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Home , Cintio Vitier, Communist Party of Cuba, Piero Gleijeses

Notes

Introduction 1. I am grateful to Richard Boyd for his teaching and supervision, as a result of which I was introduced to the eminent importance, both within and outside philosophy, of arguments for naturalistic realism in Anglo-American analytic philosophy. See Boyd 1982, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1999, 2010. 2. This is how the term is spelled in Goodman 1973.

Chapter 1 1. This took place at a talk at the University of on the occasion of receiving an honorary degree December 8, 2001, Havana, . 2. Take, for example, Senel Paz saying, “I have always thought that it is the duty of the intellectuals . . . to examine closely all of our errors and negative tendencies, to study them with courage and without shame” (my translation) in Heras 1999: 148. 3. I have discussed this view at some length in Babbitt 1996. 4. Julia Sweig’s statement is significant given that she was director of Latin Ameri- can studies at the Council of Foreign Relations, a major foreign policy forum for the US government. See Sweig 2007, cited in Veltmeyer & Rushton 2013: 301. 5. “US Governor in First Trip to Castro’s Cuba” (1999, October 24), New York Times, p. 14, http:// search .proquest .com .proxy .queensu .ca /docview /110125370 / pageviewPDF ?accountid = 6180 [accessed March 10, 2013]. 6. The fact-value distinction emerged in European Enlightenment philosophy, originating, arguably, with Hume (1711–1776) who argued that normative arguments (about value) cannot be derived logically from arguments about what exists. 7. The view that the mind, understood as consciousness, is physical, although distinctly so, is defended by philosophers of mind (Searle 1998; see also Prado 2006).

Chapter 2 1. An earlier, shorter, and somewhat different version of this chapter was published in Journal on African Philosophy (Issue 5, 2012). I am grateful to Azuka Nzegwu 186 ● Notes

and the Africa Resource Project (africaresource .com) for granting permission to use that article again here. 2. Daily Telegraph (1985, May 24), p. 22 cited in Gleijeses 2013a: 11. 3. Bowdler to SecState March 19, 1977, FOIA, cited in Gleijeses 2013: 11. 4. This was said by a close aide to Foreign Minister Pik Botha, cited in Gleijeses 2013a: 509. 5. This is true with a few exceptions, such as Raúl Castro’s speech and an interview on Democracy Now! with Piero Gleijeses. See Gleijeses 2013b. 6. Ministerio de las Fuerzas Armadas (MINFAR, Cuba), “Misiones internacio- nalistas militares cumplidas por Cuba, 1963–1991,” Secret Bureau of the Second Secretary of the of Cuba, table 2, cited in Gleijeses 2013a: 521. 7. MINFAR, “Misiones internacionalistas militares cumplidas por Cuba, 1963– 1991,” Secret Bureau of the Second Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba, table 1, cited in Gleijeses 2013a: 521. 8. Castro, Fidel (1988, April 23), “Indicaciones concretas del comandante en jefe que guirarán la actuación de la delegación cubana en las conversaciones en Luanda y las negociaciones en Londres,” Archive of the Cuban Armed Forces, cited in Gleijeses 2013a: 524. 9. National Intelligence Estimate, CIA (1960, June 14), “The Situation in Cuba,” Washington, DC: National Security Archive, p. 9; Special National Intelligence Estimate (1979, June 21), “The Cuban Foreign Policy,” National Library of Congress 6– 14– 1– 2– 7, Jimmy Carter Library, p. 6, cited in Gleijeses 2013a: 525. 10. CIA (1979, April 9), “ Cuba: Some Strains but No New,” Central Intel- ligence Agency Records Search Tool, College Park, Maryland: National Archive, cited in Gleijeses 2013: 12. 11. Mandela (1991, July 28), Washington Post, p. 32, cited in Gleijeses 2013a: 526. 12. The agreement with is an exception resulting in an equitable, if not equal, international exchange. See Kirk & Erisman 2009. 13. For a summary of the arguments regarding objectivity in ethics, see, for example, Boyd 1988 and Campbell 2011. 14. Department of State, (March 1965), “Soviet Intentions toward Cuba,” National Security File Country File box 33/37, p. 2, cited in Gleijeses 2003: 375. 15. “National Policy Paper— Cuba: United States Policy” (1968, July 15), draft, p. 15, Freedom of Information Act, cited in Gleijeses 2002: 377. 16. CIA, Office of Current Intelligence (1964, April 1), “Survey of Latin America,” National Security File Country File box 1, pp. 83– 84, cited in Gleijeses 2003: 375. 17. Hughes to the secretary of state (1965, April 19), “’s African Ven- ture,” National Security File Country File box 20, pp. 1–2, cited in Gleijeses 2002: 375– 76. Notes ● 187

