DOCSLIB.ORG

Cuba: Travel Regulations and Civil and Political Rights, August 2017

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cuba: Travel Regulations and Civil and Political Rights, August 2017 BEREICH | EVENTL. ABTEILUNG | WWW.ROTESKREUZ.AT ACCORD - Austrian Centre for Country of Origin & Asylum Research and Documentation Cuba: Travel Regulations and Civil and Political Rights COI Compilation August 2017 This report serves the specific purpose of collating legally relevant information on conditions in countries of origin pertinent to the assessment of claims for asylum. It is not intended to be a general report on human rights conditions. The report is prepared within a specified time frame on the basis of publicly available documents as well as information provided by experts. All sources are cited and fully referenced. This report is not, and does not purport to be, either exhaustive with regard to conditions in the country surveyed, or conclusive as to the merits of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. Every effort has been made to compile information from reliable sources; users should refer to the full text of documents cited and assess the credibility, relevance and timeliness of source material with reference to the specific research concerns arising from individual applications. © Austrian Red Cross/ACCORD An electronic version of this report is available on www.ecoi.net. Austrian Red Cross/ACCORD Wiedner Hauptstraße 32 A- 1040 Vienna, Austria Phone: +43 1 58 900 – 582 E-Mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.redcross.at/accord TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Travel regulations .................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Implications of the change in political relations with the United States and migratory patterns ........................................................................................................................................ 4 1.1.1 Consequences of the abolition of the “Wet foot-Dry foot” policy ............................ 4 1.1.2 Government control measures towards the population ......................................... 12 1.2 Travel restrictions under “defense and national security” and “other reasons of public interest” grounds ...................................................................................................................... 21 1.3 Consequences following the return to Cuba of emigrated citizens or citizens having left by irregular means .................................................................................................................... 23 1.3.1 Becoming an emigrant, losing residency rights in Cuba, possible return ............... 24 1.3.2 Regaining residency rights ......................................................................................... 31 1.3.3 Returnees’ economic and social rights: Access to employment, education, healthcare, housing, ration cards ......................................................................................... 40 1.4 Authorisation to reside abroad for longer than 24 months ............................................ 44 1.5 Repercussions for family members of Cuban emigrants ................................................. 48 2 Civil and political rights ......................................................................................................... 50 2.1 Political dissidents .............................................................................................................. 50 2.1.1 Key actors and organisations of the political opposition and government critics .. 50 2.1.1.1 Political opposition.......................................................................................... 52 2.1.1.2 Human rights activists .................................................................................... 63 2.1.1.3 Government critics/persons with a public profile ......................................... 71 2.1.1.4 Media ............................................................................................................... 77 2.1.2 Actions considered as political opposition by the government ............................... 80 2.1.3 Political prisoners ....................................................................................................... 84 2.1.4 Human rights violations against political dissidents and government critics ......... 86 2.1.4.1 Actos de repudio (acts of repudiation), violence .......................................... 87 2.1.4.2 Arbitrary detention ......................................................................................... 88 2.1.4.3 Discrimination regarding employment .......................................................... 94 2.1.4.4 Harassment and discrimination ..................................................................... 97 2.1.4.5 Politically motivated trials and criminal prosecution .................................... 99 2.1.5 Repercussions for family members of political activists, political prisoners and human rights activists ......................................................................................................... 103 2.2 Military deserters and humanitarian mission deserters ................................................ 108 2.2.1 Military deserters ..................................................................................................... 