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The Government Participation of Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties in West European Democracies

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The Government Participation of Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties in West European Democracies From Pariah to Power: The Government Participation of Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties in West European Democracies Sarah L. de Lange University of Antwerp Promotor: Dr. C. Mudde Reading Committee: Dr. P. Meijer Prof. dr. K. Deschouwer Prof. dr. M. Laver Prof. dr. P. Mair Prof. dr. S. Walgrave © Sarah L. de Lange, 2008 All rights reserved. Save exceptions stated by law, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system of any nature, or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, included a complete or partial transcription, without the prior written permission of the proprietor. 2 For Joël and Marthe 3 Every result in nature is a riddle to be solved, and the initial difficulty in investigation is the discovery of a clue which may be followed up… What ensues… is sustained cognition…The imagination of the inquirer is put to the test in the construction of a working model of a process or processes; his critical ability is called upon to check his ideas by the facts Frederick J. Teggart (1962: 162-164) 4 CONTENTS List of tables 6 List of figures 7 Acknowledgments 9 List of abbreviations 11 Chapter 1: Introduction 15 Chapter 2: The study of government coalitions 29 Chapter 3: The radical right-wing populist party family 59 Chapter 4: The Characteristics of Radical right-wing populist government parties 91 Chapter 5: The Characteristics of Radical right-wing populist government coalitions 135 Chapter 6: A radical right-wing populist party’s rise to power 165 Chapter 7: Conclusion 207 Appendix A: Election results 233 Appendix B: Party positions 243 Bibliography 251 Samenvatting 279 5 LIST OF TABLES 2.1 West European governments 31 2.2 Typology of coalition formation theories 37 3.1 Concepts and definitions 60 3.2 West European radical right-wing populist parties 63 3.3 Radical right-wing populist parties in Austria 67 3.4 Radical right-wing populist parties in Belgium 68 3.5 Radical right-wing populist parties in Denmark 71 3.6 Radical right-wing populist parties in France 72 3.7 Radical right-wing populist parties in Italy 74 3.8 Radical right-wing populist parties in the Netherlands 74 3.9 Radical right-wing populist parties in Norway 76 3.10 Radical right-wing populist parties in Sweden 77 4.1 Explanations for the selection of junior coalition members 101 4.2 Hypotheses 108 4.3 Case details 111 4.4 List of independent variables 112 4.5 Statistical properties of independent variables 115 4.6 Comparison of means 116 4.7 Correlation between independent and dependent variables 117 4.8 Determinants of the junior coalition membership of radical right-wing populist parties 119 4.9 Odds ratios of the determinants of the junior coalition membership of radical right-wing populist parties 119 4.10 Comparison of frequency of junior coalition membership 128 4.11 General determinants of junior coalition membership 129 4.12 Odds ratios of the general determinants of junior coalition membership 130 5.1 Proportion of predicted coalitions that include radical right-wing populist parties 149 5.2 Government coalitions including radical right-wing populist parties predicted by office- and policy-oriented coalition formation theories 154 5.3 Predictive power of office- and policy-seeking coalition formation theories 158 6.1 Austrian election results, 1999 175 6.2 Composition of Schüssel I 181 6.3 Parliamentary basis for ÖVP-FPÖ coalitions, 1983-2002 185 6.4 Coalition preferences of Austrian voters, 1990-1999 187 6.5 Coalition preferences of Austrian voters, 1999 188 6 LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 A model to explain the government participation of radical right-wing populist parties, part I 26 4.1 A model to explain the government participation of radical right-wing populist parties, part I I 133 5.1 Office- and policy-oriented coalition formation theories 142 5.2 A model to explain the government participation of radical right-wing populist parties, part III 163 6.1 Development of support for Austrian parties, 1983-2002 186 6.2 A model to explain the government participation of radical right-wing populist parties, part IV 203 7.1 A comprehensive explanation for the government participation of radical right-wing populist parties 210 7 8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For the past four years the University of Antwerp has been my academic home. At the university I had to privilege to be supervised by Cas Mudde, who has given me the time and space to grow personally and professionally. He has skilfully introduced me to the academic world and helped set out a path in this world that suited my ambitions and capacities. The dissertation that