Landscape Types and Regional Identity – by Example of Case Study in Northwest Bohemia Jiří Anděl*, Martin Balej, Ladislav Bobr

Original Article 81

Landscape types and regional identity – by example of case study in Northwest Bohemia Jiří Anděl*, Martin Balej, Ladislav Bobr

J. E. Purkyně University, Faculty of Science, Department of Geography, Czechia * Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT The study examines the relationship of the inhabitants of socially and geographically distinct areas (regions) of Czechia and their relation to regional identity. That is understood as identifying oneself with the region where the inhabitants live, however, we also examine the relationship to hierarchically differing territorial levels. The research was conducted at a regional level, by means of a questionnaire survey, demographic and sociological analyses. Four regions are defined in the study, according to the nature of their environment (devastated, recreational, suburban, and landscape types). The study monitored the population’s identification with a region, or regions of higher orders (NUTS, Czechia, EU, etc.). It was found that the type of landscape has an important role for regional identity, together with some other socio-economic and cultural aspects of the population. The research results have generally confirmed the hypothesis about the impact of selected variables on regional identity. However, the hypothesis about the impact of the natives has not been fully confirmed. The highest values of the identification with the region have been detected in agricultural and suburban landscapes. The devastated landscape turned out to be the worst. When monitoring the hierarchy, it is possible to see the decrease of identity with a growing scale. Therefore, Europe and the EU ended up being the worst. The research is carried out on the example of Northwest Bohemia – Ústí Region, which represents a significantly differentiated space with different types of landscape.

KEYWORDS region; regional identity; landscape; population; Northwest Bohemia – Ústí Region

Received: 30 January 2018 Accepted: 4 May 2019 Published online: 10 June 2019

Anděl, J., Balej, M., Bobr, L. (2019): Landscape types and regional identity – by example of case study in Northwest Bohemia. AUC Geographica 54(1), 81–91 https://doi.org/10.14712/23361980.2019.8

© 2019 The Authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). 82 Jiří Anděl, Martin Balej, Ladislav Bobr

1. Introduction am I”, “where do I belong”, “who do I differ from”, etc. One of the personal identity components is also Formation of regional identity depends on a whole regional identity, i.e. the relationship between people series of factors. These factors relate to the region and the place they live or lived in (Zich 2003; Paasi where the person lives. The type of landscape can 1991, 2009). Regional identity particularly answers play an important role, together with the socio-eco- the question “where do I belong?” it implies identi- nomic and cultural characteristics of population in the - a place, and in the strict meaning “what I consider to ty or religiosity. In this article, the authors focus atten- befication home”. with This the relationship territory, “putting can take down various roots” forms, in region. Examples include education, economic activi from a strong relationship demonstrated by inter- They want to answer questions such as: Do the rural vention to improve the appearance of the territory, to residentstion on proving identify or withdisproving the region the existing more than connection. the residents of urban territories? What negative role does be a place, which does not connect them to their own the devastated landscape have? Is regional identity afuture, weak relationship,and which they when want individuals to leave find(Kasala a region 2006). to affected by the educational attainment of the popula- In terms of regional identity, the region is a ter- tion? In the article we deal with hierarchic dimension of regional identity. Our point of interest is wheth- obvious that such a region will vary in different peo- er the urbanized population has a greater sense of ple’sritory, minds, which and an it individualmay not be isthe identified same as administra with. It is- belonging to the state or to the European Union than the rural population. it is mostly “about the historically formed territorial Regional identity is understood as perception of unitstively characterizeddefined units. byAccording the relative to Zich boundaries (2003, p. (per 22),- the people in a particular territory or a region with ception of national borders), its own history, partly the natural environment and culture in a region that composition of the population”. Each of these and isits different specific fromcharacteristics. the others (TuanFor example, 1996). Forit concerns shaping otherby its specificcharacteristics culture, (economic and last but development, not least the transsocial- - port accessibility, ecology, landscape type, aesthetic ships are of great importance, and they strictly have appearance, etc.) can be other partial dimensions of toand include forming identity. of regional This identity,is because the the specific individuals relation or groups of individuals can understand it well. After region also has its name, which is used in everyday that, cultural, national, political, etc. identity can be communication,regional identity, andor at it least usually they does can influencenot match it. with The shaped (Castells 1997). the territory of the administrative units (Semian, The personal identity shows their relationship to the surroundings. It has a pluralistic character, this means that it relates to a variety of objects and sub- Chromý 2014). Zich further mentions two aspects - isof alsoidentification described withas the the material territory. base. Firstly, Secondly, it is itthe is ners, cultures, but also to a variety of events, and the identification with the physical environment, which physicaljects, for environmentexample to individuals, (Kyle et al. groups, 2004). Withvalues, its man own territory. The Research of Walker and Ryan (2008) identity a person responds to questions like “what the identification with the social environment of the

