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Home , Akash (missile), Barak 8, HAL Dhruv, Indian Doppler Radar, Nag (missile), Rajendra Radar

DEFENCE

• , a rocket-propelled weapon designed to deliver an explosive warhead with great accuracy at high speed. • They are used to intercept incoming objects such as missiles and aircrafts of enemy nations as well as to launch an offensive strike. • The missile technology is deeply linked to launch vehicle technology used for various space missions.

Classification of Missiles

A) On the basis of RANGE they are classified into:

1. Short range missiles 2. Intermediate range missiles 3. Long range missile 4. Inter-continental Missiles Classification of Missiles

B) On the basis of STARTING AND ENDING POINT, they are classified into:

1. Surface-to-surface missile 2. Surface-to-air missile 3. Air-to-air missiles 4. Air-to-surface missiles Classification of Missiles

C) On the basis of path or TRAJECTORY they are classified into:

1. Ballistic missiles 2. Cruise missiles Classification of Missiles

D) On the basis of UTILITY they are classified into:

1. Strategic missiles 2. Tactical missile Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme

• This is a Ministry of Defence programme for the research and development in the range of missiles. • It was launched in the year 1983 under the leadership of the then Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi. • It is the most ambitious missile development programme that was launched by . • It covers the following 5 types of missiles: 1. Agni missile is a family of surface-to-surface Medium-to-Continental range ballistic missiles developed by India. Various versions of Agni missiles are: • Agni-I is a medium range (700 km to 1,200 km) missile with one stage • Agni-II is an intermediate range (2,000 km to 3,500 km) missile with two stages. • Agni-III is an intermediate range (3,000 km to 5,000 km) missile with two stages. • Agni-IV is an intermediate range (2,500 km to 4,000 km) missile with two stages. • Agni-V is an intercontinental (5,000 km to 8,000 km) missile with three stages. • Agni-VI is an intercontinental (10,000 km to 12,000 km) missile with three stages Agni I Agni I:

● Single Stage, Solid Propellent, Short range with range between 700 to 1200 km.

● It can carry payload of 2000 kg up to 700 km and 1000 kg up to 1200 km.

● It can be launched from Transporter-Erector-Launcher (TEL) vehicles, either based on road or rail-mobile platforms. Agni II Agni II:

• Two Stage, Solid Propellent, Medium range ballistic missile with the range of 2000 to 3500 km. • It can carry payload of 1000 kg up to 2000 km and reduced payloads up to 3500 km. • It can be launched from Transporter-Erector-Launcher (TEL) vehicles, either based on road or rail-mobile platforms. Agni III Agni III • Two-Staged, Solid Propellent, Intermediate range ballistic missile with the range of 3000 to 5000 Km. • Compared to the original Agni-I&II, the Agni-III is shorter, wider, and capable of delivering a heavier warhead. • It can carry payload of 2000 Kg up to 3000 Km and reduced payloads up to 5000 Km. • Rail-based launchers have exclusively fired the Agni-III. Agni IV

● ● Agni IV

● Two Stage, Solid Propellent, Intermediate range ballistic missile with the range of 3500 to 4000 Km.

● It can carry a payload of 800 Kg and capable of delivering both Nuclear Fission and Fusion warhead.

● It can be launched from Transporter-Erector-Launcher (TEL) vehicles. ● It still remains under developmental stage and not inducted into service. Agni V Agni V

● Three Stage, Solid Propellent, Intercontinental ballistic missile with the range of 5000 to 8000 Km. ● It has the potential to carry Multiple Independent Reentry Vehicle warheads. ● It can be carried by a road-mobile truck allowing the missile to move throughout the country. ● It still remains under developmental stage and not inducted into service. 2.

• It is a tactical surface-to-surface short-range ballistic missile. The Prithvi missile project includes developing 3 variants or generations, Prithvi I, Prithvi II and Prithvi III, to be used by the , and the respectively. • These missiles are designed to be launched from mobile trucks which increases their manoeuvring capability. • The nuclear capable Prithvi missiles are useful for more tactical and battlefield uses mainly against Pakistan and China.

