum between pure market and pure command. c. Analyze the similarities and differences of the economic systems found in Mexico, Cuba, and Brazil. SS6E2 Name examples of how voluntary trade benefits buyers and sellers in Latin America. Continued on bottom of next page. T 384 Section 4: The Economy of Cuba

About 90 percent of the Cuban people work for the government. As the Cuban government has cut jobs as part of the reform process, it has Did You Know? opened up some retail services to “self-employment,” leading to the rise Cuban cigars were illegal to of so-called cuentapropistas or entrepreneurs. Approximately 476,000 Cuban workers are currently registered as self-employed. Recent reforms sell in the United States for 50 include permitting the private ownership and sale of real estate and new years. The cigars became a status vehicles and allowing private farmers to sell goods directly to hotels. symbol, and even President John F. Kennedy broke the embargo by having 1,200 cigars brought back from Cuba.

Critical Thinking Ask: Why do you think the United States maintains the embargo against Cuba?

Trade Cuba trades goods to other countries for the goods it cannot provide on Reading Strategies its own. For instance, sugarcane is grown in large quantities. The sugar Have students outline the sec- produced is sold to other countries in order to purchase oil and natural tion as they read. gas. Unfortunately, Cuba cannot sell enough sugar to pay for all the oil and natural gas it needs. This shortfall leads to the factory closings and power blackouts that are necessary to save energy. One of Cuba’s most Today, the Cuban government is attempting to balance the need for famous and prized exports loosening its command economic system against a desire for fi rm po- is its cigars, which can cost litical control of the people. In April 2011, the government held the fi rst more than $100 each. Cuban Communist Party Congress in almost 13 years. At this Congress, political leaders approved a plan for economic changes. Since then, the Cuban government has slowly implemented economic reforms, including allowing Cubans to buy electronic appliances and cell phones, stay in hotels, and buy and sell used cars. Even though they are only about 90 miles away from each other, the United States and Cuba have done little trade in the past fi fty years. In the 1960s the United States placed an embargo on Cuba in hopes that it would pressure the small country into changing from a communist country to a democratic one. The embargo remained in place until 2015 when both countries met to ease some of the embargo restrictions. Cuba does have trade relations with Canada, Venezuela, and China. Canada imports nickel from Cuba to use in the manufacturing process. Venezuela and China both import and export items from Cuba. Cuba’s Above Left: Factories in Cuba are state exports per year add about $4 million to the economy, but Cuba imports owned. Salaries for workers are set by about $13 million per year. The dramatic difference between exports and the government. Above Right: Cuban imports contributes to the Cuban national debt. cigars are among the country’s most prized exports.

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Georgia Standards of Excellence for Section 4 - Continued a. Describe how specialization encourages trade between countries. b. Compare and contrast different types of trade barriers. c. Report why international trade requires a system for exchanging currencies between nations. SS6E3 Explain factors that have an impact on economic growth in Brazil, Cuba, and Mexico. a. Literacy rate affects the standard of living. b. Understand the relationship between investment in human capital (education and training) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. c. Understand the relationship between investment in capital goods (factories, machinery, and technology) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. d. Identify the role of natural resources in a country’s economy. T 385 Chapter 14: Republic of Cuba

Currency Class Discussion Cuba has two currencies: the Cuban convertible peso Ask: Why do you think only (CUC) and the Cuban peso (CUP). Americans must trade certain types of Cuban pesos can their US dollars for CUCs at a 1:1 rate, that is, one US dollar buys one CUC. The government charges a penalty for using US be converted to US dollars? dollars plus a fee for the exchange, so $100 exchanged gets only 87 CUCs. To make things more complicated, one CUC exchanges for about 25 Cuban pesos. Critical Thinking Ask: Why might the “black Standard of Living Just over 11 million people live in Cuba. That is only 1 million more market” or illegal businesses in than the 10 million people who live in Georgia. The current population is Cuba be more popular than the about 64 percent of European descent. Another 27 percent are mestizo, or of mixed European and indigenous heritage. Those with African heritage government businesses? make up 9 percent of the population of Cuba. The population mainly lives in large cities and towns around the island with a heavy population around the capital city of Havana. The urban Something Extra about population of Cuba is around 77 percent, with the remaining 23 percent Figure 14.3 living in rural areas. In 1960, near the time Castro took power, the country Cuba Cuba SpiderCuba Graph was only 58 percent urban. The trend now is for more people to live in Fidel Castro was an excellent urban areas than rural ones. GDP per capita Two of the main concerns that Fidel Castro had during the revolution student and great basketball and 100 80 were health care and education. As a result of the 1976 Cuban Constitu- baseball player. His passion was 60 tion, all citizens have the right to free health care and health protection. The government is solely in charge of the free hospital system and of the baseball, and it is the national Taxes as 40 Literacy sport of Cuba. Many great baseball % of GDP 20 Rate free medical and dental care. Regular checkups and preventative visits 0 are highly encouraged as are vaccinations to prevent outbreaks of disease. players defect from Cuba illegally Like health care, education is also run by the government in Cuba. Stu- but are given automatic citizenship dents attend primary, or elementary, schools, then move on to secondary schools. After that, students choose to attend either universities or trade in the United States. % Labor Force Life schools to further their education depending on their future career goals. in Agriculture Expectancy Cuba has a high literacy rate. Over 99 percent of the population can read and write. This ranks very high as compared to the other countries of the Caribbean.