confirms these facts. They are talking about making

Fig. 1 Regional identity dimension. Source: By A. Paasi (1986, p. 132) Landscape types and regional identity 83 an attachment to places which could satisfy our needs - and life goals. Regional identity also includes the peo- mous character with a high consumption of resourc- ple living in the territory, their ways of life, institu- and capital construction), and significantly autono tions, organisations, their culture, history, etc. As it resultedes and devastating in disruption effects of on the the continuity environment of natural(Anděl, development,Jeřábek, Oršul áincreasek 2004). inThese heterogeneity dynamic changes of the terri have- higheris specified territorial further, units these (macroregions). two aspects have This different idea is tory, and the disruption of regional identity. notlevels – from new for geographers, their own residenceit is referred (microregion) to as hierarchi to- The following types of landscape have been selected: a) agricultural type, where you can theoretically systems (Hampl 2000; Lewicka 2011). assume a distinct regional identity (or its current cal levels (or scale), and developmental complexity of - approach of the Finnish regional geographer Ans- enced by the departure of German-speaking popula- si PaasiChrom (seeý (2003),Fig. 1), cites who Paasi applies in his the work: theoretical “We can strengthening); b) recreational area, intensely influ understand the territorial identity as originality, uni- - ty and conformity, and in particular harmony in the tion after World War II (Bičík et al. 2010; Houžvička,- tial),Novotn c) ýthe 2007), suburban and by type the on subsequent the periphery lack ofof asettle large moment (time).” Furthermore, he uses the term “iden- mentcity, d) (cottages devastated have (industrial) a significant type, recreational where a potensignif- behaviourtity of the region”, of the population which is the in samea territory within at the a specific mean- icant loss of regional identity took place during the ing of territorial identity. In general it can be said that second half of the 20th century (the area of intensive this approach to the topic is more objectivistic. There mining of brown coal).

- social analysis, there were some case studies done essaryis no longer to be studiedsuch an with emphasis an emphasis on the onidentification a personal forOn the the case basis study of landscape. a field survey, Those demographic include the eval and- view,of people but thewith research the territory. focuses The on identification the observable is nec dif- uation of geographical location, natural potential ferences from the surrounding regions. That means (geomorphology, hydrological potential, environmental resources), the historical potential (historical memory, regional symbolism, typical landscapes andit is Paasi’sresearch work of what include we e.g.can abe symbolic identified shape with, of andthe and buildings earlier and now, historical and cultur- how the region has evolved. The key words of Chromý- al monuments, etc.), the demographic potential (age tutionalisation of the region. - region (Semian, Chromý, Kučera 2016), and the insti dimension of regional identity, and he also divided index, the percentage of college students, religiosi identityChrom intoý (2003) a subjective developed and an thisobjective theory level. on The the socio-economicty, the year of maximum potential (productionnumber of inhabitants, tradition, work the subjective level includes the opinions of inhabitants andpopulation business development opportunities, index unemployment 1950/1930, etc.); and theits and individuals living outside the region, and there- development, job mobility, transport accessibility). fore it is all about regional awareness. The objective The case studies also include an interpretation of level includes structuring on the basis of different sci- the questionnaire investigation results. The investi-

Each region has its own image, and it is perceived by the awareness of local residents (for more detail see entific disciplines (commuting, physical geography). gation demonstrated how the region is reflected in also shaped in different ways. Nevertheless, every regionindividuals should in havetheir its specific name (Semianway each 2016), time, aand symbol it is 2016.Anděl, For Balej, each Raška case et study al. 2014). landscape there were 100 completedThe survey questionnaires was conducted gathered. during In the addition years 2015– to the - - or a logo of the region (Šifta, Chromý 2017), political versity rate, religiosity), the respondents were asked power, offices, cultural areas, and other less impor howidentification long they questions had lived (age, in the gender, region, occupation, and which uni of tant specifics (Heřmanová, Chromý et al. 2009). the territorial units they could most identify with 2. Methodological notes Europe). From a total of 12, some questions involved Current problems with the stability of the population (microregion, Ústi Region, Czechia, European Union, are just one of the consequences of earlier develop- region, and things that the residents could be proud ment with a major negative impact on the economic for example typical elements that symbolize the preferences (mining industry, power engineering, and chemistry). Orientation towards heavy industry (as of (Šifta, Chromý 2014). - 3. Case study landscapes cial sectors has led to an increase in energy require- ments.a base for There an armoury) was a tendency at the expense to create of athe closed commer sec- toral cycle with crosslinks and deliveries (lignite - mining, power industry, chemicals, transportation icThe activities Ústí Region related is situated to the naturalin Northwest potential Bohemia. (brown It is characterized by a specific landscape and econom 84 Jiří Anděl, Martin Balej, Ladislav Bobr