● Prithvi I: Single Staged, Liquid Propellant with a range between 40 km to 150 km and 1000 kg payload capacity. ● Prithvi II: Single Staged, Liquid Propellant with a range between 250-350 km and payload capacity of 500 kg. ● Prithvi III: Two Staged, Solid Propellant with a range of 300 to 350 km and 1000 kg payload capacity.

All the three variants are capable of carrying nuclear warheads up to a short range. This feature makes them more suitable for the tactical usage against close range targets.

● Single Stage, Liquid Propellent, Short Range Ballistic Missile with a range between 250 to 400 Km. ● It is a naval variant of the indigenously developed ‘Prithvi’ missile. ● It is capable of carrying a payload of 500 kg including Nuclear warhead and hitting both land and sea-based targets. ● It is launched from the decks of ships of Indian Navy.

Prahaar

• is a Single Stage, Solid Propellant, Short Range, immediate combat Ballistic Missile with a range upto 150 Km. • It is a surface to surface missile. • It is capable of carrying a payload of 200 kg including Nuclear warhead. • It is carried by the TATRA Transporter-Erector-Launcher vehicle and can hold six missiles per truck. • It is already in service replacing short range Prithvi-1.

3.

• It is a short-range surface-to-air missile for Navy which is used for immediate combat action. • It is a single stage solid propellant supersonic missile system. • It is intended to counter a low level attack with a very quick reaction time • It has a range of 9 km. • This missile is not in service at present 4.

• Akash is a group of 4 all-weather medium-range surface-to-air missile along with a called Rajendra. • The radar detect incoming objects and the missiles are fired up on these objects. • It can handle multi-target and destroy manoeuvring targets such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), fighter aircraft, cruise missiles and missiles launched from helicopters. • The Missile system powered by propulsion system can target up to 30 km at altitude up to 18000 m.

5.

• It is an anti-tank missile for immediate combat situation. • It has a range of only 4 kilometres. • It is a thermosensitive missile. In other words, this missile has heat sensors. Whenever a tank fires, it is hot enough to be detected by heat sensors of Nag missile. • It is a third-generation “fire and forget” anti-tank guided missile. • NAG will be produced in two basic variants: land version and air launched version. • The missile is launched from 3 platforms: NAMICA (NAG missile carrier), HAL Dhruv Helicopter and HAL Light Combat Helicopter. • HELINA (HELIcopterNAg) is an advanced variant of NAG and is based on ‘lock-on after launch’ system extending its range to 7 km.

Missiles outside Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme

Bramhos • It is a short range 290 km, scramjet Supersonic . It is developed out of joint venture between Russia and India. • BrahMos supersonic cruise missile is designed and developed by BrahMos Aerospace, a joint venture of India and Russia. • It is capable of being launched from land, sea, sub-sea and air against sea and land targets. • It is capable of carrying a warhead of 300 kilogram and can be launched from ships, land and submarines. • It has top supersonic speed of Mach 2.8. It can strike a target at maximum range of 290-km. • It is two-stage missile, the first one being solid and the second one ramjet liquid propellant.

Brahmos 2

• BrahMos-2 or BrahMos Mark II is a hypersonic cruise missile currently under joint development by Russia and India. • The BrahMos-II is expected to have a range of 450 kilometres and a speed of Mach 7. • During the cruise stage of flight the missile will be propelled by a scramjet airbreathing jet engine. • The planned operational range of the BrahMos-II has been restricted to 290 kilometers as Russia is a signatory to the MTCR, which prohibits it from helping other countries develop missiles with ranges above 300 kilometres. However, now that India is also a MTCR signatory, it is trying to extend the range of BrahMos. • Its top speed will be double that of the current BrahMos-I, and it has been described as the fastest cruise missile in the world.

Astra

• It is an air-to-air missile which is developed indigenously for close combat it has a range of 80 km. is India’s first beyond-visual- range (BVR) air-to-air missile indigenously designed and developed by DRDO. • It is intended to engage and destroy aerial targets with high manoeuvrability and supersonic speeds. • Astra was planned to equip the Indian Air force’s Su-30MKI and Mirage 2000 multi-role combat fighters, and MiG-29 and MiG-21 Bison fighter jet platforms, as well as the Indian Navy’s Sea Harrier jet fighter. • It will also be integrated with the Tejas light combat aircraft (LCA), which is manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).

