Slovenski Dobrovoljci V Srbskih Osvobodilnih Vojnah 1912–1918

VOJAŠKA ZGODOVINA MILITARY HISTORY

Številka/Number 1 (17), Letnik/Volume 11/2010 VOJAŠKA ZGODOVINA MILITARY HISTORY

Številka/Number 1 (17), Letnik/Volume 11/2010

MILITARY HISTORY • 1 6 • VOJAŠKA ZGODOVINA Slovenski dobrovoljci v srbskih osvobodilnih vojnah 1912–1918

Slovenian Volunteers in Serbian Liberation Wars 1912-1918 • Mlisi av SEKULIĆ mag. in generamajor v pokoju

Vojaškozgodovinski opis Military-Historical Outline Dobrovoljci v srbskih osvobodilnih voj- Volunteers in Serbian Liberation Wars, nah 1804–1918 1804-1918 Petstoletno srbsko suženjstvo pod Turki je The five hundred years that the Serbs spent un- zaznamovano tudi z nenehnim bojem Srbov za der Turkish rule have been marked by their ongoing ohranitev njihove identitete in narodne osvo- struggle to preserve national identity and achieve boditve. V tem boju je bila zelo pomembna vlo- national liberation. Volunteers have been very im- ga dobrovoljcev. V daljših časovnih obdobjih je portant in this struggle. For a very long time, vol- bilo dobrovoljstvo edina možnost in priložnost unteers weres the only possible means for the Serbs Srbov, da so se z orožjem upirali turškemu to fight against Turkish invasions. Those Serbs, who zavojevanju in pokorščini. Pri tem je bila pre- were displaced from regions occupied by Turks to vladujoča vloga Srbov, ki so bili z okupiranih Austro-Hungarian territory, played a dominant role turških območij pregnani na avstro-ogrsko in this matter. Furthermore, they participated in ozemlje. Ti so tudi sodelovali v vojnah Avstro- Austro-Hungarian wars against the Turks, the objec- Ogrske proti Turkom za obrambo njenih meja tive of which was the defence of Austro-Hungarian in ozemelj, pa tudi v osvajanju tistih pod tur- borders and territories and the conquest of territo- ško oblastjo. ries that were under Turkish rule. Srbi so trdno verjeli in upali, da bodo s so- The Serbs firmly believed and hoped that their delovanjem v vojnah Avstrije proti Turčiji iz- participation in Austria’s wars against Turkey would bojevali in osvobodili tudi svoje dežele in oze- help them win and liberate the Serbian lands and mlje pod turško zasedbo. Zgodovina dokazuje territories occupied by Turks. From 1683 to 1699 množično sodelovanje Srbov v avstro-ogrskih and from 1716 to 1718, history witnessed a mass vojnah proti Turčiji od leta 1683 do 1699 in od participation of Serbs in Austro-Hungarian wars 1716 do 1718. against Turkey. Organizirani samostojni boji Srbov proti It was only in 1804, that the Serbs started to or- turški zasedbi so se začeli šele leta 1804. Tra- ganise independent fights against the Turkish occu- jali so vse do leta 1912, ko je bila Turčija v prvi pation. The fights lasted until 1912, when, for the balkanski vojni prvič popolnoma poražena in first time, Turkey was utterly defeated in the First je izgubila položaj balkanske in celo evropske Balkan War, losing the position of the Balkans and velesile. even the then European superpower. Osvobodilna vojna Srbije proti Turčiji je The Serbian War of Independence against Turkey tako trajala 108 let. V navedenem obdobju sta lasted for 108 years. During the said period, from ta boj Srbov in prizadevanja Srbije dodobra iz- 1804 to 1912, Austria and Russia fully exploited koristili tudi Avstrija in Rusija za uveljavitev the Serbs’ struggle and efforts to promote their own

MILITARY HISTORY • 7 svojih interesov. Turčija je bila otomansko specific interests. Turkey, or the Ottoman Empire, cesarstvo, ki se je stoletja bojevalo s cesarsko had been fighting with the Russian Empire and the Rusijo in avstrijsko monarhijo. V teh vojnah Austrian Monarchy for centuries. In these wars the so bili prav Srbi vedno izkoriščani kot vojaki, Serbs were exploited as soldiers, getting nothing za nagrado pa so dobivali obljube, ki niso bile more than empty promises in return. Both the losers nikoli izpolnjene. Poraženci in zmagovalci v and the winners of the wars of the three empires were medsebojnih vojnah treh cesarstev so vsako- venting their anger on the Serbs and usually forgot krat sproščali svojo jezo nad Srbi in pozabljali to fulfil their promises. na obljube. With a view of attaining its goals and interests – a Rusija je strateško vedno iskala zavezništvo passage to the Adriatic Sea (this remains unchanged s Srbijo, da bi dosegla svoje cilje in interese up to the present time), Russia has always been seek- – izhod na Jadransko morje (kar se ni spre- ing alliance with Serbia in strategic terms. On the menilo do danes), Avstro-Ogrska pa je v Srbiji other hand, Austria-Hungary saw nothing more in videla samo del turškega ozemlja, ki ga ima Serbia than a part of the Turkish territory it believed pravico zavzeti v svojem osvajalnem pohodu it was entitled to occupy during its conquest of the proti vzhodu (ali Drang nach Osten, ki je še West (or Drang nach Osten, which is still topical). vedno aktualen). The accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908 Aneksija Bosne in Hercegovine 1908 je po- was an indicator of the Austro-Hungarian aggres- menila tudi avstro-ogrsko agresijo na Srbijo, sion on Serbia approved by the then European super- seveda v soglasju s tedanjimi evropskimi vele- powers. In such conditions, together with Bulgaria silami. V takšnih razmerah je Srbija, skupaj z and Greece, Serbia prepared and declared war Bolgarijo in Grčijo, pripravila in bojevala voj- against Turkey. This was the so-called First Balkan no proti Turčiji. Šlo je za t. i. prvo balkansko War, which lasted from 1912 to 1913. During this vojno od leta 1912 do 1913. V tej vojni sta bila war, Macedonia and Kosovo had been liberated from izpod turške zadedbe osvobojena Makedonija Turkish occupation. Nonetheless, Bulgaria was not in Kosovo. Toda Bolgarija ni bila zadovoljna, satisfied and, consequently, with intent to annex zato je leta 1913 proti Srbiji začela drugo bal- Eastern Macedonia started the Second Balkan War kansko vojno s ciljem, da si pripoji vzhodno against Serbia in 1913. Makedonijo. Austria-Hungary anticipated Serbia’s defeat in Avstro-Ogrska je pričakovala srbski poraz v the war with Turkey and afterwards planned to oc- vojni s Turčijo, da bi nato lahko sama zavzela cupy Serbia itself. Since this did not happen, it talked Srbijo. To se ni zgodilo, zato je Avstro-Ogrska Bulgaria into quickly attacking Serbia without any nagovorila Bolgarijo, naj čimprej napade Srbi- prior declaration of war and into annexing Eastern jo brez vojne napovedi in si prisvoji vzhodno Macedonia. The strong Serbian Army easily defeated Makedonijo. Močna srbska vojska je brez te- the promise-breaking Bulgarians, for which reason žav opravila z verolomnimi Bolgari, zato se je Austria-Hungary began feverish preparations to Avstro-Ogrska začela mrzlično pripravljati na punish the disliked Serbs. kaznovanje nevšečnih Srbov. The entire world and in particular the Slavic Boje srbskega naroda za osvoboditev so z peoples, observed Serbian combats for national lib- naklonjenostjo spremljali po vsem svetu, pose- eration with sympathy. Slovenians were no excep- bej slovanski narodi. Slovenci niso bili izjeme. tion. These sympathies and expressions of solidar- Te simpatije in izrazi solidarnosti so pripomo- ity contributed to a mass recruitment of volunteers gli k množičnemu udejstvovanju dobrovoljcev from across the world with a view of participating in z vsega sveta za odločilen boj proti turški za- the decisive fight against the Turkish occupation of sedbi srbskega etničnega ozemlja. Serbian ethnic space. Vodstvo prvega srbskega upora je že leta In 1805 already, the leadership of the first 1805 sprejelo odlok, po katerem so v uporni- Serbian resistance adopted a decree on the admis- ške (četniške) enote sprejemali vse Srbe zunaj sion of all Serbs outside the Belgrade pashalic (a beograjskega pašaluka, in tudi vse druge, ki Turkish administrative zone governed by a pasha) so želeli pomagati Srbom v boju proti Turči- as well as those who would like to help the Serbs, to ji. Tako je dve leti pozneje (1807) v boju med the resistance (chetnik) units, in their fight against Srbi in Turki na Štubiku sodelovala ruska boj- the Turks. Two years later (in 1807) a Russian bat- na enota in 200 grških dobrovoljcev. Od takrat tle unit and 200 Greek volunteers participated in a

8 • VOJAŠKA ZGODOVINA izvira veliko prijateljstvo Srbov z Rusi in Grki, combat between the Serbs and the Turks in Štubik. ki še vedno traja. Leta 1808 je iz avstro-ogr- This is when Serbia’s great (and still lasting) friend- ske vojske dezertiralo 515 vojakov (predvsem ship with the Russians and the Greeks started. In Srbov), ki so se vključili v srbsko vojsko kot 1808, 515 soldiers (mostly Serbs) deserted from the dobrovoljci. Pridružilo se ji je 800 bolgarskih Austro-Hungarian Army and joined the Serbian dobrovoljcev, pa tudi iz Boke Kotorske 37 čr- Army as volunteers. 800 Bulgarian volunteers and nogorskih dobrovoljcev, ki jih je vodil Subotić Gavrilov Subotić with 37 Montenegrin volunteers Gavrilov. from Boka Kotorska also joined the Serbian rebels in V bosansko-hercegovskem uporu Srbov the Serbian Army. 1875–1878 je sodelovalo več dobrovoljcev iz A large number of volunteers from Serbia, Srbije, Črne gore, Hrvaške in Slovenije (3). Montenegro, Croatia and Slovenia (3) participated Od Slovencev se je najbolj izkazal Ljubljančan in the resistance of Serbs in Bosnia-Herzegovina be- Viktor Merlak v bojih ob Drini, za kar je prejel tween 1875 and 1878. The Slovenians that excelled Karađorđevo zvezdo z meči. Sodelovala sta še the most were: Viktor Merlak, an inhabitant of poznejši polkovnik srbske vojske Janko Stibilj Ljubljana, excelled in the Battle of Drina, for which – Vukasović in novinar Aleksander Toman, ki he was awarded Karađorđe’s Star with Swords, the je o dogodkih poročal slovenski javnosti. Ko later Colonel of the Serbian Army Janko Stibilj – je 1876 Srbija napovedala vojno Turčiji, so ji Vukasović and a journalist, Aleksander Toman, who priskočili na pomoč številni dobrovoljci iz vse reported the events to the Slovenian public. When Evrope. Zato je poveljstvo srbske vojske celo Serbia declared war on Turkey in 1876, numerous ustanovilo posebno vojaško enoto – dobrovolj- volunteers from all across Europe came to help. To ski korpus. Sredi julija 1876 je iz Italije prispe- that end, the command of the Serbian Army estab- lo 30 dobrovoljcev – garibaldincev. lished a special military unit – the volunteer corps. Dotok dobrovoljcev v srbsko vojsko se je na- In mid July 1876, 30 volunteers (Garibaldi’s soldiers) daljeval v obdobju obeh balkanskih vojn v le- arrived from Italy. tih 1912 in 1913. Zanimivo je poudariti, da so Even during both Balkan Wars, from 1912 to tedaj srbski narod podpirali tudi posamezniki 1913, the inflow of volunteers to the Serbian Army iz vrst turškega naroda in muslimanske (mo- continued. It is interesting that in this period, the hamedanske) veroizpovedi. Ko so Bolgari ju- Serbian nation was supported also by certain mem- nija 1913 brez napovedi napadli Srbijo, je več bers of the Turkish nation and Muslim individuals. In Turkov prosilo za sprejem v srbsko vojsko. Med June 1913, when Bulgarians attacked Serbia without njimi je bil tudi poročnik turške vojske Džafer any prior notice, a large number of Turks requested Bej, ki je pripeljal s seboj 210 dobrovoljcev mo- recruitment into the Serbian Army. One of them was hamedanske vere. Njegova enota se je pogu- Džafer Bej, a Lieutenant of the Turkish Army, who mno bojevala na srbski strani, saj je konec voj- brought with him 210 Muslim volunteers. His unit ne dočakalo samo 40 njegovih borcev. Seveda fought bravely for the Serbian side, since only 40 of je poročnik Džafer Bej prejel zlato medaljo za his soldiers witnessed the end of the war. Lieutenant pogum Miloša Obilića. Džafer Bej was awarded a Miloš Obilić Gold Medal Tudi preprosti ljudje drugih narodnosti in for Bravery. veroizpovedi so podpirali boj srbskega naro- The common people of other nations and religions da. Ko so junija 1913 v Plevljah muslimanski also supported the struggle of the Serbian nation. verniki, bilo jih je približno 3.000, molili za When, in June 1913 in Plevlje, the 3,000 Muslims srbsko zmago proti Bolgarom, se je Hadži Beg prayed for Serbian victory over the Bulgarians, Bajrović postavil za vodjo približno 100 mla- Hadži Bajrović became the leader of approximately dih Turkov – dobrovoljcev, hkrati se je več kot 100 young Turkish volunteers, while, at the same 150 turških deklet prijavilo za bolničarke. time, over 150 Turkish girls volunteered as nurses. Prva svetovna vojna se je začela avgusta The First World War actually started in August 1914 z ultimativnim napadom Avstro-Ogrske 1914 when the Austro-Hungarian Empire attacked na izmučeno Srbijo. Prvi dobrovoljci v srbski an exhausted Serbia. The first volunteers in the vojski so bili tedaj vsi tisti, ki so se kot takšni Serbian Army were those volunteers who fought in bojevali v balkanskih vojnah, pa tudi avstro- the Balkan Wars and Austro-Hungarian citizens ogrski državljani, ki so se po naključju znašli who, by chance, were in Serbia at the time. v Srbiji. The second wave of volunteers included citizens

MILITARY HISTORY • 9 of Austria-Hungary who, after the beginning of the First World War, fled to Serbia for various reasons. Most of them were members of the Serbian nation who lived in the neighbouring Austro-Hungarian regions (Lika, Bosna, Banat and others) and neighbouring countries. Among them were members of the Austro-Hungarian Army and numerous prisoners who joined the Serbian Army as volunteers. As expected, the members of the Slavic nations were in majority. The third wave of volunteers included the members of the Austro-Hungarian Army that joined the Russian side or were captured at the Russian – Austro-Hungarian front in Galicia and in the Carpathian Mountains after 1915. The category of volunteers mentioned was the most numerous and the most important for the Serbian Army, as it was Zbornik slovenskih prostovoljcev – dobrovoljcev 1912–18, Lju- composed of experienced soldiers and officers. The bljana, 1936 massive volunteer movement has been influenced by Publication on Slovenian volunteers 1912–1918, Ljubljana, 1936 various ideas of the fight for a joint country of all South Slavs, mainly of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians. Drugi val dobrovoljcev so bili državljani Av- These were mainly ideas of representatives of in- stro-Ogrske, ki so po začetku svetovne vojne dividual nations and ideas of various organisa- bežali v Srbijo iz različnih vzrokov. Šlo je pred- tions (Sokol Organisation) and secret associations vsem za pripadnike srbskega naroda, ki so ži- (Preporod Movement). veli v bližnjih avstro-ogrskih pokrajinah (Lika, The members of the Austro-Hungarian Army at Bosna, Banat in druge) in sosednjih državah. the Italian – Austro-Hungarian front that joined the Med njimi so bili tudi pripadniki avstro-ogrske opposite side or became prisoners of the Italian Army vojske in številni ujetniki, ki so v srbsko vojsko were a special category of volunteers. Some of them prestopili kot dobrovoljci. Prevladovali so pri- had supported the liberation of Slovenia and Croatia padniki slovanskih narodov. from being under the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy Tretji val dobrovoljcev so predstavljali pri- (Captain Pivko’s Battalion), and others had been in padniki avstro-ogrske vojske, ki so prešli na favour of the volunteers in the Serbian Army (from rusko stran ali pa so jih zajeli v ujetništvo na the Nocera Umbra prisoner camp). rusko–avstro-ogrski fronti v Galiciji in Kar- In political and propaganda terms the most wel- patih od leta 1915 naprej. Ta kategorija do- come had been the relatively numerous volunteers brovoljcev je bila tudi najbolj številčna in za of expatriates from overseas, mainly from the USA srbsko vojsko najbolj pomembna, saj je šlo za and South America. Their patriotism and solidar- preizkušene vojake in častnike. Na množično ity proved that they had indeed preserved patriotic dobrovoljsko gibanje so vplivale tudi različ- bonds with their home towns which trembled under ne ideje o boju za skupno državo vseh južnih the foreign military yoke. Slovanov, predvsem pa Srbov, Hrvatov in Slo- It is quite understandable that Serbia was more vencev. Šlo je predvsem za ideje predstavnikov than interested in the weakening national conscious- posameznih narodov, kakor tudi za zamisli ness of the Austro-Hungarian soldiers of Serbian, različnih organizacij (sokoli) in tajnih zdru- Croatian and Slovenian nationality. This was ženj (preporodovcev). achieved in various ways, but the basic idea was al- Posebna kategorija dobrovoljcev so bili pri- ways to defend the Slavic nations against the aggres- padniki avstro-ogrske vojske na italijansko– sive Germanic peoples, and to form a joint Yugoslavi avstro-ogrski fronti, ki so prehajali na naspro- state. Serbia encouraged individual and mass desert- tno stran ali pa so postali ujetniki italijanske ment of Austro-Hungarian soldiers and units, in par- vojske. Del njih se je opredeljeval za osvobo- ticular. At the beginning, the desertment was a mass ditev Slovenije in Hrvaške izpod avstro-ogrske phenomenon in Russia, but later started to diminish monarhije (bataljon kapetana Pivka), del pa za due to the October Revolution.

10 • VOJAŠKA ZGODOVINA dobrovoljce srbske vojske (iz ujetniškega tabo- When the so-called Yugoslav Committee, presided rišča Nocere Umbre). by Ante Trumbić and established on 30 April 1915 in Politično in propagandno so bili najbolj do- London, emerged in public, the idea of the Yugoslav brodošli dokaj številni dobrovoljci – izseljenci liberation and merger was announced in the Serbian iz prekomorskih dežel, predvsem ZDA in Južne Government’s (and the Army’s) public call as the fir- Amerike. Njihov patriotizem in solidarnost sta stannouncement, while the Serbian national revolu- bila zares na zavidljivi ravni in hkrati dokaz, tion (the Serbian liberation front) was announced as da niso pretrgali domoljubne vezi z domačimi the second. kraji, ki so ječali pod tujim vojaškim jarmom. The prediction of the Serbian Government and the Povsem razumljivo je, da je bila Srbija zelo Yugoslav Committee that the idea of the “Yugoslav zainteresirana za buditev nacionalne zavesti liberation” would cause the Austro-Hungarian sol- med avstro-ogrskimi vojaki srbske, hrvaške diers to massively join the Russian and Serbian side in slovenske narodnosti. Izvajala jo je različ- was not completely realised. What happened was no, osnovna je bila ideja o obrambi slovanskih that a lot of Austro-Hungarian soldiers decided to narodov pred agresivnimi Germani, še posebej fight on the Russian side, but not on the Serbian side. o skupni jugoslovanski državi. Srbija je pred- The most known event occurred after the Serbian vic- vsem spodbujala posamično in množično de- tory in the Battle of Cer and the Battle of Kolubara, zerterstvo avstro-ogrskih vojakov in enot, ki je when 566 Austro-Hungarian Army officers and bilo v Rusiji na začetku množično, pozneje pa 56,000 soldiers were captured. Out of approximately je zaradi oktobrske revolucije in drugih razlo- 10,000 Croats that had also been among them, only gov začelo usihati. 22 decided to join the Serbian Army as volunteers. Ko je pred javnost stopil t. i. Jugoslovanski Under the pressure of Russia and the Yugoslav odbor, ustanovljen 30. aprila 1915 v Londo- Committee, Serbia consented to an organised es- nu, s predsednikom dr. Antejem Trumbićem, tablishment of volunteer units composed of the cap- je bila tudi v javnem pozivu srbske vlade (in tured Austro-Hungarian soldiers – Serbs, Croats and vojske) na prvem mestu ideja jugoslovanske Slovenians. Afterwards, the voluntary units were osvoboditve in združitve, šele na drugem me- supposed to be transferred to the Macedonian Front stu pa srbska nacionalna revolucija – srbska (also known as Salonika Front) to participate in the osvobodilna vojna. battles for Serbia’s liberation. Predvidevanje srbske vlade in Jugoslovan- As a result, the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division was skega odbora, da bo ideja o »jugoslovanski formed in Odessa on 16 (or 29) April 1916. It was osvoboditvi« spodbudila množični prehod av- composed of two volunteer brigades, each consist- stro-ogrskih vojakov na rusko in srbsko stran, ing of two regiments, a mountain artillery division, se ni povsem uresničila. Sledil je namreč mno- headquarter units and supplying units. It had 555 žični prehod avstro-ogrskih vojakov na rusko, officers and 18,457 experienced non-commissioned ne pa tudi na srbsko stran. Najbolj poveden officers and trained soldiers. primer se je zgodil po srbski zmagi v cerski in The 1st Serbian Volunteer Division remained in kolubarski bitki, ko je bilo ujetih 566 častnikov Dobrudja for another 45 days after its establish- in 56.000 vojakov avstro-ogrske vojske. Med ment. Under pressure from Russia and Romania, the njimi je bilo tudi približno 10.000 Hrvatov, od division which was unprepared for combat was reck- katerih se je samo 22 dobrovoljcev prijavilo v lessly sent to the battlefield to fight the experienced srbsko vojsko. Bulgarian, Turkish and German units. During the Srbija je pod pritiskom Rusije in Jugoslovan- twenty days of bloody combats, the division has been skega odbora privolila v organizirano ustana- halved; 2,000 officers and soldiers were killed and vljanje dobrovoljskih enot, ki bi jih sestavljali over 8,000 were wounded. ujeti avstro-ogrski vojaki – Srbi, Hrvati in Slo- The defeat of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division venci. Dobrovoljske enote bi potem premestili negatively influenced the further development of the na solunsko fronto in bi sodelovale pri osvobo- volunteer movement in Russia. Many abandoned ditvi Srbije. the volunteer assemblies and joined the Russian side Tako je bila 16. (29.) aprila 1916 v Odesi (somewhat later they also joined the side of the Red vzpostavljena Prva srbska dobrovoljska divi- Army and the antirevolutionary units of the White zija. Sestavljali so jo dve dobrovoljski briga- Guards), while the soldiers (prisoners) even returned di, vsaka z dvema polkoma, gorski topniški to the Austro-Hungarian Army. The propaganda

MILITARY HISTORY • 11 divizion, štabne in preskrbovalne enote. Štela and intelligence of the Austro-Hungarian Army at je 555 častnikov ter 18.457 izkušenih podča- the front itself and in the home towns (convictions stnikov in izurjenih vojakov. of deserters, control of the locals and similar) were Prva srbska dobrovoljska divizija je po usta- also reinforced. novitvi še 45 dni ostala v Dobrudži. Pod priti- Military historians list numerous reasons and cir- skom Rusije in Romunije je bila bojno nepri- cumstances for the tragic destiny of the 1st Serbian pravljena poslana na bojišče proti izkušenim Volunteer Division, in particular: bolgarskim, turškim in nemškim enotam. V • The composition of the division was not homogene- krvavih bojih, ki so trajali dvanajst dni, je bila ous, for it was composed mainly of former Austro- divizija prepolovljena, saj je padlo 2000, ranje- Hungarian soldiers and surviving senior officers nih pa je bilo 8000 častnikov in vojakov. of the Serbian Army, transported from the Island Poraz prve srbske dobrovoljske divizije je Krk. izjemno negativno vplival na nadaljnji razvoj • Although, the military formation was 95 percent dobrovoljskega gibanja v Rusiji. Številni so Serbian it was unaccustomed to non-Serbian non- zapuščali dobrovoljska zbirališča, prehajali so commissioned officers (sergeants and corporals), na rusko stran (pozneje tudi na stran Rdeče more precisely to commands and tactics of the lo- armade, pa tudi v protirevolucionarne enote west units. belih), vojaki – ujetniki so se celo vračali v • In the operational aspect, the division was a part avstro-ogrsko vojsko. Okrepila se je propagan- of the Russian Corps, subjected to the Romanian dna in obveščevalna dejavnost avstro-ogrske Army due to which operational plans and tactical vojske na fronti in v domačih krajih (obsodbe goals were not uniform. dezerterjev, nadzorovanje domačih in podob- • The division received commands in three different no). languages - Russian, Romanian and French, which Za tragično usodo prve srbske dobrovoljske Serbian officers understood, but most lower ran- divizije v Dobrudži vojaški zgodovinarji nava- king officers and non-commissioned officers were jajo številni vzroke in okoliščine, in sicer: only used to commands in German and could not • divizija ni bila homogena, saj so jo sestavlja- understand nor speak Serbian. li pretežno nekdanji avstro-ogrski vojaki in • The division was founded in Russia and sent to preživeli višji častniki srbske vojske, pripe- fight Romania. Having been that far from home- ljani z otoka Krfa; land, most of the soldiers did not know what the • vojaška sestava je bila sicer srbska (95 od- actual objective of the combat was. stotkov), ni pa bila navajena na nesrbske • The division was armed with “trophy” and useless podčastnike – narednike in kaplarje, pred- weapons. It was insufficiently equipped and the vsem na povelja in taktiko nižjih enot; troops were hungry most of the time. • operativno je bila divizija del ruskega kor- • The division did not have its own artillery, nor pusa, ki pa je bil podrejen romunski armadi, a cavalry, which considerably diminished its zato ni bilo enotnih operativnih načrtov in manoeuvrability. taktičnih ciljev; • The division was not trained nor prepared for com- • povelja so v divizijo prihajala v treh jezikih bat on plains. – ruskem, romunskem in francoskem –, ki so jih višji srbski častniki sicer razumeli, večina On the other hand, “the blood tax” of the 1st nižjih častnikov in podčastnikov pa ni znala Serbian Volunteer Division was not in vain. (razumela) srbsko, saj je bila navajena samo Its defeat against the Bulgarian Army was devas- na nemška povelja in znake; tating for the latter, but in strategic terms, this was • divizija je bila ustanovljena v Rusiji in posla- not evident before the Battle of Kajmakcalan. na v boj v Romuniji, daleč od domovine, zato The political significance of the joint battle per- večina vojakov ni poznala pravega cilja boja; formance of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians, not to • oboroženi so bili z neuporabnim trofejnim mention the Czechs, has demonstrated to the super orožjem, pomanjkljivo opremljeni in veliko- powers an unswerving will to liberate themselves of krat lačni; the Austro-Hungarian tutoring and to unite in a sin- • divizija ni imela niti svojega topništva niti gle state. konjenice, kar je precej zmanjševalo njeno Slovenian military historians must have over- manevrsko sposobnost in prožnost; looked something vital: In 1916 in Dobrudja,

12 • VOJAŠKA ZGODOVINA • pripadniki niso bili izurjeni niti pripravljeni Slovenian soldiers, officers and non-commissioned za bojno delovanje na ravnici. officers withstood their century-long masters – the Austro-Hungarian state – for the first time. Thus Po drugi strani pa krvni davek prve srbske the beginnings of the Slovenian Army could well be dobrovoljske divizije ni bil zaman. Bolgarski moved from 1918 (in 1918 General Maister assumed armadi je prizadejala usoden poraz, ki je stra- military command over the entire lower Štarjerska teško prišel do izraza šele v boju za Kajmak- region) to 1916, when the members of the homogene- čalan. Tudi politični pomen skupnega bojnega ous Slovenian military units with their commanders, nastopa Srbov, Hrvatov in Slovencev, da ne otherwise in the formation of the Serbian Volunteer omenjamo še Čehov, je velesilam pokazal neo- Division, fought bravely against the hated Austro- majno željo teh narodov, da se znebijo avstro- Hungarian Monarchy and lost their lives for the ogrske nadoblasti in se združijo v samostojno foundations of a future national community. The državo. Slovenian volunteers that participated in combats in Slovenski vojaški zgodovinarji pa so verje- Dobrudja in the autumn of 1916, as well as 7 vol- tno spregledali nekaj bistvenega: v Dobrudži unteers that were killed in action serve as a proof so se leta 1916 slovenski vojaki, podčastniki that Slovenian Army existed before 1918. In 1916, in častniki prvič z orožjem uprli svojim stole- a Slovenian company was formed within a volun- tnim gospodarjem, avstro-ogrski državi. Tako teer regiment in Siberia. Slovenian volunteers were bi tudi začetke slovenske vojske lahko pre- deployed to units at the Macedonian Front as well. maknili iz leta 1918 (general Maister) v leto Most volunteers (17) were in the 3rd company, 1st 1916, ko so se pripadniki homogenih sloven- battalion, 3rd regiment of the Morava Division, skih vojaških enot s svojimi poveljniki, sicer v commanded by the Second Lieutenant Drago Urbič okviru srbske dobrovoljske divizije, pogumno and Sergeant Josip Berin. The same applies for 25 bojevali proti osovraženi avstro-ogrski monar- Slovenian volunteers in the Danube Division, all de- hiji in umirali za temelje prihodnje državne ployed to the 1st battalion of the 8th regiment. skupnosti. Dokaz je število sodelujočih slo- At the time the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division venskih dobrovoljcev v bojih v Dobrudži jeseni “bled” in Dobrudja, the Serbian Volunteer Corps was 1916, kot tudi sedem padlih. V dobrovoljskem established. This was a forced action of the Yugoslav polku v Sibiriji je bila leta 1916 vzpostavljena Committee which was in a hurry, because the end slovenska četa. Tudi na solunski fronti so bili of the war was approaching and the Yugoslav idea slovenski dobrovoljci skupinsko razporejeni v was not realised neither in the number of volunteers posamezne enote. Največ (17) jih je bilo v 3. or results on the battlefield. The Corps was estab- četi 1. bataljona 3. polka Moravske divizije. lished on 21 September 1916 under the command of Poveljevala sta jim rezervni podporočnik Dra- General Mihajl Živković. It was actually composed go Urbič in narednik Josip Berin. Isto velja za only of the Corps command and a few headquarter 25 slovenskih dobrovoljcev Donavske divizije: units. vsi so bili razporejeni v 1. bataljon 8. polka. The reaction of the Yugoslav Committee to the di- Medtem ko se je prva srbska dobrovoljska minished response of the volunteers was completely divizija bojevala v Dobrudži, so začeli usta- inappropriate: it initiated a forcible mobilisation navljati Srbski dobrovoljski korpus. Šlo je za among the Austro-Hungarian Russian prisoners. izsiljeno akcijo Jugoslovanskega odbora, ki se Thus 9,000 Croats and 4,000 Slovenians were sent mu je mudilo. Bližal se je namreč konec voj- to Odessa, which caused resistance and the establish- ne, jugoslovanska ideja pa ni bila uresničena ment of the dissident movement, both strongly sup- niti s številom dobrovoljcev niti z rezultati na ported by the Austro-Hungarian intelligence service. bojnem polju. Korpus pod poveljstvom gene- This in fact suppressed the volunteer movement. rala Mihajla Živkovića je bil ustanovljen 21. Around 45 percent of soldiers and officers aban- septembra 1916 samo iz poveljstva in nekaj doned the 2nd Serbian Volunteer Division alone, štabnih enot. while approximately 40 percent abandoned the en- Jugoslovanski odbor se je povsem napačno tire Serbian Volunteer Corps. In mid 1917, 3,787 odzval na manjši odziv dobrovoljcev: odredil Slovenian volunteers, among them 42 Slovenian je prisilno mobilizacijo med avstro-ogrskimi officers, joined the dissidents. Because they did not vojaki – ruskimi ujetniki. Tako so v Odeso »pri- care to whom they swore their military loyalty, the peljali« 9.000 Hrvatov in 4.000 Slovencev, kar Serbian Army or the non-existent Yugoslavian Army,

