The History of a Parish in Bohemia from 1836 to 1938
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Saxony: Landscapes/Rivers and Lakes/Climate
Freistaat Sachsen State Chancellery Message and Greeting ................................................................................................................................................. 2 State and People Delightful Saxony: Landscapes/Rivers and Lakes/Climate ......................................................................................... 5 The Saxons – A people unto themselves: Spatial distribution/Population structure/Religion .......................... 7 The Sorbs – Much more than folklore ............................................................................................................ 11 Then and Now Saxony makes history: From early days to the modern era ..................................................................................... 13 Tabular Overview ........................................................................................................................................................ 17 Constitution and Legislature Saxony in fine constitutional shape: Saxony as Free State/Constitution/Coat of arms/Flag/Anthem ....................... 21 Saxony’s strong forces: State assembly/Political parties/Associations/Civic commitment ..................................... 23 Administrations and Politics Saxony’s lean administration: Prime minister, ministries/State administration/ State budget/Local government/E-government/Simplification of the law ............................................................................... 29 Saxony in Europe and in the world: Federalism/Europe/International -
Anatomy of a Crisis
Page 7 Chapter 2 Munich: Anatomy of A Crisis eptember 28, 1938, “Black Wednesday,” dawned on a frightened Europe. Since the spring Adolf Hitler had spoken often about the Sudetenland, the western part of Czechoslovakia. Many of the 3 Smillion German-speaking people who lived there had complained that they were being badly mistreated by the Czechs and Slovaks. Cooperating closely with Sudeten Nazis, Hitler at first simply demanded that the Czechs give the German-speakers within their borders self-government. Then, he upped the ante. If the Czechs did not hand the Sudetenland to him by October 1, 1938, he would order his well-armed and trained soldiers to attack Czechoslovakia, destroy its army, and seize the Sudetenland. The Strategic Location of the Sudetenland Germany’s demand quickly reverberated throughout the European continent. Many countries, tied down by various commitments and alliances, pondered whether—and how—to respond to Hitler’s latest threat. France had signed a treaty to defend the Czechs and Britain had a treaty with France; the USSR had promised to defend Czechoslovakia against a German attack. Britain, in particular, found itself in an awkward position. To back the French and their Czech allies would almost guarantee the outbreak of an unpredictable and potentially ruinous continental war; yet to refrain from confronting Hitler over the Sudetenland would mean victory for the Germans. In an effort to avert the frightening possibilities, a group of European leaders converged at Munich Background to the Crisis The clash between Germany and Czechoslovakia over the Sudetenland had its origins in the Versailles Treaty of 1919. -
Fear and Terror: the Expulsion of Polish Jews from Saxony/Germany in October 1938 Uta Larkey Goucher College, Baltimore, MD, USA
Fear and Terror: The Expulsion of Polish Jews from Saxony/Germany in October 1938 Uta Larkey Goucher College, Baltimore, MD, USA ABSTRACT This article is a regional study that focuses on the expulsion of Jews with Polish citizenship from Saxony, mostly long-term legal residents of Germany, in the context of the so- called ‘Polenaktion’ (27–29 October 1938). The article gives a brief overview of the expulsion of Polish Jews from Germany and highlights the special circumstances in Saxony, specifically in Leipzig. The article examines the role of the local police forces in carrying out the arrests and transports to the German–Polish border. It further draws attention to the tumultuous situation near Beuthen (Bytom) where the distressed expellees were chased across the border into Polish territory. The article also traces the steps of individuals and families after their disorienting arrival in Poland. Finally it addresses the question of the ‘returnees’ – a limited number of expellees who were allowed to return to their hometowns in Germany for a short period in order to take care of their businesses, financial affairs and apartments. Highlighting Saxony as one example, this article shows that the brutal mass expulsion of Polish Jews from Germany was not only an unprecedented act of mass violence and viciousness against Jews in Germany, but also became a precursor, a ‘test case,’ for subsequent mass deportations. The Security Service of the Reichsführer-SS and the Main Office of the Security Police most likely did not have fully developed plans for mass deportations ready in October 1938. However, the Nazi authorities could draw on their experiences during the Polenaktion with regard to logistics, coordination of administrative steps and offices, panic control, intimidation, and brutality. -