Barak 1

• It is a short range surface to air missile attached to a frigate. • It can also be targeted on land. • It has a range of 12 km. • India has purchased this message from Barak-8

• It is a short range surface to air missile attached to a frigate. • It can also be targeted on land. • It has a range of 80 km. • It can also carry larger amount of War held as compared to . • Thus, it has more destructive capability. • India has purchased this missile from Israel.

K Missile Series

• The K family of missiles is a submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM). • They are being developed to provide second-strike capabilities and thus the nuclear deterrence. • There are three variants: K-15 (), K-4 and K-5. K-15 has 750km range. • K-4 missile has two sub-variants, one with 3,500km range and the other with 5,000km range. • K-5 and K-6 are under development with a range of 6,000km. • The K family of missiles are used with nuclear powered Arihant class submarines. K-15

K-15 also called, Sagarika is a ballistic missile which is fitted on Arihant, the indigenously developed nuclear powered submarine. • This missile is already in service. • It was developed indigenously. • The Missile will carry nuclear warhead and can be launched from underwater to hit the target on the ground. • It has a range of 700 km. • It is an effective deterrent for enemy, because the exact location of the submarine cannot be determined by the enemy, unlike ground nuclear installations which are mostly known to the enemy and can be destroyed in a pre-emptive strike. K-4

• K-4 is a ballistic missile which will be fitted on Arihant. • This missile is under process of development. • It is also being developed indigenously. • It is a superior version of K-15 missile. • The Missile will carry nuclear warhead and could be launched from underwater to hit the target on the ground. • It will have a range of 3500 km. • It will be an effective treatment for enemy because it will also be fitted on a submarine.

• It is India’s first indigenously produced cruise missile with a range of 800 to 1000 km. • The missile cruise at a subsonic speed of 0.65 Mach with a range of 800-1,000 km powered by turbojet engine. • It carries a payload of 450 kg High Explosives, submunitions or Nuclear warheads. • Presently the missile is launched using road-mobile truck platform and sea and air platforms remains under development.

Shaurya

• is a surface-to-surface ballistic missile with a range of 1000 km. • It is already in service. • It is a hypersonic missile. • The missile can fly at 7.5 Mach. • In its test flight, it covered a distance of 700 km in 500 seconds.

Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme • The Indian ballistic missile defence programme is an initiative to develop and deploy a multi-layered ballistic missile defence system to protect from ballistic missiles attack. • It is a double-tier system consisting of two land and sea based interceptor missile namely, Prithvi Air Defence missile for high altitude intersection, i.e., for exo-atmospheric range, and the Advanced Air Defence missile for low altitude intersection, i.e., for endo-atmospheric range. • The two-tier shields should be able to intercept any incoming missile launched 5000 km away. The system also includes an overlapping network of early warning and tracking radar, as well as command and control post. • The PAD was tested in November 2006, followed by the AAD in December 2007. • With the test of the PAD missile, India became the fourth country to have successfully developed an anti-ballistic missile system, after United States, Russia, and Israel. • The system has undergone several tests but the system is yet to be officially commissioned. • DRDO engaged in the development of missile defence system expects to have a sealed ready for deployment by 2022. BATTLE TANKS IN INDIA

Arjun • It is India’s Main Battle Tank (MBT). project was initially envisaged in 1974. It is being designed, developed and produced by Combat, Vehicle Research and Development Establishment (CVRDE) AWADI, Chennai. • Arjun has a 1400 HP-Turbo-charged diesel engine and weighs 58.5 tons. Arjun has a speed of 72 km/h on road and 40 km/h on rocky terrain. It is designed to meet Indian Army's most stringent specifications. It can climb steep gradients; negotiate sand dunes and deep wide trenches with equal agility. • It has thermal imagers to provide night vision facility. It is fitted with satellite-based GPS which helps it to find its geographical grid in barren area.

