DOCSLIB.ORG

Improving the Common Stock of Knowledge

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Improving the Common Stock of Knowledge Research and Development in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Improving the Common Stock of Knowledge by Damon Manders Ordnance and Technical Services Branch U.S. Army Engineer District, St. Louis U.S. Army Corps of Engineers August 2011 Cataloging-in-Publication Data Manders, Damon. Research and development in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers : Improving the common stock of knowledge / by Damon Manders. ix, 413 p. : ill. ; 28 cm. 1. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.)—Research--History. 2. United States. Army. Corps of Engineers—Research--History. 3. Engineering—Research--History. 4. Hydraulic engineering—Research--History. 5. Environmental engineering—Research- -History. 6. Military topography—Research--History. 7. Computer science—Research- -History. 8. Coastal engineering—Research--History. 9. Engineering geology—Research- -History. 10. Structural engineering—Research--History. 11. Engineering—Cold weather conditions—Research--History. 12. Information technology—Research--History. 13. Photogrammetry—Research--History. I. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.) II. United States. Army. Corps of Engineers. TA200 E8 2011 Foreword and Author’s Acknowledgments When Charles A. Camillo, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Mississippi Valley Division and U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) historian, approached me in 2007 about the possibility of working on a history of ERDC, I was excited about the potential of the project. He outlined a volume that would cover scientific research in engi- neering, hydraulics, computer science, topography, environmental science, and other techni- cal fields. As one raised by an engineer in a town with one of the highest concentrations of physicists, engineers, and computer developers in the country — Huntsville, Alabama — and as someone who had written about computers and technology for years, I saw the project as an opportunity to bring my personal interests and experiences to bear on describing one of the most unique organizations in the country. Discussing the project, he envisioned not just an organizational yearbook that is all too often the tone of Corps of Engineers histories, but a narrative of all research and development activities from the origins of the Corps to the modern day that would place ERDC in historical context. It was a sweeping topic requiring integration of a vast amount of information in a brief time — a little more than a year to meet the objective of the anniversary of the formation of ERDC. The result is the present volume. Although it falls short of a comprehensive history, a task that would have taken many years and many volumes to complete, it briefly treats the many Corps research and development activi- ties that led to the formation of ERDC in the context of U.S. engineering research, focusing primarily on the six fields that fall under ERDC: topography and photogrammetry, hydrau- lics and coastal engineering, geotechnology and structural engineering, construction research, cold regions research and engineering, environmental science, and information technology. I am extremely grateful for the opportunity to work on the project for a number of reasons. Aside from my personal interests and technical background, I am thankful for the opportu- nity to chronicle the histories of these influential research organizations, each with long pedi- grees and many accomplishments. I had, as has most anyone familiar with the Corps, heard of the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES) and appreciated its long history of important research. I would soon learn of the diverse activities of the other Corps labs that composed ERDC as my research proceeded. I knew that the Corps had for some years conducted research, though I was surprised to learn of the extent of such activities. I am also grateful for the ability to continue working in the field of the history of technology. The topic of Corps research and development lends itself more easily to a broader history of Corps technology than a simple organizational history would allow. As I described Corps research activities in context of early engineering and technological developments, I was able to com- ment widely on historiographical issues. Until recently the history of technology has received less attention than its importance to society has warranted. Many debates have surfaced over iii Improving the Common Stock of Knowledge the past quarter century addressing the relationship of science and