18. Hughes to the secretary of state (1965, August 10), “The : Phase 2,” National Security File Country File box 18/19, p. 16, cited in Gleijeses 2002: 376. 19. Bureau of Intelligence and Research, US Department of State (1967, September 15), “Cuba’s Foreign Policy,” p. 4, cited in Gleijeses 2013: 375. 20. National Coalition of Americans Committed to Rescuing Africa from the Grip of Soviet Tyranny (1985, December 7), Washington Times, p. A5, cited in Gleije- ses 2013a: 13. 21. In 1824, the Cuban poet José María de Heredia wrote a poem about Niagara Falls. 22. CIA, Office of Current Intelligence (1964, April 1), “Survey of Latin Amer- ica,” National Security File Country File box 1, pp. 83–84, cited in Gleijeses 2003: 375. 23. This is attributed to Henry John Temple Viscount Lord Palmerston 1784– 1865, foreign secretary and two- time prime minister under Queen Victoria. http:// en .wikiquote .org /wiki /Henry _Temple, _3rd _Viscount _Palmerston [accessed Decem- ber 30, 2013].

Chapter 3 1. Allen Wood suggests that Marx was wrong about this. I discuss his objection presently. 2. For example, in a recent much- discussed book about time, Claudia Hammond argues that mental quiet is not worthy of pursuit. To “slow down time,” one should engage in “total activity.” See Hammond 2012. 3. This quote was part of a petition launched in defense of Cuba in 2003.

Chapter 4 1. An earlier version of this chapter was published in Journal on African Philoso- phy (Issue 6, 2012). I thank Azuka Nzegwu and the Africa Resource Project for granting permission to use some parts of that article here. 2. I first discussed this example in Babbitt 1996. 3. See, for example, the argument about the birth of Dolly the sheep in Kitcher 2001: 63– 82. 4. This was stated in conversation and in speaking to my class. 5. For example, Frederick Engels writes, “But however often, and however relent- lessly, this cycle is completed in time and space, however millions of suns and earths shall arise and pass away, however long it may last until the conditions for organic life develop, however innumerable the organic beings that have to arise and pass away . . . and therefore also that with the same iron necessity that it will exterminate on the earth its highest creation, the thinking mind, it must somewhere else and at another time again produce it” (Engels 1940: 24– 25). 6. For a range of views on Marx and morality, see Nielsen & Patten 1981. 188 ● Notes

Chapter 5 1. This chapter began as an argument in chapter 2 of Humanism and Embodi- ment: From Cause and Effect to Secularism (Bloomsbury, 2014). The argument in this chapter is different, but I am grateful to Bloomsbury for the reuse of some points, specifically, the preceding two principal examples. 2. José Lezama Lima stated that Martí’s “War Diaries” are “the greatest poem[s] ever written by a Cuban” (Editor’s note in Martí 2002: 350). 3. I am grateful to Rigoberto Pupo Pupo, at the , Cuba, for insisting on the significance of “Emerson” in indicating Martí’s cosmovisión (worldview). 4. The distinction is associated with David Hume who argued that it is impossible to derive statements about what ought to be from statements about what is. The debate about whether normative claims can be known, or are even meaningful, as opposed to factual claims, which have truth value, continued throughout the twentieth century. See, for example, Boyd 1988; Campbell 2011. 5. René Descartes expressed such a view in Descartes 1641, but it continues to have consequences to this day. See, for example, Maté 2008 for its consequences in Western medicine. 6. Richard N. Boyd (1992), unpublished paper presented to the philosophy depart- ment at the University of Toronto. 7. For a summary of such argument, see Boyd 1988 and Campbell 2011. 8. I first discussed this example in a different context in Babbitt 2001. 9. This is true although few philosophers of science make the connection to Marx. Richard Boyd is one who does in Boyd 1988, 1999. 10. This was said in a speech broadcast on Cuban radio on December 2, 2001. 11. This point was made repeatedly by Dr. Rigoberto Pupo Pupo in his classes on Martí at the University of Havana. See also Ikeda & Vitier 2001: 174. References

