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Germans Displaced from the East: Crossing Actual and Imagined Central European Borders, 1944-1955

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Germans Displaced from the East: Crossing Actual and Imagined Central European Borders, 1944-1955 GERMANS DISPLACED FROM THE EAST: CROSSING ACTUAL AND IMAGINED CENTRAL EUROPEAN BORDERS, 1944-1955 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Amy A. Alrich, M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2003 Dissertation Committee Approved by Professor Alan Beyerchen, Advisor Professor Birgitte Soland _______________________ Professor Robin Judd Advisor Department of History Copyright by Amy A. Alrich 2003 ABSTRACT At the end of World War II the Allies demilitarized, divided, and democratized Germany. The dismantling of Germany involved setting up four zones and eventually two states, the Federal Republic and German Democratic Republic (GDR), and also giving large German territories to Poland and the Soviet Union, which required the initiation of a forced population transfer of the Germans who lived in those areas. Whether they fled as the Soviet troops advanced, or faced the postwar expulsions arranged by the Allies, the majority of Germans from the Eastern territories, approximately 12 million altogether, survived the arduous trek West. Roughly 8 million ended up in West Germany; 4 million went to the GDR. This dissertation comparatively examines the postwar, post-flight experiences of the German expellees in the Federal Republic and GDR in the late 1940s and 1950s. This analysis involves an examination of four categories of experience: official images of the expellees, their self-images, their images as outsiders, and expellees' reaction to these outsider-images. The two Germanies' expellee policies differed dramatically and reflected their Cold War orientations. West Germany followed a policy of expellee-integration, which highlighted their cultural differences and encouraged them to express their uniqueness. The Federal Republic initially sought unification on the basis of 1937 borders; thus ii expellee identity should be expressed in order to maintain links to the lost territories, which they wished to regain. GDR expellee policy involved silencing their self- expression and forcing them to meld with the existing population. The GDR sought to erase the Germanness of the lost territories and thus allow them to stay in Russian and Polish hands; the expellees in East Germany were forced to give up ties to their homeland. This dissertation thus highlights expellee resettlement policies as they related to the political orientation of the two Germanies and the integration experiences of the resettled Prussian populations. The war-torn Germanies both managed to integrate millions of expellees and have proven to be useful examples for historians and policy- makers in evaluating the ever-recurring and global problem of forced migration. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS If I were to thank everyone who helped me during the completion of this project my acknowledgments would exceed the text in length. Above all I wish to express my gratitude to my advisor, Professor Alan Beyerchen, who assisted me throughout every phase of my dissertation and beyond and consistently encouraged me to excel. I also wish to thank the other members of my committee, Professor Birgitte Soland and Professor Robin Judd, who both carefully read through drafts of my dissertation and patiently suggested valuable improvements. I was fortunate to have such a helpful and demanding committee. Several organizations and institutions generously funded my research and writing and enabled me to spend several years in Germany. While on fellowships from the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst I spent fifteen very productive months as a guest of the Institut für Migrationsforschung und Interkulturelle Studien (IMIS). Professor Dr. Klaus Bade helped me tremendously to formulate my topic, begin my research, and structure my work. Dr. Jochen Oltmer, Dr. Hannelore Oberpenning, Dr. Peter Marschalck, and Dr. Michael Bommes also assisted me with various aspects of my research. My association with IMIS also provided me with access to a specialized and extensive library dedicated to migration and immigration. The working environment, iv group of talented and enthusiastic interdisciplinary scholars and students, and the supportive staff helped me tremendously to develop my ideas and conduct research. The Institut für Europäische Geschichte in Mainz also generously supported my research and writing. During the nine months I spent in residence in Mainz I analyzed my research and began writing. I express my gratitude to Professor Dr. Heinz Duchhardt, Dr. Claus Scharf, Dr. Andreas Kunz, Dr. Ralph Melville, and the library staff