MILITARY HISTORY • 13 je povzročilo odpor in ustanovitev disident- some also fought at the Macedonian Front. Certain skega gibanja z močno podporo avstro-ogr- names are known and hence listed in the alphabeti- ske obveščevalne službe. To je razbilo dobro- cal order at the end of article. voljsko gibanje. Samo 2. srbsko dobrovoljsko divizijo je zapustilo 45 odstotkov vojakov in From April 1917 to May 1918 only 640 officers častnikov, celoten srbski dobrovoljski korpus and 12,000 non-commissioned officers, corporals pa 40 odstotkov. Disidentom se je sredi leta and soldiers (volunteers) were transferred to the 1917 pridružilo 3787 slovenskih dobrovoljcev, Macedonian Front. Even before this time the volun- med njimi 42 slovenskih častnikov. Nekateri so teers were in the formation of the Serbian Army at se bojevali tudi na solunski fronti, saj jim je the Macedonian Front, but from 1916 onwards there bilo vseeno, ali bodo prisegli vojaško zvestobo were approximately 3,380 volunteers in that army. srbski vojski ali pa neobstoječi jugoslovanski. By April 1918, there were around 4,000 volunteers, Nekaj imen je znanih in so navedena v abece- expatriates from North and the South America. dnem seznamu. Approximately 300 volunteers came from Italy. According to the data of the Serbian War Command, Od aprila 1917 do maja 1918 so iz Rusije 20,180 volunteers in total, 141 out of which were na solunsko fronto pripeljali 640 častnikov Slovenian volunteers, participated in the breakthrough ter 12.500 podčastnikov, kaplarjev in vojakov of the Macedonian Front and the liberation of Serbia. – dobrovoljcev. Že prej, od junija 1916, je bilo After a detailed inspection of the archival docu- v srbski vojski na solunski fronti 3.380 do- ments and the list of identified Slovenian volunteers, brovoljcev. Iz Severne in Južne Amerike je do it is possible to claim that the number of Slovenian aprila 1918 prišlo skupno 4.000 dobrovoljcev volunteers was far greater, for 194 Slovenian vol- – izseljencev, iz Italije pa 300. unteers (10 veterans of the Volunteer Detachment, Po podatkih srbskega vojnega poveljstva je 50 volunteers in the Serbian Volunteer Corps from v preboju solunske fronte in osvoboditvi Srbije Russia, 45 volunteers from Slovenia, 27 expatriates sodelovalo skupno 20.180 dobrovoljcev, med from USA, 55 volunteers from Nocera Umbra and 7 njimi 141 slovenskih. volunteers from the Pivko’s Battalion) participated Po podrobnem pregledu arhivskih doku- in the breakthrough of the Macedonian Front. mentov in seznama identificiranih slovenskih dobrovoljcev pa je mogoče sklepati, da je bilo Slovenian volunteers in the Serbian Army, teh več, saj jih je v preboju solunske fronte 1912-1918 sodelovalo 194 (10 veteranov Dobrovoljskega odreda, 50 dobrovoljcev iz Srbskega dobro- In the 19th century, the Slovenian resistance voljskega korpusa iz Rusije, 45 dobrovoljcev iz against the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy was or- Slovenije, 27 izseljencev iz ZDA, 55 iz Nocere ganised and led in various ways. Italian desires for Umbre in 7 iz Pivkovega bataljona). Slovenian ethnic territory only worsened. During the resistance, Slovenian writers and high-school and Slovenski dobrovoljci v srbski vojski university students were the ones that left the deep- 1912–1918 est trace in the national memory. The Sokol Organisations, mainly the associations Slovenski odpor proti avstro-ogrski monar- in Ljubljana, Maribor in Gorica, were represented by hiji je bil v 19. stoletju organiziran in voden schools in which young Slovenian intellectuals cul- različno. Italijanske težnje po slovenskem tivated national consciousness and prepared them- etničnem ozemlju so ga ovirale, a hkrati kre- selves for actions intended to weaken and destroy the pile. V tem odporu so najglobljo sled v naro- Austro-Hungarian tyranny. dnem spominu zapustili slovenski književniki The members of the Sokol Organisation, from the in dijaško-študentska mladina. mentioned associations, were the first volunteers to V sokolskih društvih, predvsem v Ljublja- join the Serbian Army. They were young men, in- ni, Mariboru in Gorici, so si mladi slovenski spired by national pride and above all well acquaint- intelektualci pridobivali nacionalno zavest in ed with the state of spirit in the Austro-Hungarian se pripravljali na akcije za slabitev in rušenje Monarchy as well as with the problems of Serbia and avstro-ogrske tiranije. Montenegro in their sacred battle for the liberation Mladi sokoli iz omenjenih društev so bili from the Turkish yoke and tyranny.

14 • VOJAŠKA ZGODOVINA prvi dobrovoljci v vrstah srbske vojske. To so bili mladeniči, polni nacionalnega ponosa, predvsem pa dobro seznanjeni s stanjem duha v avstro-ogrski monarhiji, pa tudi s problemi Srbije in Črne gore v njunem boju za osvoboditev izpod turške tiranije. Prav zaradi tega so avstro-ogrski policijski in drugi državni organi sumili, da so slovenski sokoli uporniška in prevratniška organizacija. Zato so kmalu razpustili vsa sokolska društva, del članov so poklicali v vojsko, manjši del pa osamili ali internirali v druge dele države. Vsi preostali člani so bili pod policijskim nadzor- stvom. Ljubljanski sokoli so imeli najbolj drzne poglede na demokratične pravice in svobodo vseh narodov v avstro-ogrski monarhiji. Zato ni čudno, da so prav njih kot članov avstro- Avgust Jenko (1894, Ljubljana–1914, Cer), ustanovitelj »Prepo- ogrske vojske v njej najbolj bali. Ko so preha- roda«, prve revolucionarne in tajne dijaške organizacije v Slo- jali med srbske dobrovoljce, so bili praviloma veniji, 1912 Avgust Jenko (1894, Ljubljana–1914. Cer), Founder of the move- najbolje izurjeni vojaki, poleg tega pa izjemno ment »Preporoda« (Rebirth), the first revolutionary and secret požrtvovalni in pogumni borci. To dokazuje student organisation in Slovenia, 1912 primer sokolskega društva Ljubljana – II, iz katerega je bilo celo deset članov med dobro- Due to the latter, the Austro-Hungarian national voljci v vrstah Jugoslovanske divizije, ki je na and police authorities suspected that the Slovenian solunski fronti začela boj za uresničitev jugo- Sokol Organisation was a resistant and revolution- slovanske ideje, torej ustanovitev Jugoslavije. ary organisation. All Sokol associations were dis- Kot dobrovoljci so v začetku balkanske solved. A part of their members were drafted to the vojne leta 1912 v Srbijo prvi odšli maribor- army, while a smaller part was isolated or interned ski sokoli, med njimi študent medicine Bruno in other parts of the country. All other members were Vajksl in zdravnik dr. Ivan Oražen. Kmalu se under police supervision. jima je pridružil dr. Mirko Černič, ki je delal It is a historical fact that the Ljubljana Sokol kot zdravnik v Nišu. Član mariborske sokolske Organisation members were those who expressed the organizacije je bil tudi medicinec Adolf Kristl, boldest views on democratic rights and the liberty ki je padel kot prvi slovenski dobrovoljec in of all nations in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. It zdravnik srbske vojske. is therefore not surprising that the Ljubljana Sokol Iz Maribora izhaja tudi sokol dr. Ljudevit Organisation presented that part of the Austro- Pivko, ki se je v slovensko zgodovino zapisal Hungarian Army that was feared the most by that kot borec proti avstro-ogrski monarhiji, ko je same army. As they joined the Serbian volunteers kot avstro-ogrski častnik na soški fronti pre- they were believed to had been the most trained stopil na italijansko stran in organiziral jugo- soldiers and, at the same time, the most self-sacri- slovanski dobrovoljski bataljon, ki je štel 1.000 ficing and courageous fighters. The example of the častnikov in vojakov. V njem je bilo tudi 130 Ljubljana Sokol Organisation is the proof; as many Slovencev, med njimi 16 članov sokolske orga- as ten members became volunteers in the Yugoslavian nizacije, tudi rez. poročnik Stane Vidmar. Division, which initiated a fight at the Macedonian Dezertiranje ali samovoljno zapuščanje av- Front with the intent to realise the establishment of stro-ogrske vojske je bilo zelo strogo kaznova- Yugoslavia. no. Odhod na nasprotno stran oz. med dobro- At the beginning of the Balkan War, in 1912, voljce pa je bil veleizdaja, kaznovana s smrtjo. the Maribor Sokol Organisation members were the Odgovornost za dezerterstvo pa ni doletela first to leave for Serbia as volunteers. Bruno Vajksl, samo tistih, ki so zapustili avstro-ogrsko voj- a medical student and dr. Ivan Oražen, a doctor sko, temveč vse člane družine, sorodstvo, pa were among them. Soon after, Dr. Mirko Černič, tudi cele vasi, iz katerih so bili »veleizdajalci«. who worked as a doctor in Niš, joined them. Medical

MILITARY HISTORY • 15 Znani so številni primeri sodnega preganjanja student, Adolf Kristl, who was the first Slovenian vol- in izrečenih smrtnih kazni, pa tudi likvidacij, unteer and a doctor of the Serbian Army, to be killed internacij in policijskega nadzora. Najbolj zna- in action, was also a member of the Maribor Sokol na je smrtna obsodba Škofjeločana Ivana Go- Organisation. sarja, inženirja, sicer pa sokola in poročnika Dr. Ljudevit Pivko, a Sokol Organisation member srbske vojske, leta 1917 v Beogradu. also came from Maribor. He went down in Slovenian Prestop med dobrovoljce je bil zaradi nave- history as a fighter against the Austro-Hungarian denega zelo drzno, pogumno in tudi patriot- Monarchy, when he joined the Italian side at the sko dejanje. Posamezniki so, da bi zavarovali Isonzo Front as an Austro-Hungarian officer and svoje najbližje in sorodnike, celo menjali ime- organised a Yugoslavian Volunteer Battalion, which na. Tako je mlada Mariborčanka Antonija Ja- comprised approximately 1,000 officers and soldiers. vornik postala Natalija Bjelajac, sicer pa prva In that same battalion, there were 130 Slovenians, in najbolj pogumna slovenska prostovoljka v 16 of which were members of the Sokol Organisation. srbski vojski z 12 ranami in prav toliko viso- Reserve Lieutenant Stane Vidmar was one of them. kimi odlikovanji. Umrla je v Beogradu, kjer je Desertment or an arbitrary abandonment of the tudi pokopana, kot narednica srbske vojske. Austro-Hungarian Army was severely punished. The Dobrovoljci so bili več kot klasični junaki decision to join the opposite side or the volunteers neke vojne, saj jih je poleg poguma gnala za- was considered as high treason, punished by death. vest, da ima njihovo dejanje tudi ogromen na- Not only were those who left the Austro-Hungarian cionalni pomen. Army considered traitors, but all members of their immediate and wider family and the inhabitants of Slovenski dobrovoljci v balkanskih their entire village were held accountable for desert- vojnah 1912–1913 ment. There are many examples of prosecution and sentences of death as well as executions, imprison- V prvi balkanski vojni 1912–1913 so bili ments and police surveillance known to the public. med prvimi slovenskim dobrovoljci srbske voj- The most known example is the declaration of death ske zdravniki, ki so iz humanitarnih in solidar- sentence given to engineer Ivan Gosar in Beograd in nostnih razlogov pohiteli v Srbijo, Črno goro 1917, who was a Lieutenant of the Serbian Army, a in Bolgarijo. Bilo jih je 24, od teh 19 rez. ča- Sokol Organisation member and an inhabitant of stnikov (17 zdravnikov in 2 medicinca), pod- Škofja Loka. častnica in štirje vojaki. Considering the above mentioned, entry to the Zdravniško in medicinsko pomoč je orga- volunteers was a bold, brave and a patriotic act. niziral poseben odbor Rdečega križa, ki je bil With intent to protect their relatives or those close to, prav za te namene ustanovljen v Ljubljani. some have even changed their names. Hence a young V prvem delu so kot dobrovoljci v srbsko woman from Maribor, Antonija Javornik, changed vojsko odšli slovenski zdravniki: dr. Ivan Ora- her name to Natalija Bjelajac. She was the first and žen, prof. dr. Edo Šlajmer, dr. Edo Krajec, dr. bravest volunteer in the Serbian Army. She suffered Fedransperg in dr. E. F. Šabec. V Črno goro pa 12 wounds and received 12 prestigious awards. She sta istočasno odšla zdravnika dr. Josip Stojc in died in Beograd, where she was buried as Sergeant of dr. Josip Tičar. the Serbian Army. V drugem delu je novembra 1912 odšel v The volunteers were not classic war heroes. Beograd dr. Gaber Hočevar, ki je najprej po- They were more than heroes, for they possessed not stal član sanitetnega oddelka srbskega vojnega only personal courage, but were conscious of the ministrstva, nato pa je odšel v Bolgarijo, kjer je importance of their acts from a folk and national v Bratini pri Sofiji organiziral vojaško poljsko prospective. bolnišnico za 300 ranjencev. Z zdravniki sta kot dobrovoljca odšla v Sr- Slovenian volunteers in the Balkan Wars, bijo in vstopila v srbsko vojsko Ivan Furlanič, 1912-1913 pravnik iz Kopra in član uredništva časopisa Slovenski Jug, ter dr. Gašper Pekle, pravnik – During the First Balkan War the first Slovenian odvetnik iz Ljubljane in član uredništva časo- volunteers in the Serbian Army were doctors who pisa Slovenski Jug. Miha Čop iz Ljubljane pa rushed to Serbia, Montenegro and Bulgaria for hu- se je podal v Črno goro, kjer se je od leta 1912 manitarian reasons. There were 24 of them, out of

16 • VOJAŠKA ZGODOVINA bojeval v Prvem samostojnem dobrovoljskem which 19 were reserve officers (17 doctors and 2 bataljonu črnogorske vojske. medical students), one a female non-commissioned Kot prvi aktivni častnik avstro-ogrske voj- officer and 4 soldiers. ske je dezertiral in prestopil v srbsko vojsko A special Red Cross committee, which was found- poročnik Martin Javornik iz Maribora, naza- ed in Ljubljana for that same purpose, organised the dnje v službi v Bosni in Hercegovini. V obeh health and medical care. balkanskih vojnah je sodeloval kot aktivni During the first phase, the following Slovenian kapetan srbske vojske. Kot pogumni poveljnik doctors joined the Serbian Army as volunteers: čete je padel avgusta 1914, v začetku cerske Dr. Ivan Oražen, Edo Šlajmer, Professor Dr. Edo bitke. Krajec, Dr. Fedransperg and Dr. E. F. Šabec. Doctors Njegovemu vzgledu je sledila nečakinja, of medicine Dr. Josip Stojc and Dr. Josip Tičar head- mariborska gimnazijka Antonija Javornik, ki ed to Montenegro at the same time. je izsilila sprejetje med dobrovoljce srbske voj- In the second phase, in November 1912, Dr. Gaber ske. Sodelovala je v obeh balkanskih in prvi Hočevar went to Beograd. He first became a mem- svetovni vojni. Da bi zavarovala svoje sorodni- ber of the medical department at the Serbian War ke v Mariboru, si je nadela ime Natalija Bje- Ministry and then went to Bulgaria where he organ- lajac. Bila je borka in bolničarka v tragičnem ised a military field hospital for 300 wounded in umiku srbske vojske čez Albanijo in v zmago- Bratina, near Sofia. vitem preboju solunske fronte. Dvanajstkrat je Together with doctors the following individuals bila ranjena, dobila je prav toliko odlikovanj, rushed to Serbia and joined the Serbian Army as tudi najvišje srbsko – Karađorđevo zvezdo z volunteers: Ivan Furlanič, a lawyer from Koper and meči. Umrla je skoraj pozabljena v Beogradu. a member of the Slovenski Jug (Slovenian South) Na spomeniku piše samo: Tukaj počiva Natali- newspaper editorial office, Dr. Gašper Pekle, at- ja Bjelajac, narednica srbske vojske. torney-at-law from Ljubljana and a member of the Ob njenem primeru sem se zavedel, da bo Slovenski Jug (Slovenian South) newspaper editorial treba organizirati ureditev in zavarovanje vo- office. Miha Čop from Ljubljana went to Montenegro jaških grobov, grobnic in delov pokopališč, where he fought in the first independent Volunteer kjer počivajo slovenski dobrovoljci srbske voj- Battalion of the Army of Montenegro in 1912. ske, kakor tudi slovenski partizani, ki so se As a first active member of the Austro-Hungarian bojevali in padli v Srbiji od leta 1941 do 1945. Army, Lieutenant Martin Javornik from Maribor, To je najmanj, kar lahko stori država. who had been last in service in Bosnia and Herzegovina, deserted and joined the Serbian Army. Srbski dolg slovenskim dobrovoljcem pa je As an active Captain of the Serbian Army he partici- veliko večji. Delno je sicer bil povrnjen z ve- pated in both Balkan Wars. When he fell bravely in likodušnim sprejemom slovenskih izgnancev August 1914, at the beginning of the Battle of Cer, he leta 1941, pa tudi z žrtvami srbskih partizanov was a Company Commander. v zadnjih bojih za osvoboditev Jugoslavije. His niece, a young high-school student from Ohraniti pa je treba trajen spomin na slo- Maribor, Antonija Javornik, followed his example, venske dobrovoljce, saj so prav oni prvi pohite- and joined the Serbian volunteers. She participated li na pomoč srbski vojski in narodu v najtežjih in both Balkan Wars and in the First World War. In trenutkih njune zgodovine. order to protect her family in Maribor, she changed her name into Natalija Bjelajac. As a fighter and as Slovenski dobrovoljci v srbski vojski a nurse she participated in the tragic retreat of the 1914–1918 Serbian Army across Albania and in the victorious breakthrough of the Macedonian Front. She was Obravnavo teme o slovenskih dobrovoljcih wounded 12 times and received as many awards; of v srbski vojski v letih 1914–1918 sem metodo- course she also received the highest Serbian military loško razdelil na obdobja, najbolj značilna za award – the Karađorđe’s Star with Swords. She died, splošne vojaško-politične razmere. Poleg tega almost forgotten, in Beograd. The only thing writ- gre za obdobja, v katerih so se posamezniki ten on her gravestone is: Here lies Natalija Bjelajac, najbolj identificirali ali pa so si jih zapomni- Sergeant of the Serbian Army. li kot takšne (npr. sodelovanje v cerski bitki, Thinking of her example I have come to realize tragične usode umika čez Albanijo, ruska that the arrangement and protection of military

MILITARY HISTORY • 17 Značilne fotografije slovenskih dobrovoljcev srbske vojske 1914–18 Typical photos of Slovenian volunteers serving in the Serbian army in 1914–1918 ujetniška taborišča in agitiranje za vstop med graves, tombs and cemeteris, where lie the Slovenian srbske dobrovoljce, potovanje po Sibiriji in dol- volunteers in the Serbian Army as well as Slovenian gotrajna vožnja z ladjo iz Vladivostoka do Du- partisans, who fought and fell in Serbia between brovnika, preboj solunske fronte in podobno). 1941 – 1945, would have to be organised. To so obdobja: This is the least that a country can do. • uspešna obramba srbske vojske (cerska in kolubarska bitka), 1914–1915; Of course, Serbian debt to Slovenian volunteers is • premoč avstrijsko-nemške vojske – umik srb- far greater. It was indeed partly paid back by a hos- ske vojske čez Albanijo na Krf, 1915–1916; pitable reception of Slovenian expatriates in 1941, • ustanavljanje Srbskega dobrovoljskega kor- as well as with the victims of the Serbian partisans pusa v Odesi v Rusiji, 1916–1917; in the final battles for the liberation of Yugoslavia. • ustanavljanje Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljske- However, we must preserve a lasting memory of ga polka Matije Gubca v Tomsku v Rusiji in Slovenian volunteers, for it was them who were the prihod v domovino, 1916–1920; first to help the Serbian Army and the Serbian na- • ustanavljanje Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljske- tion in the most difficult times in their history. ga bataljona kapetana Pivka v Italiji, 1918, in prihod v domovino; Slovenian volunteers in the Serbian Army, • ustanavljanje jugoslovanske dobrovoljske 1914-1918 enote v italijanskem ujetniškem taborišču Nocere Umbre, Italija, 1918, in premestitev Slovenian volunteers in the Serbian Army from na solunsko fronto; 1914 to 1918 were methodologically divided into • zbiranje slovenskih izseljencev – dobrovolj- periods that were most characteristic of the then cev v srbski vojski 1912–1918 in premestitev overall military and political situation. These were, na solunsko fronto; at the same time, periods with which individuals • pregled slovenskih dobrovoljcev srbske voj- identified themselves the most or which were ske na solunski fronti 1917–1918; remembered the most (e.g. participation in the • sodelovanje slovenskih dobrovoljcev srbske Battle of Cer, tragic destinies of the retreat across vojske v bojih za Koroško 1918–1919. Albania, Russian prisoner camps and canvassing for recruitment to the Serbian volunteers, travel Identifikacijske in druge podrobnejše po- across Siberia and a boat voyage from Vladivostok datke lahko tisti, ki jih to zanima, poiščejo v to Dubrovnik, the breakthrough of the Macedonian prilogi – abecednem seznamu vseh identifici- Front and similar). ranih slovenskih dobrovoljcev v srbski vojski, The periods are as follows: ki jih je bilo 567, mogoče celo več. • Successful defence of the Serbian Army (the Battle of Cer and the Battle of Kolubara), 1914-1915.

18 • VOJAŠKA ZGODOVINA Slovenski dobrovoljci v srbski vojski • Predominance of the Austrian and the German 1914–1915 Army – retreat of the Serbian Army across Albania to the island Krf, 1915-1916. Slovenski dobrovoljci iz balkanskih vojn, ki • Establishment of the Serbian Volunteer Corps in so ostali v srbski vojski ali pa v Srbiji, so bili Odessa, Ukraine (in the 19th century Odessa was tudi prvi dobrovoljci, ki so ob ultimativnem a part of Russia), 1916-1917. napadu Avstro-Ogrske na izmučeno Srbijo • Establishment of the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian vnovič priskočili na pomoč bratskemu narodu. Volunteer Regiment in Tomsk, Russia and return Od že omenjenih 17 dobrovoljcev je to storil to the homeland, 1916-1920. kapetan srbske vojske Martin Javornik, ki je • Establishment of Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Vo- za svobodo Srbije padel kot poveljnik čete na lunteer Battalion in Italy in 1918 and return to the pobočju Cera. Njegova nečakinja Antonija, homeland. tedaj že prekaljena borka Natalija Bjelajac, je • Establishment of the Yugoslavian Volunteer Divi- uživala velike simpatije srbskih vojakov, saj je sion in the Italian prisoner camp Nocera Umbra, pri njih veljalo, da dekleta lahko sicer skrbijo Italy, 1918, and transfer to the Macedonian Front. samo za celjenje ran in prinašanje vode, kot je • Recruitment of Slovenian expatriates – volunteers to počela znana kosovska devojka … Da pa bi in the Serbian Army from 1912 to 1918 and trans- nosila puško in jurišala na sovražnika – tega fer to the Macedonian Front. srbski vojaki niso mogli razumeti. Pravili so ji • Overview of Slovenian volunteers in the Serbian tudi »vražja Slovenka«, kar je pomenilo večje Army at the Macedonian Front, 1917-1918. priznanje kot vseh njenih dvanajst odlikovanj • Participation of Slovenian volunteers in the Ser- po prav toliko ranah. bian Army in the Battle for Carinthia, 1918-1919. V Srbijo so prihiteli tudi številni slovenski zdravniki, predvsem sokoli in preporodovci pa For those interested, the references and more de- so dali zgled, da je treba za ideje včasih žr- tailed information can be found in the Appendix – tvovati tudi življenje. V mislih imam mladega an alphabetical list of all identified Slovenian volun- Avgusta Jenka, ustanovitelja in vodjo tajne teers in the Serbian Army; there were 567 of them, revolucionarne dijaške organizacije Preporod, perhaps even more. ki si je prizadevala za ustanovitev jugoslovanske države ob pomoči Srbije, jugoslovanskega Slovenian volunteers in the Serbian Army, Piemonta. S to mislijo se je vodja slovenskih 1914-1915 preporodovcev znašel v vojnem metežu na po- bočju cerske planine in omahnil pod streli so- Slovenian Volunteers from the Balkan Wars, who vražnika. Sledili so mu številni preporodovci. remained in the Serbian Army or who remained Večina slovenskih dobrovoljcev je bila spre- in Serbia, were also the first volunteers to once jeta v t. i. četniške odrede, od katerih sta bila again render assistance to the brother nation, after najbolj znana Jadarski in Zlatiborski. Pripa- Austria-Hungary’s attack on the exhausted Serbia. dnost četniškemu odredu je bila posebna čast Serbian Army Captain, Javornik Martin, who sac- za vsakega Srba, pa tudi za slovenske dobro- rificed his life for Serbia’s freedom as a Company voljce, ki so veljali za zelo vzdržljive, preme- Commander on the slope of the Cer Mountain, was tene in pogumne borce. Srbi so leta 1941 pri- one of the previously mentioned 17 volunteers. His srčno sprejeli slovenske izgnance, saj so s tem niece Antonija – Natalija Bjelajac, already a cun- vračali dolg iz leta 1914. Razpredali so tudi ning fighter, was highly esteemed by the Serbian sol- mite o slovenskih četnikih. diers, for they had believed that girls could only take Če prištejemo kapetana Martina Javornika care of the wounded and bring water, as did the fa- in njegovo nečakinjo Antonijo s psevdonimom mous Kosovo Maiden (Kosovska devojka). But what Natalija Bjelajac, je bilo v obdobju 1914–1915 v Serbian soldiers could not understand is that a girl srbski vojski skupno 24 dobrovoljcev (4 častni- could carry a rifle and assault the enemy. She was ki, podčastnica in 19 vojakov), in sicer: called the “devil Slovenian” which meant more than Viktor Deisinger, Vladislav Fabijančič, Ivan all her twelve awards and as many wounds. Gosar, Antonija Javornik – Natalija Bjela- Many Slovenian doctors also rushed to Serbia. jac, Martin Javornik, Vitomir Jelenc – Fe- But it was mainly the Preporod Movement and the dor, Avgust Jenko, Josip Jeras, Jurij Jerin, Sokol Organisation members who set an example by