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accommodationism, 91, 99– 100 Batista, Fulgencio, 72, 130 See also knowledge, nature of battle for ideas, xi, 2– 4, 13, 14– 15, 45, Achebe, Chinua, 67– 68, 69, 79 62, 69– 72, 79, 111– 13, 175– 83 African National Congress (ANC), 51 See also nature of ideas agency, 19– 20, 49– 50, 56– 63, 69, 73, Bay of Pigs, 50 78– 79, 95, 172– 73 Beauvoir, Simone de, 91, 104 age of authenticity, 30, 39, 82, 84, 96, Becker, Ernst, 117, 156 112, 113, 148, 156, 173 Beeman, Chris, x, 102, 109, 110, 150 Agramonte, Roberto, 3, 86 Berlin, Isaiah. See freedom: positive and Alarcón, Ricardo, 27, 172 negative Algeria, 11, 48, 49, 54, 104 Betto, Frei, 12, 87, 127, 130, 143, 159 Algerian National Liberation Front Between Two Worlds (Miriam Tlali), 73– (AFLN), 49 74, 78 Ali, Tariq, 74, 98 bias, 74– 75, 152– 53 See also objectivity alienation, 82– 83, 92, 96, 107– 9, 111– Biography of a Runaway Slave (Miguel 13, 119, 127, 164, 171– 73, 176– 77 Barnet), 70 See also authenticity; existentialism; Boas, Franz, 75 Merton, Thomas Bobbio, Norberto, 62, 139 analytic philosophy. See North Atlantic Bobes, Marilyn (“Someone Must Cry”), philosophy 167– 68, 169 Angola, 11, 14, 47– 53, 54, 79 Bolender, Keith, 53 apartheid, 47– 48, 51, 52– 53, 69, 73, 76 Bolívar, Simón, 1– 2, 11, 13, 27– 28, 29, Appiah, Anthony, 24, 40, 90, 109 35, 44, 105, 140– 41, 165, 177 Aristotle, 15, 38, 87, 96, 158– 59 Bolivia, 33, 47, 56, 139, 165– 69 authenticity, 25, 30, 92, 95– 100, 106– 7, Borge, Tomás, 148 110, 113, 176– 77 bottom- up approaches, 6, 10, 155, 162– Ayers, Bill, 2 64, 165– 76 Boyd, Richard, x, 4, 7, 9, 37, 59, 62, Bacon, Francis, 88 77, 84, 85, 86, 87, 91, 99, 101, Badiou, Alain, 105– 9, 128, 138, 162– 63, 112, 124, 152, 155, 157, 185n1, 171, 176 186n13, 188n4, 188n6, 188n10 Barnet, Miguel. See Biography of a Brandt, Richard, 23, 90 Runaway Slave Brecht, Bertoldt, 145, 171 Barrios, Reverend Luis, 134 Brooks, David, 6, 148 208 ● Index

Brouwer, Steven, 35, 48, 54, 55, 56, 60, Conde Rodríguez, Alicia, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 61, 63– 64, 71 15, 66, 67, 83, 86, 87, 88, 89, 94, Brown, Rosemary (Being Brown), 129 126 Bruce, Iain, 141– 43 connectivity, 14, 110, 118, 177, 180 Buddhism, 97– 98, 137, 174 Costales, Manuel, 93 Cousin, Victor, 5, 85– 87, 93– 94, 98, Caballero, José Agostín, 88, 97 107, 110– 11 Cabral, Luís, 48 “Create Two, Three, Many Vietnams: Campbell, Richmond, 186n13, 188n4 Message to the Tricontinental” Campbell, Sue, x, 13, 28, 39, 77 (Ernesto “Che” Guevara), 136 feelings, 91, 119 critical development studies (CDS), 10, personhood, 87, 108, 128– 29, 141, 160 12, 154 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Crocker, Chester, 68– 69 (CBC), 75, 131, 133 Crowell, Steven, 92 capitalism, 27, 75, 79, 98, 131 Cuban philosophical polemic, 3, 5, 8, Card, Claudia, 19 12, 15, 27– 28, 73, 84, 92, 94, Carter, Jimmy, 52– 53 102, 105, 11, 113, 126, 147– 48, Carvalho, Luis Fernando. See To the Left 151, 155, 163, 164– 65, 170, 171, of the Father 174– 77 Castro Ruz, Fidel, 12, 13, 31, 36, 44, 47, Cuban Revolution, ix, 3, 11, 13, 31, 36, 72, 88, 102, 103, 130, 131, 136– 44, 45, 47, 66, 79, 131, 132 38, 142, 143, 174– 75, 178 Cuban Revolutionary Party, 10 on capitalism, 11– 12, 98, 144, 175 Cuito Cuanavale, 50– 52 and internationalism, 50– 53, 54, 61– culture, 7, 17, 36, 75, 132– 34, 152 62, 63– 64, 66 Martí on, 42, 44, 64, 95, 120 in Venezuela, 3– 4, 15, 103– 4 curriculum, 113 causal theory of knowledge. See See also Cuban philosophical polemic knowledge, nature of causation, 58, 77, 137 De la Cruz, Sor Juana Inés, 38 Cayley, David, 14, 104, 110, 118, 177 Delaney, Samuel, 67 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 53, democracy, 1, 18, 20, 21, 22– 23, 26, 27, 61, 71, 186n9, 186n10, 186n16 33– 35, 43– 44, 75, 172 Chávez, Hugo, 1, 29, 33, 141– 42, 148 Descartes, René, 42, 84– 85, 88, 94, 124, choice, 2, 6, 23– 25, 40, 41– 43, 65, 71, 188n5 82, 86, 95, 100, 148, 154, 160, 172 Deutscher, Isaac, 96 See also liberalism development, global, 2, 3– 4, 6– 7, 14– 15, Christianity, 36– 37, 104, 110, 137, 174 26, 74, 78, 86, 87, 104, 111, 153– See also Illich, Ivan 55, 168, 169 Chuang Tzu, 136, 141 in Cuba, 11– 12, 31– 33, 34, 43– 44, Coetzee, J. M. (Disgrace), 103, 113 147– 48 Cold War, 50, 68, 89 Guevara on, 19– 21, 117– 20, 145, Cole, Ken, 3– 4 158, 163– 64, 165, 183 colonialism, 41, 48, 49, 107, 165, 166, Martí on, 10, 11, 12– 13, 14, 39, 42– 182 43, 87– 88, 145, 151– 52, 175– 83 Communist Manifesto (Karl Marx), 142 Sen on, 158– 60, 163, 170– 71 Index ● 209

