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Re-Shaping Public Holocaust Commemoration in Austria and Germany

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Re-Shaping Public Holocaust Commemoration in Austria and Germany Master of Arts Thesis Euroculture Uppsala University (First university) Jagiellonian University (Second university) July 2019 National Memory Regimes in a Transnational Europe: Re-Shaping Public Holocaust Commemoration in Austria and Germany Submitted by: Katharina Geiselmann [email protected] Supervised by: Dr. Trond Ove Tøllefsen (Uppsala) Prof. dr hab. Zdzisław Mach (Kraków) Munich, 30 July 2019 MA Programme Euroculture Declaration I, Katharina Geiselmann, hereby declare that this thesis, entitled “National Memory Regimes in a Transnational Europe: Re-Shaping Public Holocaust Commemoration in Austria and Germany”, submitted as partial requirement for the MA Programme Euroculture, is my own original work and expressed in my own words. Any use made within this text of works of other authors in any form (e.g. ideas, figures, texts, tables, etc.) are properly acknowledged in the text as well as in the bibliography. I hereby also acknowledge that I was informed about the regulations pertaining to the assessment of the MA thesis Euroculture and about the general completion rules for the Master of Arts Programme Euroculture. Signed ……………………………………………………………… Date ……………………………………………………………… Abstract: In a post-1945-world, European countries were confronted with a range of challenges. Among them, they had to eventually deal with the question of how to remember their role in the Holocaust, and how to narrate it to the younger generations. For some countries the answer seemed to be clear cut; a categorisation into perpetrators and victims enabled an interpretation of what horrors had occurred. Especially education and public commemoration here serves as a medium of memory. While the Holocaust has an undeniable European dimension, the increasing entanglement of countries in a globalising world as well as with progressing European integration raises the question of how national commemoration changes through existing in a transnational frame. Do transnational challenges have an equal impact? While they and national commemoration are often studied extensively apart from each other, there is a negligence to investigate how these challenges are reflected in the public commemoration of nations in a comparative manner. In this discourse, government officials bring forward their interpretation of the past and connect it to how the nation should face the future, thus formulating political arguments. This thesis analyses not only the arguments formulated in the speeches held on the national Holocaust Commemoration Day, but also compares the impact of transnational challenges. The countries Austria and Germany were chosen because they show similarities in their historical past, being successor states of the Third Reich, and because of the overlap in their cultural and linguistic character. A time frame from 2000 till 2019 allowed for the inclusion of the following factors: the EU- enlargement, the economic crisis, the refugee crisis, and the rise of populism. An approach derived from Critical Discourse Analysis and the Discourse-Historical Approach, as well as some of the methods rooted in Aristotle’s study of rhetoric, were used. The comparison enabled me to decode the construction of national identity through historical memory and the various influences and constraints this process is under in the two countries. Among other findings, the conclusion was drawn that transnational challenges shape national commemoration differently as the constraints and possibilities of the political culture depend on historical memory as well as the cultivated self-image which is exported abroad. My findings are relevant not only to understand the importance of Holocaust memory for fostering European and national identity, but also the way memory regimes operate in Europe. Keywords: Holocaust commemoration, discourse analysis, collective identity, European memory, populism Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1: Holocaust memory and commemoration in Germany, Austria, and Europe .5 The link between historical memory, commemoration, and identity ...................................5 Transnational memory: Some considerations .......................................................................9 On Holocaust memory........................................................................................................ 10 The role of Holocaust memory for and in the EU ............................................... 10 The influence of Holocaust memory on political cultures .................................. 11 Holocaust memory in Austria ............................................................................. 12 Holocaust memory in Germany .......................................................................... 14 Comparative studies on Germany and Austria ................................................................... 16 Public Holocaust Commemoration ..................................................................................... 18 Holocaust Remembrance Days ........................................................................................... 19 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 21 Chapter 2: Approaching public commemoration discourse ............................................. 22 Aristotle’s study of rhetoric ................................................................................................ 22 Discourse Analysis ............................................................................................................. 23 Frameworks in memory studies .......................................................................................... 25 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 27 Chapter 3: Holocaust Commemorative Days in Austria and Germany ........................... 28 The context of the speeches ................................................................................................ 28 Who were the victims? Focus on different victim groups .................................................. 32 Our nation as perpetrator or victim? ................................................................................... 35 (Trans-)national pride in the Austrian discourse ................................................................. 37 Regional, national, and international focus......................................................................... 38 The consequences of accepting responsibility .................................................................... 39 The EU and its enlargement ............................................................................................... 42 The economic crisis ............................................................................................................ 44 The refugee crisis .............................................................................................................. 45 Commemoration of national socialism in times of rising populism .................................... 47 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 48 Chapter 4: Official Holocaust commemoration: Politics or Commemoration? .............. 50 Victims and perpetrators .................................................................................................... 50 Identity after Auschwitz and Mauthausen .......................................................................... 51 The legacy of the Holocaust: A peaceful EU or a democratic nation-state? ....................... 53 Entanglement of Commemoration? ................................................................................... 54 Political arguments in the speeches .................................................................................... 58 The year 2015 as a turning point in German commemoration ............................................ 60 Holocaust Commemoration Day as European day?............................................................ 61 Consequences of constructed national image out of historical memory in a European order: Double tracked commemoration ........................................................................................ 63 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 65 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 66 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................... 70 Primary Sources ................................................................................................................. 70 Austrian Speeches .............................................................................................. 70 German speeches ................................................................................................ 74 Secondary Sources ............................................................................................................. 78 Appendix (I) .........................................................................................................................
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