A Physiological Instance of Non-Democratic
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PALACKY UNIVERSITY OLOMOUC Faculty of Arts Department of Politics and European Studies Martin Petlach Neurobiological Underpinnings of Politics: A Physiological Instance of Non-Democratic Predispositions in an fEMG & EDA Pilot Study A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Analytical Political Science Supervisor: Assoc Prof PhDr Tomáš Lebeda, PhD OLOMOUC Trinity term 2020 A NOTE ON AUTHORSHIP I hereby declare that this thesis is solely my own work, unless otherwise stated, and it has been written in accordance with prerequisites and precepts of Department of Politics and European Studies, Faculty of Arts, Palacky University Olomouc, for doctoral studies. All the data sets and sources have been faithfully stated in References. Selected chapters of this thesis have already been peer-reviewed and issued or delivered as conference contributions at Palacky University and University of Oxford. Göttingen and Olomouc 30 May 2020 PhDr Martin Petlach ii ETHICAL STANDPOINT This thesis, its research design and respective testing have been conducted thoroughly and in line with the principles of medical bioethics and the Code of Ethics as enforced by the Neuromarketing Science and Business Association (NMSBA). The author hereby declares that no conflicts of interest may be anticipated. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take this opportunity and thank some tremendously brilliant people who have agreed to assist me in putting this thesis together. First and foremost, I would like to express my immense gratitude and thank my teacher and Supervisor, Assoc Prof Tomáš Lebeda, PhD for giving a lead and making me feel like at home at Department of Politics and European studies, Palacky University Olomouc, during the years of my stint as a PhD student. On that account, I wish to thank the splendid staff members of this Department and also my other lovely colleagues I have worked with at Mendel University. You all have challenged me and kept imposing impetuses to persist in working, not only on this thesis. Thank you. Special Thanks to Dr Siti Fatimah Zaharah Zulkapli for her initial suggestions, proofreading, and primal genuine ideas. Similarly, I am obliged to Dr Tomáš Dominik for his kindliness, analytical involvement in the project, and for providing me with the equipment of Research Laboratory at Department of Psychology, Palacky University Olomouc. Finally, I could not win the struggle with advanced statistics in R without Mr Michal Ondruška and his excellent assistance. Thank you. Furthermore, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen must be emphasised too, since its role has been irreplaceable. In particular, I am grateful to Prof Dr Silke Schicktanz from the Institut für Ethik und Geschichte der Medizin. The value of her preliminary and forthright comments was inestimable. I also wish to acknowledge additional and thought-provoking courses and workshops of The University of Edinburgh, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Johns Hopkins University, and Copenhagen Business School I was given a chance to take part in. Its analytical foci had helped me to make progress and feel less hopeless; forasmuch as it had opened my eyes significantly. Thank you. I primarily, however, thank Mr Ondřej Němčák for proofreading, giving advice, and testing my stamina for the last nine years. This constant encouragement has been rather invigorating. Thank you for having my back. iv DEDICATION To my late godmother, Frances. v LIST OF ACRONYMS ACC Anterior Cingulate Cortex AI Artificial Intelligence APSA American Political Science Association ARF Advertising Research Foundation ARV Average Rectified Value BAW Brain Awareness Week BCE Before Common Era (formerly known as BC: Before Christ) BDW Belief in a Dangerous World BOLD Blood Oxygenation Level Dependency BVP Blood Volume Pulse CANOE Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism CAT Computerised Axial Tomography CE Common Era (formerly known as AD: Anno Domini) CEBEX Centre of Behavioural Experiments CEE Central and Eastern Europe CNS Central Nervous System CNS meetings Computational Neuroscience Meetings CO-LAB Cognitive Laboratory CT Computed Tomography (formerly known as CAT) DSI Diffusion Spectral Imaging DTI Diffusion Tensor Imaging dlPFC Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex DPCC Dorsal Posterior Cingulate Cortex ECG Electrocardiogram ECoG Electrocorticography vi EDA Electrodermal Activity EDX Electrodiagnosis EEG Electroencephalography ELS Ethical, Legal, and Social [Ramifications] EMG Electromyography ERN Event-Related Negativity ERP Event-Related Potentials ESOMAR European Society for Opinion and Marketing Research EU European Union fEMG Facial Electromyography fMRI Functional Magnetic Resonance Imagining GSR Galvanic Skin Response HUME LAB Experimental