Top: Cuban pesos, like this 3 peso banknote, cannot be exchanged for US dollars. Only Cuban convertible pesos can be exchanged. Right: Cuban students, like these in Santiago de Cuba, are required to wear uniforms to school. Cuba has a high literacy rate compared to other Caribbean countries.

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T 386 Section 4: The Economy of Cuba

Higher Level Thinking Ask: Why might the government of Cuba make it illegal to immigrate to foreign countries? How is this dangerous to people In Words Other wishing to leave? The words migrate, emigrate, and immigrate all refer to being on the Even with the government providing health care and education for move. Migrate just means its people, many Cubans still desire to leave the communist-controlled to move. Emigrate stresses Did You Know? country. Illegal emigration (leaving one country to live in another) is a leaving the original place, Part of Miami, Florida, is re- continuous problem. Cubans have attempted to leave the island and enter while immigrate focuses on entering the new place. ferred to as “Little Havana.” Many the United States by various strategies: using homemade rafts, relying on others to smuggle them into the country, or taking direct fl ights to Miami people there escaped Castro’s using false paperwork. They are also traveling to Mexico and entering persecution, and they vehemently the United States from the southern border. The number of Cubans mi- grating to the United States has surged since the beginning of improved oppose communism and social- US-Cuban relations in 2014. ism. Despite reforms, the average Cuban’s standard of living remains at a lower level than before the collapse of the Soviet Union and the economic downturn of the 1990s. Since late 2000, Venezuela has been supplying about 160,000 barrels of petroleum products per day at a reduced cost. ASSESS Cuba has been paying for the oil, in part, with the services of Cubans sent to work in Venezuela, including some 30,000 medical professionals. However, in 2013, Venezuela’s own economic problems forced a large Answers to Reviewing the reduction in oil exports to Cuba. Section 1. Cuba has a command economy Reviewing the Section with very few free market 1. What type of economic system does Cuba have? principles. The government How does its type of government a ect its economy? controls production and sets 2. How does the type of economy a ect the people prices and wages. and their needs? How does it a ect the wages they earn? How does it a ect the basic items they need 2. Prices for food and other basic to survive? needs are affordable. Education 3. Who are Cuba’s largest trading partners? What and health care are provided at does Cuba export? Why is Cuba in so much debt? no cost. But luxury items are 4. The US dollar is not used as currency in Cuba. If you were traveling to Cuba, what would you do in order Top: Cubans’ lives are strictly expensive. Workers’ wages are to have spending money while you were there? controlled by the government. Fe del Valle Park in Havana has one of the set by the government. 5. Deeper Thinking: How does the government and economy of Cuba a ect the daily lives of country’s few Wi-Fi access points. 3. Canada, Venezuela, and China its people? What services are provided by the Above: Cubans gather every Sunday at are Cuba’s largest trading government? the Santa Clara market to chase deals as private sellers lower their prices due partners. Cuba exports sugar to competition. and other agricultural products, nickel, and cigars. Cuba is in a 387 great deal of debt because its imports vastly outnumber its exports. 4. You must exchange US dollars for Cuban convertible pesos at a 1:1 rate. 5. The government provides most basic needs of people but is very restrictive on personal freedoms. Expression of frustrations or protests are not allowed.