I present today reflects the intellectual freedom he has given me, but has at the same time been shaped by his razor-sharp feedback. I am eternally grateful for both. I have been fortunate to work on my dissertation in a friendly department. Even though my Flemish colleagues have at times been surprised by my Dutchness, they have never ceased to take an interest in my work. Especially Ann, Annemarie, Dave, the guys in the B-blok, Lien, Marjolein, Natalya, and Steven have stood by me in my trials and tribulations. Much of the research necessary for this dissertation has been conducted at the European University Institute (EUI) in Florence. My time at EUI has been extremely rewarding, both personally and professionally. I have benefited enormously of the courses I have taken at EUI, as well as from the many discussions I have had with EUI staff and students about political science in general, and my research in particular. Peter Mair, who was kind enough to serve as my temporary supervisor, and the members of the working group on political parties deserve special mention. I also wish to thank the staff of the Department of Political Science of the University of Leiden, and especially Huib Pellikaan, who has been kind enough to host me in the last phase of my research and has welcomed me back to my alma mater with open arms. The discussions with the Leiden staff at lunch time have reinvigorated my enthusiasm for Dutch politics and political science, and the comments and encouragements of Catherine de Vries, Petr Kopecky, Hans Oversloot, Huib Pellikaan, and Joop van Holsteyn have been crucial in writing up my dissertation. Some colleagues at other universities have contributed significantly more to this dissertation than professional courtesy asked of them. They have given continuously given feedback on the research design and drafts of chapters, they have helped me to collect data, and have advised me on my statistical analyses. I especially thank Elin Allern Hausgjern, Hanna Bäck, Tim Bale, Patrick Dumont, Jos Elkink, Zolt Enyedi, Karina Pedersen, Nicolas Sauger, and Tom van der Meer. I have also greatly appreciated the constructive criticism that I received at various conferences and workshops at which I have presented parts of my study. I thank everybody who has been present at these venues and has taken an interest in my research. This dissertation would not have been completed if I had not benefited from the continuous support of my family and friends. Over the years I have made many friends in academia and they have proven invaluable, especially in last phases of my research. My academic friends have shown me that the life of the PhD student is not necessarily lonely, nor uni-dimensional. For this wisdom I thank Rebecca Adler-Nissen, Gijs Jan Brandsma, Robin Best, Emelyne Cheney, Catherine de Vries, Jos Elkink, Jan Erk, Simona Guerra, Imke Harbers, Sivan Hirsch-Hoefler, Marjolein Meijer, Huib Pellikaan, Dave Sinardet, Hilla Shtayer, Maria Spirova & Jim Sadkovich, Mia Sussman, Natalia Timus, Tom van der Meer, Lien Warmenbol, and the many students I got to know at EUI. Luckily, my life outside academia has always been equally rich with good friends, who have time and again reminded me that there is more to life 9 than articles, conferences, teaching, and the ever present dissertation. Especially Bas, Daniella & Enrique, Hans Y., and Janneke have managed to keep me sane and I am eternally grateful for that. I also wish to thank the friends that have hosted me when I travelled the world on my academic mission. Bas (and his parents), Daniella, Dave, Emelyne, Imke, Janneke, Marjolein, Sara G., Sivan, Itai & Itamar, and Tom each have provided a much appreciated home away from home and thus contributed to realization of my dissertation. This dissertation would not have been completed without the encouragements of my family. My father has always assisted me when I, once again, decided to move to another country or university, while my mother has been a great source of moral support. My brothers and sister have continuously challenged my wisdom about immigration questions in general, and radical right-wing populist parties in particular, in a light-hearted way. Even though they might not have realized it, their critical notes have substantially strengthened my determination to bring this project to a successful end. I dedicate this dissertation to Joël and Marthe, the youngest of my siblings. I hope that this dissertation will spark their interest in politics and that my efforts will show them that anything is possible, as long as you put your mind to it and you are not afraid to rely on the support of your family and friends. 10 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation Name Country AD Alleanza Democratica Italy AGALEV Anders gaan leven Belgium AN Alleanza Nazionale Italy BZÖ Bündnis Zukunft Österreich Austria CCD Centro Cristiano Democratico Italy CD Centrum Democraten
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