engineering, the profes- sionalization of U.S. engineering, the evolution of engineering education, the place of indi- viduals in corporate entities, synergy between military and civil engineering, the utilization of computers, and other topics. The Corps was deeply involved in many of these issues. The knowledge, technology, and scientific approach the Corps developed to protect the country had vast influence on civil engineering practices. Mr. Camillo encouraged me to explore these issues within the overall historical context of the topic. The result is a different sort of history than most funded by the Corps, one that looks as much at broader historical trends and events as with the creation of the organizations. I greatly appreciate his vision that led to this history, which, I hope, will contribute in some small way to the history of technology by discussing the important but largely undocumented role the Corps played in the development of U.S. engineering science. I wish to thank Col. Richard B. Jenkins, the former ERDC command- er, who provided the initial impetus for this project, and Timothy D. Ables and the ERDC Board of Deputy Directors, who had the foresight to support and fund this worthy project. This volume is primarily a synthesis of existing material. Due to the complexity of the sub- ject, which embraces research accomplishments across a dozen engineering fields for more than two centuries, I relied heavily on those secondary works available to me for descriptions of many issues and especially on histories of the various laboratories. To those who came before me, I am, therefore, particularly indebted. Special mention should be made of Benjamin H. Fatherree, whose extraordinarily detailed histories of the WES hydraulics and geotechnical labs provided the basis for much of the descriptions of their research. The WES histories edited by Joseph Tiffany and authored by Gordon Cotton have also been of enormous help for the period prior to 1980. WES in general kept meticulous records, with annual historical or Lab of the Year reports available nearly every year since 1969. The histories of the Beach Erosion Board and Coastal Engineering Research Center by Mary-Louise Quinn and Jamie and Doro- thy Moore cover these organizations through the transfer of coastal research to WES in 1983. The Engineer Topographic Laboratories also had the advantage of detailed histories — edited or written by John Pennington, Edward C. Ezell, Andrew Hamilton, and Robert Hellman — covering the time of its formation to 1988. A brief history by Robert Livingstone discusses the formation and activities of the Engineer Detachment at Wright Field. For the Construction En- gineering Research Laboratory (CERL), Louis Torres wrote a well-documented history of that organization through 1988, while for the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Edmund A. Wright completed a brief history of that lab through 1985, and a cursory update published by the lab takes the history through 1990. Also helpful was the important work of Frank Schubert on the topographical engineers, Lisa Mighetto and Wesley Ebel on the Bonn- eville Dam, Gregory Graves on the Institute of Water Resources, and Lawrence Suid on the Corps nuclear program, as well as the many district and division histories referenced in this text. I am also indebted to the pioneering inter-pretations of Hunter Rouse and Simon Ince, Todd Shallat, Martin Reuss, Brook Hindle, Silvio Bedini, Edwin Layton, and Terry Reynolds on early American and European science and engineering. These predecessors provided much of iv Foreword and Author’s Acknowledgments the groundwork without which this history would not have been possible in such a brief time- frame. I am extremely grateful for their efforts even when I disagree with their interpretation. Because of the dearth of secondary data in some areas or to reconcile conflicting testimony on specific issues, in several cases I conducted primary and archival research. In particular, I tried to review critical junctures, such as the founding of the labs or other events with larger political implications. Further, there were many eras and several organizations about which very little has been written. There is no detailed history of the early days of the Engineer School, of many Corps boards, and of the dozens of research organizations that seemed to keep cropping up in documents or mentioned in other histories. And of course, none of the current ERDC organi- zational histories cover the modern period; most cut off in the mid-1980s, in fact if not in name. In gathering the primary sources for this history, I must mention the support of Sheila DeVeydt of the St. Louis District, who helped