Development as Freedom (Amartya Sen), Marx on, 141, 187n6 158– 60 moral reasons, 56– 58 dialectical character of knowledge. See objectivity in, 152– 53, 154– 56 knowledge, nature of; Marx, Karl: pragmatic naturalism, 155– 56 historical materialism Even the Rain (Icair Bollaín, dir.), 165– dignity, 23, 29– 30, 33, 60– 61, 69, 70, 67, 168, 170– 71 139– 42, 160 evidence. See projectibility Martí on, 10– 11, 12, 41, 69– 70, 71, existentialism, 42– 43, 92– 93, 141 93– 95, 98, 151 See also Sartre, Jean- Paul Dillon, Robin, 25 expectations, 9– 10, 96– 97, 103, 113, doctor program. See internationalism: 125, 127– 30, 131, 131– 36, 138– medical 40, 142– 43, 144– 45, 147, 159, dualism, 3, 14, 28– 29, 38, 39, 89, 94, 164, 167, 168– 69, 173, 181 96– 97 See also Bobes, Marilyn; Even the Rain; institutions Eagleton, Terry, 129– 30, 137 explanation, 18– 20, 21, 30– 32, 44– 45, Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 48, 58, 67, 79– 80, 129– 30, 133– 1844 (Karl Marx), 10, 83, 88, 164 35, 156– 58 Ehrenhalt, Alan, 6, 39, 82, 172 See also causation Einstein, Albert, 9, 30, 44, 66, 100– 101, 126, 144– 45, 148– 49, 151, 152– Falk, Richard, 78 53, 162, 170 falsification, 22– 23, 28, 34, 157 embodiment, 14– 15, 37– 42, 73, 85, 86, See also knowledge, nature of 94, 101, 104, 106, 109– 11, 151– Fanon, Frantz, 20– 21, 23, 78, 79, 97, 52, 163, 176– 77, 178, 181– 82 122, 140, 154, 156, 157, 160, 166 See also dualism feelings, 37–40, 64, 83, 84, 85, 94– 95, “Emerson” (José Martí), 37– 38, 66, 70, 101, 108, 124– 25, 126, 139– 40, 79, 100, 101, 123, 125, 149– 51, 150, 151, 157 162, 170, 178, 188n3 See also Campbell, Sue Engels, Frederick, 137, 187n5 Feinberg, Joel, 23– 24 equilibrium, 117, 143– 44, 151 Ferrer, Ada, 71 Escobar, Arturo, 10, 153 Figueredo, Lino. See “Political Prison in Escuela Latino Americana de Ciencias Cuba” Medicas (ELAM), 54– 55, 56, 64 Fisk, Robert, 66– 67 essentialism, 4, 82, 88, 111, 154– 55, foundationalism. See knowledge, nature 156, 159 of See also human nature; Marx, Karl: freedom, 1– 2, 4– 5, 7, 12, 13, 18– 19, 27, species essence 29, 75, 83, 131– 32, 140– 42, 160, Esteva, Gustavo, 147, 153 168– 69, 182 ethics, 5, 34, 36, 138– 39, 142– 44, 159– capacities, realization of, 15, 158– 60, 162– 63 59 (see also Marx, Karl: species fact/value distinction, 149, 152– 53 essence) Guevara on, 140– 41, 163– 65 false views of, 26, 34, 73– 74, 75, 85– Martí on, 41– 43, 110– 11, 120– 21, 86, 98, 98– 99, 100, 103, 107, 122, 180 172– 74 210 ● Index freedom (continued ) in Africa and CIA on, 47, 49, 54, 61, Guevara on, 19, 45, 61, 63, 73– 74, 71 115– 18, 136, 138– 39, 174– 75 as anti- imperialist, 19– 20, 32, 157, Martí on, 6, 18– 19, 35– 36, 40– 44, 163 45, 65– 66, 69– 70, 77, 79, 87, on armed struggle, 136, 137 93– 94, 144, 151, 179– 80 on death, 136– 37 positive and negative, 39– 40, 89– 93 on imagination, 9– 10, 19– 20, 30, Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), 165, 170 18 on the law of value, 119– 20 Freire, Paulo, 6– 7, 8, 10, 55– 56, 87, 91, on love, 14, 119, 120, 130– 31, 144, 156, 157, 158, 160, 162– 63, 171 145 Frost, David, 1, 2 on moral incentives, 13, 111– 12, Fung Riverón, Thalia, ix 140– 45 on the myth of the self- made man, 73, Galeano, Eduardo, 18, 21, 29– 30, 32, 164, 173– 74 35, 70, 77, 78, 133, 169, 170 on the new man/woman, 115– 20, García Bernal, Gael, 1– 2 131, 145, 151 García Márquez, Gabriel, 13, 45, 49, organicism of, 62– 63, 66, 73, 78– 79, 50, 65 115– 20, 160, 171– 72, 174– 75, García Marruz, Fina, 12, 14, 120, 121 175– 76, 177– 78 General’s Son, The (Miko Peled), 127– 28, realism of, 9– 10, 87, 155– 56, 158, 129, 130 170, 175– 76, 177 general terms. See kinds on solidarity, 53– 54, 62– 63, 136– 40, German