Fig. 2 The researched area in relation to administrative units of Czechia. Author: Bobr (2017). Data source: Arc ČR 500. Projection: Albers

Fig. 3 Landscape types – evolution of population 1950/1930. Source: Czech Statistical Office (2006) – Český statistický úřad (2006)

Tab. 1 Landscape types – selected socio-economic characteristics 2011.

Landscape type Indicator Agricultural Recreational Suburban Devastated Natives (%) 35 18 25 41 University rate (%) 5 5 9 2 Religiosity (%) 11 8 11 3 Net migration 7 18 3 –2 Source: SLDB (2011) Landscape types and regional identity 85 coal mining, energetic, glass production, etc.). It has regional identity development is supposed; d) Bílina differenced geographic position. Mainly we can see - a distinct degradation of the landscape, which lost its tains are considered as peripheral location together regionalregion – a identity representative during the of thesecond devastated half of the type 1920s, with withexposed rest coreof the position south-western of the Labepart of River. the region Ore Moun (Hav- The demarcation is based on merged LAU 2 units and - positionand where is you shown cannot in Fig.possibly 2. The expect observed its renaissance. microre- sivelíček, protected Chromý, Jančareasák, such Marada as national 2008). A parks landscape or pro is- characterized by different landscape types and exten both from the perspective of the landscape with its gions are characterized by their specific features tected2008). landscapeFrom historic areas, point which of extendview, entire over aterritory third of The conditions of geographical location are different. thegoes region through area very (Kučera, turbulent Kučerov moderná-Kuldov development.á, Chromý Whilehistorical the context,suburban and and residents devastated with region their activities. occupies There was a post-war eviction of the Germans and the core position (with a good accessibility to the the following resettlement in the Sudetenland. Reset- higher centres, and links to the transport network), tlement was mostly commenced from the inner parts the other two localities represent a peripheral areas. of Czechia. There was a noticeable disturbance of the Natural potential for the formation of regional environment due to coal mining and the subsequent - generation of electricity in thermal power plants ed. A common characteristic is a diverse altitude level during the communist era. Because of this develop- identity is ambiguous and significantly differentiat ment the region belonges to a parts of Czechia, which had achieved the greatest changes in the landscape Thearound land 500 cover m, withis differentiated the exception similarly. of the agricultural While the between 1948 and 1990. devastatedregion (where and the agricultural landscape contourstype have are a relatively flatter). The nomenclature and the characteristics of all balanced share of forest areas to arable land, the rec- four case study landscapes (see Fig. 2) are based on an reational type is represented by forests 10 times more. - the arable land is almost missing (0.2%). The recre- Míchalexpert assessment2003). The ofbenchmarking the secondary of landscape units has struc been ationalThe suburban type has type the of highest landscape natural has itspotential own specific; out of establishedture – land use to allow (Kolejka comparison 2014; Sklenička with other 2003; entities Löw, in Czechia or in the world. The key indicators were the territory of Bohemian Switzerland National Park that number of inhabitants and the predominant function coversall the 51%explored of the microregions. territory. The Inrock particular, cities are itdistinct is the of the territory. To demarcate areas to comparable units, the merged cadastral area was used. In particular, the following regions were included: a) the Saaz geomorphicNatural potential landmarks is here.closely A specific related potential with potential is also forrepresented tourism. byThis Česk couldá Kamenice be also Riverseen andfrom its view gorge. of has probably held its regional identity during devel- the growing share of the tertiary sector in employ- region – representative of the agricultural type that recreational type of territory, but with “institutionally (Bína 2010), one can speak of the polarization of the attached”opment; b) landscape Jetřichovice within region – representative the Protected Landscape of the ment of the regions. In the case of the Ústí region Area of Elbe Sandstones, or more precisely Bohemian and agricultural region is in a low-potential area. ItEast–West is given bothregion by (highest–lowest). the territory (character) The devastated and by the absence of attractiveness (see the methodology Switzerland National Park; c) Vaňov region (southern according to Bína 2010). The recreational region as part of Ústí nad Labem, localized along the valley of Labe River– represents the suburban type where the