track down documentation at the National Archives re- lated to the founding of WES and early board research in the Corps. Charles Camillo, with the aid of historian Larry Roberts and his assistant Janet Fisher, helped to track down reports and images from the U.S. Army Engineer School at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri. I wish to extend my appreciation to Matthew Pearcy, Michael Brodhead, Michelle Tyler, and James Gerber at the Corps of Engineers History Office for help in searching their archives for documents and imag- es, and also to John C. Lonnquest, chief of the History Office, for overall support and guidance. I also wish to thank the many public affairs officers and librarians at the many laboratory sites, including Deborah Quimby, Wayne Stroupe, Jackie Bryant, Marie Darling, and Dana Finney, as well as librarians Nancy Liston, Patricia Lacey, and Allan Wiley.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Informationen Zum ADFC Usinger Land
    Liebe Fahrradfahrerinnen und Fahrradfahrer, Touristinformationen: Usatal-Radweg Usingen, die alte Residenz- und Kreisstadt im Buch- Bei der Suche nach einer passenden Unterkunft oder Ein weiterer empfehlenswerter Fahrradweg ist der Usatal- finkenland, liegt inmitten des schönen Taunus. Gastronomie helfen wir Ihnen gerne! Radweg. Dieser ist die Ost-West-Verbindung zwischen Wetterau und Taunus. Vom Weiltalweg bei Schmitten- Rund um Usingen bietet die Landschaft für Besucher Stadt Usingen Brombach bis zur Nidda bei Niddatal-Assenheim führt der einiges zu entdecken. Aus diesem Grund hat die Wilhelmjstr. 1 Usatalradweg. Auf rund 45 Kilometern begleitet der Weg das 61250 Usingen Flüsschen Usa von der Quelle zwischen Neu-Anspach und Stadt auf Anregung und in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Tel. (06081) 1024-0 dem Weiltal bis an seine Mündung in die Wetter und weiter ADFC Usinger Land eine Fahrradroute rund um die Fax: (06081) 1024-9033 zum Anschluss an die Nidda mit dem Niddauferweg und Buchfinkenstadt zusammengestellt. [email protected] dem hier verlaufenden Hessischen Radfernweg R4. www.usingen.de www.adfc-hochtaunus.de Auf der ca. 37 km langen beschilderten Strecke Usinger Becken oder für den gesamten Taunus: besteht die Möglichkeit, Abstecher zu verschiedenen Taunus Touristik Service e. V. Sehenswürdigkeiten zu machen. So ist beispielsweise Naturpark Hochtaunus Taunus-Informationszentrum ein Stopp am Hattsteinweiher, den Eschbacher Hohemarkstraße 192 Der Naturpark Hochtaunus ist der zweitgrößte Naturpark 61440 Oberursel (Taunus) Klippen oder ein Rundgang durch die historische Hessens. Ziel ist es, dem Besucher die Schönheit des Taunus Altstadt Usingens eine schöne Ergänzung. Telefon: (06171) 507 80 umweltverträglich zugänglich zu machen. Es gibt zahlreiche Telefax: (06171) 507 81 5 Die Stadt Usingen wünscht Ihnen eine gute und Angebote zur Erholung und für sportliche Aktivitäten.
    [Show full text]
  • Vibrational Spectra of Light and Heavy Water with Application to Neutron Cross Section Calculations J
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by CONICET Digital Vibrational spectra of light and heavy water with application to neutron cross section calculations J. I. Marquez Damian, D. C. Malaspina, and J. R. Granada Citation: J. Chem. Phys. 139, 024504 (2013); doi: 10.1063/1.4812828 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4812828 View Table of Contents: http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/JCPSA6/v139/i2 Published by the AIP Publishing LLC. Additional information on J. Chem. Phys. Journal Homepage: http://jcp.aip.org/ Journal Information: http://jcp.aip.org/about/about_the_journal Top downloads: http://jcp.aip.org/features/most_downloaded Information for Authors: http://jcp.aip.org/authors Downloaded 11 Jul 2013 to 200.0.233.52. This article is copyrighted as indicated in the abstract. Reuse of AIP content is subject to the terms at: http://jcp.aip.org/about/rights_and_permissions THE JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS 139, 024504 (2013) Vibrational spectra of light and heavy water with application to neutron cross section calculations J. I. Marquez Damian,1,a) D. C. Malaspina,2 and J. R. Granada1,b) 1Neutron Physics Department and Instituto Balseiro, Centro Atómico Bariloche, CNEA, Argentina 2Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA (Received 4 June 2013; accepted 19 June 2013; published online 11 July 2013) The design of nuclear reactors and neutron moderators require a good representation of the interac- tion of low energy (E < 1 eV) neutrons with hydrogen and deuterium containing materials. These models are based on the dynamics of the material, represented by its vibrational spectrum.