for their assistance with my work and helpful suggestions. The Graduate School and the Department of History also generously provided support for research, travel, and especially writing. Without the Presidential Fellowship, which provided a year of funding for writing the dissertation, I may never have completed this work. I also wish to thank several of my colleagues from the Department of History for their encouragement and assistance, especially James Bennett, Professor Laura Hilton, Karen Huber, Dr. Jeff Lewis, Professor Mark Spicka, Major John Stark, Nick Steneck, and John Tully. While in Germany I visited over a dozen archives, where I frequently encountered helpful and patient archivists and staff members. I wish to thank the archivists and staff at the federal archives in Berlin and Koblenz, the state archives in Düsseldorf, Magdeburg, Osnabrück, Potsdam, Schleswig, Schwerin, and the city archive in Frankfurt on the Oder. I especially wish to thank Dr. Dirk Jachomowski, Frau Link, Dr. Risse, and Dr. Hugo Altmann. I also wish to thank Dr. Alexander von Plato and the staff at the Deutsches Gedaechtnis archive in Lüdenscheid. Several organizations earned my gratitude due to their assistance with finding interviewees. In particular, I wish to thank the Bund der Vertriebenen, the various v Landsmannschaften, and the Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus for their assistance in locating displaced Germans. Many other people mentioned in other sections of the acknowledgments also assisted me in this process. While in Germany at various conferences, archives, and institutes I encountered several scholars who provided invaluable assistance with sources, interviewees, and provided general advice and suggestions. I especially wish to express my gratitude to Dr. Volker Ackermann, Dr. Arnd Bauerkämper, Dr. Mathias Beer, Professor Benita Blessing, Dr. Damian van Melis, Dr. Alexander von Plato, and Dr. Michael Schwartz. This project could not have been completed without the help, encouragement, and hospitality of so many German friends, acquaintances, and associates. I especially wish to express my thanks to Drs. Jürgen and Rotraud Moslener, Dr. Sig and Alix Harder, Dr. Nicole Hirschler, Dr. Alexandra Budke, Georg Wolf, and Ilse Wolf, as well as to Fritz Arndt, Johanna Bliemel, Hartmut and Helga Borkmann, Klaus Dorn, Sibylle and Alfred Dreher, Ingrid Eckardt, Professor Ilsedore Edse, Paul Gerull, Vera Heinrich, Ursula Hensel, Dr. Jürgen and Inge Horn, Annemarie and Erich Hünemörder, Barbara Kleine, Lilo Knorr, Käthe Lehmann, Wolfgang Löchelt, Erika Marszalek, Elisabeth Moslener, Mr. and Mrs. Partes, Christel Paul, Gerhard Reihs, Maja Regier, Rita-Ingrid and Karlheinz Rinkens, Karin Roloff, Ina Sambeth, Günther Schulz, Alfred Sell, Gerda Sich, Inge Sohn, Herbert Westphal, and Dr. Sigurd Zillmann. Lastly, I wish to thank my friends and family, especially David Alfini, Gail, Rima Kelley, Frank and Lisa Laffitte, and Vivian Miller. vi VITA April 24, 1973 Born - Tallahassee, Florida 1993 B.A. History, Florida State University 1996 M.A. History, The Ohio State University 1994 - Present Graduate Teaching and Research Associate, The Ohio State University PUBLICATIONS Research Publication 1. Caroline Ziemke, Philippe Loustanau, and Amy Alrich. Strategic Personality and the Effectiveness of Nuclear Deterrence. IDA Document 2537. Institute for Defense Analyses, Alexandria, VA: 2000. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: History vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................iv Vita ..................................................................................................................................vii Abbreviations......................................................................................................................xi Chapters: 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................1 Expulsions in the past and present...........................................................................4 The expulsion and resettlement of the Germans from the former eastern territories..................................................................................................................6 General comments concerning the historiography ..............................................16 General comments concerning oral history...........................................................27 Heimat, Einheimische and other translation difficulties........................................30 General comments concerning findings of this study............................................38 2. Altpreussen: From the Teutonic Order until the end of World War II..................42 The founding of "Prussia" under the Teutonic Order ...........................................44 The Allied decision to expel the Germans:
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