Fig. 4 Landscape types – unemployment 2001 and 2011 (%). Source: SLDB – Population and Housing Census (2001, 2011) 86 Jiří Anděl, Martin Balej, Ladislav Bobr whole is situated in the average region of Czechia in scope of tourism potential, but it is above average at A typical crop for Saaz area is primarily a world-fa- local levels. It is mainly due to natural attractions. mousFig. 4), variety exceeding of hops 17% (Saaz for thehops). agricultural Job mobility areas. of The last suburban region lies in the above-average area, because it combines the presence of cultural the result of a strategic plan for the development of attractions along with the natural landscape of the thecitizens town has of Saaz,decreased in which significantly, the municipal which authorities is mainly hills situated nearby. try to support small businesses. At the same time, the unemployment decreases. theThe suburban core areas type, lostand significantly28% of them smallerin the devastated amounts of population – only 12% of the inhabitants lived in 4. Results population was reduced to a third in the peripheral andregions the betweenrecreational the region,years 1930–1950. and to a half However, in the agri the- The public opinion survey took place during the sem- cultural region (see Fig. 3). Here, of course, nation- inar of students of the Department of Geography, Fac- al diversity played a part, at least in the case of the industrial (now heavily devastated) type, where the in autumn of 2015 and 2016. It provides quite an inte- percentage of Germans was “only” 54%. On the con- gratedulty of Sciencecollection at Janof information Evangelista Purkyněabout the University, opinions trary, only one Czech family lived in the suburban type of local populations. For each region were collected of landscape in 1930. The low proportion of natives (see Tab. 1), low gender and educational structure of the respondents, religiosity and low education work against the forma- the100 questionnaires. survey is to be regarded Due to as the representative size of the regions,(Tab. 2). tion of the sense of belonging to a region. Low level of The respondents can give relevant indications about the locations because 70% of them have lived here Especially in the recreational type it was reduced to more than 10 years, and they also have an immedi- anatives half. The compounded reason is probablybetween thehigh years migration 2001–2011. relat- ate and long-term possibility to perceive individual ed to a very high-quality environment. A particular events in their region (Tab. 3). advantage is the increase of population with a uni- The hierarchy of regional identity (see Tab. 4) is versity degree, especially for the suburbanized areas, aligned with the territory at different hierarchical and the growth of population in peripheral locations thanks to the high migration connected with favour- and Europe) in the 4 types of landscape mentioned able living conditions. On the contrary, the number above.levels (microregion, The highest values NUTS 4,of Ústí regional Region, identity Czechia, are EU, in of residents is decreasing in the devastated region, the smallest territorial units, i.e. microregions. This is where the conditions are very adverse. primarily due to the fact that small units are closer to identity than the large ones. It is also demonstrated the suburbanized region, is high unemployment (see by the values for the EU, which has a weak regional The most serious problem, with the exception of Tab. 2 Landscape types – structure of respondents 2013 (%).

Landscape type Indicator Agricultural Recreational Suburban Devastated Women (%) 49 52 63 47 Age 25–44 years (%) 22 48 38 29 University rate (%) 5 15 14 6 Natives (%) 36 26 72 46 Working at place of 30 38 45 42 residence (%) Source: Investigation of the Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkyně University, Ústí nad Labem

Tab. 3 Landscape types – length of life in the place of residence 2013 (%).

Landscape type Indicator Agricultural Recreational Suburban Devastated Natives (%) 36 26 72 46 Over 10 years citizens 37 41 19 35 Between 2–9 years citizens 22 26 8 12 Between 0–1 years citizens 5 7 1 7 Source: Investigation of the Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkyně University, Ústí nad Labem Landscape types and regional identity 87

Tab. 4 Landscape types – hierarchy of regional identity 2013 (%).

NUTS 1 NUTS NUTS 4 Landscape type Europe EU MICROREGION Czechia Ústí Region DISTRICT Agricultural 13 1 28 16 14 28 Recreational 13 7 23 18 21 18 Suburban 12 6 21 19 19 23 Devastated 17 8 23 17 13 22 Source: Investigation of the Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkyně University, Ústí nad Labem