    [Show full text]
  • No. 40. the System of Lunar Craters, Quadrant Ii Alice P
    NO. 40. THE SYSTEM OF LUNAR CRATERS, QUADRANT II by D. W. G. ARTHUR, ALICE P. AGNIERAY, RUTH A. HORVATH ,tl l C.A. WOOD AND C. R. CHAPMAN \_9 (_ /_) March 14, 1964 ABSTRACT The designation, diameter, position, central-peak information, and state of completeness arc listed for each discernible crater in the second lunar quadrant with a diameter exceeding 3.5 km. The catalog contains more than 2,000 items and is illustrated by a map in 11 sections. his Communication is the second part of The However, since we also have suppressed many Greek System of Lunar Craters, which is a catalog in letters used by these authorities, there was need for four parts of all craters recognizable with reasonable some care in the incorporation of new letters to certainty on photographs and having diameters avoid confusion. Accordingly, the Greek letters greater than 3.5 kilometers. Thus it is a continua- added by us are always different from those that tion of Comm. LPL No. 30 of September 1963. The have been suppressed. Observers who wish may use format is the same except for some minor changes the omitted symbols of Blagg and Miiller without to improve clarity and legibility. The information in fear of ambiguity. the text of Comm. LPL No. 30 therefore applies to The photographic coverage of the second quad- this Communication also. rant is by no means uniform in quality, and certain Some of the minor changes mentioned above phases are not well represented. Thus for small cra- have been introduced because of the particular ters in certain longitudes there are no good determi- nature of the second lunar quadrant, most of which nations of the diameters, and our values are little is covered by the dark areas Mare Imbrium and better than rough estimates.
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary Glossary
    Glossary Glossary Albedo A measure of an object’s reflectivity. A pure white reflecting surface has an albedo of 1.0 (100%). A pitch-black, nonreflecting surface has an albedo of 0.0. The Moon is a fairly dark object with a combined albedo of 0.07 (reflecting 7% of the sunlight that falls upon it). The albedo range of the lunar maria is between 0.05 and 0.08. The brighter highlands have an albedo range from 0.09 to 0.15. Anorthosite Rocks rich in the mineral feldspar, making up much of the Moon’s bright highland regions. Aperture The diameter of a telescope’s objective lens or primary mirror. Apogee The point in the Moon’s orbit where it is furthest from the Earth. At apogee, the Moon can reach a maximum distance of 406,700 km from the Earth. Apollo The manned lunar program of the United States. Between July 1969 and December 1972, six Apollo missions landed on the Moon, allowing a total of 12 astronauts to explore its surface. Asteroid A minor planet. A large solid body of rock in orbit around the Sun. Banded crater A crater that displays dusky linear tracts on its inner walls and/or floor. 250 Basalt A dark, fine-grained volcanic rock, low in silicon, with a low viscosity. Basaltic material fills many of the Moon’s major basins, especially on the near side. Glossary Basin A very large circular impact structure (usually comprising multiple concentric rings) that usually displays some degree of flooding with lava. The largest and most conspicuous lava- flooded basins on the Moon are found on the near side, and most are filled to their outer edges with mare basalts.
    [Show full text]
  • General Index
    General Index Italicized page numbers indicate figures and tables. Color plates are in- cussed; full listings of authors’ works as cited in this volume may be dicated as “pl.” Color plates 1– 40 are in part 1 and plates 41–80 are found in the bibliographical index. in part 2. Authors are listed only when their ideas or works are dis- Aa, Pieter van der (1659–1733), 1338 of military cartography, 971 934 –39; Genoa, 864 –65; Low Coun- Aa River, pl.61, 1523 of nautical charts, 1069, 1424 tries, 1257 Aachen, 1241 printing’s impact on, 607–8 of Dutch hamlets, 1264 Abate, Agostino, 857–58, 864 –65 role of sources in, 66 –67 ecclesiastical subdivisions in, 1090, 1091 Abbeys. See also Cartularies; Monasteries of Russian maps, 1873 of forests, 50 maps: property, 50–51; water system, 43 standards of, 7 German maps in context of, 1224, 1225 plans: juridical uses of, pl.61, 1523–24, studies of, 505–8, 1258 n.53 map consciousness in, 636, 661–62 1525; Wildmore Fen (in psalter), 43– 44 of surveys, 505–8, 708, 1435–36 maps in: cadastral (See Cadastral maps); Abbreviations, 1897, 1899 of town models, 489 central Italy, 909–15; characteristics of, Abreu, Lisuarte de, 1019 Acequia Imperial de Aragón, 507 874 –75, 880 –82; coloring of, 1499, Abruzzi River, 547, 570 Acerra, 951 1588; East-Central Europe, 1806, 1808; Absolutism, 831, 833, 835–36 Ackerman, James S., 427 n.2 England, 50 –51, 1595, 1599, 1603, See also Sovereigns and monarchs Aconcio, Jacopo (d. 1566), 1611 1615, 1629, 1720; France, 1497–1500, Abstraction Acosta, José de (1539–1600), 1235 1501; humanism linked to, 909–10; in- in bird’s-eye views, 688 Acquaviva, Andrea Matteo (d.