108 2.2.1.1 Treatment upon return to Cuba................................................................... 110 2.2.1.2 Treatment of family members of military deserters ................................... 112 2.2.2 Humanitarian mission deserters.............................................................................. 113 2.2.2.1 Treatment upon return to Cuba................................................................... 115 2 2.2.2.2 Treatment of family members of humanitarian mission deserters ........... 119 2.3 Freedom of expression and thought ............................................................................... 120 2.3.1 General overview of the right to freedom of expression and thought ................. 120 2.3.2 Measures of repression and control of the press and media ................................ 124 2.3.2.1 Legal framework ........................................................................................... 124 2.3.2.2 Restricted internet access, media monopoly .............................................. 128 2.3.2.3 Blocking of websites and SMS, censorship .................................................. 130 2.3.3 Incidents of abuse and harassment of members of the press/media ................... 134 2.3.4 Surveillance of communication by the Cuban authorities ..................................... 139 2.4 Freedom of religion ......................................................................................................... 142 2.4.1 Treatment of members of religious communities .................................................. 145 2.5 Human rights activists and organisations ....................................................................... 152 2.5.1 Government attitude towards NGOs and human rights organisations................. 152 2.5.2 Treatment of members of NGOs and human rights organisations by the state .. 157 2.6 Individuals of diverse sexual orientations and gender identities (SOGI) ...................... 165 2.6.1 Treatment of individuals of diverse SOGI by state actors ...................................... 165 2.6.1.1 General state attitude towards SOGI and role of Mariela Castro and the National Center for Sexual Education (CENESEX) ......................................................... 165 2.6.1.2 Criticism of CENESEX and Mariela Castro .................................................... 167 2.6.1.3 Legislation, government services ................................................................. 173 2.6.1.4 Treatment by law enforcement authorities ................................................ 177 2.6.2 Treatment of individuals of diverse SOGI by members of society ......................... 179 2.6.2.1 General attitude ............................................................................................ 179 2.6.2.2 Discrimination (employment, health, education), harassment.................. 182 2.6.2.3 Killings, attacks .............................................................................................. 185 Sources ........................................................................................................................................ 189 3 1 Travel regulations 1.1 Implications of the change in political relations with the United States and migratory patterns 1.1.1 Consequences of the abolition of the “Wet foot-Dry foot” policy The Congressional Research Service (CRS), a research service for the US Congress, discusses in a report of May 2017 the abolishment of the “Wet foot-Dry foot” Policy and its implications for Cubans: “In its final days in office, the Obama Administration announced another major Cuba policy shift. On January 12, 2017, the United States ended the so-called ‘wet foot/dry foot’ policy under which thousands of undocumented Cuban migrants entered the United States in recent years. (Under that policy, those Cuban migrants interdicted at sea generally were returned to Cuba whereas those reaching U.S. land were allowed entrance into the United States and generally permitted to stay.) Under the new policy, as announced by President Obama and then-Secretary of Homeland Security Jeh Johnson, Cuban nationals who attempt to enter the United States illegally and do not qualify for humanitarian relief are now subject to removal. The Cuban government
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cuba's Food & Agriculture Situation Report, USDA, 2008
    Cuba’s Food & Agriculture Situation Report by Office of Global Analysis, FAS, USDA March 2008 Table of Contents Page Executive Summary........................................................................................................................ 1 Cuba’s Food & Agriculture Situation Report ................................................................................. 3 The Historical Context Underlying U.S.–Cuban Relations..................................................... 3 Economic Background.............................................................................................................4 Cuba’s Natural Resource Base and Demographic Characteristics .......................................... 8 Population, Food Consumption and Nutrition Issues ............................................................ 14 Tourism and the Demand for Agricultural Products.............................................................. 17 Cuba’s Market Infrastructure and the Role of Institutions in Cuba’s Food and Agricultural Sector............................................................................................................ 18 Cuba’s International Trade Situation..................................................................................... 29 Other Observations ................................................................................................................ 33 Summary and Conclusions .................................................................................................... 33 Addendum