- landscape has the highest identity, since here there are as about connections between the type of landscape certainidentity. traditions In the context that are of theheld region, close bythe the agricultural people. It andFigure regional 6 shows identity the withexistence the selected of at least variables. general ideThe is primarily about the relationship to the land. In con- - trast, the smallest values of identity are to be found in the devastated landscape, where the residents cannot variables included the indicators, which may influence tothe these formation studies, of weregional chose identity the following (Heřmanov indicaá-, a peripheral area, where there is no such proportion Chromtors. Asý foret al. natural 2009; potential,Chromý, Jan it ůis 2003). assumed With that refer the ofcreate the regionalindigenous identity population, to such the an extent.so-called It is“deni also- region with higher potential will have stronger region- zens”. Within the district, the recreational landscape al identity, similarly to the territory with a higher per- has the highest values, which may be due to the fact centage of natives, university degree holders and the that in this type of landscape residents live tempo- Walker and Ryan (2008, p. 143) in their paper. They often very strong. These are often the cottagers, who alsoreligious. present The a hypothesisInfluence of that natives attachment is confirmed to a place by arerarily, closely and theirconnected identification with the withregion the (they territory stay inis grows with time. For migration, the situation is incon- the building where their ancestors lived). These peo- sistent. However, it seems the regions with a positive ple can identify with this place, and they feel a part migration balance could create conditions for strong- of it (Lewicka 2011; Lokocz et al. 2011). Within the er regional identity in the territory. The variables territory of Czechia, the suburban landscape has the were obtained from the data of the population census highest values of regional identity. This is due to the 2011 (see Tab. 1). The value of the natural potential fact that residents feel the closest to the place of their residence and the surrounding area, which is repre- the basis of data from the case studies (see the meth- sented by the urban and suburban zone. On the oth- odologicalwas established part). by the five-member expert group on er hand, the devastated landscape has the smallest values again. Within the EU, as mentioned earlier, regional identity reaches negligible values, but the 5. Discussion highest values are in the countryside, where many people from the EU go on holiday. As far as the whole Natural potential has an important role in the cho- of Europe, the values are very similar, and the differ- ences are very slight. could be seen relatively strong regional identity in - sen types of landscape. Where it is significant, there ferentiated by age of the respondents (see Fig. 5). In Population of devastated lands shows a low degree of theIdentification youngest age group,with the under region 24 years,is significantly the respond dif- theidentity, population according (Fialov to assumptions.á, Chromý, Kučera et al. 2010). ents feel themselves the most to be the inhabitants The largest proportion of natives is situated in agricultural and devastated landscapes, as was assumed. Agricultural landscape is a traditional landscape and theof Czechia respondents and the identify Ústí Region, themselves and thewith least the ofEuro the- especially older generations have lived here for a life- European Union. Category 25–44 is fairly balanced, time, similarly with the devastated region. Another feel to belong to the place of residence the most, and factor that affects a portion of natives is low mobil- thepean least Union to thethe Europeanleast. Respondents Union again. aged A 45–64similar years situ- ity and education of inhabitants in this region. This ation is in the category of over 65 years, whose mem- could be seen in Tab. 2. Agricultural and devastated bers feel to be the citizens of their place of residence; regions have less than half of people with university then the case study region, and Czechia. Age structure degree compared to the other two studied regions. If the people from these regions wanted to change their with the area where they live, and they feel to be areflects part of that their older residence. respondents The respondents are more accustomed of younger encountered barriers. These restrains take form of age groups feel more to be a part of larger territorial lowliving sale space value and of movetheir estatefor example or low toeducation. the city, Boththey units, such as Czechia or the Ústí Region. of these examples make it harder or impossible for an 88 Jiří Anděl, Martin Balej, Ladislav Bobr

Fig. 5 Landscape types – total number of respondents who expressed a local sentiment according to age groups 2013. Source: Investigation of the Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkyně University, Ústí nad Labem

Fig. 6 Landscape types – relation between regional identity and its variables 2013. Author: Bobr (2017). Data source: Arc ČR 500. Projection: Albers Landscape types and regional identity 89 inhabitant to move to a more perspective area. The smallest values of regional identity are achieved by the recreational landscape, where the people stay predominantly for a temporary period and the local population is only a few of them. We can see the link between the natives’ indicator and the regional identity for agricultural landscape, but this does not apply in the case of the devastated landscape. Regional identity has the lowest value here, especially because of original landscape and caused the resettlement of the indigenousthe extensive population mining areas in some that havecases. transformed This disturbed the close relationship to the region. theResearch original showed social structure – newcomers an important role of the have level no of education, which is assessed by the proportion of