MILITARY HISTORY • 19 Lovro Klemenčič, Ernest Krulej, Štefan Le- demonstrating that sometimes lives had to be sacri- višnik, Anton Lušin, Drago Marušič, Mihelj, ficed for ideals. We refer to the young Avgust Jenk, Vladimir Miselj, Radešček, Rado Rožaj, founder and leader of the secret revolutionary high- Adam Sardoč, Smrekar (z družino), Tomo school students’ organisation Preporod (revival), who Šorli, Stanko Šorn, Anton Zupanič in Mate fought for the establishment of the Yugoslavian state; Zupanič. naturally with the help of Serbia, the Yugoslavia’s Piedmont. With this thought in mind, the leader of Slovenski dobrovoljci v srbski vojski po the Slovenian members of the Preporod Movement umiku čez Albanijo na Krf 1915–1916 found himself in waron the slope of the Cer Mountain Umik srbske vojske čez Albanijo na Krf je and fell under hostile fire; many other members of bil neizmerna golgota vojske in naroda ter iz- the Preporod movement followed his courageous act. jemna epopeja fizične vzdržljivosti in moral- Most Slovenian volunteers were admitted to so- ne moči srbskega vojaka, torej tudi slovenskih called “chetnik detachments”, the most famous of dobrovoljcev. Premoč sovražnika je bila preve- which were the Adriatic and Zlatibor chetnik detach- lika, da bi napade vzdržala še tako pogumna ments. It was an honour for every Serb and Slovenian vojska. Zato je srbsko državno vodstvo in vo- volunteer, which were considered to be extremely jaško poveljstvo s težkim srcem odločilo, da to persistent, intelligent and courageous fighters, to etapo bojevanja končajo z umikom čez nepre- be a member of the chetnik detachment. We should hodno in sovražno Albanijo, da ohranijo življe- remember that in 1941 the Serbs warmly welcomed nja številnih vojakov, si ob zavezniški podpori the Slovenian expatriates, and thus repaid their debt odpočijejo na Krfu in potem znova udarijo po from 1914. Naturally the myths of Slovenian chet- sovražniku. niks went on. Od 560.000 je na Krf do februarja 1916 pri- If we count in Captain Martin Javornik and spelo 170.000 fizično izmučenih, vendar mo- his niece Antonija, under the pseudonym Natalija ralno neomajnih srbskih vojakov, ki so trdno Bjelajac, there were 24 volunteers altogether (4 of- verjeli, da se bodo vrnili in osvobodili Srbijo. ficers, a female non-commissioned officer and 19 sol- Za zgled so jim bili regent Aleksander in vsi diers) in the Serbian Army between 1914 and 1915. častniki. Sledila je obsežna reorganizacija srb- Deisinger Viktor, Fabijančič Vladislav, Gosar ske vojske. Kmalu je 150.000 srbskih vojakov, Ivan, Javornik Antonija – Bjelajac Natalija, Javornik razporejenih v tri armade, odšlo na solunsko Martin, Jelenc Vitomir – Fedor, Jenko Avgust, Jeras fronto. Bližal se je odločilni trenutek srbske Josip, Jerin Jurij, Klemenčič Lovro, Krulej Ernest, osvobodilne vojne – preboj solunske fronte. Levišnik Štefan, Lušin Anton, Marušič Drago, Aprila 1916 so bili tudi vsi dobrovoljci raz- Mihelj, Miselj Vladimir, Radešček, Rožaj Rado, porejeni v poseben Dobrovoljski odred in pre- Sardoč Adam, Smrekar (with family), Šorli Tomo, meščeni po četah v okolico Soluna. Poveljnik Šorn Stanko, Zupanič Anton and Zupanič Mate. odreda je postal Slovencem znan in naklonjen četniški poveljnik Vojin Popović – vojvoda Slovenian volunteers in the Serbian Army Vuk. Dobrovoljski odred je bil sestavljen iz after the retreat across Albania to the treh bataljonov in posebnega bataljona srbskih Island Krf, 1915-1916 dobrovoljcev ter neposredno podrejen srbske- The retreat of the Serbian Army across Albania to mu vrhovnemu poveljstvu. the island Krf was devastating for the army and the Od slovenskih dobrovoljcev, ki so se prebili nation and a unique epic of physical endurance and čez Albanijo na Krf, je srbsko vrhovno povelj- moral power of the Serbian soldier and the Slovenian stvo sedmerico (Krulej, Levišnik, Marušič, Mi- volunteers. The supremacy of the enemy was too helj, Miselj, Radešček in Šorli) napotilo v Rusijo great for any courageous army to be able to sustain agitirat za novovzpostavljene dobrovoljske eno- an attack. Therefore, the Serbian national leader- te, deseterico pa vključilo v Odred. To so bili: ship and Military Command decided with a heavy Vladislav Fabijančič, Antonija Javornik – Na- heart to finish this phase of fighting by retreating talija Bjelajac, Vitomir Jelenc – Fedor, Josip across the impassable and hostile Albania with the Jeras, Jurij Jerin (padel), Anton Lušin, Lo- desire to preserve as many soldier lives and to, sup- vro Klemenčič, Rado Rožaj (padel), Stanko ported by the Allied forces, rest on the island Krf and Šorn (padel) in Mate Zupanič. later again attack the hated enemy. Reorganizacija srbske vojske je bila končana Out of 560,000 only 170,000 physically exhausted,

20 • VOJAŠKA ZGODOVINA maja 1916 in posamezni deli so takoj nadalje- but morally unshakeable Serbian soldiers, who firmly vali bojne naloge. Tako je Dobrovoljski odred believed that they would return and liberate Serbia, napadal v smeri Korča–Lerin, bataljon srbskih arrived on the island Krk in February 1916. Regent dobrovoljcev pa od Ohrida proti Resnu. Alexander and all other officers set an example. What Srbska vojska je od junija do avgusta 1916 followed was a comprehensive reorganisation of the zavzela začetne bojne položaje na solunski entire Serbian Army. Soon afterwards, 150,000 fronti proti dobro utrjeni bolgarski armadi. Serbian soldiers, divided into three armies, took off Mogočno gorovje Kajmakčalan (2525 m) je for the Macedonian Front. The decisive moment of the bilo osrednja taktična in strateška točka, ki je Serbian army was approaching – the breakthrough of odločala o bojnem uspehu. Bolgari so ga so- the Macedonian Front. lidno utrdili in branili ne oziraje se na žrtve. All volunteers, in April 1916 already, had been Tudi Srbi so vedeli, da sta uspeh v vojni in deployed to the special volunteer detachment and njihova usoda odvisna od osvojitve Kajmak- transferred to companies in the surroundings of čalana. Zato je srbsko vrhovno poveljstvo za Thessaloniki. The chetnik Commander Vojin Popović odločilni napad na to goro smrti določilo svojo – Duke Vuk, whom Slovenians knew, and who was najboljšo divizijo, Drinsko. Napad se je začel fond of the Slovenian nation, was appointed com- 12. septembra, 18. september je bil odločilen mander of the detachment. The volunteer detach- in najbolj krvav dan te slavne srbske divizije. V ment was composed of three battalions and a spe- silovitem bližinskem boju na nož so pogumni cial battalion comprising Serbian volunteers. The Drinci z jurišem pregnali že utrujene bolgar- detachment was immediately subordinate to the ske vojake. Toda dan pozneje so Bolgari z ne- Serbian Supreme Command. nadnim in množičnim protinapadom osvojili Out of those Slovenian volunteers that managed vrh Kajmakčalana, ga dodatno utrdili in poi- to get to the island Krf across Albania, seven of them menovali po svojem kralju, Borisova trdnjava. (Krulej, Levišnik, Marušič, Mihelj, Miselj, Radešček V takšnem taktično-operativnem položaju and Šorli) were sent to Russia by the Serbian je srbsko vrhovno poveljstvo okrepilo Drinsko Supreme Command because of the agitation of the divizijo z Dobrovoljskim odredom. Po skrbno newly formed volunteer unit, while ten of them were pripravljenem in silovitem napadu sta 30. sep- included into the Detachment. They were: tembra 1916 skupaj vnovič osvojila vrh Kaj- Fabijančič Vladislav, Javornik Antonija – Bjelajac makčalana, nato pa nadaljevala bojni pohod Natalija, Jelenc Vitomir – Fedor, Jeras Josip, Jerin proti Bitolju in Strakovem grobu. Jurij (killed in action), Lušin Anton, Klemenčič Srbske izgube so bile velike. Tudi Dobrovolj- Lovro, Rožaj Rado (killed in action), Šorn Stanko ski odred je bil zdesetkan. Padel je tudi njihov (killed in action) and Zupanič Mate. poveljnik vojvoda Vuk. Od slovenskih dobrovoljcev so na Kajmakčalanu padli Juraj Jerin, The reorganisation of the Serbian Army was ac- Stanko Šorn in Rado Rožaj. complished already in May 1916, after which individual units immediately engaged in battles. Thus Slovenski dobrovoljci v srbskem dobro- the Volunteer Detachment attacked in the direction voljskem korpusu v Rusiji (1916–1917) of Korč – Lerin, while the Serbian Volunteer Battalion Po sporazumu in predhodnem dogovoru attacked all the way between Ohrid and Resen. med ruskim in srbskim vrhovnim vojaškim The Serbian Army had been occupying initial bat- poveljstvom so v začetku leta 1916 visoki ča- tle positions at the Macedonian Front from June to stniki, predstavniki srbske vojske načrtno obi- August 1916, with the intent to withstand the well skovali ruska ujetniška taborišča in nagovarjali fortified Bulgarian Army. The strong Kajmakcalan ujete pripadnike avstro-ogrske vojske – Srbe, Mountain (2525m) presented a focal tactical and Hrvate in Slovence –, naj se kot dobrovoljci pri- strategic point, which was decisive of the success of ključijo srbski vojski. Ta se je skupaj z zahodni- this battle. The Bulgarians strongly fortified and de- mi zavezniki pripravljala na ofenzivo na solun- fended the Kajmakcalan Mountain paying no regard ski fronti. Pridobili so skoraj vse Srbe, Hrvatom to the victims. in Slovencem pa so zagotavljali, da se bodo le Serbians also knew that the outcome of war kot dobrovoljci srbske vojske lahko bojevali za and their destiny depends on the conquest of the svobodo svoje domovine v okvirih skupne ju- Kajmakcalan Mountain. Therefore the Serbian goslovanske države – kraljevine Jugoslavije. Supreme Command chose its best division – the

MILITARY HISTORY • 21 V teh propagandnih dejavnostih je sodelo- Drina Division for the crucial assault on the “moun- valo tudi sedem slovenskih dobrovoljcev srb- tain of death”. The attack started on 12 September. ske vojske, ki so se leta 1915 uspeli umakniti This decisive as well as bloodiest day, of this famous na Krf. Akcijo je usklajeval Jugoslovanski od- Serbian Division, was the 18 September. In the fierce bor, v katerem je bilo tudi nekaj slovenskih close combat the courageous members of the Drina politikov. Zbiranje slovenskih dobrovoljcev v Division assaulted and drove away the already tired ruskih ujetniških taboriščih so pospeševali pri- Bulgarian soldiers. Nonetheless, the Bulgarians padniki sokolske organizacije, pa tudi številni conquered the Kajmakcalan Mountain summit the preporodovci. Zgledovali so se po poljskih in next day in a sudden massive counterattack. They čeških ujetnikih, ki so prav v Rusiji prvi usta- enhanced its fortification and named it Boris’s Fort navljali številne dobrovoljske legije. after their King Boris. Prva srbska dobrovoljska divizija je bila In such a tactic-operational situation, the Serbian ustanovljena 29. aprila 1916 v Odesi, njen po- Supreme Command strengthened the Drina Division veljnik je postal polkovnik Stevan Hadžić, po- with the Volunteer Detachment. On 30 September zneje armadni general. 1916, after the carefully prepared and fierce at- Ker je bilo v obdobju 1917/1918 v Rusiji dvo- tack the Dirina Division, assisted by the Volunteer vladje (začetek oktobrske revolucije in posre- Detachment, once again conquered the Kajmakcalan dovanje evropskih držav ob pomoči protirevo- Mountain summit and later continued its battle ac- lucionarjev – belogardistov), sta si obe strani tivities in the direction of Bitola and Strakov grob. prizadevali različne dobrovoljske enote prite- Serbian losses were immense. The Volunteer gniti vsaka na svojo stran. Včasih so to pogoje- Detachment had likewise been decimated. Their vali celo z dovoljenjem za prost odhod v domo- commander, Duke Vuk, had courageously died in ac- vino. S pravilno presojo razmer in spretnostjo tion. The following Slovenian volunteers were killed poveljujočih častnikov, tudi slovenskega (ka- in action on the Kajmakcalan Mountain: Jerin Juraj, petana Jožeta Šircelja, poveljnika dobrovolj- Šorn Stanko and Rožaj Rado. skega Jugoslovanskega polka Matije Gubca v Sibiriji), so dobrovoljske enote premeščali na Slovenian volunteers in the Serbian solunsko fronto. Volunteer Corps in Russia, 1916-1917 V nadaljevanju podajam pregled slovenskih In the beginning of 1916, after a concluded agree- dobrovoljcev po enotah oz. dogajanjih, ker jih ment and a prior arrangement between the Russian bodo zainteresirani lažje našli, podrobnejši and Serbian military commands, the high officers, podatki pa so na voljo v prilogi, v abecednem representatives of the Serbian Army, intentionally seznamu vseh identificiranih slovenskih do- visited Russian prisoner camps and through vari- brovoljcev. ous means tried to persuade the captured members of the Austro-Hungarian Army – the Serbs, Croats 1. srbska dobrovoljska divizija (149) and Slovenians to join the Serbian Army as volun- Prvi slovenski častniki – dobrovoljci 1. srb- teers, which, together with the Western allies, had ske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi (39): already been preparing for a fierce offensive at the Anton Albert, Rudolf Andoljšek, Franc Bračič, Macedonian Front. They won almost all Serbs to Drago Čepič, Drago Fonda, Radovan Gajda, their side. Croats and Slovenians on the other hand, Jože Gole, Pavle Golia, Vladimir Gržina, An- were told that only as volunteers in the Serbian Army ton Jakopec, Milko Jug, Janko Kolar, Franjo would they be able to fight for the freedom of their Kolarič, Rudolf Kolarič, Franc Konič, Ven- countries in the form of the yet-to-be established ceslav Kopal, Josip Kos, Janko Kotnik, Leo- Yugoslavian state (Kingdom of Yugoslavia). pold Kovač, Sergej Kreačič – Franjo, Srečko Seven Slovenian volunteers in the Serbian Army, Lapajne, Janko Lavrin, Lujo Lovrič, Drago that managed to retreat to the island Krf in 1915, Mikuš, Jože Ravnik, Jože Sedlak, Ernest also participated in these propaganda actions. The Sorčan, Fran Šest, Avgust Škrabar, Fedor entire action had been coordinated by the Yugoslav Šlajmer, Jakob Štefančič, Rudolf Trusnovič, Committee in which there were also Slovenian politi- Josip Urbančič, Ignacij Vidic, Jože Vidmar, cians. Inside the Russian prisoner camps, the collect- Ignacij Voštar, Franc Vulč, Ivan Zorc, Jože ing of Slovenian volunteers had been promoted by Zupančič in Ivan Žgajnar. the members of the Sokol Organisation, as well as numerous members of the Preporod Movement. They

22 • VOJAŠKA ZGODOVINA followed the example of the Polish and the Czech prisoners who had been the first to establish numerous volunteer legions in Russia. The first Slovenian Volunteer Division was founded on 29 April 1916, in Odessa. Colonel Stevan Hadžić, who later became an Army General, was appointed as its commander. Between 1917 and 1918 there was a two-government regime in Russia (one at the beginning of the October Revolution and and the second, the in- tervention of European countries with the help of antirevolutionaries – the White Guards), for which reason both sides endeavoured to attract different volunteer units to their side. Sometimes these volunteers were given permission to freely leave for their homeland. Due to the appropriate estimation of the situation and the competency of the command- ing officers, including Slovenians (Captain Jože Šircelj, Commander of the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian Regiment in Siberia), the volunteer units transferred to the Macedonian Front. Next is an overview of Slovenian volunteers by unit or by activity, as those interested, will be able to identify them easier. More detailed information is available in the Appendix – Slovenian Volunteers in Ivan Gosar (1888, Škofja Loka Loka–1917, Beograd), rez. poroč- Aplhabetical Order. nik, največji slovenski junak v Srbiji Ivan Gosar (1888, Škofja Loka – 1917, Belgrade), Reserve Second 1st Serbian Volunteer Division (149) Lieutenant, the greatest Slovenian Hero in Serbia First Slovenian officers – volunteers in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division, 1916 in Odessa (39): Med prvimi slovenskimi častniki – dobro- Albert Anton, Andoljšek Rudolf, Bračič Franc, Čepič voljci, bilo naj bi jih 14, po drugih podatkih pa Drago, Fonda Drago, Gajda Radovan, Gole Jože, 40, so bili preporodovci, zato jih predstavljam Golia Pavle, Gržina Vladimir, Jakopec Anton, Jug ločeno in vse na enem mestu. Milko, Kolar Janko, Kolarič Franjo, Kolarič Ru- dolf, Konič Franc, Kopal Venceslav, Kos Josip, Ko- Slovenski častniki – dobrovoljci 1-1/1. srb- tnik Janko, Kovač Leopold, Kreačič Sergej – Fra- ske dobrovoljske divizije septembra 1916 v njo, Lapajne Srečko, Lavrin Janko, Lovrič Lujo, Odesi (8): Mikuš Drago, Ravnik Jože, Sedlak Jože, Sorčan Ljubomir Baj, Franjo Cajs, Vojislav Feliks, Ra- Ernest, Šest Fran, Škrabar Avgust, Šlajmer Fedor, fko Heindrichar, Josip Hudina, Vladimir Štefančič Jakob, Trusnovič Rudolf, Urbančič Josip, Kobler, Tomo Maljan in Stanko Velkovrh. Vidic Ignacij, Vidmar Jože, Voštar Ignacij, Vulč Franc, Zorc Ivan, Zupančič Jože and Žgajnar Ivan. Slovenski častniki – dobrovoljci dopolnilnega bataljona 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije According to some information, around 14 or 40 septembra 1916 v Odesi (8): volunteers were the first Slovenian officers. They 25. septembra 1916 je končala šolanje prva were all members of the Preporod Movement, for this skupina podčastnikov, ki so bili zatem po- reason I shall present them separately. višani v rez. podporočnike. Šola (tečaj) za rez. častnike je bila organizirana pri dopol- First Slovenian officers – volunteers in the 1st nilnem bataljonu 1. srbske dobrovoljske di- Serbian Division in September 1916 in Odessa (8): vizije, vodili so jo aktivni in najboljši častni- Baj Ljubomir, Cajs Franjo, Feliks Vojislav, Heindri- ki srbske vojske z veliko bojnimi izkušnjami char Rafko, Hudina Josip, Kobler Vladimir, Ma- iz cerske in kolubarske bitke. Tečaj je trajal ljan Tomo and Velkovrh Stanko.

MILITARY HISTORY • 23 4 tedne, od slovenskih tečajnikov so bili po- First Slovenian officers – volunteers in the višani v rez. podporočnike: Additional Battalion of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Slavomir Bruner, Vekoslav Golešek, Miroslav Division in September 1916 in Odessa (8): Golik, Anton Joh, Ljudevit Kružič, Vinko On 25 September 1916, the first group of non-com- Kučan, Ivan Porajko in Ivan Zupan. missioned officers, who were later promoted to the rank of reserve Second Lieutenant, finished their Podčastniki in vojaki 1. srbske dobrovoljske training. The school (class) for reserve officers divizije septembra 1916 v Odesi (29): was organised as an additional battalion of the Emil Adamič, Arko, Anton Batič, Bitenc, Ciril 1st Serbian Volunteer Division and was conducted Cirman, Jakob Čebokli, Milan Fabijančič, by the best active officers of the Serbian Army, Gigule, Viktor Grčar, Lenard Gregor, Karl who gained rich war experience in the Battle of Janežič, Franc Jerina, Jože Kadivec, Matija Cer and Kolubara. The course lasted 4 weeks. The Kolenc, Ivan Laharnar, Majcen, Matej Mu- following Slovenian course participants were pro- sec, Maks Pavlin, Franjo Per, Albin Podgor- moted to the rank of Second Lieutenant: nik, Vinko Rakušček, Sevnik, Sredemšek, Bruner Slavomir, Golešek Vekoslav, Golik Miroslav, Cvetko Ščuka, Ciril Švajger, Franjo Troha, Joh Anton, Kružič Ljudevit, Kučan Vinko, Porajko Ludvik Vagaja, Jože Velnar in Franc Vidmar. Ivan and Zupan Ivan.

Pripadniki 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije – Non-Commissioned officers and soldiers of the udeleženci bojev v Dobrudži jeseni 1916 (24): 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in September 1916 in Ljudevit Belšak, Josip Bjelac, Viktor Engels- Odessa (29): berger, Franc Erjavec, Fajdiga, Bruno Fon, Adamič Emil, Arko, Batič Anton, Bitenc, Cirman Ernest Gorišek, Marko Helman, Srečko Je- Ciril, Čebokli Jakob, Fabijančič Milan, Gigule, ras, Franc Lapajne, Jakob Majer, Valentin Grčar Viktor, Gregor Lenard, Janežič Karl, Jeri- Meršol, Ivan Mikloš, Franjo Mohar, Ciril na Franc, Kadivec Jože, Kolenc Matija, Laharnar Peternel, Boris Potočnik, Josip Povšič, Jože Ivan, Majcen, Musec Matej, Pavlin Maks, Per Fra- Prezelj, Josip Rožman, Franc Škof, Alojz njo, Podgornik Albin, Rakušček Vinko, Sevnik, Španger, Alojz Trstenjak, Alfonz Završnik Sredemšek, Ščuka Cvetko, Švajger Ciril, Troha in Franc Žganjar. Franjo, Vagaja Ludvik, Velnar Jože and Vidmar Franc. Preporodovci – dobrovoljci 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916–1917 v Odesi (21): Members of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division – Jakob Avšič, Evgen Baraga, Tone Batagelj, Jože participants in the Dobrudja Battles in autumn of Erat, Stanko Erhartič, Josip Ermenec, Milko 1916 (24): Gnezda, Josip Hebein, Joško Hudina, Vinko Belšak Ljudevit, Bjelac Josip, Engelsberger Viktor, Er- Janež, Anton Kancler, Lavoslav Mastnak, javec Franc, Fajdiga, Fon Bruno, Gorišek Ernest, Lipe Orel, Vlado Perše, Franjo Peternel, Ra- Helman Marko, Jeras Srečko, Lapajne Franc, Ma- ubar, Jože Rom, Josip Tollazzi, Nace Vidic, jer Jakob, Meršol Valentin, Mikloš Ivan, Mohar Martin Zupančič in Joco Žagar. Franjo, Peternel Ciril, Potočnik Boris, Povšič Jo- sip, Prezelj Jože, Rožman Josip, Škof Franc, Špan- Pripadniki dopolnilnega bataljona 1. srbske ger Alojz, Trstenjak Alojz, Završnik Alfonz and prostovoljske divizije junija 1917 v Odesi (20): Žganjar Franc. Ivan Božič, Mirko Burja, Viktor Durini, Tone Eržen, Ferdo Ferluga, Franjo Gorečan, Vla- Members of the Preporod Movement – volunteers dimir Grahli, Tone Habe, Vekoslav Janžeko- in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division, 1916-1917 in vič, Milan Klemenc, Franc Kobler, Marjan Odessa (21): Kump, Avgust Kuster, Stanko Lapajne, Ivan Avšič Jakob, Baraga Evgen, Batagelj Tone, Erat Jože, Ogorevec, Jakob Perhavec, Valentin Pobe- Erhartič Stanko, Ermenec Josip, Gnezda Milko, raj, Gregor Šašelj, Janez Zorc in Ivan Zupan. Hebein Josip, Hudina Joško, Janež Vinko, Kancler Anton, Mastnak Lavoslav, Orel Lipe, Perše Vlado, 2. srbska dobrovoljska divizija Peternel Franjo, Raubar, Rom Jože, Tollazzi Josip, Pripadniki 2. srbske dobrovoljske divizije je- Vidic Nace, Zupančič Martin and Žagar Joco. seni 1917 v Odesi (14):

24 • VOJAŠKA ZGODOVINA Ernest Aljančič, Rado Avšič, Vekoslav Cener, Members of the Additional Battalion of the 1st Ser- Albin Juhart, Franjo Kreačič, Vinko Krže, bian Volunteer Division, June 1917 in Odessa (20): Ciril Kumelj, Stanko Pelan, Franjo Perič, Božič Ivan, Burja Mirko, Durini Viktor, Eržen Tone, Edvard Prinčič, Vinko Rom, Ivan Skvrača, Ferluga Ferdo, Gorečan Franjo, Grahli Vladimir, Adolf Solberger in Rado Zaplotnik. Habe Tone, Janžekovič Vekoslav, Klemenc Milan, Kobler Franc, Kump Marjan, Kuster Avgust, La- Srbski dobrovoljski korpus pajne Stanko, Ogorevec Ivan, Perhavec Jakob, Pripadniki Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpu- Poberaj Valentin, Šašelj Gregor, Zorc Janez and sa 1916–1917 v Odesi, Rusija (46, tudi 47): Zupan Ivan. Borštnik, Franjo Budinek, Čehovin, Ivan Črček, Ferdo Ferluga, Viktor Fettich, Franc Gabr- The 2nd Serbian Volunteer Division šek, Ivan Gmajnar, Andrej Golob, Franc Gra- Members of the 2nd Serbian Volunteer Division in bljevec, Franc Grebenc, Peter Grgec, Anton the autumn of 1917 in Odessa (14): Gunde, Andrej Habe, Matko Heric, Vekoslav Aljančič Ernest, Avšič Rado, Cener Vekoslav, Juhart Heric, Jožef Kalan, Matija Kastelic, Kavčič – Albin, Kreačič Franjo, Krže Vinko, Kumelj Ciril, Habe, Leon Kavčnik, Josip Kerin, Ferdinant Pelan Stanko, Perič Franjo, Prinčič Edvard, Rom Kobi, Maks Kobler, Kobler, brat Vladimira, Vinko, Skvrača Ivan, Solberger Adolf and Zaplo- Ferdo Kokot, Maks Koprivnjak, Jože Koste- tnik Rado. lič, Janez Kovač, Anton Kovačič, Juš Kozak, Jaka Koželj, Ernest Krulej, Anton Kržič, Fer- Serbian Volunteer Corps do Kunej, Rado Lenard, Anton Leskovec, Members of the Serbian Volunteer Corps, 1916- Tone Lovrič, Josip Modic, Osana, Rajko Pau- 1917 in Odessa, a former part of Russia (46, also 47): lin, Pečan, Karel Piškur, Anton Rode, Rustja, Borštnik, Budinek Franjo, Čehovin, Črček Ivan, Edvard Šajn, Franc Štrekelj in Julij Zetner. Ferluga Ferdo, Fettich Viktor, Gabršek Franc, Gmajnar Ivan, Golob Andrej, Grabljevec Franc, Vsi navedeni pripadniki Srbskega dobrovolj- Grebenc Franc, Grgec Peter, Gunde Anton, Habe skega korpusa (47) so bili razporejeni v eno od Andrej, Heric Matko, Heric Vekoslav, Kalan Jožef, dveh dobrovoljskih divizij. Ker pa ob njihovih Kastelic Matija, Kavčič – Habe, Kavčnik Leon, Ke- podatkih ni bilo oznake določene divizije (1. rin Josip, Kobi Ferdinant, Kobler Maks, Kobler, ali 2. dobrovoljske), smo jih uradno uvrstili brat Vladimira, Kokot Ferdo, Koprivnjak Maks, pod »Srbski dobrovoljski korpus«, pod katere- Kostelič Jože, Kovač Janez, Kovačič Anton, Kozak ga poveljstvo sta sodili obe diviziji. Iz zbranih Juš, Koželj Jaka, Krulej Ernest, Kržič Anton, Ku- podatkov je razvidno, da je bilo v Rusiji 249 nej Ferdo, Lenard Rado, Leskovec Anton, Lovrič slovenskih dobrovoljcev, ki so bili razporejeni Tone, Modic Josip, Osana, Paulin Rajko, Pečan, v teh enotah: Piškur Karel, Rode Anton, Rustja, Šajn Edvard, • 1. srbska dobrovoljska divizija: 149, Štrekelj Franc and Zetner Julij. • 2. srbska dobrovoljska divizija: 14, • Srbski dobrovoljski korpus: 47 in All listed members of the Serbian Volunteer Corps • Jugoslovanski dobrovoljski polk Matije Gub- (47) were definitely deployed in one of the two vol- ca: 39. unteer divisions. Given that there is no indication to which division they belonged to (1st or 2nd Volunteer Od teh 249 je prišlo na solunsko fronto samo Division), we have formally listed them under the 50 slovenskih dobrovoljcev ali 20 odstotkov. “Serbian Volunteer Corps”, which was the command Vzroki za tolikšen osip so bili velike izgube v of both divisions. The collected data reveals that Dobrudži, disidentsko gibanje in splošne raz- there was 249 Slovenian volunteers in Russia, which mere v Rusiji, posebej v obdobju premeščanja were deployed to the following units: na solunsko fronto. Jugoslovanski dobrovoljski • The 1st Serbian Volunteer Division: 149. polk Matije Gubca je potoval v domovino po • The 2nd Serbian Volunteer Division: 14. 4.000 km dolgi sibirski železnici, v hudi zimi. • The Serbian Volunteer Corps: 47. Čakala ga je tudi večmesečna plovba po Tihem • The Matija Gubec Yugoslavian Volunteer Regi- in Indijskem oceanu ter Sredozemskem mor- ment: 39. ju. Domov so se vrnili šele dve leti po končani vojni, 1920. Out of that number (249) only 50 Slovenian

MILITARY HISTORY • 25 Slovenski dobrovoljci v Jugoslovanskem volunteers (or 20 percent) arrived at the Macedonian dobrovoljskem polku Matije Gubca v Front. The number was pretty modest and was a Tomsku, Sibirija, 1916–1920 result of the great losses in Dobrudja, the dissident Ruski ujetniki v Sibiriji so se začeli zbirati v movement and general circumstances in Russia, par- skupine po nacionalnem ključu. Najprej so se ticularly in the time of transfer to the Macedonian organizirali Čehi, ki jih je bilo 60.000, in so celo Front. We should be aware of the fact that the Matija dosegli, da so jih razglasili za del zavezniške Gubec Yugoslavian Volunteer Regiment travelled vojske. Sledili so Poljaki, ki jih je bilo 30.000. home along a 4,000km long Siberian railway dur- Srbov, Hrvatov in Slovencev je bilo manj. ing a fierce Siberian winter. It also had a several- Pod vplivom pripadnikov sokolske organi- month sail across the Pacific and Indian Ocean and zacije in preporodovcev ter v organizaciji vo- the Adriatic Sea. They arrived home 2 years after the jaških predstavnikov srbske vojske v Rusiji sta war finished, in 1920. bili v Sibiriji poleg nekaj manjših enot organizirani dve večji dobrovoljski enoti, in sicer: v Slovenian volunteers in the Matija Gubec Čeljabinsku polk Srbov, Hrvatov in Slovencev Yugoslavian Volunteer Regiment in Tomsk, (s slovensko četo) pod poveljstvom majorja Siberia, 1916-1920 Blagotića, v Tomsku v Sibiriji pa jugoslovanski The Russian prisoners in Siberia started to assem- polk Matije Gubca, ki mu je na koncu pove- ble by national groups. The first to organise them- ljeval slovenski aktivni častnik – kapetan Jože selves were the Czechs. There were 60,000 of them Šircelj. Osnovni cilj jugoslovanskih prostovolj- and they even succeeded in being part of the Allied cev je bil priti v pristanišče Vladivostok in nato Army. Second to the Czechs were around 30,000 z ladjo do solunske fronte oz. v domovino. Poles, while Serbs, Croats and Slovenians were less Naši dobrovoljci so se v primežu oktobrske numerous. revolucije otepali predvsem zavezniških priti- In the framework of the organisation of military skov za boj proti enotam revolucionarne Rdeče representatives of the Serbian Army in Russia and armade, zato so se raje opredelili za garnizij- under the influence of the members of the Sokol sko službo in varovanje sibirske železnice. To Organisation and the Preporod Movement, two larg- je bila hkrati edina možna pot do Tihega ocea- er volunteer units were organised in addition to some na in naprej v domovino. smaller ones: in Chelyabinsk the regiment of Serbs, V dokaj težkih taboriščnih razmerah so naši Croats and Slovenians (with a Slovenian Company) dobrovoljci skrbeli tudi za živahno kulturno- under the command of Major Blagotić, and in Tomsk prosvetno dejavnost. Vsak teden so izdajali (Siberia) the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian Regiment, Naš list, prirejali telovadne nastope, koncerte commanded in the last stage of the battle by an active in podobno. Slovenian officer, Captain Jože Šircelj. The key objec- Po prihodu v Vladivostok so iz 3000 dobro- tive of Yugoslavian volunteers was to arrive at the voljcev organizirali Odred Srbov, Hrvatov in Port of Vladivostok and continue to the Macedonian Slovencev z dvema bataljonoma. V 2. bataljo- Front by ship and proceed to the homeland. nu je bila večina slovenskih dobrovoljcev. Prvi In the height of the October Revolution, our vol- konvoj z dvema angleškima ladjama je po tri- unteers struggled against Allied pressure to fight mesečni vožnji avgusta 1920 prispel v domovi- the units of the revolutionary Red Army, for which no. Drugi konvoj s četico slovenskih dobrovolj- reason they decided to enter the garrison service cev je 10. septembra 1920 prispel v Dubrovnik, instead and to protect the Siberian railroad which potem pa so se brez sprejemov in slovesnosti z was the only possible way to the Pacific Ocean, to vlakom napotili proti Ljubljani. the homeland. Po ohranjenih dokumentih in fotografijah je In relatively difficult camp conditions, our volun- bilo mogoče identificirati te slovenske dobro- teers tried to ensure lively cultural and educational voljce (39) v sestavi 3. bataljona Jugoslovan- work. They published a weekly newspaper Naš list skega polka Matije Gubca v Tomsku, Sibirija (Our paper), organised gymnastic performances, oz. 2. bataljona Odreda Srbov Srbov, Hrvatov concerts and similar. in Slovencev: After arrival to Vladivostok, a detachment of Ivan Božič, Anton Buh, Ignac Čokl, Pero Di- Serbs, Croats and Slovenians with two battalions was dolič, Josip Erat, dr. Božidar Fajdiga, Stan- founded, consisting of 3,000 volunteers. In the 2nd ko Gabršček, Godina, Jaka Grčar, Ipavec, Battalion, Slovenian volunteers were predominant.