Ideology (Karl Marx), 82– 83, 88, 183 112, 118, 141, 160 vanguard, 130– 31, 163– 65 Gleijeses, Piero, 11, 12, 47, 48, 49, 50, See also development, global; ethics; 51, 52, 53, 61, 65, 68, 69, 71, 79, freedom; and individual works 104, 135 Guzmán Blanco, Antonio, 40– 41 global development. See development, global Hacking, Ian, 62 Golden Age, The (José Martí), 93– 94 Hanson, Russell, 7, 84 Goldman, Alvin, 28, 77, 85, 124 Hare, Richard, 23, 90 Gómez, Máximo, 10, 11 Hart Dávalos, Armando, 2– 3, 3– 4, 4– 5, González, Elián, 21 13, 27, 28, 36– 37, 44, 67, 86, 88, González Casanova, Pablo, 112– 13 97, 104, 111, 134, 139, 143, 152, González del Valle, José, 86, 92– 93 157, 177 Goodman, Nelson, 9, 67, 84, 185n2 Havana Book Fair, 131– 36 Gott, Richard, 13– 14, 47– 48, 49, 50, 51, Hegel, G. W. F., 7, 27, 36, 85, 116– 17, 52, 79 118, 164 Gould, Steven Jay, 71, 152 Hemingway, Ernest, 59– 60, 129, 130, Gramsci, Antonio, 2, 10, 93, 137, 164– 135 65, 174 Heredia y Heredia, José María, 77 Gregor, A. James, 22– 23, 25, 27, 28, historical materialism. See Marx, Karl; 30, 34 Lenin, V. I. Guevara, Ernesto “Che,” 1– 2, 45 Hobbes, Thomas, 1 Index ● 211 homeostasis. See equilibrium intuitions, 37, 85, 86, 101, 150 Huish, Bob, 54, 55, 65, 133 Ionesco, Eugène, 160– 62, 177 human nature, 4, 10, 13, 41, 49– 50, 64– 65, 84, 86, 87, 103, 115– 16, justification, 11, 14– 15, 28, 84, 87, 138, 152, 181 155, 176 See also alienation; Marx, Karl: species See also knowledge, nature of essence humanness, truths about, 3, 15, 43, Kant, Immanuel. See dignity 93– 94, 96, 98, 106, 108, 110, 113, Kennedy, J. F., 19– 20, 53 125, 137, 138, 154, 156– 57, 158, Kepler, Johannes, 30, 100 159, 166, 182 kinds, 7– 8, 12, 15, 28, 62, 65– 66, 67, See also Einstein, Albert 70, 71– 72, 73, 74, 83, 86, 89– 91, Hume, David, 8, 84, 185n6, 188n4 94, 97, 100, 102, 105, 108– 10, humility, 97, 150– 51 126– 28, 147, 151, 154, 164, 165, Hurricane Flora, 49 167, 168, 173– 74, 175– 77, 182 Hurricanes George and Mitch, 54 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 60 Kirchner, Christina, 148 Ikeda, Daisaku, 12, 134, 176, 188n12 Kirk, John, 54, 55, 65, 131, 186n10 Illich, Ivan, 14, 104– 5, 108– 9, 109– 10, Kissinger, Henry, 11, 51, 52 118, 138, 177, 178, 181 Kitcher, Philip, 8, 22, 74, 84, 124, 143, indigenous peoples, 41, 78, 95, 107– 8, 145, 155, 157, 170, 187n3 109, 139, 165– 67 knowledge, nature of, 12– 13 See also Mariátequi, José Carlos causal theory of, 28, 77, 85, 124– 25 individuation. See kinds foundationalism, 84– 85, 91 infant mortality, 32, 54 Guevara on, 115– 20, 137– 38 inside/outside distinction. See dualism inference to the best explanation, institutions, 2, 5, 19– 21, 25– 26, 28– 29, 156– 57 35– 36, 40, 42, 44, 45, 60, 61, 62, Martí on, 10– 11, 37– 38, 41, 43, 107– 66, 69– 70, 74– 75, 91– 92, 95, 97, 8, 121, 134, 145, 149– 51, 176 110, 111, 119, 121, 138, 139– 40, naturalistic realism, 137– 38 (see also 141– 42, 144, 164, 173, 180, 182, Boyd, Richard) 183 nonpropositional, 65 (see also See also expectations embodiment; feelings; intuitions) instrumental reasoning, 23, 61, 65, 72, positivism, 8, 28, 37, 84– 85, 89, 112, 90, 102, 117, 148– 49, 154 176– 77 Inter- American Economic and Social reliable regulation, 157 Council, 19 verificationism, 8 internationalism, 13– 14, 44, 65, 72– 74, See also Cuban philosophical polemic; 79, 100, 133 kinds; Luz y Caballero, José de la; in Africa, 49– 53, 61, 68– 69, 71 Marx, Karl; objectivity literacy, 55– 56 Koggel, Christine, x, 10, 155 medical, 53–55, 60–61, 63–64, Korsgaard, Christine, 24, 56– 63, 65, 103– 4 117, 167 introspection, 14, 64, 73, 92, 117, 150 Kuhn, Thomas, 7, 37, 150 See also self- knowledge Kymlicka, Will, 23 212 ● Index