In the Kingdom of Bohemia
14 października 2020 In the Kingdom of Bohemia In the Kingdom of Bohemia In the 14th century, due to the Bohemian expansion, Silesia was separated from Poland and became a part of the Crown of the Kingdom of Bohemia. In 1327, Władysław Bytomski, Duke of Koźle, and his younger brothers, Jerzy and Siemowit, were the first ones to pay homage to John the Blind, King of Bohemia. Although their father, Casimir, already paid homage to Wenceslaus II, the then-King of Bohemia, in 1289, Wenceslaus was simultaneously the ruler of Poland. At the time when Władysław paid homage to Bohemia, Poland was already ruled by Władysław Łokietek, Duke of Kujawy and Lesser Poland, who was considering coronation. As a consequence of the subordination of subsequent Silesian duchies to Bohemia, aside from being obliged to participate in war expeditions of Bohemian rulers and to appear at the court in Prague, the Silesian Piasts also had to respect the decisions made by the Bohemian king in accordance with the Bohemian law. One of such astounding decisions was made in the case of the succession of the Duchy of Koźle after the heirless death of Bolesław, Duke of Koźle and Bytom, in 1355. According to the Polish law, the duchy could be inherited only by a man, and therefore, the closest relative of Bolesław, Casimir, Duke of Cieszyn, was preparing himself to rule Koźle. However, as stated in the Bohemian law, the succession could also occur in the female line, and since the deceased Bolesław had a sister, Eufemia, the fight for the succession was joined by her husband, Duke Konrad of Oleśnica. -
The Transition of a New World Bohemia
THE TRANSITION OF A NEW-WORLD BOHEMIA^ In the years immediately following the unsuccessful revo lution of 1848, the Czechs were finding life in their native land under Austrian rule more and more unbearable. They were irked by political oppression, the economic status of the majority was deplorable, many chafed under the re quirements imposed by military service and under the reli gious intolerance of the government. After the Hussite wars of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, the defeated remnants of Hus's followers were driven into the mountainous districts of Bohemia and Moravia.^ They might have been forced to submit to the Austrian rule of church and state if the Reformation under Luther had not again aroused them to a consciousness of their religious status. For more than a hundred years all their political and religious activities took place in secret under unremit ting persecution. At the beginning of the fifties of the last century, after the hopes of the Czechs had once more been shattered, the United States immigration agents found fer tile soil for propaganda among the members of the dissatis fied sects of Hussites and Moravian Brethren. Wisconsin was then making strenuous efforts to attract settlers from northern and central Europe. Thousands of Germans were immigrating to the vicinity of Milwaukee, which became known as the German Athens. There they were joined by large groups of Protestant Czechs, who felt ^A paper read at the afternoon session of the eighty-fifth annual meeting of the Minnesota Historical Society, held in the Historical Building, St. Paul, on January 8, 1934. -
The Political and Symbolic Importance of the United States in the Creation of Czechoslovakia
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2014 Drawing borders: the political and symbolic importance of the United States in the creation of Czechoslovakia Samantha Borgeson West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Borgeson, Samantha, "Drawing borders: the political and symbolic importance of the United States in the creation of Czechoslovakia" (2014). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 342. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/342 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DRAWING BORDERS: THE POLITICAL AND SYMBOLIC IMPORTANCE OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE CREATION OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA Samantha Borgeson Thesis submitted to the Eberly College of Arts And Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree -
Field Trip Guide