    [Show full text]
  • Chester County Marriages Bride Index 1885-1930
    Chester County Marriages Bride Index 1885-1930 Bride's Last Name Bride's First Name Bride's Middle Bride's Date of Birth Bride's Age Groom's First Groom's Last Date of Application Date of Marriage Place of Marriage License # Dabney Ruth 47 Arthur Garner October 16, 1929 West Chester 29675 Dabundo Louise 18 Saverio DiMaio December 10, 1925 West Chester 26115.5 Dadley Fannie K 23 Albert Smith April 12, 1916 Toughkenamon 19118 Dagastina LorenzaFebruary 6, 1889 Michele Mastragiolo March 16, 1908 Norristown 13663 Dagne Eva EJuly 8, 1874 Jesse Downs December 27, 1899 West Chester 7490 Dagostina Philomena 18 Nicholas Tuscano August 2, 1925 Phoenixville 25847 D'Agostino Angelina 28 Gabriele Natale April 19, 1915 Norristown 18401 Dague Anna LSeptember 23, 1884 James Porter December 18, 1907 Parkesburg 13097 Dague CoraNovember 10, 1874 Vernon Powell February 10, 1904 Lionville 10244 Dague Lillie AApril 27, 1873 Frederick Gottier April 7, 1902 West Chester 9034 Dague M KatieJanuary 1, 1872 Charles Gantt April 17, 1900 Downington 7673 Dague Mary J 29 Ralph Young March 5, 1921 Coatesville 22856 Dague Sara Ellen 36 Rees Helms October 4, 1922 Honey Brook 23933 Dague Sarah Emma1858 James Eppihimer January 14, 1886 West Chester 104 Dahl Olga G 23 Claude Prettyman January 24, 1925 West Chester 25559 Dahms Elsie Annie 26 Chester Kirkhoff October 31, 1929 Pottstown 29710 Dailey Agnes1859 John McCarthy January 13, 1886 West Chester 084 Dailey Anna 19 Rhinehart Merkt August 14, 1913 Downingtown 17216 Dailey Anna RApril 29, 1877 18 Thomas Argne January 4, 1896
    [Show full text]
  • The Incredible Lightness of Water Vapor
    1 The Incredible Lightness of Water Vapor ∗ 2 Da Yang and Seth Seidel 3 University of California, Davis 4 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley ∗ 5 Corresponding author address: Da Yang, 253 Hoagland Hall, Davis, CA 95616. 6 E-mail: [email protected] Generated using v4.3.2 of the AMS LATEX template 1 ABSTRACT 7 The molar mass of water vapor is significantly less than that of dry air. This 8 makes a moist parcel lighter than a dry parcel of the same temperature and 9 pressure. This effect is referred to as the vapor buoyancy effect and has of- 10 ten been overlooked in climate studies. We propose that this effect increases 11 Earth’s outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and stabilizes Earth’s climate. 12 We illustrate this mechanism in an idealized tropical atmosphere, where there 13 is no horizontal buoyancy gradient in the free troposphere. To maintain the 14 uniform buoyancy distribution, temperature increases toward dry atmosphere 15 columns to compensate reduction of vapor buoyancy. The temperature differ- 16 ence between moist and dry columns would increase with climate warming 17 due to increasing atmospheric water vapor, leading to enhanced OLR and 18 thereby stabilizing Earth’s climate. We estimate that this feedback strength 2 19 is about O(0.2 W/m /K), which compares with cloud feedbacks and surface 20 albedo feedbacks in current climate. 2 21 1. Introduction 22 How fast would Earth’s climate respond to increasing CO2 (Manabe and Wetherald 1975; Flato 23 et al. 2013; Collins et al. 2013)? Why is tropical climate more stable than extratropical climate 24 (Holland and Bitz 2003; Polyakov et al.