Lenin, V. I., 7, 100, 106, 116– 17, on imperialism, 18– 19, 40, 69– 70, 173– 74 70– 71, 107– 8, 110– 11, 127, liberalism, 3– 4, 13, 22– 30, 41, 45, 72, 130– 31, 140, 142– 43, 156, 183 73, 89, 94, 98, 106, 111, 173, 177 on intuition, 37– 38, 150, 161– 62 Martí and, 26, 35, 40– 42, 76, 79 on love, 14, 120– 23, 124 Limia David, Miguel, 33, 69 organicism of, 10, 12, 28– 29, 37, 42, literacy campaign, 55– 56, 132 42– 43, 78– 79, 88, 94– 95, 102, Lorde, Audre, 38– 39, 91 104– 6, 125, 134, 137, 150– 51, Lula da Silva, Luis Ignacio, 34– 35, 148 174, 175, 176, 181 Luz y Caballero, José de la, 3– 5, 11– 12, on races, 71 36, 66 in relation to polemicists, 8, 28, on knowledge and rationality, 3, 15, 36– 37, 39– 40, 66, 87, 88, 93, 67, 83, 85– 86, 91– 93, 107– 9, 98– 99, 102, 147, 148– 49, 176 126 on science, 28, 37, 66, 94, 100– 101, on mind, 14, 36– 37, 86– 87, 88– 90, 123– 24, 170 93– 94, 97– 98, 110– 11 on sensitivity, 178 on philosophy, 8, 67, 88– 89, 173 on suffering, 179 See also Cuban philosophical polemic totalizing thought, 5– 7, 13, 72– 73, 112, 145, 150, 151, 175– 76 Magic Mountain, The (Thomas Mann), See also culture; development, 137, 178– 79 global; dignity; ethics; freedom; “Man and Socialism” (Ernesto “Che” knowledge, nature of; Marx, Guevara), 73, 118– 19, 164, 173, Karl; and individual works 176 Marx, Karl Mandela, Nelson, 52, 53, 76, 186n11 on alienation, 82– 84, 111, 164 Mann, Thomas. See The Magic Mountain historical materialism, 3– 4, 13, 100, Mannheim, Karl, 85, 126 105, 112, 115– 20, 137, 141, 176 María de Heredia, José, 70, 102, 187n21 and Martí, 44, 88, 152 Mariátequi, José Carlos, 1– 2, 11, 29, 87, naturalism of, 3, 36, 44, 88, 93, 96, 107– 8, 112, 157 100– 101, 106, 115– 16, 118, Martí, José 124, 152, 169, 188n10 on authenticity, 13– 14, 30, 38, 39, 69, realism of, 44, 84, 88, 111– 12, 165, 96– 98, 98– 99, 100, 104– 5, 112, 188n10 113, 138, 144, 147– 48, 177– 78, relation to Hegel, 116, 118 181– 82 on rights, 116 double redemption, 104– 6 on self- understanding, 83, 88, 116– on education, 44, 94, 94–95, 134, 154 17, 118, 140 on emotions, 37– 38, 41– 42, 77, 108, species essence, 10, 82– 84, 101, 102, 120– 21, 125, 148, 150, 151, 177 108– 9, 111– 12 on hatred, 120– 21 on well- being, 14– 15, 158– 59 on human nature, 48, 64– 65, 109, See also ethics; and individual works 151– 52, 156, 158, 175, 179– 80, meaningfulness, 14, 38, 39, 40, 81– 82, 180– 81 83, 84, 85, 98, 126, 128, 145, 152– on identity (Latin American), 35– 36, 56, 160, 175, 180 38, 41, 62, 71, 107– 8, 142– 43 Mello, Selton, 17, 18, 36 Index ● 213