Fig. 7 Peripheral areas in Ústí Region by Musil, Müller 2008. Population with higher education has a deeper rela- universitytionship to graduates regional identity. (Chrom Thisý, Semian, could Kučerabe seen 2014). in the Source: Bobr (2017) by Musil, Müller (2008) suburbanised landscape (Fig. 6). In a similar way, reli- gious people have higher relationship to the region. that the agricultural and devastated regions will be Highest religiosity is in the agricultural and suburban in decline or an area with aging population. The other type of landscape where the regional identity is also two regions have better position due to their location the highest. Migration balance is manifested mostly - in recreational landscapes that attract the inhabitants dent in the recreational region (see Fig. 6), which is both with their tourism and natural potential. On the essentiallyand proximity based to onthe migration larger cities. and naturalMost will potential. be evi other hand, the lowest migration balance is in devastated region, because there is nothing to pull people to region, because it lacks the base of native population those places. This type of landscape is not very attrac- (seeWithout Fig. 6).them, it would be an insignificant declining tive to tourists or new inhabitants and has low natural The fall in unemployment in 2011 (see Fig. 4) can potential. Suburbanized and agricultural lands have be attributed to continuous transformation, strategic planning, activities of local actors and state / EU sub- as in devastated or recreational regions. The nature of sidy policy. The impacts of the global economic crisis the migrationsame mean balance value, thusbecause coincides there arewith no the extremes natural efforts mentioned above. et al. 2014). areFigure also reflected 5 shows inchanges the results in the as younger it works respond against- potentialWe found of the that territory factors, (closer which workto Anděl, against Balej, forming Raška ents and their bonds with the regions. This shift from of belonging to the region, are low share of natives, a local level to a higher hierarchical unit can be inter- religiosity and education (see Tab. 1). The lowest - proportion of natives has been observed at recrea- tion and open state boundaries. The current genera- tional region and deepened between census years tionpreted does through not have greater the limited flexibility opportunity of current to genera travel, work, and the borders are only a formality thanks to dropped to half. The reason is probably high migra- foreign policy. This fact contributes to some indeci- tion2001–2011. related Thisto a hightype reportsquality environment.that natives’ population A certain siveness in the young generation questioning “Where positive development is the increase of the population do I belong?”. As the people have free opportunity to with university education, especially in the case of the travel and work around the EU, they have built rela- suburbanized type, and the growth of the inhabitants tionship to larger scale units (see Fig. 5). This rela- in peripheral areas (see Fig. 7), due to high migration tionship develops through age. Older people try to related to favourable living conditions. On the contra- settle down, thus they start to build their bonds to ry, the populations in the devastated region are declin- smaller territorial units. ing, because the conditions are very unfavourable. Figure 4 shows that unemployment is a major issue in the monitored areas. This is due to the pre- 6. Conclusion al. 2010), which has created a structurally affected The study is concerned with changes in regional iden- viousregion historical (coal mining). development Another of problem the region is (Bičíkthat our et tity of inhabitants living in different types of landscapes, and it also tries to connect the observed top- areas (Musil, Müller 2008). This affects their attrac- tivenessmonitored for regions the inhabitants. (except suburban) It is therefore are peripheral logical regime, joining the European Union). Czechia could ics with a wider historical context (change of political 90 Jiří Anděl, Martin Balej, Ladislav Bobr

To start or keep up with area development is impact due to the events in borderland at the end of important to aim at strong sides of regions. All sur- Worldserve asWar example II. Aftermath in studies of these of people following displacement events can veyed locations have advantage of good transport con- still be felt to present day. Newcomers have to build nectivity, which is elemental for current global society. relationship to new landscape but the process was When landscape planning, a negative intervention in broken due the rise of Communist Party regime which nature has to be avoided, because it could lower the began with collectivisation. The onset of capitalism at attractiveness for free time activity as whole. Recrea- the end of 80s brings another problem with returning tional areas natural landscape is often the only thing land to individual people. There was the same prob- which attracts people to go there. lem at the end of World War II. When government The analysis of the hierarchy of regional identity started returning land to the original owners before provides interesting results. For all types of land- collectivisation, many of them were simply too old or scapes, we can say that the relationship to our own dead and their posterity lived in different milieu to region is strong. In the agricultural and suburban take care of returned land. Those events were draw- landscape, it is the strongest. Then it is the sense of back for people’s relationship to those places and belonging to Czechia. In the recreational landscape, reduced their regional identity to almost nothing, if the sense of belonging to the district is stronger than they even bothered to come back. It has been proven to the region. The devastated landscape has generally that the type of landscape has an important role, as the weakest regional identity. In all of the case study well as some social and economic aspects of people territories, the relationship to the EU and Europe, the - largest territorial units, is marginal. In the case of the ple by Kasala (2006) or Raagmaa (2002). agricultural landscape it is most obvious. This is due livingThe there. highest Similar value results of regional were obtained identity forhas exam been to the fact that people are not directly related to these - units. They do not have to be concerned with them scape. This result supports the hypothesis of Brown because they are outside their area of interest, and identified in the agricultural and the suburban land beyond their everyday needs. in creation of the attachment to a place. They also The results further illustrate the fact that the claimand Raymond that nature (2007) along about the studied the influence roads has of helpednature rate of population’s feeling of belonging to a region to improve the attachment to a place (Brown, Ray- offers the potential for forming a vision for develop- mond 2007, p. 108). These case study territories have the highest proportion of religiosity, and the highest, including geographically differentiated relationship respectively mean proportion values of natives; medi- ment. This vision should reflect regional specificities,- um, respectively the highest proportion of undergraduates; and medium intensity of the natural potential 2011;to the Gobstercountryside et al. where 2007). people In the livelongstanding (Chromý, weakSem and migration balance. The recreational landscape has orian, peripheral Kučera 2014; areas, Walker, people alsoRyan recognize 2008; Lokocz factors et oth al.- the mean value of regional identity; it also has a high er than the economic values of the territory. natural potential and migration balance; medium intensity of undergraduates and religiosity, but a low proportion of natives. This could be caused by repeat- References ed visits to that place. Kyle et al. (2004) points out the effect of addiction to a place. He has mentioned, A , J., Balej, M., R that if we visit a place very often, we could develop nděl aška, P. et al. (2014): Regionální identita stronger attachment to it (positive or negative). The Ústeckého kraje – vybrané případové studie. MINO, UJEP. Anděl,kraje. J., ActaJeřábek, Universitatis M., Oršulá Purkynianae,k, T. (2004): V 88,ývoj Studia sídelní identity depends on the observed variables of land- geographica,struktury a obyvatelstva IV. pohraničních okresů Ústeckého scaperesults potential, generally education, confirm the religiosity, hypothesis and that migratory regional

