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Integraci.Pdf Colección Estudios Internacionales INTEGRACIÓN ECONÓMICA Y DEMOCRATIZACIÓN: AMÉRICA LATINA Y CUBA Pilar Álamos Mauricio A. Font, José Augusto Guilhon Albuquerque Francisco León Editores INTEGRACIÓN ECONÓMICA Y DEMOCRATIZACIÓN: AMÉRICA LATINA Y CUBA COLECCIÓN ESTemos INTERNACIONALES INTEGRACIÓN ECONÓMICA Y DEMOCRATIZACIÓN: AMÉRICA LATINA Y CUBA © Instituto de Estudios Internacionales Inscripción N° 103.916 LS.B.N.956-7350-11-6 Colección Estudios Internacionales Pintura portada: Paisaje de Carlos Henríquez (Cuba, circa1950) Diseño y composición: Producciones E.M.T. Impresión: Andros Ltda. IMPRESO EN CHILE I PRINTED IN CHILE P edición, mayo de 1998 Se prohíbe la reproducción de este libro en Chile y en el exterior sin autorización previa de la editorial. IN MEMORIAM ENRIQUE BALOYRA Enrique Baloyrafalleció enjulio de 1997, dos meses después del seminario cuyos materiales se recogen en este libro, y días antes de una reunión sobre la misma problemática que tuvo lugar en El Escorial, Espafia. Un profesor comprometido, un miembro social demócrata de la comunidad cubana en Miami, dejó una huella insPira­ dora en los círculos académicos internacionales dedicados a la ciencia política y en el debate constructivo sobre las perspectivas de Cuba. De su vasta producción intelectual surgió una tipología novedosa, más sutil y l'ealista que las anteriores, acerca de los procesos de transición desde ¡'egímenes autoritarios hacia la plena democracia. Cientista político motivado, estudioso de las transiciones a la democracia, observador de procesos electorales y uno de los más lúcidos e influyentes analistas de la evolución reciente de Cuba y de sus alte¡'nativas de inserción en el ámbito imer­ americano yen el sistema internacional} Enrique Baloyra dejó muchos apo¡'tes permanentes si bien con él se perdieron muchas otras contribuciones inéditas. El seminario celebrado en Santiago en mayo de 1997 fue sólo uno de los testimonios de la admiración y del afecto que por él se sentía en Cbile y de la amplitud del círculo de amigos que tenía en este país. En ese seminario} JI en este libro, Enrique analiza el proceso cubano a la luz de otras transiciones. Este será} seguramente, el último de sus trabajos publicados. A través de este libro, queremos rendirle un bomenaje. Luciano Tomassini ÍNDICE PRIMERA PARTE: AMÉRICA LATINA Y CUBA Postscriptum, Integración económica y democratización: ¿hacia un diálogo América Latina-Cuba/ ........................................... ""."".", 15 Pilar Álamos y Francisco León Una instancia de diálogo ." ................. "..... """ .. "... "....... "........ """, ................ 31 Joaquín Fennandois Oportunidades y determinantes de la particípacíó~ de Cuba en la integración latinoamericana """.""" ... ""."""."""""" ............ 33 Luis Matra A contribui~ao do debate academico as rela~6es entre Cuba e a América Latina "...................................................................... 47 José Augusto Guílhon Albuquerque Las relaciones Cuba-Chile: el punto de vista chileno ................................... 55 Juan Mar/abí! SEGUNDA PARTE: INTEGRACIÓN ECONÓMICA La visión latinoamericana Oportunidades e obstáculos a reinser~ao de Cuba no continente ............ 65 José Seli'a Concertación política e integración económica en América Latina: ¿es posible la inserción de Cuba' ............................... ".73 Alicia Fmhmal111 La reinserción regional cubana ... ".............................................................. "... 79 Gabil10 Fernández La participación cubana Internal obstacles to Cuba's reinsertion in the Latin American economy ....................................................................... 87 Archibald Rilter La inserción internacional de Cuba: pasado, presente y futuro ............... 117 Rolando H. Castañeda La reinserción de la economía cubana en la economía mundial y la participación de Cuba en la integración latinoamericana .................. 127 Mauricio de Miranda Apuntes sobre las relaciones económicas de Cuba con América Latina ........................................................................... 153 Juan Manuel ViIlasuso Cuba e o processo de integra~ao económica da América Latina ............. 169 Maria Cristina Caccialllali y Paulo Henrique Martinez TERCERA PARTE: DEMOCRATIZACIÓN El proceso político La transición cubana a la luz de las experiencias latinoamericanas ........ 183 . Enrique Correa Cambios en Cuba: ni transición ni democratización .................................. 191 Enrique Baloyra ¿Es necesaria y posible una agenda para la transición democrática cubana? ................................................ :................ 199 Marifeli Pérez-Stable . Cuba e sua integra~ao na América Latina ................................................... 