26 • VOJAŠKA ZGODOVINA Franc Jakopec, Mirko Jerše, Kadunc, Jože After a three months at sea, the first convoy with Kastelic, Kenda, Ivan Košnik, Josip Kozak, two English ships arrived home in August 1920. The Kreč, Vinko Kučan, Tone Lovšin, Avgust second convoy with a small company of Slovenian Lukačič, Lulik, Vojislav Mole, Mrvar, Anton volunteers arrived in Dubrovnik on 10 September Neffat, Novak, Metod Paternost, Pless, Bog- 1920, after which, without any reception or celebra- dan Pogačnik, Joško Prezelj, Josip Rozman, tion, the soldiers headed to Ljubljana by train. Karel Soss, Šenk, Jože Šircelj, Jože Šmid, On the basis of preserved documents and pho- Karel Turk, Rado Završnih, Jože Zupančič tographs, the following Slovenian volunteers (39) in Branko Živkovič. in the formation of the 3rd battalion of the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian Regiment in Tomsk, Siberia or Slovenski dobrovoljci v Jugoslovanskem the 2nd battalion of the Division of Serbs, Croats and dobrovoljskem bataljonu kapetana Pivka Slovenians, have been identified: v Italiji, 1918 Božič Ivan, Buh Anton, Čokl Ignac, Didolič Pero, Dr. Ljudevit Pivko (1880–1937) iz Markovca Erat Josip, Dr. Fajdiga Božidar, Gabršček Stanko, pri Ptuju je bil rez. častnik avstro-ogrske (nad- Godina, Grčar Jaka, Ipavec, Jakopec Franc, Jerše poročnik) in pozneje jugoslovanske (kapetan) Mirko, Kadunc, Kastelic Jože, Kenda, Košnik Ivan, vojske, profesor slavistike in germanistike, Kozak Josip, Kreč, Kučan Vinko, Lovšin Tone, Lu- sokol, narodni delavec, politik – poslanec in kačič Avgust, Lulik, Mole Vojislav, Mrvar, Neffat pisatelj. Anton, Novak, Paternost Metod, Pless, Pogačnik Ob izbruhu prve svetovne vojne je bil kot Bogdan, Prezelj Joško, Rozman Josip, Soss Karel, rez. častnik mobiliziran v avstro-ogrsko voj- Šenk, Šircelj Jože, Šmid Jože, Turk Karel, Zavr- sko, poslan v Črno goro in Albanijo, leta 1917 šnih Rado, Zupančič Jože and Živkovič Branko. pa je bil premeščen v hercegovski polk na so- ško fronto. Slovenian volunteers in the Captain Pivko’s Kot zaveden Slovenec in pripadnik sokolske Yugoslav Volunteer Battalion in Italy, 1918 organizacije je že prej izražal sovražni odpor Dr. Ljudevit Pivko (1880-1937) from Markovec proti habsburški monarhiji, septembra 1917 pa near Ptuj was a reserve Officer in the Austro- je pri Carzanu organiziral in izvedel skupin- Hungarian Army (First Lieutenant) and later a sko dezerterstvo 300 pripadnikov 5. bataljo- Yugoslavian Army Captain. He was a professor of na omenjenega polka in prešel na italijansko Slavistic and Germanic studies, member of the Sokol stran. Organisation, national worker, a politician (member O tem dejanju kapetana Pivka še vedno ob- of Parliament) and a writer. stajajo različne razlage, saj je bil po mnenju At the outbreak of the First World War he was številnih strokovnjakov njegov prehod na itali- mobilised to the Austro-Hungarian Army as a re- jansko stran dobro izpeljana akcija italijanske serve officer and sent to Montenegro and Albania. In obveščevalne službe, ki pa ni bistveno oslabila 1917, he was deployed to the Bosnian-Herzegovinian položaja avstro-ogrske armade na soški fronti. Regiment at the Isonzo Front. Skupinsko dezerterstvo kapetana Pivka pa bi As a conscious Slovenian and a member of the obravnavali drugače, če bi italijanska vojska v Sokol Organisation he expressed his discontent with zadnji ofenzivi zadržala mejo pred Ljubljano. to the Hapsburg Monarchy, and organised approxi- Tako pa se je tam znašel podpolkovnik Švabić, mately 300 5th battalion members in September ki je s četico srbskih vojakov – ujetnikov pre- 1917 at Carzano. He has been transferred to the prečil italijanske apetite po slovenskem oze- Italian side. mlju. Navidezno nepomembno vojaško dejanje There still exist various views on Captain Pivko’s srbskih vojakov je odločilo zahodno slovensko act. According to some experts, his joining the Italian mejo. Nekaj je k temu prispeval tudi odločen side was a well carried-out action of the Italian in- avstro-ogrski maršal na soški fronti Svetozar telligence service, which has not essentially weak- Borojević pl. Bojna, Krajišnik, ki so mu za te ened the position of the Austro-Hungarian Army at zasluge podelili naziv častnega meščana Lju- the Isonzo Front. On the other hand, it is true that bljane. Captain Pivko’s group of deserters would have had Omenjena skupina, imenovana Jugoslo- more weight, if the Italian Army would have been vanski dobrovoljski bataljon kapetana Pivka, able to hold the border in Ljubljana during its last of- je izvidniško-prepadno delovala po načrtih fensive. Fortunately, Lieutenant Colonel Švabić, who

MILITARY HISTORY • 27 prevented the Italians from conquering Slovenian territory with a small company of Serbian soldiers (prisoners), was there at the time. This was an unim- portant military act carried-out by Serbian soldiers, as it in fact determined the western Slovenian border. The decisive Austro-Hungarian Marshal at the Isonzo Front, Svetozar Brojevič pl. Bojna, Kališnik, undoubtedly contributed to this, since he was awarded citizen service award by the city of Ljubljana. By November 1918, the before mentioned group, named the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer Battalion, carried out reconnaissance and assault activities at the Isonzo Front in accordance with Italian Army plans. As Italian war archives are closed to the public, the list of soldiers of the original Pivko (deserter) or Italian volunteer group has not yet been made. Due to all Austro-Hungarian deserters (Serbs, Croats, Slovenians), as well as Italian de- Josip Šircelj (1884, Mokronog–1931), kapetan, poveljnik jugoslovanskega polka »Matija Gubec« v Tomsku, Sibirija, 1917 serters, and due to the prisoners selected by Captain Josip Šircelj (1884, Mokronog – 1931), Pivko himself, his Battalion was constantly increas- Captain, Commander of the Yugoslav Matija Gubec Regiment in Tomsk, Siberia, 1917 ing in number. In November 1918, Pivko’s volunteer battalion had 943 volunteers, out of which 33 were officers. By italijanske armade na soški fronti vse do no- nationality, the composition of the battalion was as vembra 1918. Seznama pripadnikov te prvo- follows: 637 Serbs, 176 Croats and 130 Slovenians. tne Pivkove (dezerterske) oz. italijanske do- In the last period of his operation, Captain Pivko brovoljske skupine zaradi zaprtosti italijanskih adopted the idea of the Yugoslav Committee which vojaških arhivov še ni. Pivkov bataljon pa se je demanded the Allies to recruit volunteers from the številčno povečeval, saj so Italijani vanj vklju- prisoners of the Austro-Hungarian Army (Serbs, čevali vse avstro-ogrske dezerterje – Srbe, Hr- Croats and Slovenians) and to establish various bat- vate in Slovence, ali pa jih je izbiral med uje- tle units. tniki kar sam kapetan Pivk. The president of the Serbian Government, Nikola Novembra 1918 je Pivkov dobrovoljski bata- Pašić even demanded that the Italians establish a ljon štel 943 dobrovoljcev, od teh 33 častnikov. Yugoslav Legion, which would defend the Adriatic Po narodnostni sestavi je bilo v njem 637 Sr- costal region. The Czechs did something similar. bov, 176 Hrvatov in 130 Slovencev. V zadnjem Naturally, the Italians opposed such an idea due to obdobju delovanja je kapetan Pivk sprejel idejo their interests on the other side of the Adriatic Sea. Jugoslovanskega odbora, ki je od zaveznikov They only permitted the formation of the Pivko’s zahteval, da se med ujetniki avstro-ogrske Yugoslavian Volunteer Battalion, principally as a vojske – Srbi, Hrvati in Slovenci – rekrutirajo moral debt to Captain Pivko for his merits in the dobrovoljci in ustanovijo različne bojne enote. battles against the Austro-Hungarian Army at the Predsednik srbske vlade Nikola Pašić je od Isonzo Front. Italijanov celo zahteval, da ustanovijo Jugoslo- After arriving in Montenegro, Captain Pivko vansko legijo, ki bi branila jadransko Primorje. handed over the command of the battalion to reserve Podobno so storili tudi Čehi. Italijani so na- Captain Jože Žagar. Three weeks later, the members sprotovali takšni ideji zaradi svojih interesov of the battalion separated and headed home, so the onstran Jadrana, dovolili so samo vzpostavi- battalion did not participatee in the final battles tev Pivkovega Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega at the Isonzo Front, as previously planned. For this bataljona, predvsem kot moralni dolg kapeta- reason the members of Pivko’s battalion did not re- nu Pivku zaradi njegovih zaslug proti avstro- ceive the status of volunteers in the Serbian Army ogrski armadi na soški fronti. or the Army of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Po prihodu bataljona v Črno goro je kape- Slovenians. Why Captain Pivko decided to hand tan Pivk predal poveljstvo nad bataljonom rez. over command to his deputy, Captain Žagar, after

28 • VOJAŠKA ZGODOVINA kapetanu Jožetu Žagarju. Po treh tednih so se arriving in Boka, is not known. The answer will have pripadniki bataljona razšli na svoje domove, to be searched for in Pivko’s memoires and notes of tako da bataljon ni sodeloval v sklepnih bojih his fellow warriors. The preserved archives testify na solunski fronti, kot so prvotno načrtovali. that 7 members of Captain Pivko’s Battalion, nev- Pripadniki Pivkovega bataljona tako niso dobi- ertheless, participated in the final combats at the li statusa dobrovoljcev srbske oz. vojske SHS. Macedonian Front. They were: Usoda kapetana Pivka oziroma ozadje njego- Bukovec Ignac, Čuček Franc, Kolar Jožef, Konečnik ve odločitve, da po prihodu v Boko Kotorsko Friderik, Kos Sebastijan, Krulj Bogdan and Ko- preda poveljstvo svojemu namestniku kapeta- šmrlj Franjo. na Žagarju, nista povsem jasna. Odgovor bo treba poiskati v Pivkovih spominih in zapiskih Out of 130 Slovenians, the members of Pivko’s njegovih sobojevnikov. Iz ohranjenih arhivov volunteer battalion consisted of 12 officers, 11 non- je mogoče razbrati, da je 7 pripadnikov Piv- commissioned officers, 13 corporals and 78 soldiers. kovega bataljona vseeno sodelovalo v sklepnih By region, 6 volunteers were from the Koroška re- bojih na solunski fronti. To so bili: gion, 40 from Primorska, 37 from Kranjska, 29 from Ignac Bukovec, Franc Čuček, Jožef Kolar, Fri- Štajerska and 1 from Croatia. derik Konečnik, Sebastijan Kos, Bogdan On the basis of a preserved comprehensive list Krulj in Franjo Košmrlj. from which I have selected only Slovenian surnames all 130 members of the battalion have been identified. Od 130 Slovencev – pripadnikov Pivkovega I could not identify the names of fifteen members of dobrovoljskega bataljona naj bi bilo 12 častni- the Sokol Organisation. The members of Pivko’s vol- kov, 11 podčastnikov, 13 kaplarjev in 78 vo- unteer battalion are here presented for the first time: jakov. Po regionalni pripadnosti je bilo 6 do- Abram Davorin, Bajželj Ivan, Benčič Ivan, Bensa Fra- brovoljcev iz Koroške, 40 iz Primorske, 37 iz njo, Briški Peter, Buček Andrija, Bukovec Ignac, Kranjske, 29 iz Štajerske in 1 iz Hrvaške. Canko Anton, Ceraj Edvard, Cigoj Anton, Conjar Na podlagi ohranjenega obsežnega sezna- Ivan, Crnko Ivan, Črne Alojzij, Čuček Franc, De- ma oz. z izločitvijo slovenskih priimkov je mo- longa Jakob, Domajnko Alojzij, Drežnjak Ivan, goče identificirati vseh 130 pripadnikov bata- Drobec, Fajdiga Ignacij, Fakin Ivan, Furlan Ivan, ljona. Ugotoviti nisem mogel imen petnajstih Gerbec Ivan, Grafenauer Franc, Gregorič Jožef, članov sokolske organizacije. Tako prvič pred- Grosman Anton, Gruden Anton, Hace Anton, stavljam pripadnike Pivkovega dobrovoljskega Holc Anton, Jamnik Franc, Javoršek Franjo, Je- bataljona: reb Josip, Jerman Franjo, Jurčič Josip, Jurič Ivan, Davorin Abram, Ivan Bajželj, Ivan Benčič, Kajfež Luka, Kaluža Jožef, Kambič Mirko, Karlec Franjo Bensa, Peter Briški, Andrija Buček, Gašpar, Kelemen Izidor, Kentera Ivan, Klamfar Ignac Bukovec, Anton Canko, Edvard Ce- Karel, Klavžar Josip, Kleva Viktor, Kokolj Dušan, raj, Anton Cigoj, Ivan Conjar, Ivan Crnko, Kolar Jožef, Konečnik Friderik, Kos Novak, Kos Alojzij Črne, Franc Čuček, Jakob Delonga, Sebastijan, Košmerl Franjo, Kovač Karlo, Kova- Alojzij Domajnko, Ivan Drežnjak, Drobec, čič Oto, Kranjec Ferdinand, Kramar Josip, Krebs Ignacij Fajdiga, Ivan Fakin, Ivan Furlan, Ivan, Križman Josip, Krulj Bogdan, Kržišnik An- Ivan Gerbec, Franc Grafenauer, Jožef Gre- ton, Kucelj Gabro, Kumer Lojze, Kuščer Vladimir, gorič, Anton Grosman, Anton Gruden, An- Ledeničar Franjo, Les Alojzij, Leščak Vinko, Levec ton Hace, Anton Holc, Franc Jamnik, Fra- Ignacij, Lipovec Anton, Logar Josip, Lovrenčič njo Javoršek, Josip Jereb, Franjo Jerman, Stanko, Ložar Franjo, Macarol Franjo, Makše Josip Jurčič, Ivan Jurič, Luka Kajfež, Jožef Anton, Manoš Anton, Marangon Albin, Može Kaluža, Mirko Kambič, Gašper Karlec, Izi- Alojzij, Mrzljak Valentin, Nosan Franjo, Omahen dor Kelemen, Ivan Kentera, Karel Klamfar, Venceslav, Pahor Josip, Pajk Božidar, Papež Jo- Josip Klavžar, Viktor Kleva, Dušan Kokolj, žef, Pavčič Franjo, Pavlica Anton, Pekarek Anton, Jožef Kolar, Friderik Konečnik, Novak Kos, Pertovt Ivan, Petelin Franc, Peterle Josip, Pinter Sebastijan Kos, Franjo Košmerl, Karlo Ko- Ivan, Pivko Ljudevit, Plevelj Alojz, Plhank Hugo, vač, Oto Kovačič, Ferdinand Kranjec, Josip Podgoršek Peter, Požarnik Lenard, Primc Janez, Kramar, Ivan Krebs, Josip Križman, Bogdan Prokeš Edvard, Puntar Jakob, Rebula Ivan, Rejec Krulj, Anton Kržišnik, Gabro Kucelj, Lojze Anton, Romih Anton, Samec Leopold, Selir Vin- Kumer, Vladimir Kuščer, Franjo Ledeničar, ko, Serdinšek Anton, Sfiligoj Vilko, Sivc Franc,

MILITARY HISTORY • 29 Alojzij Les, Vinko Leščak, Ignacij Levec, An- Smole Izidor, Smrtnik Anton, Soban Jože, Starc ton Lipovec, Josip Logar, Stanko Lovrenčič, Frančišek, Struc Jožef, Šavli Franjo, Šifler Andrej, Franjo Ložar, Franjo Macarol, Anton Ma- Šusteršič Josip, Terpinc Karel, Tiksa Alojz, Tot kše, Anton Manoš, Albin Marangon, Alojzij Vencel, Trampuš Josip, Tršovec Anton, Valenčič Može, Valentin Mrzljak, Franjo Nosan, Ven- Anton, Valter Jožef, Velkavrh Karel, Vidmar Sta- ceslav Omahen, Josip Pahor, Božidar Pajk, ne, Vizjak Albert, Wiegele Zdravko, Zidak Martin, Jožef Papež, Franjo Pavčič, Anton Pavlica, Zlobko Ivan, Zupan Anton, Zupančič Ivan, Žagar Anton Pekarek, Ivan Pertovt, Franc Petelin, Anton, Žagar Jože, Žigante Josip, Živec Vinko, Žu- Josip Peterle, Ivan Pinter, Ljudevit Pivko, žek Josip and Žvar Ivan. Alojz Plevelj, Hugo Plhank, Peter Podgor- šek, Lenard Požarnik, Janez Primc, Edvard Slovenian volunteers from the Italian Prokeš, Jakob Puntar, Ivan Rebula, Anton Prisoner Camp Nocera Umbra, Italy 1918 Rejec, Anton Romih, Leopold Samec, Vin- The circumstances in the Italian camps were in- ko Selir, Anton Serdinšek, Vilko Sfiligoj, tolerable for the prisoners of the Austro-Hungarian Franc Sivc, Izidor Smole, Anton Smrtnik, Army. Only after having experienced pressures Jože Soban, Frančišek Starc, Jožef Struc, from the prisoners, mostly Czech prisoners, did the Franjo Šavli, Andrej Šifler, Josip Šusteršič, Italians start to separate prisoners by nationality. Karel Terpinc, Alojz Tiksa, Vencel Tot, Josip When Italy took the side of the Triple Entente Allies Trampuš, Anton Tršovec, Anton Valenčič, it had put under the pressure of the Yugoslavian Jožef Valter, Karel Velkavrh, Stane Vidmar, Committee (January 1915)the imprisoned members Albert Vizjak, Zdravko Wiegele, Martin Zi- of the Austro-Hungarian Army (Serbs, Croats and dak, Ivan Zlobko, Anton Zupan, Ivan Zupan- Slovenians) in a separate camp in Nocera Umbra (a čič, Anton Žagar, Jože Žagar, Josip Žigante, vacation resort). Also, this camp had agitated repre- Vinko Živec, Josip Žužek in Ivan Žvar. sentatives of the Yugoslav Committee and the Serbian Supreme Command. Thus they addressed the volun- Slovenski dobrovoljci iz italijanskega teers and suggested tey joined the Serbian Army. ujetniškega taborišča Nocere Umbre, Slovenian volunteers arranged and organised Italija, 1918 their life in the camp well. They even published their Razmere v italijanskih taboriščih so bile za own newspaper. Naturally, the main directives were ujetnike avstro-ogrske vojske neznosne. Šele given by the members of the Sokol Organisation and pod pritiski ujetnikov, predvsem Čehov, so Ita- the Preporod Movement. The Italians tried to seed lijani začeli razporejati ujetnike po narodno- disagreement among the prisoners, hoping that the sti. Ko je Italija prestopila na stran antantnih Serbs would turn against the Croats and Slovenians. zaveznikov, je pod pritiskom Jugoslovanskega But they failed. odbora (januarja 1915) razmestila ujete pripa- Even though the prisoners in the Nocera Umbra dnike avstro-ogrske vojske – Srbe, Hrvate in camp and the members of the Pivko’s Battalion coop- Slovence – v posebno taborišče v letoviškem erated in various ways, it is unclear why they did not kraju Nocere Umbre. Predstavniki Jugoslovan- jointly head to the Macedonian Front. skega odbora in srbskega vrhovnega poveljstva The order for the volunteers’ departure to so tudi tam agitirali in nagovarjali dobrovoljce Thessaloniki came on 1 December 1918. In early za srbsko vojsko. morning, 3 December, all volunteers boarded a train Taboriščno življenje so si slovenski dobro- that went from Nocera Umbra across Ancona to the voljci dobro uredili in organizirali, saj so iz- port Bari. There were 482 volunteers on the train; dajali celo svoj časopis. Usmerjali so jih sokoli 55 Slovenian and 7 members of the Captain Pivko’s in preporodovci. Italijani so poskušali narediti Yugoslavian Volunteer Battalion (I have acquired razdor tudi med ujetniki, Srbi na eni ter Hr- personal information about these members). At the vati in Slovenci na drugi strani, vendar jim ni last station, the Italian Army tried to prevent the uspelo. debarkment of the volunteers, but Pivko’s volunteers Čeprav so taboriščniki iz Nocere Umbre dispersed the Italian soldiers with hand grenades. All vsestransko sodelovali s pripadniki Pivkovega volunteers bordered the ship Coccorico, which head- bataljona, ni jasno, zakaj nazadnje niso skupaj ed to Thessaloniki. odšli na solunsko fronto. Volunteers in the Serbian Army from the Italian Povelje za odhod dobrovoljcev proti Solunu Prisoner Camp Nocera Umbra 1918 – Thessaloniki

30 • VOJAŠKA ZGODOVINA je prišlo 1. decembra 1918. Zgodaj zjutraj 3. Fighters (55): decembra so se vsi dobrovoljci vkrcali na vlak, Aplenc Emerik, Belšak Tone, Bizjak Jožef, Bravničar ki je peljal iz N. Umbre prek Ancone v prista- Slavko, Brenčič Radovan, Bukovec Janko, Čuček nišče Bari. Na vlaku je bilo 482 dobrovoljcev, Franc, Domladiš Drago, Ferenčak Franc, Fon Da- od teh 55 slovenskih in 7 pripadnikov jugoslo- nilo, Grafenauer Franc, Gržina Vladislav, Hebein vanskega dobrovoljskega bataljona kapetana Josip, Horvat Rudolf, Kalan Jožef, Kernc Polde, Pivka (za katere smo ugotovili osebne podat- Kersnik Tone, Kraigher Nande, Kralj Ivan, Kuščer ke). Italijanska vojska je na zadnji postaji že- Vladimir, Lavrenčič Stanko, Lavrič Ivan, Leskovec lela preprečiti izkrcanje dobrovoljcev, vendar Tone, Likar Franc, Lokar Janko, Mravlje Milan, Pa- so Pivkovi dobrovoljci z ročnimi bombami raz- vlič Alojz, Peric Ljudevit, Perko Nace, Petrič Jože, gnali italijanske vojake. Vsi dobrovoljci so se Pivk Polde, Poljak Janez, Poljšak, Porenta Tone, vkrcali na ladjo Coccorio na poti v Solun. Prelovec Hinko, Prelovec Zorko, Rimel, Rismal Dobrovoljci srbske vojske iz italijanskega Melhior, Rojnik Ivan, Schweiger, Soklič Rudolf, ujetniškega taborišča Nocere Umbre 1918 – Stankovič, Svetličič Vladimir, Šlander Jožef, Šlibar solunski borci (55): Martin, Šporn Vilko, Šrems Edvard, Štefančič Jaka, Emerik Aplenc, Tone Belšak, Jožef Bizjak, Trpin Anton, Turk Franc, Uršič Adolf, Vidmar Sta- Slavko Bravničar, Radovan Brenčič, Janko ne, Vigele Ferdo, Voštar Nace and Žele Andrej. Bukovec, Franc Čuček, Drago Domladiš, Franc Ferenčak, Danilo Fon, Franc Grafena- Slovenian expatriates in the USA – volun- uer, Vladislav Gržina, Josip Hebein, Rudolf teers in the Serbian Army, 1912-1918 Horvat, Jožef Kalan, Polde Kernc, Tone Ker- The first volunteers from overseas joined the snik, Nande Kraigher, Ivan Kralj, Vladimir Serbian Army in 1912. A more organised and mas- Kuščer, Stanko Lavrenčič, Ivan Lavrič, Tone sive inflow of volunteers occurred in 1914, coincid- Leskovec, Franc Likar, Janko Lokar, Milan ing with the beginning of the First World War. Due Mravlje, Alojz Pavlič, Ljudevit Peric, Nace to the fact that USA was neutral, it was difficult to Perko, Jože Petrič, Polde Pivk, Janez Poljak, collect volunteers. In 1917, after the USA declared Poljšak, Tone Porenta, Hinko Prelovec, Zor- war on Germany, the situation changed completely. ko Prelovec, Rimel, Melhior Rismal, Ivan In December 1917, the Serbian Government sent a Rojnik, Schweiger, Rudolf Soklič, Stanko- military mission (6 officers and 8 non-commissioned vič, Vladimir Svetličič, Jožef Šlander, Mar- officers) to North and South America. Colonel Janko tin Šlibar, Vilko Šporn, Edvard Šrems, Jaka Stibilj – Vukasović and Major Vekoslav Fon were a Štefančič, Anton Trpin, Franc Turk, Adolf part of this mission. They organised two assembly Uršič, Stane Vidmar, Ferdo Vigele, Nace Vo- centres in Sussex and Levis in Canada, from where štar in Andrej Žele. volunteers were transported to Bizerte and afterwards to Thessaloniki. Three Slovenians, members Slovenski izseljenci iz ZDA – dobrovoljci of the Yugoslav Committee, were active in the USA v srbski vojski 1912–1918 even before that time: Dr. Bogumil Vošnjak, Dr. Niko Prvi dobrovoljci iz prekomorskih držav so Zupanič and Dr. Drago Marušič. v srbsko vojsko začeli prihajati leta 1912, bolj Their objective was to recruit as many Slovenian organizirano in množično pa 1914, z začetkom expatriates, as Serbian Army volunteers as possible, prve svetovne vojne. Zaradi nevtralnosti ZDA and at the same time present to the American public je bilo zbiranje dobrovoljcev oteženo, včasih Slovenia’s desires to secede from Austria-Hungary tudi ovirano. Razmere so se popolnoma spre- and to unite with Serbs and Croats in a separate menile leta 1917, ko so ZDA napovedale vojno state – the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. They were also Nemčiji. Srbska vlada je decembra 1917 v Se- active in collecting material and financial help. verno in Južno Ameriko napotila vojaško mi- The results were soon visible. The inflow of over- sijo (6 častnikov in 8 podčastnikov), v kateri seas expatriates (volunteers) to the Macedonian sta bila tudi polkovnik Janko Stibilj – Vukaso- Front had increased greatly. vić in major Vekoslav Fon. Organizirali so dva 6,243 volunteers came to the Macedonian Front zbirna centra dobrovoljcev v Sussexu in Levisu from the USA and Canada. Another 2,000 volunteers v Kanadi, od koder so jih z ladjami vozili do arrived after the breakthrough of the front.Altogether Bizerte in nato v Solun. Že prej pa so v ZDA there were over 8,000 volunteers, a third of all vol- delovali trije Slovenci, člani Jugoslovanskega unteers at the Macedonian Front. There were 27 (or