Humanities Laboratory IAT Implicit Association Test ICJ International Court of Justice IPSA International Political Science Association IRB Institutional Review Board LABELS Laboratory of Behavioural and Linguistic Studies LEVYNA Laboratory for the Experimental Research of Religion LGBT Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender LMS Centre Language, Mind, and Society Centre lOFC Lateral Orbitofrontal Cortex MEG Magnetoencephalography mOFC Medial Orbitofrontal Cortex mPFC Medial Prefrontal Cortex MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging NAcc Nucleus Accumbens NCS Nerve Conduction Studies vii NIE Neuroscientific Imaging Evidence NIRS Near-Infrared Spectroscopy NMSBA Neuromarketing Science and Business Association NS-SCR Non-Specified Skin Conductance Response OCEAN Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism OFC Orbital Frontal Cortex PCCR Pupil-Centre Corneal Reflexion PCL Perception and Cognition Laboratory PET Positron Emission Tomography PFC Prefrontal Cortex PLESS Prague Laboratory for Experimental Social Sciences PM Prime Minister pMFC Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex PPE Philosophy, Politics and Economics PTSD Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder QEEG Quantitative Electroencephalography ROIs Cortical Regions of Interest RWA Right-wing Authoritarianism SC Skin Conductance SCL Skin Conductance Level SCR Skin Conductance Response SDO Social Dominance Orientation SEEG Stereoelectroencephalography SFS Spiritual Foundations of Society SMR Sensorimotor Rhythm SPL Skin Potential Level SPR Skin Potential Response viii SQUID Superconducting Quantum Interference Device SST Steady State Topography SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats TBI Traumatic Brain Injuries TDCS Transcranial Direct-Current Stimulation TMS Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation UK United Kingdom USA United States of America USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics vACC Ventral Anterior Cingulate Cortex vmPFC Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex VS Ventral Striatum WVS World Values Survey ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Themes in the social neuroscience research (2000-2009) .................................... 4 Figure 2 Social cognition in brain regions.......................................................................... 10 Figure 3 Social neuroscience in selected journals ............................................................. 27 Figure 4 Levels of analysis ................................................................................................... 38 Figure 5 Winners and losers of social neuroscience ......................................................... 51 Figure 6 The growth of papers studying decision-making in neuroeconomics........... 55 Figure 7 Regions of diminished activity in case of offenders ......................................... 61 Figure 8 Neuroculture interaction model .......................................................................... 73 Figure 9 Brain areas associated with branding ................................................................. 77 Figure 10 Neuroscience themes and its readerships ........................................................ 84 Figure 11 The neuro-x fields fluctuation in the books (1970–2015) ................................ 87 Figure 12 Classification of facial expressions .................................................................... 89 Figure 13 The mission of computational neuroscience .................................................... 96 Figure 14 PET scan images in instances ............................................................................. 98 Figure 15 MRI scan images in instances ........................................................................... 100 Figure 16 fMRI scanner ....................................................................................................... 102 Figure 17 Functional connectivity in an fMRI study ...................................................... 103 Figure 18 MEG scanner....................................................................................................... 106 Figure 19 EEG recording in an instance ........................................................................... 110 Figure 20 Connexions in the CNS-muscle communication ........................................... 113 Figure 21 Facial muscles ..................................................................................................... 114 Figure 22 fEMG electrodes with an instance of recording ............................................ 115 Figure 23 EDA and a BVP recording instance................................................................. 117 Figure 24 Eye tracking functioning network ................................................................... 120 Figure 25