    [Show full text]
  • May 1975 Vol. XXII, No. 2
    Masonic Culture Workshops Scheduled In Four Areas The PENNSYLVANIA To Assist Lodge Officers The Grand Lodge Committee on Ma­ sonic Culture has divided the Jurisdic­ FREE1VIASON tion into four areas, one more than was previously announced. AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE RIGHT WORSHIPFUL GRAND LODGE OF Masonic Culture Seminars are being FREE AND ACCEPTED MASONS OF PENNSYLVANIA conducted in these areas to assist Lodge Officers to prepare interesting Lodge meetings. The agenda for the Seminars covers VOLUME XXII MAY • 1975 NUMBER 2 introduction materials and services pro­ vided by the Grand Lodge Committee "Rededication Month" on Masonic Culture. 197 6 Lodge Programs A " Packet" of informative papers, pamphlets and other helpful guides is Are Being Distributed Five members of the Rodd family, all Officers of Chartiers Lodge No. 297, Canonsburg, are being distributed to those attending the Grand Master Calls Craft to Labor shown with Bro. Eugene G. Painter, District Deputy Grand Master for the 29th Masonic District. Front row, left to right: Bro. Robert C. Rodd, Senior Deacon; Bro. Painter, and Bro. Seminars. October has been designated " Re­ John T. Rodd, Worshipful Master. Rear row, left to right: Bro. John R. Rodd, Past Master The four Area Chairmen, Members of dedication to Freemasonry" Month by By District Deputies and Secretary; Bro. Howard J. Orr, Past Master and Secretary Emeritus and cousin of Bro. the Grand Lodge Committee on Masonic John R. Rodd; and Bro. Robert C. Rodd II, Junior Warden. Bro. John R. Rodd is the father the Grand Master. of the three Rodds. Culture, are responsible for the follow­ In making the announcement, Bro.
    [Show full text]
  • Das Usinger Becken Und Seine Randgebiete*). Von Theodor Geisel, Usingen Im Taunus
    download unter www.zobodat.at Das Usinger Becken und seine Randgebiete*). Von Theodor Geisel, Usingen im Taunus. Inhaltsübersicht. Gliederung und Relief. Der geologische Bau und der Boden Die Formen der Landschaft Die hohen TJsaterrassen Die Rumpffläche Die Beckenwasserscheide und die Wehrheimer Mulde Die diluvialen Gehänge- und Sohlenterrassen und die alluvialen Formen Die klimatischen Verhältnisse Die Gewässer Die Pflanzen- und Tierwelt Das Werden der Kulturlandschaft in Vorgeschichte und Römerzeit in Mittelalter und Neuzeit Die Kulturlandschaft der Gegenwart Die Form und Lage der Siedlungen Die Bodennutzung Intensität der Bewirtschaftung und Flurverhältnisse Anbauverhältnisse Wiesenbau und Viehhaltung Obstbau F orstwirtschaf t Das Gewerbe Der Verkehr Die wirtschaftlichen Siedhmgstypen und die Berufsgliederung der Bevölkerung Die Volkszahl und Volksdichte *) Diese Arbeit erscheint als geographische Dissertation der Hohen Phi­ losophischen Fakultät der Universität Köln. download unter www.zobodat.at 81 Gliederung und Relief. Das Usinger Becken liegt im nordöstlichen Taunus und ist damit ein Ausschnitt aus dem Rheinischen Schiefergebirge. Als Senke, deren Längsachse in der Streichrichtung des Gebirges nordostwärts verläuft, gruppiert sich das Becken um das Tal der oberen und mittleren Usa, die als einziges Flüßchen in der Längsrichtung des Taunus nach NO entwässert. Im Südtaunus verläuft nur noch das Wispertal in der Streichrichtung des Gebirges nach SW. Während allerdings das Wisper­ tal eine Folge von tief eingesenkten Mäandern darstellt, ist das Usatal breit und muldenförmig. Zur Usinger Beckenlandschaft im weiteren Sinne gehört noch das Erlenbachtal von der Quelle bis zum Austritt aus dem Gebirge. Die Durchbruchsstrecke, das Köpperner Tal, liegt bereits im Beckenrand. Beide Teile des Gesamtbeckens werden durch die Beckenwasserscheide voneinander getrennt. Diese zieht sich, zunächst im S in der Streich­ richtung, weiter nördlich dann quer zu ihr durch das Gesamtbecken.