Mercado, Manuel, 93 Obama, Barrack, 54 Merton, Thomas, 81, 92, 94, 97, 102, objectivity, 4, 74– 76, 84– 85, 86, 87, 106, 116, 117, 136– 37, 141, 151, 126, 145, 155– 56, 157– 58, 170, 160, 161, 173, 174, 178, 179, 180 186n13 Mészáros, Istvan, 43, 91, 92 See also ethics; knowledge, nature of Mill, John Stuart, 24, 40, 90, 100 O’Connor, Flannery, 141, 143 Mills, Charles, 25– 26, 106, 127 On the Jewish Question (Karl Marx), 82, Mills, Claudia, 24– 25 101 Minà, Gianni, 27, 34, 45, 66– 67, 77, Operation Carlota, 49, 50 127, 142, 156, 159 Organisation for Economic Cooperation Moncada Barracks, 72, 138 and Development (OECD), 31 Montecristi Manifesto (José Martí), 10, Organization of American States (OAS), 41, 107, 114, 145, 151 19, 26, 32, 54 Montejo, Estevan. See Biography of a Ortiz, Sister Diana, 34 Runaway Slave Orwell, George, 12, 75, 116, 117, 164, 168 Morales, Evo, 56, 139 “Our America” (José Martí), 8, 10, 11, moral incentives. See agency; Guevara, 12, 18, 19, 28, 35, 36, 44, 69, 70, Ernesto “Che” 86, 87, 95, 99, 100, 107, 112, 121, 130, 134, 143, 149, 151, 165, 180, morality. See ethics 182, 183 moral reasons. See agency oyster metaphor, 29, 74, 79, 95, 178 Morrison, Toni, 59– 60, 79, 129–30, 135 motivation. See agency Palestinians, 67, 127, 128 MPLA. See People’s Movement for the Pasolini, Pier Paulo, 105 Liberation of Angola paternalism, 23, 89 “My Verses” (José Martí), 104, 105, 148, Paul, Saint. See Badiou, Alain 177, 178 Pausch, Randy, 98 Paz, Senel, 185n2 Nagel, Thomas, 58 Peled, Miko. See The General’s Son Namibia, 50, 51, 52, 53, 68 People’s Movement for the Liberation of naming. See Freire, Paulo; kinds Angola (MPLA), 47, 49, 51 Narayan, Deepa, 10, 153, 155 Petras, James, 65 national integrity. See “Political Prison in philosophical liberalism. See liberalism Cuba” Plan Integral de Salud, 55 naturalistic realism. See knowledge, polemicists. See Cuban philosophical nature of polemic nature of ideas, 103, 105 “Political Prison in Cuba” (José Martí), See also kinds; knowledge, nature of 108, 121– 23, 158 Neto, Agostinho, 47, 49, 50 Posada Carriles, Luís, 135 Newton, Isaac, 9, 30, 44, 100 positive and negative freedom. See nonpersons, 87, 119, 140, 143, 160 freedom normativity. See agency positivism. See knowledge, nature of North Atlantic philosophy, 7, 38, 89 Prieto, Abel, 63 North , 51 projectibility, 9, 67 Nzegwu, Nkiru, x, 26, 69, 74, 129, 173 See also institutions 214 ● Index