    [Show full text]
  • Bjarkman Bibliography| March 2014 1
    Bjarkman Bibliography| March 2014 1 PETER C. BJARKMAN www.bjarkman.com Cuban Baseball Historian Author and Internet Journalist Post Office Box 2199 West Lafayette, IN 47996-2199 USA IPhone Cellular 1.765.491.8351 Email [email protected] Business phone 1.765.449.4221 Appeared in “No Reservations Cuba” (Travel Channel, first aired July 11, 2011) with celebrity chef Anthony Bourdain Featured in WALL STREET JOURNAL (11-09-2010) front page story “This Yanqui is Welcome in Cuba’s Locker Room” PERSONAL/BIOGRAPHICAL DATA Born: May 19, 1941 (72 years old), Hartford, Connecticut USA Terminal Degree: Ph.D. (University of Florida, 1976, Linguistics) Graduate Degrees: M.A. (Trinity College, 1972, English); M.Ed. (University of Hartford, 1970, Education) Undergraduate Degree: B.S.Ed. (University of Hartford, 1963, Education) Languages: English and Spanish (Bilingual), some basic Italian, study of Japanese Extensive International Travel: Cuba (more than 40 visits), Croatia /Yugoslavia (20-plus visits), Netherlands, Italy, Panama, Spain, Austria, Germany, Poland, Czech Republic, France, Hungary, Mexico, Ecuador, Colombia, Guatemala, Canada, Japan. Married: Ronnie B. Wilbur, Professor of Linguistics, Purdue University (1985) BIBLIOGRAPHY March 2014 MAJOR WRITING AWARDS 2008 Winner – SABR Latino Committee Eduardo Valero Memorial Award (for “Best Article of 2008” in La Prensa, newsletter of the SABR Latino Baseball Research Committee) 2007 Recipient – Robert Peterson Recognition Award by SABR’s Negro Leagues Committee, for advancing public awareness
    [Show full text]
  • Meetings & Incentives
    MOVES PEOPLE TO BUSINESS TRAVEL & MICE Nº 37 EDICIÓN ESPECIAL FERIAS 2016-2017 / SPECIAL EDITION SHOWS 2016-2017 5,80 € BUSCANDO América Meetings & Incentives Edición bilingüe Bilingual edition 8 PRESENTACIÓN INTRODUCTION Buscando América. Un Nuevo Searching for America. A New Mundo de oportunidades 8 World of Opportunities 9 NORTE Y CENTRO NORTH AND CENTRAL Belice 16 Belize 16 Costa Rica 18 Costa Rica 19 El Salvador 22 El Salvador 22 14 Guatemala 24 Guatemala 24 Honduras 28 Honduras 28 México 30 Mexico 30 Nicaragua 36 Nicaragua 36 Panamá 40 Panama 40 CARIBE CARIBEAN Cuba 48 Cuba 48 Jamaica 52 Jamaica 52 Puerto Rico 54 Puerto Rico 54 46 República Dominicana 58 Dominican Republic 58 SUDAMÉRICA SOUTH AMERICA Argentina 64 Argentina 64 Bolivia 70 Bolivia 70 Brasil 72 Brazil 72 62 Chile 78 Chile 78 Colombia 82 Colombia 82 Ecuador 88 Ecuador 88 Paraguay 92 Paraguay 92 Perú 94 Peru 94 Uruguay 98 Uruguay 99 Venezuela 102 Venezuela 102 104 TURISMO RESPONSABLE SUSTAINABLE TOURISM 106 CHECK OUT Un subcontinente cada vez más An increasingly consolidated consolidado en el segmento MICE continent in the MICE segment Txema Txuglà Txema Txuglà MEET IN EDICIÓN ESPECIAL FERIAS 2016-2017 / SPECIAL EDITION SHOWS 2016-2017 EDITORIAL Natalia Ros EDITORA Fernando Sagaseta DIRECTOR Te busco y sí te I search for you encuentro and I find you «Te estoy buscando, América… Te busco y no te encuentro», “ I am searching for you America… I am searching for you but cantaba en los 80 el panameño Rubén Blades, por más señas I can’t find you ”, sang the Panamanian Rubén Blades in the ministro de Turismo de su país entre 2004 y 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • The Narrative of Censorship in Cuban Novels of the 1990S Britton W
    The Narrative of Censorship in Cuban Novels of the 1990s Britton W. Newman A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Romance Languages and Literatures (Spanish). Chapel Hill 2012 Approved by: Prof. Rosa Perelmuter Prof. Alicia Rivero Prof. Juan Carlos González Espitia Prof. Emilio del Valle Escalante Prof. Oswaldo Estrada Abstract BRITTON W. NEWMAN: The Narrative of Censorship in Cuban Novels of the 1990s (Under the Direction of Rosa Perelmuter) While significant attention has been paid to the practices of censorship under the revolutionary Cuban government, little has been written about the way that such censorship has been portrayed by those writers directly affected. My dissertation fills that void by analyzing the thematization of censorship in Cuban novels of the 1990s. Drawing from the 1990s production of four of the most important contemporary Cuban novelists— Jesús Díaz, Leonardo Padura, Pedro Juan Gutiérrez and José Manuel Prieto—I identify the “narrative of censorship” that undergirds each of their novels. This narrative line shows the process of internalization of the norms of censorship, the effects that such internal censorship has on an individual and the struggle through which the individual can eventually overcome it. Its remarkably similar portrayal by each author suggests that censorship, both in the form of external repression and of learned behaviors, continued to be an important factor in Cuban expression during the 1990s. In Chapter 1 I divide the phenomenon of censorship into the two levels of external—repression imposed by official or societal pressures—and internal—the masking impulse that aims to avoid the real or perceived punishment that would follow expression.