T 387 Chapter 14: Republic of Cuba

Section 5 Section 5 Below: Relations between the United US-Cuba Relations States and Cuban governments have improved in the 21st century. Bottom: US-Cuba Atlanta-based Delta Air Lines began INTRODUCE ﬂ ying Airbus A319s from Atlanta to Havana in December 2016. Relations Outline As you read, look for A. Improving Diplomatic Relations  the causes and e ects of the US embargo on Cuba; B. Bilateral Economic Relations  the current relationship between the United States and Cuba;  terms: normalization, embassy. Materials Textbook, Pages 388-389 Improving Diplomatic Relations Student Workbook During the Cold War, the United States imposed an embargo on Cuba in 1960 and then broke diplomatic relations in 1961. On December 17, Teacher Tech Website 2014, President Obama announced the beginning of a normalization Lesson Plan process between the United States and Cuba, starting a new chapter in US-Cuba relations. However, the US Congress must pass laws to lift the Guided Reading, 14.5 embargo and change the rules for travel to Cuba for US citizens. American myworldstudies.com businesses were fi ned more than $5 million in 2015 for illegally trading Online Textbook with Cuba; however, there was $4.3 billion in legal trade. US policy toward Cuba is focused on supporting US values such as freedom of speech and assembly and the ability to access information. The US government is reaching out to the Cuban Getting Started people by arranging people-to-people exchanges, encouraging Have students define normal- the development of telecommunications and the Internet, and creating opportunities for US businesses to support the ization and embassy and explain growth of Cuba’s private sector. There are still problems to their relevance to the US-Cuban be solved, however. Cubans do not have the same freedoms relationship. as Americans. For instance, more than 16,000 Cubans have been arrested and detained in 2014-2015 on charges related to speaking against the Cuban government. Through the opening of embassies (offi cial residences and offi ces of Using Photographs and ambassadors), the United States is now able to become more active in Cuban society. Illustrations Ask: Why is the image of the Delta airplane landing in Cuba significant? Why do you think the Cuban government restricts flights to the United States?

Critical Thinking Ask: Why do you think com- 388 munist governments restrict people from leaving their country? What does that show about the government and the relationship with the Georgia Standards of Excellence for Section 5 people? SS6E2 Name examples of how voluntary trade benefits buyers and sellers in Latin America. a. Describe how specialization encourages trade between countries. b. Compare and contrast different types of trade barriers. c. Report why international trade requires a system for exchanging currencies between nations.

T 388 Section 5: US-Cuba Relations

Bilateral Economic Relations New rules put into place in 2015 allow more Class Discussion economic activity between Cuba and the United Ask: Why do you believe many States. Travel rules have eased, allowing more people in the United States were Americans to visit Cuba for educational purposes. Cruise lines have begun routes to the island’s ports. angry at President Obama for visit- Family members in the United States are now ing Cuba? allowed to send more cash to relatives in Cuba. Limits were raised from $2,000 per year to $8,000. This resulted in a doubling of cash fl owing to Cuba from the United States to $1.4 billion in 2015. Getting Involved New rules allow American businesses to export Have students take a stance communications goods and services to Cuba, and either for the embargo or against Americans can personally import $400 in goods. US credit and debit cards can now be used in Cuba as well. the embargo and write down their Although economic sanctions remain in place, the United States has opinions. Allow them to share been Cuba’s primary supplier of food, agricultural products, and humanitarian goods. It has also been a signifi cant supplier of with students who have different medicines and medical products. In 2014, about 5 percent opinions and discuss the differ- of Cuba’s imports came from the United States. That ences. number is expected to rise as trade rules are changed. Cuba has an active foreign policy and is looking for new sources of trade, aid, foreign investment, and political support. Cuba and the United States belong to many ASSESS of the same international organizations, including the United Nations and the World Trade Organization. Cuba was excluded from participation in the Organization of Answers to Reviewing the American States in 1962. That decision was lifted in 2009, Section and Cuba is in discussions to be admitted. In April 2015, Cuba attended the Summit of the Americas for the fi rst 1. They were restarted in 2014 time. It was there that Cuban President Raúl Castro met under US President Barack with US President Barack Obama in the fi rst face-to-face Obama. meeting between leaders of the two countries in more than 50 years. 2. They are easing embargo Reviewing the Section restrictions and allowing 1. When were diplomatic relations restarted between greater travel freedoms. Cuba and the United States? 3. They might give Cubans 2. What are some ways the United States is reaching out to the Cuban people? greater income and opportunity 3. How might the new trading rules help Cuba’s because the United States is economy? very wealthy and very close 4. Deeper Thinking: Why do you think the United geographically to Cuba. States provided Cuba with food, humanitarian goods, and medical supplies when there was an Top: US President Barack Obama and 4. Answers will vary. embargo in place? Why could Cuba not provide Cuban President Raúl Castro met at the those items for its citizens? Summit of the Americas in Panama in 2015. Above: The Cuban Embassy in Washington, DC, was reopened in 2015.