“Prologue to Juan Antonio Pérez Sen, Amartya, 14, 42, 87, 127, 158– 60, Bonalde’s Poem of Niagara” (José 163 Martí), 5– 6, 6, 28, 29, 35, 39, 40, Shoemaker, Sydney, 129 99, 109, 111, 138, 151, 171, 179, Sidgwick, Henry, 23, 90 180, 181, 182, 183 Somoza, Anostasio, 54 Pupo Pupo, Rigoberto, ix, 188n3 Sophie’s Choice (William Styron), 24– 25 Putnam, Hilary, 9, 22, 30, 44, 123, 157, South African Defense Forces (SADF), 170 50, 68 South West Africa People’s Organization quiet, 97– 98, 102, 150, 187n2 (SWAPO), 51, 68 Quine, W. V. O., 7, 28, 85, 99, 124 , 47, 51, 61, 71, 75 Spain, 5, 27, 97, 121, 122, 132, 182 Radio Martí, 132 special period, 31, 32 Rahnema, Majid, 154 species consciousness. See Marx, Karl: Railton, Peter, 57, 84, 141 species essence Rawls, John, 23, 78, 90, 143 speech to medical workers, 1960 (Ernesto Reagan, Ronald, 53, 68– 69 “Che” Guevara), 183 Reed, Gail, 21 subjectivity, 4, 92, 106, 176 reflective equilibrium, 143 Sweig, Julia, 31, 39, 185n4 Retamar, Roberto, 36, 145 rhinoceritis, 160– 62, 168, 169, 170, 180 Taylor, Charles, 6, 13, 28– 29, 30, 39, Rich, Adrienne, 69, 157– 58 48, 82, 104, 106– 7, 109, 110, 113, Rodríguez, Pedro Pablo, 5, 6, 10, 39, 40, 148, 156, 172 41, 62, 127 Torres- Cuevas, Eduardo, 3, 84, 88, 93, Rodríguez Calderón, Mirta, 115, 136 126, 130, 148, 173 Rushton, Mark, 31, 43, 65, 185n4 To the Left of the Father (Luis Fernando Carvalho, dir.), 13, 17– 18, 20– 21, Sanchez de Losada, Gónzalo, 139 34, 35, 36, 44– 45 Saney, Isaac, 34, 47, 48, 50, 52, 72 Tshombe, Moise, 49 Saramago, José, 29– 30 twenty- first- century socialism, 44, 147 Sartre, Jean- Paul, 42– 43, 78– 79, 91– 92, 97, 121, 122, 140, 160, 166 United Nations, 50, 52, 142 Savimbi, Jonas, 51, 53, 68 United Nations Human Development science, 5, 6, 22, 27, 66, 89 Index (UNHDI), 14, 78 philosophy of, 4, 28, 37, 84– 86, 91, universalism, 12, 105, 163, 176 112, 124– 26, 150, 152– 53, 157, universality, 58 170, 176, 188n10 universals. See kinds See also Einstein, Albert; Martí, José Searle, John, 19– 20, 40, 59, 60, 63, 70, Vanier, Jean, 144, 182 85, 130, 160, 185n7 Varela y Morales, Félix, 3– 5, 8, 11, 12, Second Declaration of Havana, 143– 44 36, 66, 67, 83, 85– 86, 88– 89, 90, Segrest, Mab, 125, 166 93, 94, 98, 102, 110, 126, 147, self- knowledge, 64– 65, 70, 73, 79, 86, 148, 173, 176 92, 106, 109, 119, 161, 171– 75 See also Luz y Caballero, José de la Index ● 215

Veltmeyer, Henry, 10, 31, 43, 65, 153, white supremacy, 127 154, 185n4 Wilde, Oscar, 21 verificationism, 8 Wilson, Robert A., x, 7, 62, 85 See also knowledge, nature of “With All, for the Good of All” (José Vietnam War, 2 Martí), 41– 42, 99, 145 Vitier, Cintio, ix, 4, 12, 28, 35, 39, 71, Wolfe, Virginia, 99– 100 77, 88, 93, 94, 95, 102, 123, 123– Wood, Allen, x, 4, 13, 36, 44, 82, 83, 88, 24, 134, 151, 176, 188n12 102, 103, 108, 116, 141, 187n1 Vitier, Medardo, 8 World Bank, 32, 34, 155, 172 Wretched of the Earth (Frantz Fanon), 79, wall of names, 47– 48 122, 166 “Wandering Teachers” (José Martí), 30, 42, 43, 44, 64, 73, 77, 103, 138, “Yoke and the Star, The” (José Martí), 154, 179, 182– 83 96– 97, 104, 137 War on Democracy (John Pilger, dir.), 33– 34 Washington Consensus, 31, 98 Zaire, 11, 104 Webber, Jeffrey, 3 Zinn, Howard, 2