T-90S Tank • The Russian T-90S MBTs are inducted into the army to counter Pakistan, deployment of T-80UD tanks from Ukraine. • The 1-90 is a Russian MBT derived from the 1-72, and it is currently the most modern tank in service with the Russian Ground Forces and Naval Infantry. • Faced with delays in the indigenous Arjun MBT programme, India had gone in for the T-90S deal after Pakistan's acquisition of 320 frontline T- 80UD tanks, their upgradation of the Chinese T-59 tanks and development of their MBT Al Khalid with help from China.

The T-90 M Bhishma • A follow-on contract, worth $800 million, was signed on 26 October 2006, for another 330 T-90M Bhishma MBTs that were to be manufactured in India by at Avadi, Tamil Nadu. • The T-90M Bhishma is a customized, improved version of the T-90S, which India developed with assistance from Russia, Israel and France all of whom India has very close ties with. • The tanks are equipped with the French-designed thermal sights and utilize India's Kanchan explosive reactive armoured plates. • The army hopes to field a force of over 21 regiments of 1-90 tanks and 40 regiments, of modified T-72s. The Indian Army would begin receiving its first T-90M MBT in completely knocked-down condition from Russia's Nizhny Tagil-based Uralvagonzavodi SC by the end of 2009. • The first batch of 10 licenses built T-90M Bhishma was inducted into the Indian Army on 24 August 2009. These vehicles were built at the Heavy Vehicles Factory at Avadi, Tamil Nadu.

AIR CRAFTS

• An aircraft is a machine that is able to fly by gaining support from the air. • It counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil, or a few cases the downward thrust from jet engines. • Common examples of aircraft include airplanes, helicopter, airships (including blimps), gliders and hot air balloons. Aircraft Features • This helicopter is developed by India's HAL. It was designed Dhruv with the assistance of Germany. • It is an armed version of HAL Dhruv. It is equipped with forward-looking infrared and thermal-imaging sights Rudra interface, turret gun, rocket pods, anti-tank guided missiles and air-to-air missiles. • It is Indian two seat basic jet trainer built by HAL. It is used by Kiran MK-II the Indian Air Force aerobatic team Surya Kiran and Indian naval aerobatic team Sagar Pawan. • The BAE System Hawk is a British single-engine, Advanced jet Advanced Jet trainer aircraft. On 23 February 2008, the Hawk Mk 132 Trainer formally entered service with the Indian Air Force. • The Mikoyan MIG-29 is a jet fighter aircraft designed in the Soviet Union. India was the first international customer of the MIG-29 MIG-29. Since, its induction into the IAF in 1985, the aircraft has undergone a series of modifications with the addition of new avionics, sub-systems, turbofan engines and . • It is French multirole, single engine, fourth-generation jet Mirage-2000 fighter manufactured by Dassault Aviation. The Indian Ari Force has named the Mirage as Vajra. • It is an air superiority fighter jointly developed by Russia and India. It is an upgraded version of the Su-30 aircraft. It Su-30 MKI integrates Indian, French and Israeli subsystems with the Russian plane. • It is a fifth-generation fighter programme for Russian Air force. The lT-50 is the aircraft designed by Sukhoi for the Pak-FA Sukhou Pak – programme. FA • In 2007, Russia AND India agreed to jointly develop the fifth- generation fighter aircraft programme • It is a four-engine, turboprop anti-submarine and maritime Orion P-3 surveillance aircraft developed by the US Navy. • It is a maritime reconnaissance aircraft developed by Boeing. P-8LRz1 It is a version of the P-8 where the additional ‘I’ stands for Poseidon India. India is purchasing these aircrafts from Boeing for its Navy. • On 28 March 2014, a US-made C-130 J Hercules aircraft came C-130 J down in desolate area of Madhya Pradesh, while on a routine Hercules training mission. Aircraft and Associated • The heavy lift cargo aircraft, one of the six bought for the air Tragedy force at a cost of 6000 crore in 2011, had been inducted into service just last year.

