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The Marshall Plan in Austria 69 CAS XXV CONTEMPORARY AUSTRIANAUSTRIAN STUDIES STUDIES | VOLUME VOLUME 25 25 This volume celebrates the study of Austria in the twentieth century by historians, political scientists and social scientists produced in the previous twenty-four volumes of Contemporary Austrian Studies. One contributor from each of the previous volumes has been asked to update the state of scholarship in the field addressed in the respective volume. The title “Austrian Studies Today,” then, attempts to reflect the state of the art of historical and social science related Bischof, Karlhofer (Eds.) • Austrian Studies Today studies of Austria over the past century, without claiming to be comprehensive. The volume thus covers many important themes of Austrian contemporary history and politics since the collapse of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1918—from World War I and its legacies, to the rise of authoritarian regimes in the 1930s and 1940s, to the reconstruction of republican Austria after World War II, the years of Grand Coalition governments and the Kreisky era, all the way to Austria joining the European Union in 1995 and its impact on Austria’s international status and domestic politics. EUROPE USA Austrian Studies Studies Today Today GünterGünter Bischof,Bischof, Ferdinand Ferdinand Karlhofer Karlhofer (Eds.) (Eds.) UNO UNO PRESS innsbruck university press UNO PRESS UNO PRESS innsbruck university press Austrian Studies Today Günter Bischof, Ferdinand Karlhofer (Eds.) CONTEMPORARY AUSTRIAN STUDIES | VOLUME 25 UNO PRESS innsbruck university press Copyright © 2016 by University of New Orleans Press All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage nd retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All inquiries should be addressed to UNO Press, University of New Orleans, LA 138, 2000 Lakeshore Drive. New Orleans, LA, 70148, USA. www.unopress.org. Printed in the United States of America Book design by Allison Reu and Alex Dimeff Published in the United States by Published and distributed in Europe University of New Orleans Press by Innsbruck University Press ISBN: 9781608011124 ISBN: 9783902936691 UNO PRESS Publication of this volume has been made possible through generous grants from the the Federal Ministry for Europe, Integration and Foreign Affairs in Vienna through the Austrian Cultural Forum in New York, as well as the Federal Ministry of Economics, Science and Research through the Austrian Academic Exchange Service (ÖAAD). The Austrian Marshall Plan Anniversary Foundation in Vienna has been very generous in supporting Center Austria: The Austrian Marshall Plan Center for European Studies at the University of New Orleans and its publications series. The College of Liberal Arts at the University of New Orleans, as well as the Vice Rectorate for Research and the International Relations Office of the University of Innsbruck provided additional financial support. Contemporary Austrian Studies Sponsored by the University of New Orleans and Universität Innsbruck Editors Günter Bischof, Center Austria: Austrian Marshall Plan Center for European Studies, University of New Orleans Ferdinand Karlhofer, Universität Innsbruck Assistant Editor Vera Kropf, University of New Orleans/Akademie der Bildenden Künste Wien Production Editors Copy Editor Abram Himelstein & G.K. Darby, Ella Pfalzgraff University of New Orleans University of New Orleans Press Birgit Holzner, Universität Innsbruck Executive Editors Christina Antenhofer, Universität Innsbruck Kevin Graves, University of New Orleans Advisory Board Siegfried Beer Helmut Konrad Universität Graz Universität Graz Peter Berger Sándor Kurtán Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien Corvinus University Budapest John Boyer Günther Pallaver University of Chicago Universität Innsbruck Gary Cohen (ex officio) Joseph Patrouch (ex officio) University of Minnesota Wirth Institute for Austrian and Christine Day Central European Studies, University of New Orleans University of Alberta Andreas Exenberger Peter Pulzer Universität Innsbruck University of Oxford Oscar Gabriel Oliver Rathkolb Universität Stuttgart Universität Wien Malachi Hacohen Sieglinde Rosenberger Duke University Universität Wien Reinhard Heinisch Heidemarie Uhl Universität Salzburg Österreichische Akademie der Pieter Judson Wissenschaften European University Institute, Ruth Wodak Florence University of Lancaster Wilhelm Kohler Universität Tübingen Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 13 Günter Bischof ESSAYS Charles Maier: In the Museum of Austrian History 25 Oliver Rathkolb: A New Historiography of Bruno Kreisky 37 Peter Ruggenthaler: Austria in the 1950s 45 Ferdinand Karlhofer: There’s Still Life in the Old Dog Yet: Reflections on Change and Continuity of Austro-Corporatism 53 Anton Pelinka: An Assessment of the Vranitzky Era Today 63 Günter Bischof: The Marshall Plan in Austria 69 Paul Luif: Austrian Neutrality in the 21st Century 83 Gerda Falkner: Austria in the European Union 99 Tim Kirk: Dictatorship, Fascism and the Demise of Austrian Democracy 111 Reinhold Wagnleitner: Austria and the United States Today: From Top Model America to America’s Next Top Model? 