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Natural and Cultural Histories of the Island of Mabuyag, Torres Strait. Edited by Ian J

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Natural and Cultural Histories of the Island of Mabuyag, Torres Strait. Edited by Ian J Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | Culture Volume 8 Part 1 Goemulgaw Lagal: Natural and Cultural Histories of the Island of Mabuyag, Torres Strait. Edited by Ian J. McNiven and Garrick Hitchcock Minister: Annastacia Palaszczuk MP, Premier and Minister for the Arts CEO: Suzanne Miller, BSc(Hons), PhD, FGS, FMinSoc, FAIMM, FGSA , FRSSA Editor in Chief: J.N.A. Hooper, PhD Editors: Ian J. McNiven PhD and Garrick Hitchcock, BA (Hons) PhD(QLD) FLS FRGS Issue Editors: Geraldine Mate, PhD PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE BOARD 2015 © Queensland Museum PO Box 3300, South Brisbane 4101, Australia Phone: +61 (0) 7 3840 7555 Fax: +61 (0) 7 3846 1226 Web: qm.qld.gov.au National Library of Australia card number ISSN 1440-4788 VOLUME 8 IS COMPLETE IN 2 PARTS COVER Image on book cover: People tending to a ground oven (umai) at Nayedh, Bau village, Mabuyag, 1921. Photographed by Frank Hurley (National Library of Australia: pic-vn3314129-v). NOTE Papers published in this volume and in all previous volumes of the Memoirs of the Queensland Museum may be reproduced for scientific research, individual study or other educational purposes. Properly acknowledged quotations may be made but queries regarding the republication of any papers should be addressed to the CEO. Copies of the journal can be purchased from the Queensland Museum Shop. A Guide to Authors is displayed on the Queensland Museum website qm.qld.gov.au A Queensland Government Project Design and Layout: Tanya Edbrooke, Queensland Museum Printed by Watson, Ferguson & Company Ngalmun Lagaw Yangukudu: the language of our homeland Rod MITCHELL Mitchell, R. 2011: Ngalmun Lagaw Yangukudu: the language of our homeland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum – Culture 8(1):323-446. Brisbane. ISSN 1440-4788. Something like over a quarter of the speakers of the Western and Central Language of Torres Strait speak the Kalaw Lagaw Ya dialect. The language may have started its formation as early as over 2600 years ago, through the colonisation of Torres Strait by a mixed South-East Papuan Austronesian and East Trans-Fly Papuan group, who overlaid local Paman Australians on the western and southern islands. Though the language is Australian, it has been heavily influenced by both Papuan and Austronesian languages. Typologically the language is between the Paman and South-Central/ Eastern-Trans Fly Papuan languages. It is on the continuum between declensional and agglutinative in morphology and has A O V // S V word order. Case inflections are suffixed to nominals to mark their syntactic role in the clause. Verb stems are modified to show attainative versus active telicity, number, aspect, mood and tense. Grammatical number encodes singular, dual and plural. There are two genders, masculine and feminine, marked only on the singular, which for non humans encode cultural significance (masculine) and innate significance (feminine). A complex agglutinative system of deictics also exists. There is a range of speech styles, much of which has a direct ancestry in pre-colonisation times – formal, archaic, poetic, joking, colloquial, “baby” language, and so on. Though there is a tradition of over a century of writing in the language, starting with the mission schools in the 1870s, education through the language has been sadly ignored by educationalists, and the language faces all the typical problems of those spoken by indigenous minorities Australian Paman, East Trans-Fly Papuan, Austronesian, Mixed Languages, Minority Languages, Australian Indigenous Languages, Torres Strait Languages, language contact Rod Mitchell Brighton, United Kingdom [email protected] Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | Culture 8 (1) 2015 | 323 Rod Mitchell This work endeavours all too briefly to The third part, The Language, presents the describe Kalaw Lagaw Ya within its own forms of the language itself from a linguistic terms as well as it being a part of the perspective, moving from the sound system language of the Western and Central Islands (vowels, consonants, glides), the description of Torres Strait. The only works in the past of the word, including stress, syllabification that have taken such an encompassing view and word shortening, intonation, parts were Ray and Haddon (1897) and Ray (1907), of speech, morphology and syntax, case other works being descriptions of parts marking categories, gender, verb formation, of individual dialects or sketch grammars derivation, compounding and collocation, thereof, such as Bani and Klokeid (1971 – tense, aspect, mood, verb number, the role Kalaw Lagaw Ya), Comrie (1981 – Kalaw of the verb and nominal in syntax, such as Kawaw Ya), Kennedy (1981, 1985a, 1985b – transitivity, voice and modality, a discussion Kalaw Kawaw Ya) and Ford and Ober (1991 of non-declining parts of speech such as – Kalaw Kawaw Ya). Mitchell (1995) differs word and