    [Show full text]
  • The United States Atomic Army, 1956-1960 Dissertation
    INTIMIDATING THE WORLD: THE UNITED STATES ATOMIC ARMY, 1956-1960 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Paul C. Jussel, B.A., M.M.A.S., M.S.S. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2004 Dissertation Committee Approved by Professor Allan R. Millett, Advisor Professor John R. Guilmartin __________________ Professor William R. Childs Advisor Department of History ABSTRACT The atomic bomb created a new military dynamic for the world in 1945. The bomb, if used properly, could replace the artillery fires and air-delivered bombs used to defeat the concentrated force of an enemy. The weapon provided the U.S. with an unparalleled advantage over the rest of the world, until the Soviet Union developed its own bomb by 1949 and symmetry in warfare returned. Soon, theories of warfare changed to reflect the belief that the best way to avoid the effects of the bomb was through dispersion of forces. Eventually, the American Army reorganized its divisions from the traditional three-unit organization to a new five-unit organization, dubbed pentomic by its Chief of Staff, General Maxwell D. Taylor. While atomic weapons certainly had an effect on Taylor’s reasoning to adopt the pentomic organization, the idea was not new in 1956; the Army hierarchy had been wrestling with restructuring since the end of World War II. Though the Korean War derailed the Army’s plans for the early fifties, it returned to the forefront under the Eisenhower Administration. The driving force behind reorganization in 1952 was not ii only the reoriented and reduced defense budget, but also the Army’s inroads to the atomic club, formerly the domain of only the Air Force and the Navy.
    [Show full text]
  • V 52, #1 Fall 2015
    THE SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI NONPROFIT ORG. U.S. POSTAGE Cincinnati fourteen 2118 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. P A I D fourteen Cincinnati Washington, DC 20008-3640 WASHINGTON, DC PERMIT NO. 8805 Volume 52, Volume No.1 Fall 2015 Fall 2015 Members and guests of the New Hunter Lowell Davis, son of Pennsylvania Society member Brad Jersey and Pennsylvania societies Davis and grandson of former president Lowell Davis, was admitted convened on April 25 on a perfect as a successor member this fall. A student at the Friends School in Spring Saturday for a tour of Fort Baltimore, Hunter is spending the fall at the prestigious School for Mifflin, south of Philadelphia. The New Ethics and Global Leadership in Washington. The Davis family Jersey group started at Fort Mercer traces its lineage to two brothers who served as officers in the on the eastern bank of the Delaware Pennsylvania line. River and were joined by the Pennsylvanians at Fort Mifflin on Mud Island on the western bank. Lunch Friends of Independence National Historical Park; “We want as little busing to get to venues as was served inside the fort, followed by the National Park Service; Bartram’s Gardens possible,” said Jim Pringle, the state society’s vice a guided tour of the stone fortress and (oldest surviving botanic garden in North president. “By staying in the historic district, we demonstration of musketry and America); the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts; can minimize all forms of transportation,” Pringle Revolutionary War cannon. The the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, Free and explained. “We will concentrate the activities so dogged defense of Fort Mifflin by Accepted Masons; The Barnes Foundation (art they’re easily walkable, as much as possible.” American soldiers under constant museum); and The Barnes Arboretum (gardens).
    [Show full text]
  • Committee Approval Form
    UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI _____________ , 20 _____ I,______________________________________________, hereby submit this as part of the requirements for the degree of: ________________________________________________ in: ________________________________________________ It is entitled: ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Approved by: ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ THE ORIGINS, EARLY DEVELOPMENTS AND PRESENT-DAY IMPACT OF THE JUNIOR RESERVE OFFICERS’ TRAINING CORPS ON THE AMERICAN PUBLIC SCHOOLS A dissertation submitted to the Division of Research and Advanced Studies of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION (Ed.D.) in the Department of Educational Foundations of the College of Education 2003 by Nathan Andrew Long B.M., University of Kentucky, 1996 M.Ed., University of Cincinnati, 2000 Committee Chair: Marvin J. Berlowitz, Ph.D. ABSTRACT The Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (Junior ROTC) has been a part of the American educational system for nearly ninety years. Formed under the 1916 National Defense Act, its primary function was and is to train high school youth military techniques and history, citizenship and discipline. The organization has recently seen its stature elevated and its reach widened once Congress
    [Show full text]