127 Paul M. Zulehner: Religion in Austria Revisited 147 Dagmar Herzog: Sexuality in Austria: An Update 161 Fritz Plasser: The Changing Austrian Voter Today 171 Barbara Stelzl-Marx: An Update on World War II Studies and Austria 181 David M. Wineroither: The Schüssel Era Today 195 John Deak: Austria in the 1920s 205 Alexander Smith: Austria’s Global Position Today: Some Reflections on a Country in Decline 217 Bernhard Fetz: Biographical Contributions to Austrian Intellectual, Cultural and Political History 225 Emil Brix: The State of Austrian Foreign and Security Policy in Times of Geopolitical Change 239 Hannes Leidinger: The State of World War I Scholarship 249 Steven Beller: Vienna 1900: a world of yesterday, today—and tomorrow? 259 Peter A. Ulram: Political Culture in Austria 269 Austrian Studies Today /ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ Günter Bischof “Austrian Studies” is not a very well defined field, because “Austria” as a territorial entity has changed its size dramatically over the course of a thousand-plus year history. Historians grapple with these changing concepts of “Austria” over time. Among many reinventions, there are the ancient “Duchy of Austria” – quasi core-Austria along the Danube; the medieval/early modern “Austria” of the Habsburg territories of the “House Austria”; the “Austrian Empire,” proclaimed in 1806 after the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire; “Cisleithanian” Austria of the Dual Monarchy (1867–1918); and there is the state of “Austria,” formed in 1918 after the collapse of the Habsburg Monarchy—today’s “Austria.” In other words, the territorial expanse of Austria has changed greatly over time and needs to be seen in its respective historical contexts.1 Cultural, literary, music, architecture and art historians relate the extraordinary artistic production that has come out of the historical territories that have been Austria as “Austrian Studies.” Also, the lack of a well-developed Austrian identity until the second half of the twentieth century has not furthered the genesis of a field called “Austrian Studies” that is well-defined.2 The attempt to circumscribe what constitutes “Austrian Studies” might be helped by looking to the better-defined field of “American Studies.” When the United States developed into the world’s most powerful state after World War II, it also made the study of America (interdisciplinary “American Studies”) into an imperial project signaling the widespread American presence in the world. The American Studies Association defines American Studies as “a locus of interdisciplinary inquiry into the national 1 There is considerable historical literature grappling with this problem, see Martin Scheutz and Arno Strohmeyer, eds., Was heißt “österreichische” Geschichte? Probleme, Perspektiven und Räume der Neutzeitforschung (Innsbruck: StudienVerlag, 2008); Richard G. Plaschka, Gerald Stourzh, and Jan Paul Niederkorn, eds., Was heißt Österreich? Inhalt und Umfang des Österreichbegriffes vom 10. Jahrhundert bis heute (Archiv für österreichische Geschichte, vol. 136) (Vienna: VÖAW, 1995). 2 Among many books on Austrian identity, see Ernst Bruckmüller, The Austrian Nation: Cultural Consciousness and Socio-Political Processes, transl. Lowell A Bangerter (Riverside, CA: Ariadne, 2003); Peter Thaler,The Ambivalence of Identity: The Austrian Experience of Nation-Building in a Modern Society (Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2000); Lutz Musner, Gotthart Wunberg, and Eva Cescutti, eds., Gestörte Identitäten: Ein Zwischenbilanz der Zweiten Republik (Innsbruck: StudienVerlag, 2002). 14 ŝƐĐŚŽĨ͗/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ cultures of the United States.”3 The interdisciplinarity certainly is part and parcel of “Austrian Studies” too. But what would be the “national cultures” of Austria? In the late Habsburg Monarchy, it may have been German Studies, Jewish Studies, Hungarian Studies, Czech Studies, etc. But “inquiry into its national cultures”? Given Austrian identity today, in Austria it would mean “German Studies,” yet Austrian Studies self-consciously sees itself separate from German Studies. Whereas most political camps saw the First Austrian Republic as a “German state,” the Second Republic reconstituted after the disasters of World War II quickly distanced itself from Hitler’s Third
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