• India’s first Integrated Defence Communication Network Integrated (IDCN) was launched an on 30 June, 2016, enabling the Army, Defense Air force, Navy and the special forces command to share Communicat situational awareness for a faster decision-making process. ion Network The defence Communication Network (DCN) a strategic, highly secure and scalable system has a pan-India reach- from to North East to Island territories. INDIAN NAVY SHIPS

INS Mumbai • It is the third of the Delhi-class guided missile in active service with the Indian Navy. INS Mumbai was built at Mazagon Dock Limited.

INS Delhi • It is the lead ship of her class of guided missile destroyers of the Indian Navy. It was built at the Mazagon Dock Limited in Mumbai.

INS Airavat • It is also known as Asian Elephant. • It is a Shardul-class landing ship of the Indian Navy. INDIAN NAVY SHIPS INS Viraat • It is a centaur-class aircraft carrier currently in service with the Indian Navy. INS Viraat is ideally suited for missions supporting amphibious operations and conducting anti- ship warfare operations.

INS Susana • Indian Navy has inducted into service its largest Offshore Patrol Vessel (OPV), ISN Susana, at Southern Naval Command at kochi.

INS Vikramaditya • It is a modified Kiev-class aircraft carrier which entered into service with the Indian Navy in 2013. The ship has been renamed in honour of Vikramaditya, a legendary 1st century BC emperor of Ujjain, India. INDIAN NAVY SHIPS

INS Vikrant • It is the Vikrant-class aircraft carrier built by Cochin Shipyard limited for the Indian Navy and the first aircraft carrier built in India.

INS Kolkata • It was commissioned on 16 August, 2014, into the Indian Navy at a glittering ceremony held at the naval dockyard, Mumbai. It is the lead ship of the indigenously designed and constructed Kolkata-class guided missile destroyers.

INS Sumitra • India’s largest naval Offshore Patrol Vessel (NOPV), INS Sumitra was commissioned into India Navy on 4 September 2014. It is the forth in the series of indigenous NOPV developed for Indian Navy. INDIAN NAVY SHIPS

INS Kamorta • The first indigenously built stealth anti-submarine warfare was commissioned at Visakhapatnam Naval Dockyard on 23 August, 2014. INS Kamorta is well equipped to fight and nuclear, biological and chemical warfare conditions.

INS Astradharini • INS Astradharini is an indigenously designed and built launch and recovery versel built by short shipyard for the Indian Navy. It was commissioned to navy service on 6 October 2015 at the naval base in Visakhapatnam; the versel is a replacement of INS Astravahini. INDIAN NAVY SHIPS

Varunastra (Torpedo) • The is an Indian advanced heavyweight anti-submarine torpedo, developed by DRDO for the Indian Navy. The ship launched variant of Varunastra torpedo was formally inducted in the Indian Navy on 26 June 2016. It has advanced autonomous guidance algorithm with low-drift navigational aids, insensitive warhead, which can operate in various combat scenarios. It is the only torpedo in the world to have a GPS-based locating aid.

INS Karna • Indian Navy has commissioned INS Karna, an independent base of Marine Commandos (MARCCOS) at Bheemunipatanam, Naval Base, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. The commissioning of a new base to the special forces of the Indian Navy will play important role to safeguard our nation’s vast maritime interests. INDIAN SUBMARINES

Arihant • Arihant means ‘Slayer of Enemies’ class submarines are nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines being developed for the Indian Navy. Arihant-class submarines were designed and constructed as a part of the Indian Navy’s Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project. Arihant-class will be armed with the existing 750 km K-15 Sagarika SLBM and under development K-4, an SLBM version of Agni-III.

K-152 Nerpa • It is an Akula II type nuclear powered attack submarine. The submarine was leased to the Indian Navy and recommissioned as the INS Chakra [leased from Russia for 10 years]. INDIAN SUBMARINES

Scorpene Class • These are a class of diesel electric attack submarine jointly developed by French and Spanish companies.