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T 389 Chapter Review Chapter Review Reviewing the Content: Baseball Chapter Summary Section 4: The Economy of Cuba In keeping with Cubans’ love • Cuba has a command economy where the Section 1: The Geography of Cuba government owns all businesses and decides of baseball, develop a baseball • Cuba is a tropical island about the size of what and how much should be produced. game to review the content of Tennessee. • About 90 percent of Cubans work for the Chapter 14. Write questions with • The island has rolling plains and arable land government, but there are opportunities to be an entrepreneur. different degrees of difficulty so that has allowed Cuba to grow and export many agricultural products. • The United States placed an embargo on Cuba students (batters) can select a • Cuba also has many mineral resources and a from the 1960s until 2015. single, double, triple, or home run. beautiful landscape that attracts tourists. • Cuba has two currencies: the Cuban convertible peso (CUC), which is given to Americans when Incorrect answers serve as “outs.” Section 2: A Brief History of Cuba they exchange their dollars, and the Cuban peso (CUP). Divide the class into two teams • Cuba was one of the fi rst places in the New and follow the rules of baseball to World explored and colonized by the Spanish. • The communist revolution instituted free health care and education, which improved Cubans’ • Spanish colonists and enslaved Africans grew conduct the review. standard of living, but the economic downturn tobacco and sugarcane for profi t. after the fall of the Soviet Union has hurt • Cuba became an independent country in Cubans. Answers to Activities 1902 after the United States intervened in the for Learning Spanish-American War. Section 5: US-Cuba Relations • In 1959, dictator Fidel Castro came to power, • The United States encourages the Cuban Reviewing People, made Cuba a communist country, and government to adopt American values and give took back Cuban land owned by American Places, and Things the people more freedoms. companies. Check students’ crossword • Although the United States still imposes • The strained US-Cuba relationship reached its sanctions on Cuba, there is now more travel puzzles. peak during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Since and trade in Cuba by Americans. then, tensions have declined as the countries Understanding the Facts have restored diplomatic relations. 1. Cuba does not have enough Section 3: The Government of energy (petroleum) to supply Cuba its electricity needs, so it has to • Cuba’s unitary government is currently run by the communist dictator Raúl Castro. schedule blackouts to reduce • The Council of State makes almost all decisions energy consumption. for the country. 2. Cuba exports sugar, coffee, • Cuban citizens can vote, but their choices fruits, and tobacco products. are limited to candidates approved by the Communist Party. 3. Fulgencio Batista 4. the Soviet Union 5. Raúl Castro 6. Cuban citizens 16 years and older can vote, but they have little power because there is 390 often only a single, preselected (Communist Party-approved) candidate running for a position. 7. Benefits include these. Prices for food and other basic needs are affordable (though luxuries are expensive). Education and health care are provided at no cost. Workers’ wages are set by the government.

T 390 Chapter 14: Review

8. In 2014, he announced the Writing across the Curriculum Activities for Learning beginning of a normalization Write a short report on President Obama’s plan to Reviewing People, Places, normalize relations between Cuba and the United process between the United and Things States. States and Cuba. The two Create a crossword puzzle with the following countries opened embassies in Applying Your Skills words. Create clues for each of the words. Draw a map of Cuba that shows at least one city each other’s capitals. Havana and the physical geography of the island. Label the blackouts bodies of water around the island. Be sure to create Developing Critical dictator a key. normalization Thinking embargo Exploring Technology 1. Answers will vary. Council of State Since Americans began visiting Cuba again, many 2. Answers will vary. mestizo people share stories of the interesting and beautiful sights there. Look at recent photos of Cuba here: Understanding the Facts www.cbsnews.com/pictures/cuba-today/. Based Writing across the 1. Why does Cuba plan blackouts? on your knowledge of Cuba, what were you not Curriculum surprised to see? What were you surprised to see? 2. Name three of Cuba’s agricultural exports. Give specifi c examples and note any photos that Check students’ reports. 3. What dictator did Fidel Castro overthrow? stood out to you. 4. With what country did communist Cuba have close links until the 1990s? Applying Your Skills 5. Who currently rules Cuba? Check students’ maps. 6. Can Cuban citizens vote? 7. What is one benefi t of a command economy? Exploring Technology 8. How did President Obama improve relations Answers will vary. with Cuba?

Developing Critical Thinking 1. Cuba will plan blackouts because they cannot afford enough oil to meet all their energy needs. Do you think this is a good idea? In what other ways could they meet their energy needs? 2. In this chapter, it is implied that Cuba allowed its citizens to fl ee to the United States although they pretended not to. The United States was unhappy with the number of Cubans arriving and made an agreement with Cuba to only allow a certain number of people. How does this situation make the United States seem insincere in its desire to spread freedom to Cuban people? How could this insincerity affect the United States’ reputation around the world?

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