Bičík, I. et al. (2010): Vývoj využití ploch v Česku. Praha: amovements. higher proportion This hypothesis of natives was may not not confirmed result in fully the ČGS. strengtheningin the context of regionalthe share identity. of natives. The Itnatives shows don’t that Bína, J. (2010): Potenciál cestovního ruchu v České have to be necessarily perspective for the future of .uur.cz/default.asp?ID=3690.republice [závěrečná zpráva]. Brno: Ústav územního regional development, because they could stay in Brown,rozvoje G., Raymond,České republiky C. (2007): [cit. The2017-01-16], relationship http://www between declining region due to their age or low mobility. In place attachment and landscape values: Toward mapping most cases the newcomers are wealthier and young- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2006.11.002. er. They appreciate natural landscape in same way as C place attachment. Applied Geography 27, 89–111, natives, maybe more because they mostly came from Blackwell. cityscape, where in most cases the natural landscape astells, M. (1997): The power of identity. II. Oxford: is not present. There is a higher chance that newcomers will have tendencies to protect and cultivate sur- Česk2017-03-19],ý statistický http://www.czso.cz/csu/2004edicniplanúřad (2006): Historický lexikon obcí rounding landscape (see recreational area). .nsf/p/4128-04.České republiky 1869–2005 [online]. Praha: ČSÚ [cit. Landscape types and regional identity 91

Paasi, A. (1986): The institutionalization of regions: a theoretical Framework for understanding the Fialovintroductioná, D., Chrom toý the, P., researchKučera, Z. on et the al. (2010):impact ofThe second forming emergence of regions and the constitution of regional of regional identity and identity of regions in Czechia – Gobster, P. H., Nassauer, J. I., Daniel, T. C., Fry, G. (2007): Paasi, A. (1991): Deconstructing regions: notes on the Thehousing shared and landscape: tourism, AUC what Geographica does aesthetics 45(1), have 49–60. to scalesidentity. of Fenniaspatial 164(1),life. Environment 105–146. and Planning A 23,