    [Show full text]
  • Trading with the Enemy: Opening the Door to U.S. Investment in Cuba
    ARTICLES TRADING WITH THE ENEMY: OPENING THE DOOR TO U.S. INVESTMENT IN CUBA KEVIN J. FANDL* ABSTRACT U.S. economic sanctions on Cuba have been in place for nearly seven deca- des. The stated intent of those sanctionsÐto restore democracy and freedom to CubaÐis still used as a justi®cation for maintaining harsh restrictions, despite the fact that the Castro regime remains in power with widespread Cuban public support. Starving the Cuban people of economic opportunities under the shadow of sanctions has signi®cantly limited entrepreneurship and economic development on the island, despite a highly educated and motivated popula- tion. The would-be political reformers and leaders on the island emigrate, thanks to generous U.S. immigration policies toward Cubans, leaving behind the Castro regime and its ardent supporters. Real change on the island will come only if the United States allows Cuba to restart its economic engine and reengage with global markets. Though not a guarantee of political reform, eco- nomic development is correlated with demand for political change, giving the economic development approach more potential than failed economic sanctions. In this short paper, I argue that Cuba has survived in spite of the U.S. eco- nomic embargo and that dismantling the embargo in favor of open trade poli- cies would improve the likelihood of Cuba becoming a market-friendly communist country like China. I present the avenues available today for trade with Cuba under the shadow of the economic embargo, and I argue that real po- litical change will require a leap of faith by the United States through removal of the embargo and support for Cuba's economic development.
    [Show full text]
  • Science and Technological Innovation in Health in Cuba: Results in Selected Problems*
    Pan American Journal Special report of Public Health Science and technological innovation in health in Cuba: results in selected problems* Nereida Rojo Pérez,1 Carmen Valenti Pérez,1 Nelcy Martínez Trujillo,1 Ileana Morales Suárez,2 Eric Martínez Torres,3 Ileana Fleitas Estévez,4 Miriam Portuondo Sao,2 Yisel Torres Rojo2 and V. Gustavo Sierra González5 Suggested citation (original manuscript) Rojo Pérez N, Valenti Pérez C, Martínez Trujillo N, Morales Suárez I, Martínez Torres E, Fleitas Estévez I, et al. Ciencia e innovación tecnológica en la salud en Cuba: resultados en problemas seleccionados. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2018;42:e32. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2018.32 ABSTRACT In Cuba, health research is based on the priorities of national scientific policy, derived from the health status of the population. The objective of this article is to describe the characteristics of the Science and Technological Innovation System and how the results of its research benefit the health of population groups. To this end, research related to the generation of products and technologies, diabetes, dengue and disability was selected. This system follows a methodology outlined by the Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment, and has 37 research entities. It is organized into pro grams and projects that support basic and applied research using a multidisciplinary and intersectoral approach; these programs and projects are funded mostly by the State and are organized as a closed-loop system, i.e., the same entity is responsible for the entire process, from research to marketing, including market studies and post-marketing monitoring. The selected research projects demonstrate the alignment between research, gener- alization of results, and their effect in improving the population’s health and universal access to health care.