Sindhughosh Class • These are India variants of the kilo class diesel electric submarines in active service with the Indian Navy. They have a displacement a displacement of 3000 tons, a maximum diving depth of 300 m, top speed of 18 knots. INDIAN SUBMARINES

INS Kalvari (S50) • It is the indigenous built 6 Kalvari-class submarine launched on 6 April 2015. It is a diesel electric attack submarine which is designed by French Naval Defence and Energy Company DCNS and being manufactured at Mazagon Dock limited in Mumbai. • Prime Minister commissioned India’s first Scorpene Submarine, the INS Kalvari, in Mumbai in December 2017. • The INS Kalvari is class of diesel-electric attack submarines designed by French neval defence and Energy Company DCNS and are being manufactured by Mazagon Dock Ltd. In Mumbai. INDIAN SUBMARINES

INS Kalvari (S50) • The submarine can undertake multiple missions, including anti-surface, warfare, anti-submarine warfare, intelligence gathering, mine laying and area surveillance. • The submarine is filled out with state-of-the-art technology including superior stealth features such as advanced acoustic silencing techniques, low radiated noise levels, hydro dynamically optimized shape and the ability to launch a crippling attack on the enemy using precision guided weapons. • All these features give it invulnerability. It is unmatched by most submarines. RADAR

• Radar is an acronym for RAdio Detection And Ranging. • Pulses of microwave energy are transmitted through a synthetic aperture radar, which measures the strengths and time delay of the energy that is scattered buck to the antenna. Thus, a surface or airborne object is detected by the radar. • Radar works on the principle of electronics which is very similar to the principle of sound wave reflection. The Radio Frequency (RF) energy is transmitted to and reflects from the reflecting object. • A small portion of the energy is reflected and returns to the radar set. The returned or reflected energy is called Echo. The radar set uses this echo to determine the direction and distance of the reflecting object. RADAR A Basic RADAR System • A Transmitter: It can be a power amplifier like a Klystron, Travelling Wave Tube or a power Oscillator like a Magnetron. The signal is first generated using a waveform generator and then amplified in the power amplifier. • Waveguides: The waveguides are transmission lines for transmission of the RADAR signals. • Antenna: The antenna used can be a parabolic reflector, planar arrays or electronically steered phased arrays. • Duplexer: A duplexer allows the antenna to be used as a transmitter or a receiver. It can be a gaseous device that would produce a short circuit at the input to the receiver when transmitter is working. • Receiver: It can be super heterodyne receiver or any other receiver which consists of a processor to process the signal and detect it. • Threshold Decision: The output of the receiver is compared with a threshold to detect the presence of any object. If the output is below any threshold, the presence of noise is assumed.

Indian Radars

Rajendra Radar • It is developed by the DRDO. It is multi-functional radar, capable of surveillance, tracking and engaging low radar cross section targets. It is the heart of the Akash surface-to-air missile system Rajendra’s multi- element antenna arrangement folds flat when the vehicle is in motion.

Indian Doppler Radar (INDRA) • It is a series of 2D radars developed by DRDO • Indra-I it is a 2D mobile surveillance radar for low-level target detection. The radar is housed in two wheeled vehicles. • Indra-II it is a variant of Indra radar for ground controlled interception of targets. Indian Radars

Swordfish Radar • It is an Indian long-range tracking radar specifically developed to counter ballistic missile threat. Swordfish is an acknowledged derivative of the Israeli Green Pine long-range radar.

Swathi WLR • Weapon Locating Radar is mobile locating phased array radar developed by India. This counter battery radar is designed to detect and track incoming artillery and rocket fire, to determine the point of origin for counter battery fire. Indian Radars

Aparna • It can detect the enemy ship and can give warning to ship regarding self-defence. It is already commissioned in Indian Navy.

Rohini • This is a 3-D radar developed by DRDO for use with Akash, SAM (Surface to Air Missile) capable of tracking 150 targets. The Rohini is the Indian Air Force Version, while Revathi is the Indian Navy Variant. Stealth Technology

The goal of stealth technology is to make an airplane invisible to radar. There are two different ways to create invisibility: • The airplane can be shaped so that any radar signals it reflects are reflected away from the radar equipment. • The airplane can be covered in materials that absorb radar signals. • A stealth aircraft is made up of completely flat surfaces and very sharp edges. When a radar signal hits a stealth plane, the signal reflects away at an angle. • In addition, surfaces on a stealth aircraft can be treated so they absorb radar energy as well.