INQUA International Summer School on Active Tectonics and Tectonic Geomorphology 24-27 September 2019, Prague Field Trip Guide 26-27 September 2019 Flašar J. (ed.), Coubal M., Hartvich F., Burda J., Fischer T., Štěpančíková P., Tábořík P. Field trip overview map 2 Thursday 26th September 3 Friday 27th September 4 Field Trip Programme: Thursday 26th September 2019 Departure: IRSM Prague, conference venue 1a) Introduction to the Eger Rift (Coubal, M.) 1b) Tuchořice: southern marginal fault, slickensides and their measurement (Coubal, M.) 2a) Poláky - Hořenická (Erdbrandová) rokle: fluvial sediments embedded into the fault zone, paleostress analysis of the slickenside planes (Coubal, M.) 2b) Poláky: landslide (Hartvich F.) 3a) Nechranice dam: outcrop of the central rift fault (Střezov fault) (Coubal, M.) 3b) Nechranice dam: Slumps and rockfalls+ UAV remote sensing demonstration (Hartvich. F.) 4) Vysoká Pec: Landslides along the foot of the Krušné Hory Mts. (Hartvich F., Burda, J.) Accommodation: Nový Drahov Friday 27th September 2019 1 ) Introduction to the Cheb Basin 2 ) Soos 3a) Skalná: Geodynamic observatory and seismic station in Skalná (Fischer, T.) 3b) Skalná: Fault monitoring using TM-71 3D dilatometer (Hartvich, F.) 4a) Kopanina – Paleoseismic trenching site (backfilled trenches results) (Štěpančíková, P.) 4b) Kopanina ERT and DEMP measurement method (Tábořík, P.) 5)Hartoušov and Bublák moffette field (Fischer, T.) Dinner: Chodová Planá Return to IRSM Prague, conference venue 5 Thursday 26th September 1a) Introduction to the Eger Rift Origin of the Eger Rift The Eger Rift is the deep-based volcanic/tectonic structure in the northern part of Bohemian Massif, which has been formed in several phases. There have been a discussion, whether the Eger Rift is or is not the real continental rift, however Kopecký (1971) described the structure as a proper rift and today, the Eger Rift is generally accepted as a part of the European Cenozoic Rift System – ECRIS (Dezés et al., 2004). -
Once Kingdoms, Bavaria and Bohemia Captivate with Traditions, Stories NTA Tour Operators Explore New Product
NTA PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT TRIP RECAP Once Kingdoms, Bavaria and Bohemia Captivate with Traditions, Stories NTA Tour Operators Explore New Product BY PENNY WHITMAN IN OCTOBER, five NTA-member tour operators participated in the product development trip to Bavaria—Germany’s most southeastern state—and its neighbor Bohemia, the largest of the Czech Republic’s three historical regions. The two desti- nations, each having been an independent kingdom, share a border along a region of UNESCO-protected wilderness, beer culture, and a wealth of historical villages and cities. But the differences in their histories and cultures create an interest- ing contrast and a thought provoking journey when part of a two-country itinerary. BAVARIA – A Land of Traditions Bavaria is the largest and oldest of Germany’s states, and Bavarians are grounded in their traditions, which they enjoy, such as biergarten culture and Christmas markets. In the heart of Munich, just around the corner from Marienplatz, is the Viktualienmarkt or open-air food market and the city’s biergarten, which accommodates about 600 people at tradi- tional long, narrow tables. Beer is considered liquid bread in Bavaria, where the average resident consumes approximately 150 liters (40 gallons) a year, and Bavarians like to sit outside to enjoy a liter in almost any weather. The large flat leaves of the native Chesnut trees, also a biergarten tradition, even provide some cover from light rain. A source of Bavarian pride is the Purity Law of 1516, which declared that barley, hops and water were the only ingre- dients allowed in the production of beer. -
German’ Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War
EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE, FLORENCE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION EUI Working Paper HEC No. 2004/1 The Expulsion of the ‘German’ Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War Edited by STEFFEN PRAUSER and ARFON REES BADIA FIESOLANA, SAN DOMENICO (FI) All rights reserved. No part of this paper may be reproduced in any form without permission of the author(s). © 2004 Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees and individual authors Published in Italy December 2004 European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50016 San Domenico (FI) Italy www.iue.it Contents Introduction: Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees 1 Chapter 1: Piotr Pykel: The Expulsion of the Germans from Czechoslovakia 11 Chapter 2: Tomasz Kamusella: The Expulsion of the Population Categorized as ‘Germans' from the Post-1945 Poland 21 Chapter 3: Balázs Apor: The Expulsion of the German Speaking Population from Hungary 33 Chapter 4: Stanislav Sretenovic and Steffen Prauser: The “Expulsion” of the German Speaking Minority from Yugoslavia 47 Chapter 5: Markus Wien: The Germans in Romania – the Ambiguous Fate of a Minority 59 Chapter 6: Tillmann Tegeler: The Expulsion of the German Speakers from the Baltic Countries 71 Chapter 7: Luigi Cajani: School History Textbooks and Forced Population Displacements in Europe after the Second World War 81 Bibliography 91 EUI WP HEC 2004/1 Notes on the Contributors BALÁZS APOR, STEFFEN PRAUSER, PIOTR PYKEL, STANISLAV SRETENOVIC and MARKUS WIEN are researchers in the Department of History and Civilization, European University Institute, Florence. TILLMANN TEGELER is a postgraduate at Osteuropa-Institut Munich, Germany. Dr TOMASZ KAMUSELLA, is a lecturer in modern European history at Opole University, Opole, Poland. -
The Youngest Inactive Volcano Komorní Hůrka