    [Show full text]
  • Birding Tour Cuba: General Information
    BIRDING TOUR CUBA: GENERAL INFORMATION www.birdingecotours.com [email protected] 2 | INFORMATION Cuba Passports and visa Your passport must be valid for at least six months beyond departure. A tourist visa is compulsory for entry into Cuba. This is valid for 30 days from the day of arrival. Clients staying for a longer duration may extend these locally via the Cuban embassy. If you are traveling to another country from Cuba and then returning, you will need another tourist visa in order to re-enter the country. Please ensure you have your tourist visa correctly completed before check-in at the airport, as it will be requested with your ticket and passport at check-in. While you are in Cuba you must retain the tear-off part of the visa given to you by customs, as it will be required on departure. Tourist card A tourist card needs to be completed when visiting Cuba. Health requirements There are no compulsory vaccinations required for Cuba, but the following are sometimes recommended: Tetanus, Polio, Hepatitis A, and Typhoid. Please check with your doctor for the most up-to-date information. We strongly advise you to read the Center for Disease Control advice on Cuba, at https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/traveler/none/cuba. Your health while in Cuba Cuba’s health facilities are good, and some of the larger hotels have their own doctor on site. International clinics can be found in all the main resorts as well as in Havana, Trinidad, Santiago de Cuba, and Cienfuegos. Mosquitoes can be a problem.
    [Show full text]
  • New Castro Same Cuba
    New Castro, Same Cuba Political Prisoners in the Post-Fidel Era Copyright © 2009 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-56432-562-8 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th floor New York, NY 10118-3299 USA Tel: +1 212 290 4700, Fax: +1 212 736 1300 [email protected] Poststraße 4-5 10178 Berlin, Germany Tel: +49 30 2593 06-10, Fax: +49 30 2593 0629 [email protected] Avenue des Gaulois, 7 1040 Brussels, Belgium Tel: + 32 (2) 732 2009, Fax: + 32 (2) 732 0471 [email protected] 64-66 Rue de Lausanne 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 738 0481, Fax: +41 22 738 1791 [email protected] 2-12 Pentonville Road, 2nd Floor London N1 9HF, UK Tel: +44 20 7713 1995, Fax: +44 20 7713 1800 [email protected] 27 Rue de Lisbonne 75008 Paris, France Tel: +33 (1)43 59 55 35, Fax: +33 (1) 43 59 55 22 [email protected] 1630 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 500 Washington, DC 20009 USA Tel: +1 202 612 4321, Fax: +1 202 612 4333 [email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org November 2009 1-56432-562-8 New Castro, Same Cuba Political Prisoners in the Post-Fidel Era I. Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................... 1 Recommendations ....................................................................................................................... 7 II. Illustrative Cases ......................................................................................................................... 11 Ramón Velásquez
    [Show full text]
  • Overview Print Page Close Window
    World Directory of Minorities Americas MRG Directory –> Cuba –> Cuba Overview Print Page Close Window Cuba Overview Environment Peoples History Governance Current state of minorities and indigenous peoples Environment Cuba is the largest island in the Caribbean. It is located 150 kilometres south of the tip of the US state of Florida and east of the Yucatán Peninsula. On the east, Cuba is separated by the Windward Passage from Hispaniola, the island shared by Haiti and Dominican Republic. The total land area is 114,524 sq km, which includes the Isla de la Juventud (formerly called Isle of Pines) and other small adjacent islands. Peoples Main languages: Spanish Main religions: Christianity (Roman Catholic, Protestant), syncretic African religions The majority of the population of Cuba is 51% mulatto (mixed white and black), 37% white, 11% black and 1% Chinese (CIA, 2001). However, according to the Official 2002 Cuba Census, 65% of the population is white, 10% black and 25% mulatto. Although there are no distinct indigenous communities still in existence, some mixed but recognizably indigenous Ciboney-Taino-Arawak-descended populations are still considered to have survived in parts of rural Cuba. Furthermore the indigenous element is still in evidence, interwoven as part of the overall population's cultural and genetic heritage. There is no expatriate immigrant population. More than 75 per cent of the population is classified as urban. The revolutionary government, installed in 1959, has generally destroyed the rigid social stratification inherited from Spanish colonial rule. During Spanish colonial rule (and later under US influence) Cuba was a major sugar-producing territory.