MILITARY HISTORY • 31 odbora: dr. Bogumil Vošnjak, dr. Niko Zupanič 0.34 percent) Slovenian volunteers among them. in dr. Drago Marušič. In South America, the majority of volunteers were Njihova cilja sta bila pridobiti čim več slo- from Dalmatia. 1,500 Montenegrins also prepared venskih izseljencev kot dobrovoljcev srbske to join the Serbian Army. Approximately 5,000 ex- vojske ter ameriški javnosti predstaviti sloven- patriates resided in South America . By January ske težnje po odcepitvi od Avstro-Ogrske in 1917, 475 volunteers applied, which is almost 10 združitvi s Srbi in Hrvati v samostojno državo percent of the expatriates. The main assembly centre – kraljevino Jugoslavijo. Zbirali so tudi finanč- was in Antofagasta. no in gmotno pomoč. Some estimates suggest that approximately Rezultati so se pokazali kmalu, saj se je 10,000 volunteers came from North America. močno povečal prihod prekomorskih izseljen- With the help of preserved data in the expatriates’ cev – dobrovoljcev na solunsko fronto. volunteer archive in the USA I have identified the Iz Severne Amerike, ZDA in Kanade je prišlo following Slovenian expatriates (volunteers in the na solunsko fronto 6.243 dobrovoljcev, po pre- Serbian Army from 1912 to 1918) (27) by surname boju pa še 2.000, skupno torej več kot 8.000, and birth town: kar je bila več kot tretjina vseh dobrovoljcev Biher Marko, Božič Blaž, Buklič Florijan, Cetinski srbske vojske na solunski fronti. Slovenskih je Jakob, Čop Matija, Hlebanja Alojz, Jager Alojz, bilo 27 ali 0,34 odstotka. Jamnik Ivan, Javornik Ivan, Javornik Janko, V Južni Ameriki se je v začetku prijavilo Jovan Franjo, Lavrič Franjo, Logar Blaž, Moric največ dobrovoljcev med Dalmatinci, pa tudi Josip, Pogačar Josip, Prevec Ivan, Pucelj Mike, 1500 Črnogorcev je bilo pripravljenih vstopiti Radojčič Ðorđe, Ribič Vekoslav, Rigo Peter, Rolih v srbsko vojsko. Končni rezultat iz Južne Ame- Franc – Mike, Samec Josip, Svete Franjo,Torbica rike, kjer je bivalo 5.000 naših izseljencev, je Ivan, Trošt Josip, Virant Martin and Zajc Albert. bil zavidanja vreden, saj se je do januarja 1917 prijavilo 475 dobrovoljcev, skoraj 10 odstotkov. Slovenian volunteers in the Serbian Army Najpomembnejši zbirni center je bil Antofaga- at the Macedonian Front 1917-1918 sta. Following the decision of the Triple Entente Allies, Po nekaterih ocenah se je iz Južne in Sever- the Macedonian Front was established on the reso- ne Amerike prijavilo 10.000 dobrovoljcev. lute demand of the Serbian Government. It spread Po ohranjenih podatkih v dobrovoljskem ar- across the old Serbian and Greek border (on the line hivu o izseljencih iz ZDA – dobrovoljcih srbske of the Vardar river, the Dudice, Kožuh, Veternik Hill, vojske v obdobju 1912–1918 sem po priimku in Dobro polje and the Kajmakcalan mountains, the rojstnem mestu izločil te slovenske izseljence – towns Lerin and Bitolj), on which the French, Greek dobrovoljce (27): and Russian Allied units together with three Serbian Marko Biher, Blaž Božič, Florijan Buklič, Jakob Armies were deployed against a strong German- Cetinski, Matija Čop, Alojz Hlebanja, Alojz Bulgarian Army with approximately 170,000 men. Jager, Ivan Jamnik, Ivan Javornik, Janko The chief commander at the Macedonian Front was Javornik, Franjo Jovan, Franjo Lavrič, Blaž General Sarrail. The reorganised units of the Serbian Logar, Josip Moric, Josip Pogačar, Ivan Pre- Army as well as numerous volunteers in the Serbian vec, Mike Pucelj, Ðorđe Radojčič, Vekoslav Army from Russia, expatriates and others, were Ribič, Peter Rigo, Franc Rolih – Mike, Jo- planne to be the main offensive force. The first units sip Samec, Franjo Svete, Ivan Torbica, Josip of the Serbian Army arrived to the Macedonian Front Trošt, Martin Virant in Albert Zajc. from the Island Krf in autumn of 1916. They immediately started limited local attacks, which were not Slovenski dobrovoljci srbske vojske na always successful. This applies in particularly to solunski fronti 1917–1918 the battles on the Kajmakcalan Mountain where all Solunska fronta je bila vzpostavljena sredi three Slovenian volunteers died. leta 1916 na odločno zahtevo srbske vlade, a The first volunteers from the Russian unit arrived po sklepu antantnih zaveznikov. Razprostira- at the Macedonian Front in April 1916. This was a la se je na stari meji med Srbijo in Grčijo oz. volunteer battalion from the 1st Serbian Volunteer na črti: reka Vardar – planine Dudice – Kožuh Division. In the autumn of the same year a second –Vetrenik – Dobro polje – Kajmakčalan – me- battalion arrived. The moral state of the volunteers sti Lerin – Bitolj. Na njej so bile proti močni in the 1st Battalion that came from Russia was

32 • VOJAŠKA ZGODOVINA nemško-bolgarski armadi, ki je štela 170.000 excellent. The volunteers were eager to fight and de- mož, razporejene francoske, grške in ruske manded an immediate departure to the front. They zavezniške enote ter tri srbske armade. Glav- were initially used only for replacing injured troops ni poveljnik na solunski fronti je bil francoski in the Serbian regiments, which had been already en- general Sarrail. Po načrtih naj bi bile najpo- gaging in constant combats with the Bulgarian and membnejša ofenzivna sila obnovljene enote Austrian-German Armies at the Macedonian Front. srbske vojske, pa tudi številni dobrovoljci srb- Regent Alexander commanded the Serbian Army, ske vojske iz Rusije, izseljencev in od drugod. while the Army General Petar Bojović became com- Prve enote srbske vojske so prišle na solunsko mander of the Supreme Command. Commanders of fronto s Krfa jeseni 1916 in takoj začele omeje- the armies were: commander of the 1st Army with ne lokalne napade, ki pa niso bili vedno uspe- the Morava and Vardar Division (later renamed the šni. To velja posebno za boje na Kajmakčalanu, Yugoslav Army) was Duke Živojin Mišić; commander kjer so padli tudi trije slovenski dobrovoljci. of the 2nd Army with the Šumadija and Timočka Prve dobrovoljske enote iz Rusije so prišle Divison was Duke Stepa Stepanović and the com- na solunsko fronto aprila 1917. Šlo je za ba- mander of the 3rd Army with the Drina and Danube taljon dobrovoljcev iz 1. srbske dobrovoljske Division was General Miliš Vasić. The Cavalry divizije. Jeseni istega leta je prišel še drugi ba- Division and the Volunteer Corps of Duke Vuk was taljon. Morala v prvih dobrovoljskih bataljonih a reserve unit. The Serbian Army had approximately iz Rusije je bila na odlični ravni. Dobrovoljci so 150,000 soldiers and volunteers. bili željni bojev in so zahtevali takojšen odhod The volunteers were motivated to fight in the na fronto. A z njimi so v začetku samo nado- Serbian Army because they supported the establish- meščali izgube v srbskih polkih, ki so že bili na ment of Yugoslavia. Therefore, many of them, in- solunski fronti v nenehnih bojih z bolgarsko in cluding Slovenians, rejected the military oath to the avstrijsko-nemško vojsko. Serbian Army and demanded an informal oath to the Srbski vojski je poveljeval regent Aleksan- Yugoslav Army. Due to the latter, the crown prince der, a načelnik vrhovnega poveljstva je postal ordered the dissolution of the Vardar Division on armadni general Petar Bojović. Armadam so 29 December 1917. From its formation and with the poveljevali: 1. armadi, z moravsko in vardar- newly arrived volunteers, the Yugoslav Division was sko divizijo (pozneje preimenovani v jugoslo- established. Colonel Milan Tucaković was appointed vansko) – vojvoda Živojin Mišić; 2. armadi, as its commander. s Šumadijsko in Timoško divizijo – vojvoda According to information from the Serbian Stepa Stepanović in 3. armadi, z Drinsko in Supreme Command, dated 23 September 1917, Donavsko divizijo – general Miloš Vasić. V re- there were approximately 21,000 volunteers at zervi sta bila konjeniška divizija in Dobrovolj- the Macedonian Front, out of which 141 were ski odred vojvode Vuka. Srbska vojska je štela Slovenians. Most of them were assigned to the 150.000 vojakov in dobrovoljcev. Yugoslavian Division, while a smaller part remained Zaradi motiviranosti dobrovoljcev za boj v in other Serbian divisions. Based on information, srbski vojski za jugoslovanske ideale in cilje so all Slovenian volunteers – the Thessaloniki fighters številni dobrovoljci, tudi Slovenci, zavrnili vo- (194 in total), can be identified by individual units, jaško prisego srbski vojski in zahtevali prisego as follows: še nevzpostavljeni jugoslovanski vojski. Zaradi tega je 29. decembra 1917 prestolonaslednik Morava Division (22): Aleksander Karađorđević ukazal razpustitev Alič Anton, Bazant Urh, Berin Josip, Bole Anton, Vardarske divizije. Iz njenega članstva in pri- Budinek Franjo, Bunek Franjo, Dobrovoljc Janez, spelih dobrovoljcev je bila ustanovljena Jugo- Goli Josip, Hočevar Ignac, Kejžar Valentin, Konič slovanska divizija. Njen poveljnik je postal pol- Franc, Lah Franjo, Laharnar Ivan, Mezek Franc, kovnik Milan Tucaković. Pogačnik Alojz, Rade Anton, Skvarča Janez, Sor- Po podatkih srbske vrhovnega poveljstva ban Valentin, Stele Ivan, Šuštar Jože, Tomšič Al- z dne 23. septembra 1917 je bilo na solunski bert and Urbič Drago. fronti 21.000 dobrovoljcev, med njimi 141 Slo- Danube Division (26): vencev. Večina je bila razporejena v Jugoslo- Aljančič Ernest, Boštjančič, Colja, Čeplak Ferdo, vanski diviziji, manjši del pa v drugih srbskih Dražen Ivan, Drešček Julij, Gnezda Milko, Gre- divizijah. Po ohranjenih podatkih je mogoče gor Leonard, Jurič, Kolenc Matija, Kostelič Jože,

MILITARY HISTORY • 33 po posameznih enotah identificirati vse slo- Kovač Janez, Koželj Jaka, Kumer Ciril, Lenard venske dobrovoljce – solunske borce, ki jih je Rado, Mihelj, Miselj Vladimir, Orožen Janko, Pe- bilo dejansko več (194): lan Stanko, Pogorelec, Prinčič Edvard, Rinaldo Ivan, Trampuš Ivan, Turk Ernest, Ukmar Drago Moravska divizija (22): and Zupančič Martin. Anton Alič, Urh Bazant, Josip Berin, Anton Bole, Franjo Budinek, Franjo Bunek, Janez Dobro- Timočka Division (5): voljc, Josip Goli, Ignac Hočevar, Valentin Ke- Kolar Milan, Kos Janko, Kos Josip, Kovačič Anton jžar, Franc Konič, Franjo Lah, Ivan Laharnar, and Krsnik Janko. Franc Mezek, Alojz Pogačnik, Anton Rade, Janez Skvarča, Valentin Sorban, Ivan Stele, Šumadija Division (1): Jože Šuštar, Albert Tomšič in Drago Urbič. Janež Vinko.

Donavska divizija (26): Yugoslav Division (11): Ernest Aljančič, Boštjančič, Colja, Ferdo Če- Grahli Vladimir, Heinrihar Rajko, Heric Vekoslav, plak, Ivan Dražen, Julij Drešček, Milko Janžekovič Vekoslav, Javornik Ivan, Jerše Milko, Gnezda, Leonard Gregor, Jurič, Matija Ko- Pavlin Rajko, Sedlak Josip, Vizjak Franc, Zajc Al- lenc, Jože Kostelič, Janez Kovač, Jaka Ko- bert and Završnik Alfonz. želj, Ciril Kumer, Rado Lenard, Mihelj, Vla- dimir Miselj, Janko Orožen, Stanko Pelan, Unidentified Unit (30): Pogorelec, Edvard Prinčič, Ivan Rinaldo, Bogataj Avgust, Ferluga Ferdo, Gmajner Ivan, Gra- Ivan Trampuš, Ernest Turk, Drago Ukmar in bljevec Franc, Gržina Vladislav, Habe Tone, Ke- Martin Zupančič. rin Jože, Kobler Franc, Kobler Maks, Koprivnjak Maks, Kreačič Franjo, Krže Vinko, Lavrin Janko, Timoška divizija (5): Martelanc, Marušič Drago, Modic Josip, Pakiž Milan Kolar, Janko Kos, Josip Kos, Anton Ko- Silvo, Pavlin Maks, Peharc Jože, Piškur Karel, Ra- vačič in Janko Krsnik. dešček, Ravnik Jože, Rode Anton, Sirc Vinko, Šajn Edvard, Šifrer, Štrekelj Franc, Vukasović – Stibilj Šumadijska divizija (1): Janko, Zupan Ivan and Zorič Franc. Vinko Janež. Aviation (1): Jugoslovanska divizija (11): reserve Officer Kraigher Jurij. Vladimir Grahli, Rajko Heinrihar, Vekoslav Heric, Vekoslav Janžekovič, Ivan Javornik, The first units of the Serbian Aviation Division Milko Jerše, Rajko Pavlin, Josip Sedlak, participated in battles at the Macedonian Front Franc Vizjak, Albert Zajc in Alfonz Završnik. with material and technical support from the Triple Entente Allies. According to some information there Neidentificirana enota (30): were supposed to be more Slovenian volunteers, espe- Avgust Bogataj, Ferdo Ferluga, Ivan Gmajner, cially pilots, participating in the Serbian Army, but Franc Grabljevec, Vladislav Gržina, Tone this is not substantially supported. Habe, Jože Kerin, Franc Kobler, Maks Ko- bler, Maks Koprivnjak, Franjo Kreačič, Vin- Slovenian volunteers in the Serbian ko Krže, Janko Lavrin, Martelanc, Drago Army in the battles for Carinthia, 1918- Marušič, Josip Modic, Silvo Pakiž, Maks Pa- 1919 vlin, Jože Peharc, Karel Piškur, Radešček, Before the Christmas holidays in 1918, the Jože Ravnik, Anton Rode, Vinko Sirc, Ed- Serbian Minister of Military Affairs Mihajlo Rašić vard Šajn, Šifrer, Franc Štrekelj, Janko Sti- sent a military mission commanded by General Krst bilj – Vukasović, Ivan Zupan in Franc Zorič. Smiljanić and Lieutenant Colonel Milutin Nadić to Ljubljana. The mission’s objective was to form the Letalstvo (1): Danube Division, which took over the command of all rez. častnik Jurij Kraigher. military units in Slovenia on 1 February 1919. This Prve enote srbskega letalstva so sodelovale concerned mainly General Maister’s units, which na solunski fronti ob gmotno-tehnični podpori were already engaged in combats in Carinthia. Due

34 • VOJAŠKA ZGODOVINA zaveznikov atlante. Po nekaterih podatkih naj to the continuation of the fights for the accession of bi v srbski vojski sodelovalo še nekaj sloven- Carinthia to the newly founded Kingdom of Serbs, skih dobrovoljcev – pilotov, vendar ti podatki Croats and Slovenians (SCS), the command of the niso dovolj zanesljivi. Danube Division temporarily formed five detachments, appointed their commanders and ordered Slovenski dobrovoljci srbske vojske v specific tasks (direction of attack), i.e.: bojih za Koroško 1918–1919 • The Labot Detachment, composition: 4 infantry Pred božičnimi prazniki 1918 je srbski vojni battalions, 4 artillery batteries and a cavalry sec- minister Mihajlo Rašić poslal v Ljubljano voja- tion; approximately 2,000 soldiers and 14 guns; ško misijo z generalom Krstom Smiljanićem in commander Major General Rudolf Maister; direc- podpolkovnikom Milutinom Nedićem na čelu. tions of attack: Dravograd – Št. Pavel. Misija je imela nalogo, da vzpostavi območje • The Carinthia Detachment, composition: 6 in- Dravske divizije, katere poveljstvo je 1. febru- fantry battalions, 5 gun batteries and a cavalry arja 1919 prevzelo poveljevanje vsem vojaškim squadron; approximately 3,200 soldiers and 26 enotam v Sloveniji. Šlo je predvsem za enote guns; commander Colonel Ljubomir Marić; direc- generala Rudolfa Maistra, ki so se že bojeva- tions of attack: Guštanj (Ravne na Koroškem) – le na Koroškem. Za nadaljevanje bojev za pri- Črna – Bleiburg –Völkermarkt – Zollfeld. ključitev Koroške novonastajajoči državi SHS • The Jezersko Detachment, composition: 7 infantry je poveljstvo Dravske divizije začasno vzposta- battalions, 8 gun batteries, a cavalry squadron; vilo pet odredov, imenovalo njihove poveljnike approximately 4,200 soldiers and 31 guns; com- in odredilo konkretne naloge (smeri napada), mander Colonel Dobrosav Milenković; direction in sicer: of the main attack: Jezersko – Bad Eisenkappel • Labodski odred, sestava: 4 pehotni bataljo- – Klagenfurt. ni, 4 topniške baterije in konjeniški oddelek, • Ljubelj Detachment, composition: an infantry bat- 2.000 vojakov in 14 topov, poveljnik – gene- talion, 2 gun batteries and a volunteer detach- ralmajor Rudolf Maister, smer napada: Dra- ment; approximately 220 soldiers and 8 guns; vograd–Št. Pavel; commander Savo Tripković; direction of attack: • Koroški odred: sestava: 6 pehotnih bataljo- Loiblpass – Ferlach – Klagenfurt. nov, 5 topniških baterij in konjeniški eska- • Jesenice Detachment, composition: 2 infantry dron, 3.200 vojakov in 26 topov, poveljnik units, volunteers (187 soldiers) of Lieutenant – polkovnik Ljubomir Marić, smer napada: Štefman and 2 gun crews; approximately 400 Guštanj (Ravne)– Črna–Pliberk–Velikovec– soldiers, 15 machine guns and 2 cannons; com- Gosposvetsko polje; mander Captain Kujundžić has participated in the • Jezerski odred: sestava: 7 pehotnih bataljo- defence of Podrožca and in reconnaissance tasks. nov, 8 topniških baterij, konjeniški eskadron, • Reserve: 2 infantry battalions and 2 companies 4.200 vojakov in 31 topov, poveljnik – pol- with formation in Ljubljana and Slovenj Gradec. kovnik Dobrosav Milenković, smer glavnega napada: Jezersko–Železna Kaplja–Celovec; All Slovenian volunteers were allocated to smaller • Ljubeljski odred, sestava: pehotni bata- groups in the 45th Regiment from Maribor, which ljon, 2 topniški bateriji in oddelek dobro- was the main force of the Jezersko Detachment. voljcev, 220 vojakov in 8 topov, poveljnik Other volunteers, fighters at the Macedonian Front – polkovnik Savo Tripković, smer napada: (Croats, Bosnians and others) were deployed to the Ljubelj–Borovlje–Celovec; so-called “Yugoslav Mixed Battalion” under the com- • Jeseniški odred, sestava: 2 pehotni četi, pro- mand of Captain Krstić. stovoljci (187 vojakov) poročnika Šefmana On 6 June 1919, Klagenfurt was liberated by in 2 topovski posadki, 400 vojakov, 15 mi- the Jezersko and the Ljubljana detachments during traljezov in 2 topova, poveljnik kapetan Ku- fierce combat. This signified a successful end of the jundžić je bil v obrambi Podrožce in na izvi- Carinthian offensive and, at the same time, from the dniških nalogah; military aspect, the question of Carinthia’s accession • rezerva: 2 pehotna bataljona in 2 četi z raz- to Slovenia or Yugoslavia was solved. poredom v Ljubljani in Slovenj Gradcu. Of course, the diplomatic and political decision of Vsi slovenski dobrovoljci so bili razporejeni the superpowers was different: It was not for the mili- po manjših skupinah v 45. polku iz Maribora, tary force of the rising Yugoslavia to make decisions,

MILITARY HISTORY • 35 ki je bil glavna sila Jezerskega odreda. Preo- but for the inhabitants of Carinthia at the plebiscite. stali dobrovoljci – solunci (Hrvati, Bosanci in The results of the Carinthian plebiscite are known drugi) so bili razporejeni v t. i. jugoslovanskem and so are the games played in the background and kombiniranem bataljonu pod poveljstvom ka- the reasons for them. Carinthia was lost. petana Krstića. 21 Slovenian volunteers in the Serbian Army par- Celovec je bil osvobojen 6. junija 1919 z od- ticipated in the fights for Carinthia. Sixteen of them ločno bojno akcijo Jezerskega in Ljubljanskega were already volunteer veterans, for they participat- odreda. S tem je bila uspešno končana koroška ed in the Dobrudja Battles (8) and in combats at the ofenziva in z vojaškega stališča je bila rešena Macedonian Front (8). Two of them came to Carinthia tudi priključitev Koroške Sloveniji oz. Jugosla- form Russia, while three entered the Serbian Army as viji. volunteers. Those Slovenian volunteers who partici- Diplomatsko-politična odločitev velesil pa je pated in the Labot and Ljubljana detachment are not bila drugačna: ne more odločati vojaška sila considered as volunteers in the Serbian Army. They nastajajoče Jugoslavije, temveč naj odločijo are categorised as “Maister’s fighters”. prebivalci Koroške na plebiscitu. The following Serbian Army volunteers are con- Rezultati koroškega plebiscita so znani, pa sidered to be Carinthian fighters: tudi predigre in vzroki zanje. Koroška je bila Bazant Urh, Dobrovoljc Ivan, Flander Anton, Goli izgubljena … Josip, Gorečan Franjo, Hočevar Jože, Katič Josip, V bojih zanjo je sodelovalo 21 slovenskih Kejžar Valentin, Kerin Jože, Konič Franc, Koščak dobrovoljcev srbske vojske. Šestnajst je bilo Franjo, Koželj Jaka, Krže Vinko, Prinčič Edvard, že dobrovoljskih veteranov, saj so sodelovali v Skvarča Ivan, Stele Ivan, Turk Ernest, Ukmar bojih v Dobrudži (8) in na solunski fronti (8), Drago, Velkovrh Stanko, Wieser – Šašelj Gregor dva sta prišla na Koroško iz Rusije, trije pa so and Zorič Franc. kot dobrovoljci vstopili v srbsko vojsko. Drugih slovenskih dobrovoljcev, ki so sodelovali v La- The number of Slovenian volunteers in the bodskem in Ljubljanskem odredu, ne štejemo Serbian Army, 1912-1918 med dobrovoljce srbske vojske, ker se štejejo med Maistrove borce za Koroško. Serbia’s official military representatives in Russia Tako med koroške borce štejemo te dobro- and a larger number of other high ranking Serbian voljce srbske vojske: officials that, calculatedly, visited Russian prisoner Urh Bazant, Ivan Dobrovoljc, Anton Flander, camps, were in charge of the recruitment of volun- Josip Goli, Franjo Gorečan, Jože Hočevar, teers for the Serbian Army. Josip Katič, Valentin Kejžar, Jože Kerin, In April 1916 there were a total of 9,733 volun- Franc Konič, Franjo Koščak, Jaka Koželj, teers. Among them were 262 officers and 10 medical Vinko Krže, Edvard Prinčič, Ivan Skvarča, officers – doctors and medical students. The national Ivan Stele, Ernest Turk, Drago Ukmar, Stan- composition of this first group of officers (volunteers) ko Velkovrh, Gregor Šašelj – Wieser in Franc was as follows: 120 Serbs, 90 Croats, 40 Slovenians, Zorič. 9 Czechs and 3 Russians. As regards to the number of Slovenians, the infor- Številčno stanje slovenskih mation is relatively accurate. We have identified 39 dobrovoljcev v srbski vojski 1912–1918 Slovenian officers. Most of them (36) can be seen on a photograph published in the bulletin “Dobrovoljci V Rusiji so agitirali in pridobivali dobrovolj- kladivarji Jugoslavije” (Volunteers of Yugoslavia) (p. ce za srbsko vojsko uradni vojaški predstavniki 338). A report prepared by Dr. Antej Mandić, a dele- Srbije v Rusiji, pa tudi številni visoki srbski ča- gate of the Serbian Government, who lived in Odessa stniki, ki so načrtno obiskovali ruska ujetniška at the time, testifies that upon formation of the 1st taborišča. Serbian Volunteer Division in April 1916, only 14 Prvi rezultati so se pokazali aprila 1916, Slovenian volunteers were members of this division. ko so našteli 9.733 dobrovoljcev. Med njimi je Because of bad decisions made by the command of bilo 262 častnikov in 10 sanitetnih častnikov the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in the autumn of – zdravnikov in medicincev. Po narodnostni 1916 in Dobrudja, the division lost almost half of its sestavi je bila prva skupina častnikov – do- men. As a result, the number of volunteers was reduced brovoljcev takšna: 120 Srbov, 90 Hrvatov, 40 considerably. For this reason, the Serbian Volunteer

36 • VOJAŠKA ZGODOVINA Corps in Russia, which at the time had around 43,000 soldiers, managed to send a total of 12,640 soldiers to the Macedonian Front the next year. In addition to the consequences of the defeat in Dobrudja the destructive action of the Austro- Hungarian military and intelligence service that influenced the military formation with threats and at the same time treacherously supported the so- called dissidents also influenced the reduction of volunteers. The service was composed of a group of Slovenian and Croatian officers, who sent a petition to the commander of the volunteer corps in March 1917 in which they listed their seven demands: • The name “Serbian Volunteer Corps” is to change into the “Yugoslavian Volunteer Corps”. • Serbian emblems and insignia are to be replaced Prof. dr. Ljudevit Pivko, rez. kapetan, poveljnik znamenitega »Pivkovega« bataljona na soški fronti, 1917 with those of Yugoslavia. Prof. dr. Ljudevit Pivko, Reserve Captain, Commander of the fa- • Slovenian and Croatian volunteers are to be assi- mous Pivko Battalion at the Isonzo Front, 1917 gned to homogeneous national units, which will be commanded by Slovenian or Croatian officers and Slovencev, 9 Čehov in 3 Rusi. non-Commissioned Officers. Podatek o številu Slovencev je točen, saj je • In legal terms, volunteers are not to be considered tudi v tem opisu identificiranih 39 slovenskih members of the Army of the Kingdom of Serbia, častnikov, od katerih je večina (36) tudi na foto- but sworn as soldiers of the future Kingdom of grafiji, objavljeni v zborniku Dobrovoljci kladi- Yugoslavia. varji Jugoslavije (str. 338). Iz referata dr. Anteja • Volunteer units are not to be used for combat mis- Mandića, ki je tedaj kot odposlanec srbske vlade sions outside their homeland (in Russia and Gree- bival v Odesi, pa je razvidno, da je bilo aprila ce) or outside the borders of the future Yugoslavia. 1916 ob vzpostavitvi 1. srbske dobrovoljske divi- • In regards to material and financial aspects, all vo- zije v njej samo 14 slovenskih dobrovoljcev. lunteers (soldiers and officers) should be made equal with the members of the regular Serbian Army etc. Zaradi nepravilne uporabe 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije jeseni 1916 v Dobrudži, kjer je Despite the fact that the Serbian Supreme izgubila skoraj polovico svojih mož, se je števi- Command accepted the key demands of the dissi- lo dobrovoljcev močno zmanjšalo. Tako je srb- dents, they carried on with various destructive and ski dobrovoljski korpus v Rusiji, ki je imel tedaj violent actions. This had a negative influence on the 43.000 vojakov, leto pozneje uspel poslati na number of members in the Serbian Volunteer Corps solunsko fronto le 12.640 vojakov. in which, according to official information, there Na zmanjševanje števila dobrovoljcev je po- were 243 Slovenian volunteers (204 soldiers and 39 leg posledic poraza v Dobrudži vplivalo tudi officers) in May 1917. The situation regarding units destruktivno delovanje avstro-ogrske vojaško- was as follows: obveščevalne službe, ki je z grožnjami vplivala • The Corps Headquarter Units – 8 soldiers. na vojake, hkrati pa zahrbtno podpirala t. i. • The Volunteer Battalion – 7 officers and 6 soldiers. disidente. Šlo je za skupino slovenskih in hr- • The 1st Volunteer Battalion – 17 officers and 6 vaških častnikov, ki so marca 1917 poveljniku soldiers. dobrovoljskega korpusa poslali peticijo, v kate- • The 2nd Volunteer Battalion – 15 officers and 184 ri so zapisali sedem zahtev: soldiers. • da se ime »Srbski dobrovoljski korpus« spre- In September 1917, the 1st Serbian Volunteer meni v »Jugoslovanski dobrovoljski korpus«; Division was orderd to move to the Macedonian • da se srbski emblemi in oznake zamenjajo z Front. The direction of the move was: Odessa – jugoslovanskimi; Arkhangelsk – France –Thessaloniki. On 7 December • da se slovenski in hrvaški vojaki razporedijo 1917, the division arrived at its destination. At de- v homogene narodnostne enote, ki naj jim parture the division included 13,066 soldiers, 86 out

MILITARY HISTORY • 37 poveljujejo slovenski oz. hrvaški častniki in of which were Slovenian volunteers. After the arrival podčastniki; to Thessaloniki the division had only 2,545 soldiers • da se dobrovoljci pravno ne štejejo za pripa- and 158 officers. dnike vojske kraljevine Srbije, temveč samo Nevertheless 21,000 volunteers gathered at the kot vojaki prihodnje kraljevine Jugoslavije; Macedonian Front. According to the Serbian Supreme • enot dobrovoljcev ne smejo uporabljati za Command there were 141 Slovenians among them. bojne naloge zunaj domovine (v Rusiji in Gr- We have identified 194 Slovenian volunteers – the čiji) oz. zunaj meja prihodnje Jugoslavije; Thessaloniki fighters (45 officers, 11 non-commis- • gmotno in finančno je treba vse dobrovolj- sioned officers and 138 soldiers). Many units were ce – vojake in častnike izenačiti s pripadniki not able to arrive at the Macedonian Front on time. redne srbske vojske itn. The same occurred with other volunteer units. The Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer Battalion Čeprav je srbsko vrhovno poveljstvo sprejelo was transferred from Italy to Boka Kotarska. Apart ključne zahteve disidentov, so ti nadaljevali de- from some individuals (7), the battalion did not join struktivne in razbijaške akcije. To je zmanjševalo the units of the Serbian Army at the Macedonian število članov Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpusa, Front and hence its members did not become a part v katerem je bilo maja 1917, po uradnih podat- of the Serbian Army Volunteers. The Matija Gubec kih, le 243 slovenskih dobrovoljcev (204 vojakov Yugoslav Volunteer Regiment from Tomsk in Siberia in 39 častnikov). Po enotah je bilo takole: fought its way to the port of Vladivostok and re- • štabne enote korpusa – 8 vojakov; turned home in September 1920. • dopolnilni bataljon – 7 častnikov in 6 vojakov; After the war finished, the Serbian Supreme • 1. srbska dobrovoljska divizija – 17 častnikov Command conferred 26,455 soldiers and officers the in 6 vojakov; status of volunteer. In 1914 and 1915 3,500 volun- • 2. srbska dobrovoljska divizija – 15 častni- teers headed to Siberia across Danube all by them- kov in 184 vojakov. selves. The following number of soldiers and officers from Serbian volunteer corps units received the sta- 1. srbska dobrovoljska divizija je 27. septem- tus of volunteer: bra 1917 dobila povelje za premik na solun- • The 1st Serbian Volunteer Division – 18,388 soldi- sko fronto. Smer premika je bila: Odesa–Ar- ers and officers. hangelsk–Francija–Solun. Na cilj je prispela • The 2nd Serbian Volunteer Division – 2,875 soldi- 7. decembra 1917. Ob odhodu je štela 13.066 ers and officers. vojakov, med katerimi je bilo tudi 86 sloven- • The Corps Headquarters and the Headquarter skih. Po prihodu v Solun je imela le še 2.545 Units – 492 soldiers and officers. vojakov in 158 častnikov. • Additional Battalion – 1,200 soldiers and officers. Vseeno se je na solunski fronti zbralo 21.000 dobrovoljcev, med katerimi je bilo po podatkih Altogether, 567 Slovenian volunteers were iden- srbskega vrhovnega poveljstva 141 Slovencev. tified (175 officers, 50 non-commissioned officers Mi smo našteli 194 slovenskih dobrovoljcev – and 343 soldiers). 435 Slovenian volunteers in the solunskih borcev (45 častnikov, 11 podčastni- Serbian Army (162 officers, 26 non-commissioned kov in 138 vojakov). Številne enote pa niso officer and 247 soldiers) participated in the Serbian uspele pravočasno priti na solunsko fronto. Liberation Wars. Naturally, 123 members of Pivko’s Podobno se je dogajalo z drugimi enotami Battalion, 5 Carinthian fighters and 4 volunteers, dobrovoljcev. Jugoslovanski dobrovoljski ba- who stayed in Russia, are not included. A detailed taljon kapetana Pivka je bil sicer prepeljan iz overview by periods and military units is as follows: Italije v Boko Kotorsko, vendar se z izjemo po- sameznikov (7) ni vključil med enote srbske vojske na solunski fronti, zato njegovim pripa- dnikom ni priznan status dobrovoljcev srbske vojske. Jugoslovanski dobrovoljski polk Matije Gubca iz Tomska v Sibiriji se je z bojem prebil do pristanišča Vladivostok in se šele septembra 1920 z ladjo vrnil v domovino.