clause modifiers, and all too brief somewhat in being a detailed description of notes on various aspects of clause syntax. the phonology and morphology of all the It differs from most earlier works in taking dialects as well as being an initial approach into account the underlying forms of words to historical and comparative linguistics. and how the surface forms derive from these. The first part of the present work, The Western This part closes with an overview of how the and Central Language of Torres Strait – Kalaw language varies within society as reflected in Lagaw Ya, gives an overview of the language, its speech styles. the relationships between the dialects, the The work makes no claim to exhaustion, pre- and post-colonisation history of contacts and there is still much work to be done on and relationships with neighbouring peoples and outsiders. Within and departing from the language. this discussion this will be a summary of the Ngath mura Mabuygilgaka a Badhulgaka history of writing the language. mina kœyma eso pœybayka, ngaw The Torres Strait Area Languages and ngœnakapungu, nithamun iibupuydhayka Peoples, the second part, deals with the a nithamun kapu wakaythamamka. Inaabi relationships between the peoples of the thusi nithamun yangukuduw yakamzinga, area, and their languages, from the end nithamun lagaw yangu minarpœlayzinga. of the Ice Age to the present. This has been Kay paypa kulay nithamun gaar Athen a complex for around the last 2800 years, with Akana ya a wakay a wakaythamam Kalaw Australian Paman, East Trans-Fly Papuan and Lagaw Yadun umamikœruyg, kaybaw South-East Austronesian Papuan peoples in thonara nithamun ya a wakay a wakaythamam particular playing important roles. Clues from matha Kalaw Lagaw Yadun umamika – a archeology, human biology, folk history and bangal ingaru nithamun kaziw kaziw ya a comparative linguistics will be all-too briefly wakay a wakaythamam matha umikœruyg. presented to give a very broad overview of Awgadhaw wœnab a paawdha nithamuniya, the evolution of the language. a ngalpuniya muraray. 324 | Memoirs of the Queensland Museum | Culture 8(1) 2015 Ngalmun Lagaw Yangukudu: the Language of our homeland CONVENTIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS Kauřařaigau Ya, for which the abbreviation OKY will be used for specific reference; The conventions used here-in will be those Kaiwalgau Ya, KY, refers to the modern form normally used in linguistic works of this of the dialect. English translations are in italics. type. Reconstructed forms of the Torres Strait The Kalaw Lagaw Ya orthography used will languages and the Eastern-Trans Fly Languages be that as developed by Bani and Klokeid in are those of the author, while all other the 1970s, unless otherwise noted; for the other reconstructed forms (PP, PCD, etc.) are those of dialects an accepted orthography will be used the works noted in the literature cited (Alpher, as appropriate. In the case of Kauřařaigau Ya, 1991 Alpher et al., 2008; David et al., 2004; Dixon, ř represents what was probably a rhotic glide, 2002; Lynch, 1994; Marck, 1994; O’Grady, 1979; though could have been a rhotic tap, while Ross, 1994; Ross et al., 1998; Wurm, 1972, 1975). r represents the flap/ trill, as it does in the For reasons of simplicity, in general the sources modern dialects. of the reconstructions will not be specified. In morphological representations Ø represents Note that forms in capitals represent zero-affixes where these have semantic or underlying representations, such as LAI syntactic significance, and contrasts with other (proprietive, specific locative, plural; surface affixes. Where verbs are concerned, between the forms: -lay, -day, -thay, -ray, -de, -the, -le, -li, -l, stem and TAM endings, the attainative-active -r, -Ø), MAYI (verb plural; surface forms: -mayi, slot and verb number slots will be consistently -mœyi, -may, -mœy, -mi) and NGU (genitive; shown in morphemic representations, as either surface forms: -ngu, -u, -w, -Ø). Western and Ø or an appropriate suffix. Ø in the first slot Central Language words in the text are bold, represents the attainative (aorist - ATT) form though not in lists and examples that are not of verbs, which contrasts with the -i- active within the running text. All language material suffix (ACT), and the second Ø represents is in Kalaw Lagaw Ya except where noted. In the singular (or in some cases the animate reference to the Kowrareg people, Kauraraiga plural) form, contrasting with the dual and (plural Kauraraigalai) is used, this being the plural affixes (underlying forms respectively correct form of the 1800s. The dialect itself was NGAUMA and MAYI). suula- pour: attainative forms suladhin sulawmadhin sulamidhin alt. sulaumadhin alt. sulamaydhin suula-Ø-Ø-dhin suula-Ø-NGAUMA-dhin suula-Ø-MAYI-dhin pour-ATT-SG-RemP.PF pour-ATT-DU-RemP.PF pour-ATT-PL-RemP.PF suula- pour: active forms sulaydhin sulewmadhin sulemidhin alt. suleumadhin alt. sulemaydhin suula-i-Ø-dhin suula-i-NGAUMA-dhin suula-i-MAYI-dhin pour-ACT-SG-RemP.PF pour-ACT-DU-RemP.PF pour-ACT-PL-RemP.PF Sample sentences are given as follows: KLY Baydhaman nungu ngaara pathadhin.
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