    [Show full text]
  • Cuban Antifascism and the Spanish Civil War: Transnational Activism, Networks, and Solidarity in the 1930S
    Cuban Antifascism and the Spanish Civil War: Transnational Activism, Networks, and Solidarity in the 1930s Ariel Mae Lambe Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2014 © 2014 Ariel Mae Lambe All rights reserved ABSTRACT Cuban Antifascism and the Spanish Civil War: Transnational Activism, Networks, and Solidarity in the 1930s Ariel Mae Lambe This dissertation shows that during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) diverse Cubans organized to support the Spanish Second Republic, overcoming differences to coalesce around a movement they defined as antifascism. Hundreds of Cuban volunteers—more than from any other Latin American country—traveled to Spain to fight for the Republic in both the International Brigades and the regular Republican forces, to provide medical care, and to serve in other support roles; children, women, and men back home worked together to raise substantial monetary and material aid for Spanish children during the war; and longstanding groups on the island including black associations, Freemasons, anarchists, and the Communist Party leveraged organizational and publishing resources to raise awareness, garner support, fund, and otherwise assist the cause. The dissertation studies Cuban antifascist individuals, campaigns, organizations, and networks operating transnationally to help the Spanish Republic, contextualizing these efforts in Cuba’s internal struggles of the 1930s. It argues that both transnational solidarity and domestic concerns defined Cuban antifascism. First, Cubans confronting crises of democracy at home and in Spain believed fascism threatened them directly. Citing examples in Ethiopia, China, Europe, and Latin America, Cuban antifascists—like many others—feared a worldwide menace posed by fascism’s spread.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction Chapter 1 Chapter 2
    Notes Introduction 1. I am grateful to Richard Boyd for his teaching and supervision, as a result of which I was introduced to the eminent importance, both within and outside philosophy, of arguments for naturalistic realism in Anglo- American analytic philosophy. See Boyd 1982, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1999, 2010. 2. This is how the term is spelled in Goodman 1973. Chapter 1 1. This took place at a talk at the University of Havana on the occasion of receiving an honorary degree December 8, 2001, Havana, Cuba. 2. Take, for example, Senel Paz saying, “I have always thought that it is the duty of the intellectuals . to examine closely all of our errors and negative tendencies, to study them with courage and without shame” (my translation) in Heras 1999: 148. 3. I have discussed this view at some length in Babbitt 1996. 4. Julia Sweig’s statement is significant given that she was director of Latin Ameri- can studies at the Council of Foreign Relations, a major foreign policy forum for the US government. See Sweig 2007, cited in Veltmeyer & Rushton 2013: 301. 5. “US Governor in First Trip to Castro’s Cuba” (1999, October 24), New York Times, p. 14, http:// search .proquest .com .proxy .queensu .ca /docview /110125370 / pageviewPDF ?accountid = 6180 [accessed March 10, 2013]. 6. The fact- value distinction emerged in European Enlightenment philosophy, originating, arguably, with Hume (1711– 1776) who argued that normative arguments (about value) cannot be derived logically from arguments about what exists. 7. The view that the mind, understood as consciousness, is physical, although distinctly so, is defended by philosophers of mind (Searle 1998; see also Prado 2006).
    [Show full text]
  • Ernesto 'Che' Guevara: the Existing Literature
    Ernesto ‘Che’ Guevara: socialist political economy and economic management in Cuba, 1959-1965 Helen Yaffe London School of Economics and Political Science Doctor of Philosophy 1 UMI Number: U615258 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615258 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 I, Helen Yaffe, assert that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Helen Yaffe Date: 2 Iritish Library of Political nrjPr v . # ^pc £ i ! Abstract The problem facing the Cuban Revolution after 1959 was how to increase productive capacity and labour productivity, in conditions of underdevelopment and in transition to socialism, without relying on capitalist mechanisms that would undermine the formation of new consciousness and social relations integral to communism. Locating Guevara’s economic analysis at the heart of the research, the thesis examines policies and development strategies formulated to meet this challenge, thereby refuting the mainstream view that his emphasis on consciousness was idealist. Rather, it was intrinsic and instrumental to the economic philosophy and strategy for social change advocated.
    [Show full text]