Paasi, A. (2009): The resurgence of the ‘Region’ and Hampl,do with M. (2000):ecology? Reality, Landscape Society Ecology and Geographical/ 22(7), 959–972, ‘Regional239–256. Identity’: theoretical perspectives and Environmentalhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-007-9110-x. Organization: Searching for an Integrated empirical observations on regional dynamics in Europe. Order. Department of Social Geography and Regional Development, Charles University in Prague, Faculty doi.org/10.1017/S0260210509008456. of Science, Prague, 112 pp. Raagmaa,Review G. of (2002): International Regional Studies identity 35, in121–146, regional https:// C development and planning. European Planning Studies Innere und äußere Peripherie am Beispiel Tschechiens. Havlíček,Mitteilungen T., hrom derý ,Ö P.,sterreichischen Jančák, V., Marada, Geographischen M. (2008): 10(1), 55–77. SLDBDostupné – Sčítání z: liduhttps://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/ekonomicka domů a bytů (2001): Ekonomická Gesellschaft 150, 299–316. aktivita obyvatelstva [online]. Praha: ČSÚ [cit. 2017-01-16]. Heřmanová, E., Chromý, P. et al. (2009): Kulturní regiony a geografie kultury: kulturní reálie a kultura v regionech pohlaví-aktivita-obyvatelstva-2001-2xolmf0veo. a podle ekonomické aktivity v obci [online]. Česka. Praha: ASPI. SLDB – Sčítání lidu domů a bytů (2011): Obyvatelstvo podle Houžvička, V., Novotný, L., eds. (2007): Otisky historie .czso.cz/sldbvo/#!stranka=podle-tematu&tu=0&th v regionálních identitách obyvatel pohraničí: =a+podle+ekonomick%C3%A9+aktivity+v+obci&v=&voPraha: ČSÚ [cit. 2017-01-16]. Dostupné z: http://vdb sebedefinice a vzájemné vnímání Čechů a Němců =null&vseuzemi=null&void=. vof přím territorialém sousedství. communities Praha: and Sociologick the potentialý ústav of the AV ČR. Chromdevelopmentý, P., Janů, ofH. peripheral(2003): Regional regions. identity, AUC Geographica activation on constructivist approaches. AUC Geographica 51(2), Semian, M. (2016): Region in its complexity: A discussion .2016.15. 38(1), 105–117. 177–186, https://doi.org/10.14712/23361980 Chromý, P. (2003): Formování regionální identity: nezbytná or a barrier in the process of regional development: součást geografických výzkumů. Geografie na cestách Semian, M., Chromý, P. (2014): Regional identity as a driver poznání. Sborník příspěvků k šedesátinám I. Bičíka. Praha: Univerzita Karlova, PřF, Katedra sociální geografie A comparison of selected European experience. Norsk aAwareness regionálního and rozvoje, Regional pp. Identity 163–178. in Czechia: Case Study .2014.961540.Geografisk Tidsskrift – Norwegian Journal of Geography Chromý, P., Semian, M., Kučera, Z. (2014): Regional 68(5), 263–270, https://doi.org/10.1080/00291951 Kasala, K. (2006): Meniaca sa identita miesta: metodika a regional brand: The case of Local Action Groups of the Bohemian Paradise. Geografie 119(3), 259–277. Semian,in Czechia. M., Chrom Journalý, P., of Kučera, Language Z. (2016): and Politics Name 15(6), as

výskumu. Geografická revue 2(2), 709–723. KKolejka,, Z.,J. (2014): K Přírodní krajiny, S., C České, republiky.P. (2008): Katalog 768–789. Landscapetypů přírodních heritage krajin. between Brno: arealMasarykova preservation univerzita. and Sklenička, P. (2003): Základy krajinného plánování. 2nd ed. učera učerová-Kuldová hromý Praha: Nakl. Naděžda Skleničková. Šifta, M., Chromý, P. (2014): Symboly a identita regionu: Kyle,areal G. et development – the al. (2004): Effects case of place of Czechia. attachment Geographia on users’ analýza vnímání přírodních symbolů oblastí s intenzivně perceptionsPolonica 81(2), of social 5–23. and environmental conditions in přeměněnou krajinou v Česku. Geografický časopis a natural setting. Journal of Environmental Psychology 66(4), 401–415. Šifta, M., Chromý, P. (2017): The importance of symbols Lewicka, M. (2011): Place attachment: How far have we in the region formation process. Norsk Geografisk come24, 213–225. in the last 40 years? Journal of Environmental .1317285.Tidsskrift – Norwegian Journal of Geography 71(2), Tuan,98–113, Y. F. (1996): http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00291951.2017 Space and Place: Humanistic Perspective, Lokocz, E., Ryan, R. L., Sadler, A. J. (2011): Motivations for (reprint). In: Agnew, J., Livingstone, D., Rogers, A.: Human Psychology 31, 207–230. - ment and rural landscape character in Massachusetts. land protection and stewardship: Exploring place attach Walker,Geography: A. J., Ryan, An EssentialR. L. (2008): Anthology. Place attachment Oxford: Blackwell, and landscape445–457. preservation in rural New England: A Maine Landscape and Urban Planning 99, 65–76. Musil,Löw, J., J., Míchal, Müller, I. J. (2003): (2008): Krajinn Inner Peripheriesý ráz. Kostelec of the nad Czech Černý mi lesy: Lesnické práce s. r. o. case study. Landscape and Urban Planning 86, 141–152. Zich, F., ed. (2003): Regionální identita obyvatel v pohraničí: Republic as a Mechanism of Social Exclusion. Czech Sborník příspěvků z konference “Evropská, národní či Sociological Review 44(2), 321–348. regionální identita?”. Praha: Sociologický ústav AV ČR.