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Dissertation DISSERTATION Titel der Dissertation “EU supporters at a disadvantage? Party politicization of European integration in Austria” Verfasserin Mag. phil. Sarah Meyer angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktorin der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) Wien, Jänner 2012 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 092 300 Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt: Politikwissenschaft Betreuerin: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Sieglinde Rosenberger 2 Acknowledgements From the very first thoughts until the finalizing of the manuscript, working on this dissertation has been a long journey—and it would not have been possible without the help and support provided by a number of people and institutions. First of all, I would like to thank the Institute for Advanced Studies in Vienna for granting me a scholarship in the 2007-2010 post-graduate program on European integration at the Department of Political Science. This not only enabled me to focus on developing my thesis, but also provided me the opportunity to benefit from the expertise of a number of outstanding scholars in the fields of EU studies and comparative politics, who acted as guest professors in the department’s doctoral program. I would also like to thank the former heads of the department, Gerda Falkner and Oliver Treib, as well as the Assistant Professors for the feedback and encouragement they provided during my time at the IHS: Andreas Wimmel, Erica Edwards, Manuela Caiani, and, in particular, Guido Tiemann. My gratitude also goes to my former colleagues in the IHS doctoral program, who made the three years not only an interesting but also a very enjoyable time. I would also like to thank the University of Vienna and the Department of Political Science in particular for providing a very pleasant working environment and for allowing me to prioritize the finalization of this thesis in the last couple of months. Warm thanks also go to my colleagues from the dissertation seminar for providing helpful and constructive feedback throughout the years. In particular, I would like to thank Oliver Gruber, who shared his expertise and provided feedback on various parts and previous versions of this dissertation, from which I benefitted immensely. I am also very grateful to Gilg Seeber for his generous help in data collection, as well as to the staff of the Österreichische Mediathek for hosting me very cooperatively during the long period of transcribing material, and to Jakob Winkler for his support in administrative issues during my time abroad. My greatest gratitude of course goes to Sieglinde Rosenberger—not only for supervising me during the developing and writing of this dissertation, but for supporting me in various ways from the very beginning of my engagement in academia. Finally, I would like to thank my friends and family, in particular my mother, K.G. Baer, and Andi for their support, encouragement, and patience during the time of writing this thesis. 3 4 Content 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 7 2. European integration, national political parties, and politicization ................................... 14 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 14 2.2 The absence of parties in early EU research........................................................................ 15 2.3 Climbing the research agenda: political parties and European integration ......................... 18 2.4 The politicization of European integration: clarifying the concept ..................................... 23 2.5 European integration: a sui generis issue for the study of party politicization? .................. 25 3. Party politicization of European integration: towards an analytical framework ............. 28 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 28 3. 2 Party politicization of European integration: state of the art .............................................. 28 3.3 Party politicization as explanandum: two levels, two components, two theories ............... 33 3.4 Theorizing the content and emphasis of issue-politicization .............................................. 37 3.5 Explanatory framework for party politicization of European integration ........................... 42 3.6 National context and EU politicization: case selection and country hypothesis ................. 47 4. Data and methods .................................................................................................................... 51 4.1 Summary of research design................................................................................................ 51 4.2 Data ...................................................................................................................................... 52 4.3 Methods ............................................................................................................................... 60 5. Austria and European integration: introducing the case .................................................... 66 5.1 The Austrian political and party system: a brief introduction ............................................. 66 5.2 Austria’s way towards Europe: the pre-accession period .................................................... 75 5.3 Europe in Austrian public discourse: the post-accession period ......................................... 79 5.4 Austrian political parties and the issue of Europe ............................................................... 85 6. European integration in Austrian general election campaigns ........................................... 96 6.1 Party positioning in response to European integration: a cleavage perspective .................. 97 6.2 Who drives EU politicization in Austrian general election campaigns? ........................... 120 6.3 The content of the debate about Europe in Austrian general election campaigns ............. 158 5 7. Beyond election campaigns: European integration in decision-making arenas ............... 182 7.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 182 7.2 Functional logics in different arenas of domestic party contestation ................................. 183 7.3 Data and methods ............................................................................................................... 185 7.4 Empirical findings .............................................................................................................. 188 7.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 204 8. Conclusion............................................................................................................................... 206 Bibliography................................................................................................................................. 217 Appendix ...................................................................................................................................... 230 A1. Additional tables and figures ............................................................................................ 230 A2. List of tables and figures ................................................................................................... 236 A3. Documentation of data sources and data collection .......................................................... 238 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ 243 Curriculum vitae .......................................................................................................................... 245 6 1. Introduction European integration has become a contentious issue in mass politics in recent years, and political actors seeking to advance the establishing of an ever closer union are increasingly challenged by Euroskeptic parties that openly turn against the EU project (cf. Hooghe/Marks 2009; de Vries/Edwards 2009; Szczerbiak/Taggart 2008). The latter find themselves in an advantageous position, since public support for European integration is in decline (Hooghe/Marks 2009). This also applies to the case of Austria, where Euroskpeticism is strongly represented both in the public sphere and in the party system (cf. Fallend 2008). Under conditions like that, pro- European parties are clearly at a disadvantage in the politicization of European integration and the latter can be expected to be strongly biased towards anti-EU sentiments. To what extent this assessment holds true will be explored in this dissertation, which aims at studying party politicization over the issue of Europe in Austrian domestic party contestation. Scholarly reflection about the politicization of European integration constitutes a recent phenomenon. For several decades, Europe was viewed a non-issue, depoliticized by political parties and thus of no electoral relevance (cf. Mair 2000; van der Eijk/Franklin 2004). The process of further European integration did not arrest attention by the general public and the issue of Europe was considered irrelevant for domestic contestation between political parties. Scholars spoke of a permissive consensus characterized by a generally positive or indifferent evaluation
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