Points of interest in close surrounding: - the youngest inactive volcano Komorní h ůrka – in 3 km walking distance from Apartment. Despite its history this isn't a particularly prominent landmark, just a low, partly wooded hill between Cheb and Františkové Lázn ě. The striking crater-like formation found there isn't actually a crater but an old quarry. Records suggest its last activity was no more than a small amount of ash being blown out here and there and one small gush of lava, which is not surprising given that the volcano was born in the final closing phase of volcanic activity in the Czech Republic. It also has a sister, practically a twin, in the nearby Železná H ůrka. The name Železná meaning 'iron' probably comes from the fact that both of these small volcanoes were later found to be sites that contained mineral rarities – sheets of pure natural iron. - Chateau and castle Starý Rybník - 5 km, Gothic castle standing between two was built in the mid 14th century. A part of the castle tumbled down in the 18th century. Nonetheless, the entrance building had remained in use up to the early 20th century when it was finally abandoned. Apart from cellarage, a major part of the western wall has been preserved while the eastern wall and the inner curtain are hardly noticeable. Two half-cylindrical towers supported the palace from the south of which only the western section remains standing. Renaissance and Baroque elements along with half-timbered structures have also been preserved.The castle ruins are freely accessible. -
Origins of Noble Landed Property in Premyslide Bohemia
JOSEPH ZEMLICKA Origins of Noble Landed Property in Premyslide Bohemia ABSTRACT This paper explores the Iransformations ofBohemian (and Moravian) elites from archaic tribat leadership through "retainer aristocracy" of the early Premyslide rulers to landed nobility ofthe high Middle Ages. Detailed information on secular landownership is available only from 1100onward, but it is sufficient to establish that the magnates, who obtainedjurisdiction over castle-estatesfrom the dukes only gradually tried to transform these into hereditary landed property. The great landowners kept using their position as officers ofthe crown and their income from their share of ducal revenues parallel to building up their fa mily estates. This process is investigated on several examples, such as the growth of seigneurial as opposed to ducal cast/es, and the connection between internal colonisation and growth of landed estates. The author argues that this "roundabout way" of the emergence of secular landownership was inevitable because ofthe limited resour ces ofthe land and the strength ofthe ducal power based partly on the confiscated estates ofrival duces. Only afterthe expansionof cultivated land, increase ofservile dues, and efficient estate management was the nobility able to shed its official character and become a more or less independent economic, social, and-gradu ally-also political, fo rce. The origin of medieval nobility in Bohernia and Moravia has been studied by many historians. Franti�ek Palacky assigned a major role to the nobility under the Pfemyslide and Luxemburg dynasties. However, be argued that legally differentiated estates and what he called "feudal" society emerged only after 1250 A.D. (Palacky 1876, 15-17). -
European Coasts of Bohemia the Danube–Oder–Elbe Canal Attracted a Great Deal of Attention Throughout the Twentieth Century
Jiří Janáč Jiří European Coasts of Bohemia The Danube–Oder–Elbe Canal attracted a great deal of attention throughout the twentieth century. Its promo- ters defined it as a tool for integrating a divided Europe. Negotiating the Danube-Oder-Elbe Canal in Although the canal was situated almost exclusively on Czech territory, it promised to create an integrated wa- a Troubled Twentieth Century Jiří Janáč terway system across the Continent that would link Black Sea ports to Atlantic markets. In return, the landlocked European Coasts of Bohemia Czechoslovakian state would have its own connections to the sea. Today, the canal is an important building block of the European Agreement on Main Inland Waterways. This book explains the crucial role that experts played in aligning national and transnational interests and in- frastructure developments. It builds on recent inves- tigations into the hidden integration of Europe as an outcome of transnational networking, system-building, and infrastructure development. The book analyzes the emergence of a transnational waterway expert network that continued to push for the development of the ca- nal despite unfavorable political circumstances. The book shows how the experts adapted themselves to various political developments, such as the break-up of the Austrian–Hungarian Empire, the rise of the Third Reich, and integration into the Soviet Bloc, while still managing to keep the Canal project on the map. This book provides a fascinating story of the experts who confronted and contributed to different and often con- flicting geopolitical visions of Europe. The canal was never completed, yet what is more re- markable is the fact that the canal remained on various agendas and attracted vast resources throughout the twentieth century.