38 • VOJAŠKA ZGODOVINA Non-Commissioned WAR PERIOD - MILITARY UNIT TOTAL Officers Soldiers Doctors Officers Resistance in Bosnia in Herzegovina, 1875 3 1 2 The Balkan Wars, 1912-1913 24 19 1 4 17 First World War, 1914-1915 24 4 1 19 1 Volunteer Detachment, 1916 (10) (1) (9) 1st Serbian Volunteer Division 149 82 15 52 12 2nd Serbian Volunteer Division 14 4 1 9 Serbian Volunteer Corps 46 (47) 9 3 34 (35) 4 Aviation Squadron 2 2 Matija Gubec Regiment in Siberia 39 18 1 20 3 Volunteers from Nocera Umbra 55 8 47 4 Volunteers – expatriates from the USA 27 27 Thessaloniki fighters from Slovenia, 1918 45 15 1 29 Pivko’s Battalion – Thessaloniki fighters 7 3 4 Slovenian volunteers in the Serbian Army – TOTAL 435 162 26 247 42 Pivko’s Battalion from Italy 123 5 23 95 Slovenian volunteers – TOTAL 558 167 49 342 42 Thessaloniki fighters – Morava Division 22 3 3 16 2 A/2+1+15=18; B/ 1+2+1=4 from Russia Thessaloniki fighters – Danube Division 26 11 2 13 3 A/ 5+0+8=12; B/ 6+2+5=13 Thessaloniki fighters – Timočka Division 5 4 1 A/ 3+0+0=3; B/ 1+0+1=2 Thessaloniki fighters – Šumadija Division 1 1 Thessaloniki fighters – Yugoslavian Division 11 10 1 1 A/ 5+0+0=5; B/ 5+0+1=6 Thessaloniki fighters – unidentified units 30 8 3 19 3 A/ 0+0+6=6; B/ 8+3+13=24 Thessaloniki fighters: Expatriates (27), Nocera Umbra (55), 99 9 3 84 Pivko’s Battalion (7), volunteers (10) Thessaloniki fighters – TOTAL 194 45 11 138 9 A/ 15+1+29=45 from Slovenia B/ 23+5+21=50 from Russia Carinthian fighters – TOTAL 21 8 13 - from Serbian Volunteer Corps -8 - Thessaloniki fighters – 8 - from Slovenia and Carinthia - 5 Alphabetical list of identified Slovenian 567 175 50 343 42 volunteers - TOTAL

Po vojni je srbsko vrhovno poveljstvo pri- Killed and wounded Slovenian volunteers in znalo dobrovoljski status 26.455 vojakom in the Serbian Army, 1912-1918 častnikom, od teh tudi 3.500 dobrovoljcem, ki so se 1914 in 1915 prek Donave sami podali v 567 Slovenian volunteers were identified in the Srbijo. Od enot Srbskega dobrovoljskega kor- Serbian Army, out of which 42 volunteers (7, 41 per- pusa pa je status dobrovoljca priznan: cent) died. Every thirteenth volunteer was killed. • 1. srbski dobrovoljski diviziji – 18.388 voja- The majority of Slovenian volunteers – fourteen (14) kom in častnikom; or 38 percent - died in the autumn of 1918 in Dobrudja. • 2. srbski dobrovoljski diviziji – 2.875 voja- The same number of volunteers – fourteen (14) or 38 kom in častnikom; percent died at the Macedonian Front between 1916 • štabu korpusa in štabnim enotam – 492 voja- and 1918. Seven (7) Slovenian volunteers died in kom in častnikom; Serbia after the breakthrough of the Macedonian • dopolnilnemu bataljonu – 1.200 vojakom in Front and three (3) died in the Battle of Cer and the častnikom. Battle of Kolubara. Others killed in battle include: one Identificiranih je skupno 567 slovenskih do- in Doberdob, Italy and in Siberia and one in Toloun, brovljcev (175 častnikov, 50 podčastnikov in France and in Murman – Arctic Circle, Russia.

MILITARY HISTORY • 39 343 vojakov), v srbskih osvobodilnih vojnah Most Slovenian volunteers, 78.5 percent, died in pa je sodelovalo 435 slovenskih dobrovoljcev 1916 (in Dobrudja) and in 1918 (at the Macedonian srbske vojske (162 častnikov, 26 podčastnikov Front). The following is an overview by year: in 247 vojakov). V to številko ni vštetih 123 • 1914 – four (4) killed in action. pripadnikov Pivkovega bataljona, 5 koroških • 1915 – one (1), killed in action. borcev in 4 dobrovoljcev, ki so ostali v Rusiji. • 1916 – seventeen (17) killed in action. Podroben pregled po obdobjih in vojaških eno- • 1917 – four (4) killed in action. tah je takšen: • 1918 – sixteen (16) killed in action.

VOJNO OBDOBJE – VOJAŠKA ENOTA SKUPNO Častnik Podčastnik Vojak Zdravnik Upor v Bosni in Hercegovini 1875 3 1 2 Balkanske vojne 1912–1913 24 19 1 4 17 Svetovna vojna 1914–1915 24 4 1 19 1 Dobrovoljski odred 1916 (10) (1) (9) 1. srbska dobrovoljska divizija 149 82 15 52 12 2. srbska dobrovoljska divizija 14 4 1 9 Srbski dobrovoljski korpus 46 (47) 9 3 34 (35) 4 Letalska eskadrilja 2 2 Polk Matije Gubca v Sibiriji 39 18 1 20 3 Dobrovoljci iz Nocere Umbre 55 8 47 4 Dobrovoljci – izseljenci iz ZDA 27 27 Solunski borci iz Slovenije 1918 45 15 1 29 Pivkov bataljon – solunski borci 7 3 4 Slovenski dobrovoljci srbske vojske – SKUPNO 435 162 26 247 42 Pivkov bataljon iz Italije 123 5 23 95 Slovenski dobrovoljci – SKUPNO 558 167 49 342 42 Solunski borci – Moravska divizija 22 3 3 16 2 A/2+1+15=18; B/ 1+2+1=4 iz Rusije Solunski borci – Donavska divizija 26 11 2 13 3 A/ 5+0+8=12; B/ 6+2+5=13 Solunski borci – Timoška divizija 5 4 1 A/ 3+0+0=3; B/ 1+0+1=2 Solunski borci – Šumadijska divizija 1 1 Solunski borci – Jugoslovanska divizija 11 10 1 1 A/ 5+0+0=5; B/ 5+0+1=6 Solunski borci – neznane enote 30 8 3 19 3 A/ 0+0+6=6; B/ 8+3+13=24 Solunski borci: izseljenci (27), Noc. Umbre (55), 99 9 3 84 Pivkov bat. (7), DO (10) Solunski borci – SKUPNO A/ 15+1+29=45 iz Slovenije 194 45 11 138 9 B/ 23+5+21=50 iz Rusije Koroški borci – SKUPNO 21 8 13 - iz srbskega dobrov. korpusa – 8 - solunski borci – 8 - iz Slovenije in Koroške – 5 Abecedni seznam identificiranih slovenskih dobrovoljcev – SKUPNO 567 175 50 343 42

Ranjeni in padli slovenski dobrovoljci v Out of all Slovenian volunteers, 40 percent of of- srbski vojski 1912–1918 ficers and non-commissioned officers died. This immense loss proves that officers, in particular non- V srbski vojski je identificiranih 567 sloven- commissioned officers, were the most active in the skih dobrovoljcev. Od teh jih je padlo (umrlo) 42, kar je 7,41 odstotka. Padel je vsak trinajsti battles. Categorised by military ranks, the following dobrovoljec. Slovenian volunteers were killed in action: Največ slovenskih dobrovoljcev je bilo ubitih Reserve officers – ten (10) or 24 percent. jeseni 1916 v Dobrudži – štirinajst (14) ali 38 Non-commissioned officers – seven (7) or 16 percent.

40 • VOJAŠKA ZGODOVINA odstotkov in na solunski fronti 1916–1918 prav Soldiers and corporals – twenty-five (25) or 60 percent. toliko. V Srbiji je padlo sedem (7) slovenskih Out of respect to the fallen soldiers and mainly dobrovoljcev po preboju solunske fronte in tri- due to the fact that the location of known graveyards je (3) v cerski in kolubarski bitki ali skupno 24 as well as graveyards and memorial plaques that odstotkov. Posamično so padli še: po eden na still need to be erected (after reaching an interna- Doberdobu v Italiji in v Sibiriji, po eden pa je tional agreement), I am presenting, for the first time, umrl v Tolounu v Franciji in Murmanu – Polar- a list of all (42) Slovenian volunteers, in alphabetical nem krogu v Rusiji. order, that were killed in action. The following is a Največ slovenskih dobrovoljcev – 78,5 od- list of these soldiers together with the locations of the stotka je padlo (umrlo) v letih 1916 (v Dobru- graveyards they are buried in (known – unknown): dži) in 1918 (na solunski fronti), celoten pre- • Batič Anton, Sergeant, died on 23 September 1916 gled po letih pa je tak: in Dobrudja – military grave unknown. • 1914 – štirje (4) padli; • Bračič Franjo, Reserve Officer, died on 23 Septem- • 1915 – eden (1) padel; ber 1916 in Dobrudja due to wounds and poiso- • 1916 – sedemnajst (17) padlih; ning – grave unknown. • 1917 – štirje (4 padli); • Budinek Franjo, Sergeant, died between 19 and 30 • 1918 – šestnajst (16) padlih. September 1918 at Bukovik – military grave on the Bukovik Mountain. Od slovenskih dobrovoljcev je padlo kar 40 • Bukovec Jože, soldier, died in fall 1918 in a hospi- odstotkov častnikov in podčastnikov, kar so tal – Thessaloniki Military Cemetery. bile nenormalne izgube, hkrati pa dokaz, da • Deisinger Viktor, soldier – chetnik, died in Decem- so se prav oni najbolj izpostavljali v boju. Tako ber 1914 on Ada Ciganlija – Belgrade Military je po strukturi vojaških činov od slovenskih Cemetery. dobrovoljcev padlo: • Fon Bruno, Sub-Sergeant (a Serbian military • rez. častnikov – deset (10) ali 24 odstotkov; rank), died on 23 September 1916 in Amzača – • podčastnikov – sedem (7) ali 16 odstotkov Dobrudja, military grave unknown. in • Glavar Jožef, soldier, died in the autumn of 1918 • vojakov in kaplarjev – petindvajset (25) ali in a hospital in Thessaloniki – military tomb Zej- 60 odstotkov. tinlik in Thessaloniki. • Gosar Ivan, Reserve Officer, convicted to death on Zaradi pietetnih razlogov, predvsem pa 10 February 1917 – shot in Belgrade, military ce- dejstva, da prvič predstavljamo mesta znanih metery in Belgrade. grobišč in spominskih znamenj ter kraje, kjer • Grabljevec Franc, soldier, died in the autumn of bi jih bilo treba še postaviti (po sklenjenem 1918 at the Macedonian Front – military grave meddržavnem sporazumu), navajam abecedni unknown. seznam vseh (42) padlih (umrlih) slovenskih • Helman Marko, reserve Captain, 2nd Class, died dobrovoljcev s krajem grobišča (znanega – ne- in August 1916 in a hospital due to wounds – mili- znanega): tary grave in Dobrič. • Anton Batič, narednik, padel 23. 9. 1916 v • Heric Vekoslav, reserve Second Lieutenant, died in Dobrudži – vojaški grob neznan; August 1917 at the Macedonian Front – military • Franjo Bračič, rez. podporočnik, umrl 23. 9. grave in Dobro polje. 1916 v Dobrudži zaradi ran in zastrupitve – • Javornik Martin, Captain, 2nd Class, died in Au- grob neznan; gust 1914 in the Battle of Cer – military tomb on • Franjo Budinek, narednik, padel 19.–30. the Cer Mountain. 9. 1918 na Bukoviku – vojaški grob na • Jenko Avgust, soldier, died in August 1914 in the Bukoviku; Battle of Cer – military grave unknown. • Jože Bukovec, vojak, umrl jeseni 1918 v • Jerin Jurij, soldier, died between 19 and 30 Sep- bolnišnici – solunsko vojaško pokopališče; tember 1916 on the Kajmakcalan Mountain – mi- • Viktor Deisinger, vojak – četnik, padel de- litary grave. cembra 1914 na Adi Ciganliji – beograjsko • Kerin Josip, sodlier, died in fall 1918 after the vojaško pokopališče; breakthrough of the Macedonian Front – military • Bruno Fon, podnarednik, padel 23. 9. 1916 grave unknown. v Amzači – Dobrudža, vojaški grob neznan; • Kobler Vlado, reserve Second Lieutenant, deadly

MILITARY HISTORY • 41 wounded on 6 September 1916 near Kokardza, Dobrduja – military grave unknown. • Kolarič Franjo, Reserve Second Lieutenant, deadly wounded on 6 September 1916 near Kokardza, Do- brudja – military grave unknown. • Kolenc Matija, Corporal, died in fall 1918 after the breakthrough of the Macedonian Front near Lesko- vec – military grave. • Koprivnjak Maks, sodlier, died in fall 1918 after the breakthrough of the Macedonian Front – military grave unknown. • Kostelič Jože, soldier, died in September 918 in the Bela reka valley – mass military grave. • Kristl Adolf, soldier, died in August 1914 in the Battle of Kolubara – military grave unknown. • Kumelj Ciril, soldier, died in fall 1917 due to typhus in a hospital in Hadža Abdula, Bessarabia – military grave. • Lipar Blaž, soldier – volunteer form the Balkan War, died on 10 August 1915 near Doberdob – military tomb. • Majer Jakob, soldier, died on 25 August 1916 near Karasinan, Dobrudja – military grave unknown. • Jožef Glavar, vojak, umrl jeseni 1918 v bol- • Modic Josip, soldier, died in October 1918 during nišnici v Solunu – vojaška grobnica Zejtinlik the breakthrough of the Macedonian Front – mili- v Solunu; tary grave. • Ivan Gosar, rez. poročnik, 10. 2. 1917 obso- • Mohar Franjo, soldier, died on 25 August 1916 near jen na smrt – ustreljen v Beogradu, vojaško Karasinan, Dobrudja – military grave unknown. pokopališče v Beogradu; • Piškur Karel, soldier, died in fall 1918 after the • Franc Grabljevec, vojak, padel jeseni 1918 breakthrough of the Macedonian Front – military na solunski fronti – vojaški grob neznan; grave unknown. • Marko Helman, rez. kapetan 2. razreda, • Potočnik Boris, Sergeant, died on 23 September umrl avgusta 1916 v bolnišnici zaradi ran – 1916 near the Amzaca Mountain, Dobrudja – mili- vojaški grob v Dobriču; tary grave unknown. • Vekoslav Heric, rez. podporočnik, padel av- • Povšič Josip, reserve Officer, wounded and killed gusta 1917 na solunski fronti – vojaški grob on 7 September 1916 near Dobrič, Dobrudja – mi- na Dobrem polju; litary grave unknown. • Martin Javornik, kapetan 2. razreda, padel • Rožaj Rado, soldier – chetnik, died between 19 avgusta 1914 v cerski bitki – vojaška grobni- and 30 September 1916 on Kajmakčalan – mili- ca na Ceru; tary grave. • Avgust Jenko, vojak, padel avgusta 1914 v • Sorčan Erno, Reserve Officer, died in the autumn cerski bitki – vojaški grob neznan; of 1918 in Siberia as a member of the Red Army – • Jurij Jerin, vojak, padel 19.–30. 9. 1916 na military grave unknown. Kajmakčalanu – vojaški grob; • Šajn Edvard, Sergeant, died in October 1918 after • Josip Kerin, vojak, padel jeseni 1918 po pre- the breakthrough of the Macedonian Front – mili- boju solunske fronte – vojaški grob neznan; tary grave unknown. • Vlado Kobler, rez. podporočnik, 6. 9. 1916 • Šest Franc, reserve Officer, died on 28 August 1916 smrtno ranjen pri Kokardži, Dobrduža – near Dobrič, Dobrudja – military grave unknown. vojaški grob neznan; • Škof Franc, soldier, died on 25 August 1916 near • Franjo Kolarič, rez. podporočnik, 6. 9. 1916 Karasinan, Dobrudja – military grave unknown. smrtno ranjen pri Kokardži, Dobrudža – • Šorn Stanko, soldier – chetnik, died between 19 vojaški grob neznan; and 30 September 1916 on the Kajmakcalan Mo- • Matija Kolenc, kaplar, padel jeseni 1918 po untain – military grave.

42 • VOJAŠKA ZGODOVINA preboju solunske fronte blizu Leskovca – • Šporn Vinko, soldier, died in the autumn of 1918 vojaški grob; in Thessaloniki – military grave on Zejtinlik, • Maks Koprivnjak, vojak, padel jeseni 1918 Thessaloniki. po preboju solunske fronte – vojaški grob • Štrekelj Franc, soldier, died in September 1918 du- neznan; ring the breakthrough of the Macedonian Front – • Jože Kostelič, vojak, padel septembra 1918 military grave. v dolini Bele reke – skupen vojaški grob; • Trampuš Ivan, soldier, died in September 1918 du- • Adolf Kristl, vojak, padel avgusta 1914 v ring the breakthrough of the Macedonian Front – kolubarski bitki – vojaški grob neznan; military grave in the valley of the Bela reka. • Ciril Kumelj, vojak, jeseni 1917 umrl za • Zupan Ivan, Sub-Sergeant, died in a hospital in tifusom v bolnišnici v Hadži Abduli, Besara- Thessaloniki on 12 July 1918 – military tomb. bija – vojaški grob; • Zupan Ivan, Sub-Sergeant, died in the autumn of • Blaž Lipar, vojak – dobrovoljec iz balkanske 1918 in Murman, Arctic Circle – military grave vojne, padel 10. 10. 1915 pri Doberdobu – next to the chapel. vojaška grobnica; • Zupančič Mato, soldier – chetnik, died in a hospi- • Jakob Majer, vojak, padel 25. 8. 1916 tal in Tulon on 26 April 1917 – Serbian military pri Karasinanu, Dobrudža – vojaški grob tomb in Tien near Paris. neznan; • Žgajnar Franc, soldier, died on 25 August 1916 in • Josip Modic, vojak, padel oktobra 1918 pri Karasinan, Dobrudja – military grave unknown. preboju solunske fronte – vojaški grob; • Franjo Mohar, vojak, padel 25. 8. 1916 Immediately after the end of the war, the Serbian pri Karasinanu, Dobrudža – vojaški grob Supreme Command erected the previously identi- neznan; fied military cemeteries, tombs, graves and memo- • Karel Piškur, vojak, padel jeseni 1918 po rial plaques. In Thessaloniki the Serbian military preboju solunske fronte – vojaški grob cemetery is Zejtinlik. There is a Serbian military neznan; tomb with a monument in Medžidiji as well as in • Boris Potočnik, narednik, padel 23. 9. Dobrudja. In Tien near Paris, there is only a Serbian 1916 pri Amzači, Dobrudža – vojaški grob military tomb. Smaller military tombs with memori- neznan; al plaques are located in other locations as well as on • Josip Povšič, rez. častnik, 7. 9. 1916 je bil the Cer Mountain, the island Krf, the Kajmakcalan kot ranjenec ubit pri Dobriču, Dobrudža – Mountain, the Bukovik Mountain etc. vojaški grob neznan; Although many years have passed since the battles • Rado Rožaj, vojak – četnik, padel 19.–30. 9. for the liberation of Serbiain which Slovenian volun- 1916 na Kajmakčalanu – vojaški grob; teers sacrificed their lives, and even though moss and • Erno Sorčan, rez. častnik, padel jeseni 1918 grass have covered the graves, both countries should v Sibiriji kot pripadnik Rdeče armade – vo- lmaintain the cemeteries of the dead soldiers. This is jaški grob neznan; the only way we will preserve the memory of the cou- • Edvard Šajn, narednik, padel oktobra 1918 rageous Slovenian volunteers which sacrificed their po preboju solunske fronte – vojaški grob lives for Serbian freedom. This is the least we can do neznan; to say thanks. • Franc Šest, rez. poročnik, padel 28. 8. 1916 pri Dobriču, Dobrudža – vojaški grob Awarded Slovenian volunteers in the neznan; Serbian Army, 1912-1918 • Franc Škof, vojak, padel 25. 8. 1916 pri Ka- rasinanu, Dobrudža – vojaški grob neznan; No official information could be found about • Stanko Šorn, vojak – četnik, padel 19.–30. award recipients in the archives of the Serbian Army. 9. 1916 na Kajmakčalanu – vojaški grob; It should be mentioned that in the Serbian Army • Vinko Šporn, vojak, umrl jeseni 1918 v awards were usually bestowed on the battlefield, Solunu – vojaška grobnica na Zejtinliku, moments after the fight finished. It is therefore un- Solun; derstandable that there simply is no detailed infor- • Franc Štrekelj, vojak, padel septembra 1918 mation on the recipients (mainly soldiers, non-com- pri preboju solunske fronte – vojaški grob; missioned officers and lower officers) and the type of • Ivan Trampuš, vojak, padel septembra 1918 awards which they were presented.

MILITARY HISTORY • 43 pri preboju solunske fronte – vojaška grob- I have selected from newspaper articles, mostly nica v dolini Bele reke; from the RATNIK (Warrior) military newspaper, a • Ivan Zupan, podnarednik, 12. 7. 1918 umrl partly preserved collection of volunteers and from v bolnišnici v Solunu – vojaška grobnica; the Vlahović book on Knights Bestowed with the • Ivan Zupan, podnarednik, jeseni 1918 umrl medal of Karađorđe’s Star with Swords, only those v Murmanu, Polarni krog – vojaški grob Slovenian volunteers that were awarded the highest poleg kapelice; Serbian and foreign awards. They are: • Mato Zupančič, vojak – četnik, 26. 4. 1917 • Cajs Franjo, reserve Officer – volunteer in the 1st umrl v bolnišnici v Tulonu – srbska vojaška regiment, 1st brigade of the Volunteer Division grobnica v Tienu pri Parizu; 1916 in Odessa, awarded with the Karađorđe’s • Franc Žgajnar, vojak, padel 25. 8. 1916 Star with Swords, the Russian and Romanian War v Karasinanu, Dobrudža – vojaški grob Crosses. neznan. • Janež Vinko – Bosanac Vinko, Reserve Second Lieutenant of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division Srbsko vrhovno poveljstvo je takoj po vojni 1916 in Odessa, Thessaloniki fighter of the Šuma- poskrbelo za ureditev že prej določenih voja- dija Division, awarded with the Miloš Obilić Gol- ških pokopališč, grobnic, grobov in spomin- den Medal for Bravery, Russian Order of St. Anna skih znamenj. Tako je v Solunu srbsko vojaško and St. Stanislaus and the Order of the Crown of pokopališče Zejtinlik, v Medžidiji v Dobrudži Romania. pa srbska vojaška grobnica s spomenikom, v • Javornik Antonija – Natalija Bjelajac, Sergeant, Tienu pri Parizu pa srbska vojaška grobnica. awarded with the Karađorđe’s Star with Swords, Manjše vojaške grobnice s spominskimi zna- Commemorative Medal for Albania, two Miloš Obi- menji so tudi na drugih mestih (na Ceru, oto- lić Golden Medals for Bravery, Order of the White ku Krfu, Kajmakčalanu, v Bukoviku in drugje). Eagle with Swords, the French award Legion of Ho- nour – altogether 12 Serbian and foreign awards. Čeprav je od opisanih bitk minilo že veli- • Javornik Martin, Captain of the Serbian Army, ko let in so grobovi naštetih zaraščeni, bi obe died in 1914 on the Cer Mountain, awarded with državi morali poskrbeti za grobišča padlih vo- the Karađorđe’s Star with Swords after death. jakov. Le tako bomo ohranili spomin na pogu- • Jelenc Vitomir – Fedor, Reserve Second Lieutenant, mne slovenske dobrovoljce, ki so se žrtvovali volunteer in the Serbian Army in 1914 and a par- za srbsko svobodo. ticipant of the retreat across Albania, Thessaloniki fighter, awarded with the French and Czech War Odlikovani slovenski dobrovoljci v Crosses, the Miloš Obilić Gold Medal for Bravery srbski vojski 1912–1918 and a Commemorative Medal from Albania. • Kolarič Franjo, reserve Second Lieutenant of the Uradnih podatkov o odlikovancih v arhivih 1st Serbian Volunteer Division, awarded with the srbske vojske ni bilo mogoče najti. Odlikova- Miloš Obilić Gold Medal for Bravery. nja v srbski vojski so največkrat delili kar na • Kopal Venceslav, Reserve Second Lieutenant of the bojišču po boju, zato je razumljivo, da podrob- 1st Serbian Volunteer Division, awarded with the nih podatkov o prejemnikih in vrsti odlikovanj Karađorđe’s Star with Swords 4th class. ni. To velja predvsem za vojake, podčastnike • Kovač Leopold, soldier of the 1st Serbian Volunteer in nižje častnike oz. za podeljevanje »nižjih« Division, awarded with the Karađorđe’s Star with odlikovanj. Swords. Iz časopisnih opisov, predvsem iz vojaškega • Koželj Jaka, reserve Captain, 2nd Class, of the časnika RATNIK (Bojevnik), delno ohranjene 1st Serbian Volunteer Division, awarded with the dobrovoljske zbirke in Vlahovićeve knjižice o Karađorđe’s Star with Swords, Order of the White vitezih Karađorđeve zvezde z meči sem zato Eagle with Swords 4th class and the Order of St. zbral le slovenske dobrovoljce, odlikovane z Sava 4th class. najvišjimi srbskim in tujimi odlikovanji. To so • Kreačič Franjo, Sergeant of the 1st Serbian Volun- bili: teer Division, awarded with three awards. • Franjo Cajs, rez. častnik – dobrovoljec 1. pol- • Levišnik Štefan, Reserve Officer, volunteer in the ka 1. brigade 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije Serbian Army 1914, awarded with the Karađorđe’s 1916 v Odesi, nosilec Karađorđeve zvezde z Star with Swords.