211 Tullo VigeL'al1i Naturaleza del régimen y condicionalidad en la transición cubana ...... ;. 223 Francisco Guerra-García Condicionalidad internacional Advancing democracy in Cuba: the internatíonal context. ........................ 233 Mauricio A. FoÍtt Promoting democracy in Cuba? The Eurapean Un ion and Helms-Burton .................................................... 265 Alexandra Barabona de Brito The view fram above the 49th paralJeI: Canada and the re-integration of Cuba into the Americas ........................ 317 Julia Sagebien Cuba en función del mundo actual: democracia y libertad ..................... 325 Tomás Duval Condicionalidad y diálogo en la inserción internacional cubana ............ 333 Maria Teresa Infante Notas sobre la imagen comunicacional y la transición a la democracia en Cuba ...................................................... 341 Pilar Armanet Condicionalidad internacional y participación democrática en la transición cubana ............................................................. 347 Francisco León Glosario ............................................................................................................. 359 Autores ............................................................................................................... 367 • PRIMERA PARTE: AMÉRICA LATINA Y CUBA POSTSCRIPTUM. INTEGRACIÓN ECONÓMICA Y DEMOCRATIZACIÓN: ¿HACIA UN DIÁLOGO AMÉRICA LATINA-CUBA? PILAR ÁLAMOS Y FRANCISCO LEÓN Síntesis Junto con introducir al lector en las contribuciones de los participantes, tratamos de comprobar la vigencia de los temas y de las hipótesis de trabajo desarrolladas durante el seminario. A partir de una caracterización del contexto en que tuvo lugar el intercambio de ideas y su evolución posterior, analizamos desde la primacía de la razón política que orienta la política interna e internacional cubana hasta la conveniencia de acelerar o pausar su participación en el proceso de integración latinoamericana y caribeña. Los trabajos Al reunir estos trabajos hemos respetado el orden de las sesiones del seminario, incorporando las correspondientes a la inauguración y la clausura en esta primera parte, las dos sesiones sobre la integración económica en la segunda, y las tres sobre democratización en la tercera y última. Los artículos fueron preparados sobre la base de las ponen­ cias escrítas o las presentaciones orales, reflejando los resulta­ dos del intercambio de ideas y, en ocasiones, incorporando los planteamientos de otros participantes. Se ha mantenido la modalidad de presentación y la lengua utilizada por los autores. Los editores hemos considerado el peso de las opiniones y la 16 PILAR ÁLAMOS Y FRANCISCO LEÓN argumentación factual, con o sin apoyo bibliográfico, igualmente valiosas. El conocimiento de los participantes sobre la realidad cubana, con la cual han estado o están en íntimo contacto, va a la par con el compromiso de contribuir con análisis y propuestas a una más estrecha cooperación América Latina-Cuba. En su presentación, Joaquín Fermandois expresa el ánimo, de organizadores y participantes, de que esa cooperación latino­ americana no sea una mera escenificación o un juego de piro­ tecnia. Desde la conferencia inaugural, ese es el espíritu que lleva a Luis Maira, a partir de la comparación del Partido Comu­ nista Cubano y del Partido Revolucionario Institucional mexicano, a analizar las oportunidades en que el gobierno cubano ha podido iniciar cambios orientados a su reinserción internacional, y trata de explicar por qué no ha ocurrido así en la naturaleza del proceso cubano y en su liderazgo. A su vez, Juan Martabit nos presenta las relaciones de Chile con la Isla, donde la cooperación incluye la claridad en las diferencias y el compro­ miso con la democracia y el respeto de los derechos humanos como aspiración común latinoamericana. Finalizando esta pri­ mera parte, José Augusto Guilhon Albuquerque -<:on un símil deportivo sobre la necesidad de participar todos en el intercambio de opiniones, para no quedar con la sensación de que lo único que nos falta es la opinión de los otros equipos- nos advierte contra la pretensión de lograr simultáneamente y a un mismo ritmo integración económica y democratización, por tener cada una de ellas su tiempo propio. La segunda parte reúne, en primer término, las visiones de José Serra, Alicia Frohmann y Gabino Fernández sobre el proceso de integración latinoamericana actual, diferenciándolo de los basados en las complementareidades económicas nacionales del período de sustitución de importaciones, mostrando su multi­ dimensionalidad y el papel de la concertación internacional latinoamericana en su origen y desarrollo. El proceso es un fenómeno de la post Guerra Fría; no puede ser abordado con la perspectiva de conflicto y
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