44 • VOJAŠKA ZGODOVINA meči, ruskega in romunskega vojnega križca; • Malgaj Franc, Reserve Second Lieutenant, adju- • Vinko Janež – Vinko Bosanac, rez. podpo- tant to the commander of the Aviation Squadroon, ročnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 awarded with the Karađorđe’s Star with Swords. v Odesi, solunski borec Šumadijske divizije, • Merlak Viktor, volunteer in the Serbian resistance nosilec zlate kolajne Miloša Obiliča, ruskega in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1875, awarded with reda sv. Ane in sv. Stanislava in romunske the Karađorđe’s Star with Swords for displaying krone; courage beyond the call of duty in the combats near • Antonija Javornik – Natalija Bjelajac, nare- the Drina river (the first volunteer to be awarded). dnica, nosilka Karađorđeve zvezde z meči, • Škabar Avgust, Reserve Second Lieutenant of the albanske spomenice, dveh zlatih medalj za 1st Serbian Volunteer Division, from Maribor, pogum Miloša Obilića, reda belega orla z awarded with the Karađorđe’s Star with Swords meči, francoskega reda legije časti – skupno 4th class. 12 srbskih in tujih odlikovanj; • Troha Franjo, Sergeant of the 1st Serbian Volun- • Martin Javornik, kapetan srbske vojske, pa- teer Division 1916 in Odessa, awarded with of the del 1914 na Ceru, posmrtno odlikovan s Ka- Karađorđe’s Star with Swords. rađorđevo zvezdo z meči; • Vulč Franc, Reserve Officer of the 1st Serbian Vo- • Vitomir Jelenc – Fedor, rez. podporočnik, lunteer Division, awarded with the Russian Medal dobrovoljec srbske vojske 1914 in udeleženec for Bravery and the Miloš Obilić Gold Medal for umika čez Albanijo, solunski borec, nosilec Bravery. francoskega in češkega vojnega križa, zlate • Zorič Franc, Thessaloniki and Carinthian fighter, medalje za pogum Miloša Obilića in alban- in 1918 awarded with the Karađorđe’s Star with ske spomenice; Swords, but received the award only in 1934 beca- • Franjo Kolarič, rez. podporočnik 1. srbske use of a wrong address. dobrovoljske divizije, nosilec zlate medalje • Zupanič Anton, volunteer – Corporal of the Serbi- za pogum Miloša Obilića; an Army in 1914, awarded with the Karađorđe’s • Venceslav Kopal, rez. podporočnik 1. srbske Star with Swords. dobrovoljske divizije, nosilec Karađorđeve zvezde z meči 4. stopnje; The descriptions of heroic acts of the listed and • Leopold Kovač, vojak 1. srbske dobrovoljske other unknown Slovenian volunteers are extremely divizije, nosilec Karađorđeve zvezde z meči; important and interesting and would probably re- • Jaka Koželj, rez. kapetan 2. razreda 1. srbske quire an entire novel to be written. This applies in dobrovoljske divizije, nosilec Karađorđeve particular to Leopold Kovač, who was awarded the zvezde z meči, belega orla z meči 4. stopnje highest military award. Not to mention the legen- in sv. Save 4. stopnje; dary Natalija Bjelajac (Antonija Javornik) from • Franjo Kreačič, narednik 1. srbske dobrovolj- Maribor and others. ske divizije, nosilec treh odlikovanj; • Štefan Levišnik, rez. častnik, dobrovoljec Slovenian volunteers in the Serbian Army – srbske vojske 1914, nosilec Karađorđeve Doctors and Intellectuals zvezde z meči; • Viktor Merlak, prostovoljec v srbskem uporu The composition of Slovenian volunteers in the v Bosni in Hercegovini 1875, za izjemen po- Serbian Army was on a very high intellectual level, gum v bojih ob Drini odlikovan s Karađorđe- for the faculty intellectuals (82) presented 14.46 vo zvezdo z meči (prvi odlikovanec); percent of all volunteers. They are included in the • Avgust Škabar, rez. podporočnik 1. srbske number of 175 reserve officers and represent 30.86 dobrovoljske divizije, iz Maribora, nosilec percent of all Slovenian volunteers. This is very im- Karađorđeve zvezde z meči 4. stopnje; portant information. • Franjo Troha, narednik 1. srbske dobrovolj- Presented is the specific data of the intellectual ske divizije 1916 v Odesi, nosilec Karađorđe- summit of the Slovenian volunteers: ve zvezde z meči; The doctors (42), who were the first volunteers in the • Franc Vulč, rez. častnik 1. srbske dobrovolj- Serbian Army, predominated. Thus, I am presen- ske divizije, nosilec ruske in zlate medalje za ting (in alphabetical order) the total number of pogum Miloša Obilića; individual Slovenian doctors, by year, with infor- • Franc Zorič, solunski in koroški borec, 1918 mation about them:

MILITARY HISTORY • 45 odlikovan s Karađorđevo zvezdo z meči, za- • 1912 (17): Dr. Bačar, Dr. Černič Mirko, Senior radi napačnega naslova so mu odlikovanje Doctor Demšar Jernej, Fedransperg, Dr. Hočevar vročili šele leta 1934; Gaber, Dr. Krajec Otmar - Edo, Dr. Kučera, Dr. • Anton Zupanič, dobrovoljec – kaplar srbske voj- Lavrič Tone, Dr. Oražen Ivan, Dr. Premrov Ivan, ske 1914, nosilec Karađorđeve zvezde z meči. Dr. Rus Mavricij, Dr. Stojc Josip, Dr. Šabec, Senior Doctor Šlajmer Edo, Dr. Tajnšek, Dr. Tavčar Josip Zanimivi bi bili opisi junaških dejanj našte- and Dr. Tičar Josip. tih in drugih neznanih slovenskih dobrovolj- • 1914 (1): Dr. Marušič Drago. cev. Verjetno bi jih bilo za cel roman. To velja • 1916 (12): Dr. Erhartič Stanko, Dr. Ermenc Jože, zlasti za Leopolda Kovača, ki je kot vojak dobil Dr. Eržen Tone, Dr. Fajdiga Božidar, Dr. Gajda najvišje srbsko vojaško odlikovanje, pa legen- Radovan, Dr. Gnezda Milko, Dr. Gorišek Ernest, darno Natalijo Bjelajac oz. Antonijo Javornik Dr. Grahli Vladimir, Dr. Kotnik Janko, Dr. Lavrin iz Maribora in druge. Janko, Dr. Meršol Valentin and Dr. Ravnik Jože. • 1917 (7): Dr. Erat Josip, Dr. Fajdiga. (Major), Dr. Slovenski dobrovoljci v srbski vojski – Heric Matko, Dr. Kunej Ferdo, Dr. Lovrič Tone, Dr. zdravniki in drugi intelektualci Lovšin Tone and Dr. Mastnak Lavoslav. • 1918 (5): Dr. Brenčič Radovan, Dr. Dražen Ivan, Sestava slovenskih dobrovoljcev v srbski Dr. Gmajnar Ivan, Dr. Hebein Josip and Dr. Peric vojski je bila na zelo visoki intelektualni ravni, Ljudevit. saj je bilo fakultetno izobraženih 82 dobrovoljcev ali 14,46 odstotka vseh. Šteti so med 175 There were 12 active officers. They were mostly rez. častnikov in predstavljajo 30,86 odstotka active Austro-Hungarian officers, which deserted vseh slovenskih dobrovoljcev. Oba podatka sta directly to the Serbian Army (Lieutenant Javornik zelo pomembna. Martin) or voluntarily entered the Serbian Army as Russian or Italian prisoners. Allow me to mention Navajam konkretne podatke intelektualne- them: ga vrha med slovenskim dobrovoljci: Gržina Vladimir, Lieutenant; Fon Vekoslav, Major; Prevladovali so zdravniki (42), saj so bili med Hudina Josip, Lieutenant Colonel (judge); Janež prvimi dobrovoljci v srbski vojski. Zato Vinko (Bosanac Vinko), Second Lieutenant, Ja- navajam po letih skupno število in podat- vornik Martin, Captain; Kobler Maks, Captain, ke (po abecednem seznamu) o slovenskih 1st Class; Kolar Milan, Second Lieutenant (milita- zdravnikih: ry judge); Kos Janko, Second Lieutenant; Kraigher • 1912 (17): Bačar, Mirko Černič, Jernej Dem- Jurij, Second Lieutenant – a pilot, Dr. Pless, Cap- šar – primarij, Fedransperg, Gaber Hočevar, tain; Šircelj Jože, Captain and Vukasović – Stibilj Otmar Krajec – Edo, Kučera, Tone Lavrič, Janko, Colonel. Ivan Oražen, Ivan Premrov, Mavricij Rus, Captain Martin Javornik, the first who deserted Josip Stojc, Šabec, Edo Šlajmer – primarij, from the Austro-Hungarian Army and who died in Tajnšek, Josip Tavčar in Josip Tičar; the Battle of Cer, will be remembered for his great • 1914 (1): Drago Marušič; courage. In some ways, his fame was taken over by • 1916 (12): Stanko Erhartič, Jože Ermenc, his niece Antonija Javornik or Natalija Bjelajac, the Tone Eržen, Božidar Fajdiga, Radovan Gaj- first Slovenian female volunteer, who received was da, Milko Gnezda, Ernest Gorišek, Vladimir wounded twelve times. She had the rank of Sergeant Grahli, Janko Kotnik, Janko Lavrin, Valentin in the Serbian Military and received twelve of the Meršol in Jože Ravnik; highest Serbian and European awards. The Serbian • 1917 (7): Josip Erat, Fajdiga (major), Matko state should set up a monument for both of them in Heric, Ferdo Kunej, Tone Lovrič, Tone Lovšin Maribor. in Lavoslav Mastnak; Jurij Kraigher, an Austro-Hungarian military pi- • 1918 (5): Radovan Brenčič, Ivan Dražen, lot from Postojna, who deserted to the Italians who Ivan Gmajnar, Josip Hebein in Ljudevit Peric. afterwards imprisoned him due to suspicion, does Po številu (12) sledijo aktivni častniki, po not follow behind by inventiveness. The Italians re- večini avstro-ogrske vojske, ki so prestopili leased him due to endeavours of his acquaintances (dezertirali) neposredno v srbsko vojsko (po- and friends. He afterwards claimed himself to be ročnik Martin Javornik) ali pa so kot ruski one of the first pilots of the Serbian Aviation (unit).

46 • VOJAŠKA ZGODOVINA ali italijanski ujetniki prostovoljno pristopili v Kraigher continued his career in the USA, mainly in srbsko vojsko. Ti so bili: civil aviation. During the Second World War he was Vladimir Gržina, poročnik; Vekoslav Fon, ma- promoted to the rank of Colonel and visited Marshall jor; Josip Hudina, podpolkovnik (sodni); Tito in Drvar just before the reputed air raid. It is Vinko Janež (Vinko Bosanac), podporočnik; extremely interesting that German intelligence of the Martin Javornik, kapetan; Maks Kobler, Drvar air raid, under the code »jump with a horse«, kapetan 1. razreda; Milan Kolar, podporoč- was led by Captain Kraigher Franz who was a dis- nik (vojaški sodnik); Janko Kos, podporoč- tant relative of Jurij Kraigher. nik; Jurij Kraigher, podporočnik – pilot; dr. We should also mention both commanders of the Pless, kapetan; Jože Šircelj, kapetan; in Jan- volunteer units in Italy and in Siberia. Because Dr. ko Stibilj - Vukasović, polkovnik. Ljudevit Pivko was “only” a reserve Captain, I will also mention Captain Jože Šircely, commander of Med najbolj pogumnimi je bil kapetan Mar- the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian Volunteer Regiment tin Javornik, ki je prvi dezertiral iz avstro- in Tomsk, Siberia. Even in extremely complicated ogrske vojske in padel v cerski bitki. Njegovo war and geographical circumstances (the October poslanstvo je prevzela nečakinja Antonija Ja- Revolution and Siberian winter) Captain Šircelj vornik oz. Natalija Bjelajac, prva slovenska do- managed to bring his unit across Siberia to the Port brovoljka, dvanajstkrat ranjena, s činom nare- of Vladivostok from where an Allied ship took them dnice srbske vojske ter dvanajstimi najvišjimi back to their homeland. srbskimi in evropskimi vojaškimi odlikovanji. Vukasovič - Stibilj Janko, commander of the Obema bi srbska država morala postaviti spo- Serbian Army deserves special admiration. Born menik v Mariboru. in 1851 in Vrtovina near Ajdovščina, he finished Po iznajdljivosti ni zaostajal podporočnik in high school and a Navy academy. He later served avstro-ogrski vojaški pilot Jurij Kraigher iz Po- in the Austro-Hungarian navy for a time. In 1887, stojne, ki je z novim letalom dezertiral k Itali- he headed to Belgrade and joined the volunteers in janom, ti pa so ga zaradi sumničenja preprosto the Serbian Army. He first headed to Bosnia and zaprli. Po posredovanjih znancev in prijateljev Montenegro where he fought against the Turks. so ga izpustili in zaslovel je kot eden od prvih Because of his courage and his military talent he was pilotov srbskega letalstva. Kariero je pozneje promoted to the rank of sergeant in 1877. He thus nadaljeval v ZDA, predvsem v civilnem letal- joined the regular Serbian Army and received the stvu. Med drugo svetovno vojno je dobil čin rank of Lieutenant. At the same time, he was bestowed polkovnika in je obiskal maršala Tita v Drvarju several awards due to his actions in these battles. In tik pred znanim zračnim desantom. Zanimivo 1885, he was awarded a Takovski Cross and soon je, da je obveščevalno plat drvarskega desan- after became a battalion and a regiment commander. ta pod šifro »Skok s konjem« na nemški strani In the Balkan War in 1912 he became a Commander vodil kapetan Franz Kraigher, daljni sorodnik of the Serbian War Command and a commander of Jurija Kraigherja. the military gendarmerie. At the beginning of the Omeniti je treba tudi oba poveljnika dobro- First World War in 1914 he protected Belgrade with voljskih enot v Italiji in Sibiriji. Dr. Ljudevit gendarmerie. Afterwards, he participated in the re- Pivko je bil »samo« rez. kapetan, zato pred- treat of the gendarmerie across Albania after which stavljam le kapetana Jožeta Širclja, poveljnika he maintained order at the Macedonian Front for Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega polka Matije two years. He also participated in propaganda ac- Gubca v Tomsku v Sibiriji. V izjemno zaplete- tions for the recruitment of volunteers in the USA. nih vojnih in geografskih razmerah (oktobrska In 1919, after the breakthrough of the Macedonian revolucija, Sibirija, zima) je uspel pripeljati Front he was sent to Slovenia and with the rank of svojo enoto prek celotne Sibirije do pristanišča Colonel was appointed to the position of assistant to Vladivostok, od koder jih je zavezniška ladja the Drava Division Commander. He retired after two prepeljala v domovino. years. He died in Ljubljana in 1923 and is buried in Občudovanje si zasluži Janko Stibilj – Vu- his home town. kasović, polkovnik srbske vojske. Rojen je bil • Lawyers (9): 1851 v Vrtovini pri Ajdovščini, končal je gi- Črček Ivan, Durini Viktor, Furlanič Ivan, Kobler mnazijo, pomorsko šolo in nekaj časa služil v Vladimir, Dr. Lapajne Stanko, attorney-at-law, Dr. avstro-ogrski vojni mornarici. Že 1887 se je v Pekle Gašper, attorney-at-law (also a journalist), Dr.

MILITARY HISTORY • 47 Beogradu vključil med dobrovoljce srbske voj- Štefančič Jaka, attorney-at-law, Dr. Trstenjak Alojz ske. Najprej je odšel v Bosno in nato v Črno and Wieser – Šašelj Gregor, notary. goro, kjer se je bojeval proti Turkom. Zaradi • Professors (5): poguma in vojaškega talenta je že 1877 po- Fabjančič Milan, Grafenauer Franc, Peternel stal narednik. Zato je vstopil v redno srbsko Ciril, Dr. Pivko Ljudevit, and Voštar Nace. vojsko, dobil čin podporočnika, hkrati pa si • Engineers (3): je v bojih pridobil več odlikovanj. Leta 1885 Gržina Vladislav, Jager Alojz and Urbančič Josip je dobil takovski križ ter kmalu zatem postal (expatriate). bataljonski in polkovni poveljnik. V balkanski • Journalists (4): vojni 1912 je bil poveljnik glavnega dela srb- Furlanič Ivan, Dr. Pekle Gašper, Toman skega vojnega poveljstva in vojaške žandar- Aleksander (volunteer in 1875) and Trošt Franje merije. Ob začetku svetovne vojne 1914 je z Josip (expatriate). orožniki branil Beograd. Potem se je z delom • Literates (2): orožnikov udeležil umika čez Albanijo, nato Golia Pavle and Kozak Juš. je dve leti skrbel za red na solunski fronti. Udeleževal se je tudi propagandnih akcij za In the last verse of the Črnomorska sonata (Black pridobivanje dobrovoljcev v ZDA. Po preboju Sea Sonata) dedicated to those comrades killed in solunske fronte je bil 1919 poslan v Slovenijo Dobrudja in 1916, the reserve Captain and a poet in kot polkovnik postavljen za pomočnika po- Pavel Golia wrote: veljnika dravske divizije. Dve leti pozneje se je Blood is pouring, pouring, pouring upokojil in umrl 1923 v Ljubljani. Pokopan je v Across foreign land our blood, domačem kraju. And one grave follows the other, Betrayed by the far away homeland. • Pravniki (9): Ivan Črček, Viktor Durini, Ivan Furlanič, • Priests (2): Vladimir Kobler, Stanko Lapajne, odvetnik, Dr. Aljančič Ernest (Franciscan) and Dr. Turk Gašper Pekle, odvetnik (tudi novinar), Jaka Ernest (Catholic). Štefančič, odvetnik, Alojz Trstenjak in Gregor Members of Parliament (2): Šašelj – Wieser, notar. Grafenauer Franc and Mravlje Milan (Dr. Pivko • Profesorji (5): Ljudevit was also a Member of Parliament). Milan Fabjančič, Franc Grafenauer, Ciril Pe- • Composers (1): ternel, Ljudevit Pivko in Nace Voštar. Adamič Emil; • Inženirji (3): Vladislav Gržina, Alojz Jager in Josip Ur- A young composer, soldier and volunteer wrote the bančič (izseljenec). following song titled Dobrovoljsko geslo (Volunteer • Novinarji (4): slogan) in 1916 in Taškent: Ivan Furlanič, Gašper Pekle, Aleksander To- Brothers, raise your heads, man (dobrovoljec 1875) in Josip Trošt – Franje The Devil has not yet been crushed, (izseljenec). The slogan of the sons of Mother Slava: • Književnika (2): Victory or death or death, Pavel Golia in Juš Kozak. Victory, victory, victory or death.

V Črnomorski sonati, posvečeni padlim to- Analytical conclusions varišem v Dobrudži 1916, je rez. kapetan in pesnik Pavel Golia v zadnji kitici zapisal: The enclosed list of Slovenian volunteers, in al- In kri se lije, lije, lije phabetical order, shows that for the time being 567 Po tuji zemlji naša kri, Slovenian volunteers in the Serbian Army have In grob za grobom se vrsti, been identified, among which there are 175 officers Izdan od daljne domačije. (30.86 percent), 50 non-commissioned officers (8.82 percent) – 32 sergeants, sub-sergeants and 18 cor- • Duhovniki (2): porals and 343 soldiers (60.49 percent). For a large Ernest Aljančič (frančiškan) in Ernest Turk number of volunteers (30) mentioned in the memo- (katolik). rial literature, no other information other than their

48 • VOJAŠKA ZGODOVINA • Poslanci (2): surnames could be obtained. For 279 volunteers (50 Franc Grafenauer in Milan Mravlje percent) there is no rank or position stated, but on (poslanec je bil tudi Ljudevit Pivko). the basis of similar examples they are listed among • Skladatelj (1): the soldiers. Due to the fact that Slovenian volun- Emil Adamič. teers were fond of having their pictures taken we can very accurately identify the number of officers and Mladi skladatelj, vojak in dobrovoljec je v doctors on the basis of this photographic documenta- Taškentu 1916 napisal skladbo z naslovom Do- tion. On the other hand, it is understandable that brovoljsko geslo: non-commissioned officers and ordinary soldiers had Bratje, kvišku naše glave, fewer opportunities for group photos. Vrag naš ni še strt, ni še strt, The Serbian Volunteer Corps in Russia was com- Geslo sinov majke Slave: posed of the 1st and the 2nd Serbian Volunteer Zmaga ali smrt ali smrt, Division and the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian Volunteer zmaga, zmaga, zmaga ali smrt. Regiment in Tomsk, Siberia. 249 Slovenians volunteers were identified in the listed units: Analitični sklepi • The 1st Serbian Volunteer Division: 149. • The 2nd Serbian Volunteer Division: 14. Iz priloženega abecednega seznama slo- • The Serbian Volunteer Corps: 47 or 46 (if we do venskih dobrovoljcev je razvidno, da je doslej not count in a veteran – volunteer from 1914). identificiranih 567 slovenskih dobrovoljcev • The Matija Gubec Yugoslavian Volunteer Regi- srbske vojske, med njimi 175 častnikov (30,86 ment: 39. odstotka), 50 podčastnikov (8,82 odstotka) – 32 narednikov / podnarednikov in 18 ka- Out of 210 Slovenian volunteers in the Serbian plarjev ter 343 vojakov (60,49 odstotka). Za Volunteer Corps in Russia only 50 volunteers or precej dobrovoljcev (30), omenjanih v spo- 23.81 or 20.1 percent (counting in the Matija Gubec minski literaturi, ni bilo mogoče ugotoviti Regiment) arrived to the Macedonian Front, which drugih podatkov razen priimkov. Prav tako was alarming. The main reason was problems dur- za 279 dobrovoljcev (polovico) ni navedenega ing the transport from Russia to Thessaloniki. As čina – položaja, pa so, po izkušnjah v podob- known, the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian Volunteer nih primerih, razvrščeni med vojake. Sloven- Regiment headed towards home on a difficult road ski dobrovoljci so se zelo radi fotografirali in across Siberia, after which it sailed off from the Port prav na podlagi fotodokumentacije je mogoče of Vladivostok with a ship which arrived in Dubrovnik zelo natančno ugotoviti število častnikov in in 1920. Other units also witnessed a great decrease zdravnikov. Po drugi strani pa so imeli – ra- during the drive from Arhangelsk across France and zumljivo – zelo malo priložnosti za skupinsko Italy to Thessaloniki. fotografiranje. According to some data of the Serbian Supreme Srbski dobrovoljski korpus v Rusiji je bil se- Command 141 Slovenian volunteers received the stavljen iz 1. in 2. srbske dobrovoljske divizi- status of “Thessaloniki fighter” which does not cor- je ter tudi iz Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega respond to the actual data. According to my find- polka Matije Gubca v Tomsku v Sibiriji. V teh ings, 194 Slovenian volunteers received the status of enotah je bilo identificiranih 249 slovenskih a Thessaloniki fighter. Their numbers are as follows: dobrovoljcev: • 50 members of the Serbian Volunteer Corps. • 1. srbska dobrovoljska divizija: 149; • 45 volunteers from Slovenia. • 2. srbska dobrovoljska divizija: 14; • 55 volunteers from Nocera Umbra. • Srbski dobrovoljski korpus: 47 oz. 46 (če od- • 27 expatriates – volunteers. štejemo veterana – dobrovoljca iz 1914); • 10 members of the Volunteer corps of the Duke Vuk. • Jugoslovanski dobrovoljski polk Matije Gub- • 7 volunteers from the Pivko’s Battalion. ca: 39. Od 210 slovenskih dobrovoljcev Srbskega During the breakthrough of the Macedonian dobrovoljskega korpusa v Rusiji je prišlo na so- Front, Slovenian volunteers participated in the fol- lunsko fronto samo 50 dobrovoljcev ali 23,81 lowing units of the Serbian Army: odstotka oz. 20,1 odstotka (vštevši polk Ma- • The Morava Division: 22, out of which 4 were from tije Gubca), kar je strašljiv podatek. Osnovni Russia, 18 from Slovenia.

MILITARY HISTORY • 49 razlog so bile težave med prevozom iz Rusije do Soluna. Jugoslovanski dobrovoljski polk Matije Gubca je odšel v domovino po težavni poti čez Sibirijo, iz pristanišča Vladivostok pa je odplul z ladjo, ki je prišla v Dubrovnik šele 1920. Osip je bil velik tudi v druge enote med vožnjo iz Arhangelska prek Francije in Italije do Soluna. Po nekaterih podatkih srbskega vrhovnega poveljstva naj bi status »solunskega borca« pridobilo 141 slovenskih dobrovoljcev, kar pa se ne ujema z mojimi ugotovitvami, da ga je pridobilo kar 194 slovenskih dobrovoljcev, in sicer: • 50 pripadnikov Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpusa; Prof. dr. Ernest Turk, rez. podporočnik, več let predsednik slo- • 45 dobrovoljcev iz Slovenije; venskih dobrovoljcev • 55 dobrovoljcev iz Nocere Umbre; Prof. dr. Ernest Turk, Reserve Second Lieutenant, Long-standing president of the Slovenian volunteers • 27 izseljencev – dobrovoljcev; • 10 pripadnikov Dobrovoljskega odreda vojvode Vuka in • The Danube Division: 26, out of which 13 were • 7 dobrovoljcev iz Pivkovega bataljona. from Russia, 13 from Slovenia. • The Timočka Division: 5, out of which 2 were from Slovenski dobrovoljci so v preboju solunske Russia, 3 from Slovenia. fronte sodelovali v teh enotah srbske vojske: • The Šumadija Division: 1 from Russia; • Moravska divizija: 22, od teh 4 iz Rusije, 18 • The Yugoslavian Division: 11, out of which 6 were iz Slovenije; from Russia, 5 from Slovenia. • Donavska divizija: 26, od teh 13 iz Rusije in • Unidentified units: 30, out of which 24 were from prav toliko iz Slovenije; Russia, 6 from Slovenia. • Timoška divizija: 5, od teh 2 iz Rusije, 3 iz • A Volunteer Detachment (1916): 10. Slovenije; • Šumadijska divizija: 1 iz Rusije; Altogether there were 74 Thessaloniki fighters • Jugoslovanska divizija: 11, od teh 6 iz Rusi- for which it has been determined in which Serbian je, 5 iz Slovenije; Army unitsthey fought in. The name of the unit could • Neidentificirane enote: 30, od teh 24 iz Rusi- not be identified for 30 volunteers from the Serbian je, 6 iz Slovenije in Volunteer Corps as well as for the expatriates (27) • Dobrovoljski odred (1916): 10 and volunteers from the Nocera Umbra (55), which makes 112 altogether. Za 74 solunskih borcev je torej ugotovljeno, Out of 130 volunteers in the Captain Pivko’s v katerih enotah srbske vojske so se bojevali. Yugoslavian Volunteer Battalion, only seven partici- Za 30 dobrovoljcev iz Srbskega dobrovoljske- pated in the breakthrough of the Macedonian Front, ga korpusa, kot tudi za izseljence (27) in do- while most of them shortly after their arrival and brovoljce iz Nocere Umbre (55), skupno 112, anxious waiting in Boka Kotorska and Tivit head- ni bilo mogoče ugotoviti, v katerih enotah so ed for home. Thus, the Serbian Supreme Command bili. did not registerthem as Thessaloniki fighters. Od 130 dobrovoljcev Jugoslovanskega bata- Nevertheless, all members of the mentioned Pivko’s ljona kapetana Pivka se jih je le sedem udele- Battalion are enlisted on the alphabetical list of the žilo preboja solunske fronte, večina pa je po identified Slovenian volunteers, only now for the prihodu in mučnem čakanju v Boki Kotorski first time presented to the Slovenian public. But the in Tivtu nazadnje odšla domov. Tako jih srb- original list of Slovenian deserters who came to this sko vrhovno poveljstvo ni štelo med solunske battalion from the Austro-Hungarian Army, which borce. Vsi dobrovoljci omenjenega Pivkovega joined the Italian (Allied) side together with their bataljona pa so uvrščeni na abecedni seznam commander, is not known.

50 • VOJAŠKA ZGODOVINA identificiranih slovenskih dobrovoljcev, ki je The 39 members of the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian prvič predstavljen slovenski javnosti. Ni pa Volunteer Regiment in Siberia who returned home znan prvoten seznam slovenskih dezerterjev in 1920 are also considered as Slovenian volunteers. tega bataljona iz avstro-ogrske vojske, ki so The “Carinthian fighters” or Slovenian volunteers skupaj s svojim poveljnikom prestopili na itali- in the Serbian Army (21) who after the demobilisa- jansko (zavezniško) stran. tion again became volunteers in the 45th Maribor Med slovenske dobrovoljce je uvrščenih Regiment and some other units, participating in the vseh 39 pripadnikov Jugoslovanskega dobro- celebrated offensive in Carinthia in 1918/1919, be- voljskega polka Matije Gubca iz Tomska v Sibi- long to a special category. Most of them participated riji, ki so se vrnili v domovino šele 1920. in the Dobrudja Battles (8) and in the battles at Posebna kategorija so »koroški borci« oz. the Macedonian Front (8). Only two of them joined slovenski dobrovoljci srbske vojske (21), ki so Carinthian fighters directly from Russia and three po demobilizaciji vnovič postali dobrovoljci subsequently joined as Serbian Army volunteers. mariborskega 45. polka in nekaterih drugih All doctors and medical students that participated enot, sodelujočih v znani ofenzivi na Koro- in both Balkan Wars and in the First World War as škem leta 1918/1919. Večina je sodelovala v well as Slovenian volunteers that joined the Serbian bojih v Dobrudži (8) in na solunski fronti (8), Army in 1914 unquestionably belong to the first le dva sta prišla med koroške borce naravnost category of volunteers. In August 1914, there were iz Rusije, trije pa so se naknadno prijavili kot 18 Slovenian volunteers in the Serbian Army that dobrovoljci srbske vojske. also participated in the Battle of Cer. According to V prvo kategorijo slovenskih dobrovoljcev some data there were already 25 Slovenian volun- pa je treba šteti vse zdravnike in medicince, teers in the Serbian Army the next year (I list only ki so sodelovali v obeh balkanskih in prvi sve- 24 of them that have been documented). However, tovni vojni, pa tudi tiste, ki so se vključili v I was not able to verify the data stating that that srbsko vojsko leta 1914. Avgusta 1914 je bilo during the Battle of Kolubara another 10 Slovenian v srbski vojski 18 slovenskih dobrovljcev, vsi volunteers left the Austro-Hungarian and joined the so sodelovali tudi v cerski bitki. Leto pozneje Serbian Army. This is yet to be researched by younger je bilo v srbski vojski po nekaterih podatkih researchers. že 25 slovenskih dobrovoljcev (dokumentirano 19 Slovenian volunteers supposedly participat- navajam samo 24). Nisem pa mogel preveri- ed in the tragic retreat of the Serbian Army across ti podatka, da je v kolubarski bitki prešlo iz Albania. I could not verify which of them died in the avstro-ogrske v srbsko vojsko še 10 slovenskih Albanian mountains. It is known that 17 Slovenian dobrovoljcev. Mlajšim raziskovalcem torej ne volunteers arrived on the island Krf. One of them was bo zmanjkalo dela. transferred to France (where he died) during medical V tragičnem umiku srbske vojske čez Al- treatment, while seven of them were sent to Odessa for banijo naj bi sodelovalo tudi 19 slovenskih the formation of volunteer units of the Serbian Army dobrovoljcev. Nisem mogel preveriti, kdo od and ten of them were transferred to the Volunteer njih je umrl v albanskih planinah. Znan je Detachment of Duke Vuk. The fighters of this detach- le podatek, da je 17 slovenskih dobrovoljcev ment were the first to win the title of the “Carniola prišlo na otok Krf. Enega so zaradi zdravlje- fighter”, since they assaulted the Kajmakcalan sum- nja prepeljali v Francijo (kjer je umrl), sedem mit in 1916. Three Slovenian volunteers together with so jih napotili v Odeso zaradi vzpostavljanja their chetnik Duke Vuk died there. dobrovoljskih enot srbske vojske, deset pa v 42 Slovenian volunteers or 7.41 percent died there. Dobrovoljski odred vojvode Vuka. Borci tega The number is large. It is especially important to men- odreda so si tudi prvi prislužili naziv »solun- tion that 24 percent of the officers were among those skega borca«, saj so že 1916 jurišali na vrh killed in action, meaning that they were involved in Kajmakčalana. Trije slovenski dobrovoljci so numerous fights and demonstrated Slovenian cour- tam tudi padli, skupaj s svojim četniškim voj- age and fearlessness in the Serbian liberation wars. vodo Vukom. It should also be mentioned that Jenko August, one of Padlo in umrlo je 42 slovenskih dobrovolj- the main ideologists of the Preporod Movement died cev ali 7,41 odstotka, torej veliko. Posebno in the Battle of Cer in 1914, thus demonstrating to pomembno je, da je bilo med padlimi kar 24 his followers what a sacrifice for youthful ideals for odstotkov častnikov. Torej so se izpostavljali v the Yugoslavian community actually meant. We have

MILITARY HISTORY • 51 bojih in tudi v srbskih osvobodilnih vojnah po- located the graves of Slovenian volunteers, but both kazali slovenski pogum in neustrašenost. Med countries have to be involved in erecting monuments prvimi je leta 1914 v cerski bitki padel Avgust within the framework of international military law. Jenko, eden od glavnih ideologov preporodov- Besides 42 doctors another 42 intellectuals need cev. Njegovi privrženci so ob tem spoznali, kaj to be included, which makes 82 altogether that is pomeni žrtvovanje za mladostne ideale o ju- 14.46 percent of Slovenian volunteers in the Serbian goslovanski skupnosti. Locirali smo grobove Army. Among them we must above all mention 12 slovenskih dobrovoljcev, obe državi pa naj po- active officers, 9 lawyers, 5 professors, 4 journalists, skrbita za njihovo ureditev po mednarodnem 3 engineers, 2 literates, 2 Members of Parliament, 2 vojnem pravu. priests and one composer. If we count the remaining Poleg 42 zdravnikov je bilo med sloven- 93 reserve officers to the latter we see that Slovenian skimi dobrovoljci še 42 drugih intelektual- volunteers stood out in the qualitative sense as well. cev, skupno 82, kar je več kot 14,46 odstotka The previously mentioned number is a reflection of slovenskih dobrovoljcev srbske vojske. Med the intellectual grandness of the Slovenian volunteer njimi je umestno najprej omeniti 12 aktivnih movement in general. If we add the number of the častnikov, 9 pravnikov, 5 profesorjev, 4 novi- Sokol Organisation members (11) and the Preporod narje, 3 inženirje, 2 književnika, 2 poslanca, Movement members (25) to the latter we would 2 duhovnika in skladatelja. Če k tem prišteje- probably get a ideological-political image which can mo še preostalih 93 rezervnih častnikov, do- be very important for success and survival in the bimo realno sliko, da so slovenski dobrovoljci battlefield. It was also very important for the propa- izstopali tudi kvalitativno, saj so ti podatki ganda action with a view to recruit new volunteers odraz intelektualne veličine slovenskega do- among the prisoners, since all volunteers were in gen- brovoljskega gibanja nasploh. Če bi dodali še eral in favour of the idea of the future Yugoslavian številki o sokolih (11) in preporodovcih (25), community. bi verjetno dobili še nekakšno ideološko-poli- We must not forget that 18 Slovenian volunteers tično sliko, včasih zelo pomembno za uspeh were awarded highest Serbian and foreign military in preživetje na bojnem polju. Pomembna je decorations. bila za propagandno akcijo pridobivanja do- The main conclusion would be that Slovenian vol- brovoljcev med ujetniki, saj so se ti odločali unteers were one of the first volunteers in the Serbian predvsem za idejo prihodnje jugoslovanske Army at that time and under the circumstances need- skupnosti. ed the most (Cer, Kolubara, Dobrudja, Kajmakcalan, 18 slovenskih dobrovoljcev je prejelo najviš- Bukovik battles and similar). They were Slovenian ja srbska in tuja vojaška odlikovanja. doctors lead by Dr. Oražen. In comparison to the Sklenem lahko, da so bili slovenski dobro- number of other volunteers in the Serbian Army, voljci med prvimi v srbski vojski, in to v obdo- Slovenian volunteers are predominant. Moreover, bju in okoliščinah, ko so jih najbolj potrebo- their educational (intellectual) level, their courage vali (Cer, Kolubara, Dobrudža, Kajmakčalan, and their selflessness is outstanding. If we put piti- Bukovik idr.). To so bili slovenski zdravniki z ably: They are a “hefty blood tax” on the altar of dr. Oražnom na čelu. Skupno število sloven- Serbian freedom. skih dobrovoljcev presega povprečje drugih v The Serbian nation will never forget the Slovenian srbski vojski, izjemna je bila njihova izobraz- contribution! bena (intelektualna) struktura, pokazali so zelo velik pogum in požrtvovalnost. Patetično Author’s appeal against oblivion izraženo: velik krvni davek na oltarju srbske svobode. Slovenian volunteers in the Serbian liberation Srbski narod ne bo nikoli pozabil tega slo- wars are a long forgotten history. venskega prispevka. There is practically nothing known about them in Serbia and only little in Slovenia. If a little more Avtorjev klic proti pozabi time would pass, both countries would allow this to be forgotten and sink into oblivion. It is politics that Slovenski dobrovoljci v srbskih osvobodilnih chooses what will stay alive and live on in people’s vojnah so že zdavnaj pozabljena zgodovina. memory. And so far, politics has been very unfair to O njih se skoraj nič ne ve v Srbiji, le malo v the volunteers. As if it was ashamed of them.

52 • VOJAŠKA ZGODOVINA Sloveniji. Samo še nekaj časa bi minilo, pa bi Slovenian volunteers that fought and sacrificed v obeh državah pozabili nekaj, česar nikoli ne their lives for the Serbian nation in its liberation bi smeli. Politika izbira, kaj bo ostalo in živelo wars must be remembered. Their greatness is not in v spominu. Do dobrovoljcev je bila doslej zelo numbers nor the victories they won but they are the nepravična, kot bi se jih sramovala … seed of friendship and the children of solidarity of Slovenski dobrovoljci, ki so se bojevali in two Slavic nations, Slovenian and Serbian. žrtvovali življenja za srbski narod v njegovih It was from their blood and actions that the bond osvobodilnih vojnah, morajo ostati nepoza- between Slovenians and Serbians grew. This is a bljeni. Njihova veličina ni v številkah in zma- bond which is above any politics and also against gah, ki so jih pribojevali. So seme prijateljstva any politics that fans hatred among Slovenians and in otroci solidarnosti dveh slovanskih naro- Serbians. dov, slovenskega in srbskega. The preservation of the memory of the war vol- Iz njihove krvi in dejanj je zrasla povezava unteers is principally the task of the Slovenian and Slovencev in Srbov. Ta je nad vso politiko, a Serbian Armed Forces. Regretfully, this has not been tudi proti politiki, ki razpihuje sovraštvo med possible before and remains impossible to this day Slovenci in Srbi. as well. But the time will come when volunteers in Ohranjanje spominov na vojne dobrovoljce both countries will occupy a place in history which je predvsem naloga vojske Slovenije in Srbije. they deserve. Žal to ni bilo mogoče prej, pa tudi danes ni do- Slovenian volunteers in the Serbian Army should sti bolje. Toda prišel bo čas, ko bodo dobrovolj- definitely be taken into account with other Slovenian ci v obeh državah dobili zgodovinsko mesto, ki veterans. There should be more said about them, es- jim pripada. pecially in Serbia. Slovenians were acknowledged in Slovenske dobrovoljce v srbski vojski bi bilo newspapers already in 1875, in brochures already in treba uvrstiti med druge slovenske vojne ve- 1913 and in collections of scientific papers in 1936. terane. O njih bi morali več vedeti posebno v They also had a national encyclopedia. Srbiji. Slovenci so imeli prve časopisne novice I understand that after the dissolution of the mu- že 1875, prvo brošuro 1913, zbornik svojih do- tual state the revival of memories of the members of brovoljcev že od 1936, nekaj podatkov je tudi the Sokol Organisation, the Preporod Movement and v nacionalni enciklopediji. Slovenian volunteers in the Serbian Army would not Nekako razumem, da po razpadu skupne be welcomed. Nonetheless, we should not be ashamed države ne bo zelo prijazno sprejeto obujanje of our common history. spominov na sokole, preporodovce in sloven- In Serbia, the anniversary of the Battle of Cer ske dobrovoljce srbske vojske. Vendar se ne bi and the Battle of Kolubara is celebrated each year. smeli sramovati svoje skupne zgodovine. We bow to the victims and the calvary of the retreat V Srbiji vsako leto praznujemo obletnico of the exhausted Serbian Army across Albania. The cerske in kolubarske bitke. Počastimo spomin breakthrough of the Macedonian Front is officially na žrtve in golgoto umika izmučene srbske celebrated as a successful closure of the Serbian lib- vojske čez Albanijo. Preboj solunske fronte eration war. But we have forgotten the volunteers; we tudi uradno velja za uspešno sklepno dejanje have forgotten Slovenian volunteers as well. srbske osvobodilne vojne. Pozabili pa smo na We knew practically nothing about Slovenian dobrovoljce, tudi slovenske. volunteers that participated in these battles; many Skoraj nič nismo vedeli o slovenskih dobro- of them sacrificed their lives in these battles. It is voljcih, ki so sodelovali v teh bitkah in številni we the Serbs who are to blame. We should remem- tudi žrtvovali življenja. Krivi smo mi, Srbi! Ve- ber the 567 Slovenian volunteers, 42 of which were deti bi morali za 567 slovenskih dobrovoljcev, killed in action and 10 of which were awarded the za 42 padlih, 10 nosilcev Karađorđeve zvezde Kakđorđe’s Star with Swords. We should remember z meči, za slovenske zdravnike – prve dobro- the Slovenian doctors – the first volunteers in the voljce srbske vojske, za dr. Oražna in njegovih Serbian Army, we should remember Dr. Oražen and 42 kolegov. Vedeti bi morali za neustrašno his 42 colleagues. We should remember the fear- mladenko Antonijo Javornik, njenega strica, less young woman Antonija Javornik and her un- kapetana Martina Javornika, za polkovnika cle, Captain Martin Javornik, about Colonel Janko Janka Stibilja in številne druge. Stibilj and many others.

MILITARY HISTORY • 53 Če bi vse to vedeli in se tega tudi spominjali, If we had remembered this, a lot of things might bi bilo morda marsikaj drugače. be different. Prijateljem v Sloveniji zato kličem: »Ne po- I therefore appeal to our friends in Slovenia: “Let zabimo, kar nas je s krvjo že povezalo!« us not forget what has bonded us by blood!” Sometimes dusty archive information is a price- Proti pozabi so včasih vredni zlata tudi za- less means to fight forgetfulness. prašeni arhivski podatki …

Abecedni seznam identificiranih slovenskih do- The list of identified Slovenian volunteers (in alpha- brovoljcev v srbski vojski 1912–1918 je dosegljiv betical order) in the Serbian Army, 1912-1918 is ac- na internetni strani: http://users.volja.net/ma- cessible on web page: http://users.volja.net/marijankr/ rijankr/Z13-seznami.html, v uredništvu in pri Z13-seznami.html. avtorju prispevka.

Pregled literature in virov Bibliography Arhiv Vojske Jugoslavije (prej Vojske SHS – Archive of the Yugoslavian Army (previously Kraljevine Jugoslavije, JLA) the Army of the Slovenes, Croats and Serbs of the Djurić Silvije, Dnevnik pobeda, Srbija u bal- Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Yugoslav People’s Army kanskim ratovima 1912–1913, Filip Višnjić, - YPA). Beograd, 1988 Djurić, Silvije, Dnevnik pobeda, Srbija u balkan- Dobrovoljački glasnik št. 14/1999 skim ratovima 1912–1913, Filip Višnjić, Beograd, Dobrovoljački glasnik št. 8/1996 1988. Dobrovoljci Kladivarji Jugoslavije 1912–1918, Dobrovoljački glasnik no. 14/1999. Ljubljana, 1936 Dobrovoljački glasnik no. 8/1996. Dobrovoljci u oslobodilačkim ratovima Srba i Dobrovoljci Kladivarji Jugoslavije 1912–1918, Crnogoraca, Institut savremene istorije, Be- Ljubljana, 1936. ograd, 1996 Dobrovoljci u oslobodilačkim ratovima Srba i Enciklopedija Slovenije, Ljubljana, 1987–2000 Crnogoraca, Institut savremene istorije, Beograd, Korda St. Jovan, Odesa–Arhangelsk–Solun (Iz 1996. života ratnih dobrovoljaca), Beograd, 1920 Enciklopedija Slovenije, Ljubljana, 1987–2000. Lovrič Lujo, Naši Sokoli kao pokretači dobro- Korda St. Jovan, Odessa – Arhangelsk – Solun (Iz voljačkog pokreta »Vseslovensko Sokol- života ratnih dobrovoljaca), Beograd, 1920. stvo«, Beograd, 1930 Lovrič, Lujo 1930. Naši Sokoli kao pokretači Oražen dr. Ivan, Med ranjenimi srbskimi brati, dobrovoljačkog pokreta “Vseslovensko Sokolstvo”: Sokolska matica, 1913, Ljubljana Beograd Petrović Ilija, Vernici Otažbine, Srpski dobro- Oražen dr., Ivan. 1913. Med ranjenimi srbskimi voljci iz prekomorskih zemalja u ratovima brati, Ljubljana: Sokolska matica 1912–1918, Cvetnik, Novi Sad, 1998 Petrović Ilija, Vernici Otažbine, Srpski dobrovoljci Radenković Milan, Kolubarska bitka, Vojno iz prekomorskih zemalja u ratovima 1912 – 1918, delo, Beograd, 1959 Cvetnik, Novi Sad, 1998. Sokolović Miodrag, Zejtinlik – srpsko vojničko Radenković, Milan. 1959. Kolubarska bitka: groblje u Solunu, Beograd, 1986 Vojno delo, Beograd Spomenica Prve srpske dobrovoljačke divizije Sokolović Miodrag, Zejtinlik – srpsko vojničko 1916–1926, Prosveta AD, Beograd, 1926 groblje u Solunu, Beograd, 1986. Stošić mag. Adam, Veliki dani Srbije 1914– Spomenica Prve srpske dobrovoljačke divizije 1918, Kruševac–Beograd, 1994 1916 – 1926, Prosveta AD, Beograd, 1926. Uredba o dobrovoljcima od 18. decembra 1919, Stošić mag. Adam, Veliki dani Srbije 1914–1918, Službene novine št. 1/1920 Kruševac – Beograd, 1994.

54 • VOJAŠKA ZGODOVINA Vlahović S. Tomislav, Vitezovi Karađorđeve Uredba o dobrovoljcima od 18.decembra 1919 zvezde sa mačevima, Napredak, Aranđelo- (Decree on the volunteers from 18 December 1919), vac, 1989 Službene novine no. 1/1920. Vojna enciklopedija JLA, Beograd, 1958–1969 Vlahović S. Tomislav, Vitezovi Karađorđeve zvezde sa mačevima, Napredak, Aranđelovac, 1989. Vojna enciklopedija JLA, Beograd, 1958–1969.

Članek Milisava Sekulića, mag. in generalmajorja v pokoju, je prevedel in za objavo uredil Marijan F. Kranjc, generalmajor v pokoju.

MILITARY HISTORY • 55 Priloga:Identified Abecedni Slovenian volunteersseznam identificiranih (in alphabetical slovenskihorder) in the dobrovoljcev Serbian Army, v1912-1918 srbski vojski - Att 1912–1918achmen t • 1

ABRAM Davorin, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega BOŽIČ Ivan, pripadnik dopolnilnega bataljona 1. srbske do- bataljona stotnika Pivka brovoljske divizije junija 1917 v Odesi ADAMIČ Emil, dobrovoljec 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije BOŽIČ Jurija Blaž, izseljenec – dobrovoljec srbske vojske in 1916 v Odesi, skladatelj solunski borec, rojen 1880 v Buzetu ALBERT Anton, rezervni podporočnik – dobrovoljec 1. srbske BRAČIČ Franc – Dobroslav, rezervni podporočnik in vodni po- dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi veljnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi (med ALIČ Anton, solunski borec v 3. četi 1. bataljona 3. polka prvimi dobrovoljci), ranjen – umrl 1916 v Dobrudži, rojen Moravske divizije, udeleženec boja za Bukovik 1891 v Št. Vidu pri Planini – Šmarje pri Jelšah ALJANČIČ dr. Ernest, rezervni častnik 2. srbske dobrovoljske BRAVNIČAR Slavko, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski divizije jeseni 1917 v Odesi, solunski borec v 1. bata- borec ljonu 8. polka Donavske divizije, pater – frančiškan, iz BRENČIČ dr. Radovan, rezervni častnik in zdravnik, dobrovo- Maribora ljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski borec ANDOLJŠEK Rudolf, rezervni častnik – dobrovoljec 1. srbske BRIŠKI Peter, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi bataljona stotnika Pivka APLENC Emerik, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski BRUNER Slavomir, rezervni podporočnik dopolnilnega bata- borec ljona 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije avgusta 1916 v Odesi ARKO, rezervni častnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v BUČEK Andrija, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega Odesi bataljona stotnika Pivka AVŠIČ Jakob, preporodovec, pripadnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske BUDINEK Franjo, narednik Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpusa, divizije septembra 1917 v Odesi solunski borec in poveljnik 3. voda 4. bataljona 3. polka AVŠIČ Rado, pripadnik 2. srbske dobrovoljske divizije jeseni Moravske divizije, padel 1918 1917 v Odesi BUH Anton, rezervni poročnik Jugoslovanskega polka Matije BACH Maks, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega bata- Gubca v Tomsku v Sibiriji ljona stotnika Pivka BUKLIČ Josipa Florijan, izseljenec – dobrovoljec srbske vojske BAČAR dr., zdravnik in rezervni častnik, med prvimi dobro- in solunski borec, rojen 1890 v Čabru voljci srbske vojske 1912 BUKOVEC Ignac, kaplar Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega BAJ Ljubomir, rezervni podporočnik 1. polka 1. brigade 1. bataljona stotnika Pivka, solunski borec, umrl v Solunu srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi 1918, čevljar BAJŽELJ Ivan, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega BUKOVEC Janko, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski bataljona stotnika Pivka borec, iz Velike Loke BARAGA Evgen, preporodovec, pripadnik 1. srbske dobrovolj- BUNEK Franjo, solunski borec v 3. četi 1. bataljona 3. polka ske divizije 1917 v Odesi Moravske divizije BATAGELJ Tone, preporodovec, rezervni častnik 1. srbske BURJA Mirko, pripadnik dopolnilnega bataljona 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije septembra 1917 v Odesi, inšpektor dobrovoljske divizije junija 1917 v Odesi notranjega ministrstva CAJNAR Ivan, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega BATIČ Anton, narednik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije sep- bataljona stotnika Pivka, rojen 1893 v Seliščih tembra 1916 v Odesi, padel v Dobrudži 1916, učiteljski CAJS Franjo, rezervni častnik 1. polka 1. brigade 1. srbske inšpektor dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi, nosilec Karađorđeve BAZANT Urh, solunski borec v 3. četi 1. bataljona 3. polka zvezde z meči, ruskega in romunskega vojaškega križca Moravske divizije, koroški borec v 45. pp CANKO Anton, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega BELŠAK Ljudevit, rezervni častnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske bataljona stotnika Pivka divizije 1916 v Odesi, udeleženec bojev v Dobrudži jeseni CENER Vekoslav, pripadnik 2. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916, šolski upravitelj jeseni 1917 v Odesi BELŠAK Tone, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski borec CERAJ Edvard, kaplar Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega bata- BENČIČ Ivan, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega ljona stotnika Pivka bataljona stotnika Pivka CETINSKI Jakoba Jakob, izseljenec – solunski borec, rojen BENSA Franjo, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega 1895 v Kočevju, kovač bataljona stotnika Pivka CIGOJ Anton, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega BERIN Josip, narednik, poveljnik voda – solunski borec v 3. bataljona stotnika Pivka četi 1. bataljona 3. polka Moravske divizije CIRMAN Ciril, dobrovoljec 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije BIHER Nikole Marko, izseljenec – dobrovoljec srbske vojske in 1916 v Odesi solunski borec, rojen 1892 v Stiltonu, Pensilvanija, ZDA Colja, solunski borec v 1. bataljonu 8. polka Donavske divizije BITENC Josip, podnarednik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije Conjar Ivan, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega bata- 1916 v Odesi, iz Medvod, delavec ljona stotnika Pivka BIZJAK Jožef, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski borec CRNKO Ivan, podnarednik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega BJELAC Josip, pripadnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije, ude- bataljona stotnika Pivka leženec bojev v Dobrudži 1916 ČEBOKLI Jakob, pripadnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije, BOGATAJ Avgust, pripadnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpu- bolgarski ujetnik, v avstrijskem zaporu v Beogradu, iz sa, solunski borec, iz Žiri Primorske BOLE Anton, solunski borec v 3. četi 1. bataljona 3. polka ČEHOVIN, dobrovoljec Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpusa (na Moravske divizije Kavkazu) 1918 BORŠTNIK, dobrovoljec Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpusa, ČEPIČ Drago, rezervni častnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije pridružen v Carigradu, železniški uradnik 1916 v Odesi BOŠTJANČIČ, solunski borec v 1. bataljonu 8. polka Donavske ČEPLAK Fredo, rezervni častnik, solunski borec v 1. bataljonu divizije 8. polka Donavske divizije, uradnik BOŽIČ Ivan, dobrovoljec Jugoslovanskega polka Matije Gubca ČERNIČ dr. Mirko, rezervni častnik, med prvimi dobrovoljci v Tomsku v Sibiriji srbske vojske 1912, zdravnik v Nišu Attachment:2 • P r i l o g a Identified – A b ecedni Slovenian seznam volunteersidentificiranih (in alphabetical slovenskih dobrovoljcevorder) in the Serbianv srbski Army,vojski 1912-1918 1912–1918

ABRAM Davorin, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volun- BOŽIČ Ivan, volunteer in the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian Regiment in teer Battalion. Tomsk, Siberia. ADAMIČ Emil, volunteer in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division, 1916 BOŽIČ Ivan, member of the additional battalion of the 1st Serbian in Odessa, composer. Volunteer Division in June 1917 in Odessa. ALBERT Anton, reserve Second Lieutenant, volunteer in the 1st Serbi- BOŽIČ Jurija Blaž, expatriate – volunteer in the Serbian Army and a an Volunteer Division, 1916 in Odessa. Thessaloniki fighter, born in 1880 in Buzet. ALIČ Anton, Thessaloniki fighter in the 3rd company, 2nd battalion, BRAČIČ Franc - Dobroslav, Reserve Sub-Sergeant and a Platoon 3rd regiment of the Morava Division, participant of the battle Commander of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 in for Bukovik. Odessa (one of the first volunteers), wounded – died in 1916 ALJANČIČ Dr. Ernest, reserve officer of the 2nd Serbian Volunteer in Dobrudja, born in 1891 in Št. Vid pri Planini – Šmarje pri Dibvision in fall 1917 in Odessa, Thessaloniki fighter in the 1st Jelšah. battalion, 8th regiment of the Danube Division, Franciscian BRAVNIČAR Slavko, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki padre, from Maribor. fighter. ANDOLJŠEK Rudolf, reserve Officer – volunteer in the 1st Serbian BRENČIČ Dr. Radovan, eserve Officer and a doctor, a volunteer from Volunteer Division, 1916 in Odessa. Nocera Umbra – Thessaloniki fighter. APLENC Emerik, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter. BRIŠKI Peter, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer ARKO, Rezerve Officer of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division, 1916 in Battalion. Odessa. BRUNER Slavomir, reserve Second Lieutenant of the additional AVŠIČ Jakob, member of the Preporod Movement, member of the 1st battalion of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in August 1916 Serbian Volunteer Division in September 1917 in Odessa. in Odessa. AVŠIČ Rado, member of the 2nd Serbian Volunteer Division in fall BUČEK Andrija, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunte- 1917 in Odessa. er Battalion. BACH Maks, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer BUDINEK Franjo, Sergeant of the Serbian Volunteer Corps, a Thessa- Battalion. loniki fighter and commander of the 3rd Platoon, 4th Battalion, BAČAR Dr., doctor and a reserve officer, one of the first volunteers in 3rd Regiment of the Morava Division, died in 1918. the Serbian Army in 1912. BUH Anton, Reserve Officer of the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian Regi- BAJ Ljubomir, reserve Second Lieutenant of the 1st Regiment, 1st ment in Tomsk, Siberia. Brigade of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 in Odessa. BUKLIČ Josipa Florijan, expatriate – volunteer in the Serbian Army BAJŽELJ Ivan, member of the Cpatain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer and a Thessaloniki fighter, born in 1890 in Čabar. Battalion. BUKOVEC Ignac, Corporal of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian BARAGA Evgen, member of the Preporod Movement, member of the Volunteer Battalion, Thessaloniki fighter, died in Thessaloniki in 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1917 in Odessa. 1918, shoemaker. BATAGELJ Tone, member of the Proporod Movement, reserve Officer BUKOVEC Janko, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki figh- of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in September 1917 in Odes- ter, from Velika Loka sa, inspector of the Ministry of the Interior. BUNEK Franjo, Thessaloniki fighter of the 3rd Company, 1st Battali- BATIČ Anton, Sergeant of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in on, 3rd Regiment of the Morava Division. September 1916 in Odessa, died in Dobrudja in 1916, school BURJA Mirko, member of the additional battalion of the 1st Serbian instructor. Volunteer Division in June 1917 in Odessa. BAZANT Urh, Thessaloniki fighter in the 3rd Company, 1st Battali- CAJNAR Ivan, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer on, 3rd Regiment of the Morava Division, Carinthian fighter in Battalion, born in 1893 in Selišči. the 45th Regiment. CAJS Franjo, reserve Officer of the 1st Regiment, 1st brigade of the BELŠAK Ljudevit, Reserve Officer of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Divisi- Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 in Odessa, awarded with the on in 1916 in Odessa, participant of the Dobrudja Battles in the Karađorđe’s Star with Swords, Russian and Romanian Military autumn of 1916, school manager. Cross. BELŠAK Tone, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter. CANKO Anton, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer BENČIČ Ivan, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer Battalion. Battalion. CENER Vekoslav, member of the 2nd Serbian Volunteer Division in BENSA Franjo, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer fall 1917 in Odessa. Battalion. CERAJ Edvard, Corporal of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volun- BERIN Josip, Sergeant, Platoon Commander, Thessaloniki fighter teer Battalion. in the 3rd Company, 1st Battalion, 3rd Regiment of the Morava CETINSKI Jakoba Jakob, expatriate, Thessaloniki fighter, born in Division. 1895 in Kočevje, blacksmith. BIHER Nikole Marko, expatriate – volunteer in the Serbian Army and CIGOJ Anton, member of the Captain Pivko’s Volunteer Battalion. a Thessaloniki fighter, born in 1892 in Stilton, Pensillvania, USA. CIRMAN Ciril, volunteer in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in BITENC Josip, Sub-Sergeant of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 in Odessa. 1916 in Odessa, from Medvode, worker. Colja, Thessaloniki fighter in the 1st Battalion, 8th Regiment of the BIZJAK Jožef, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter. Danube Division. BJELAC Josip, member of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division, partici- Conjar Ivan, member of the Captain Pivko’s Volunteer Battalion. pant of the Dobrudja Battles in 1916. CRNKO Ivan, Sub-Sergeant of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian BOGATAJ Avgust, member of the Serbian Volunteer Corps, Thessalo- Volunteer Battalion. niki fighter, from Žiri. ČEBOKLI Jakob, member of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division, BOLE Anton, Thessaloniki fighter in the 3rd Company, 1st Battalion, Bulgarian prisoner, prisoner in an Austrian prison in Belgrade, 3rd Regiment of the Morava Division. from the Primorska region. BORŠTNIK, volunteer in the Serbian Volunteer Corps, joind the corps ČEHOVIN, volunteer in the Serbian Volunteer Corps (on Caucasus in Istanbul, railway official. Mountains) in 1918. BOŠTJANČIČ, Thessaloniki fighter in the 1st Battalion, 8th Regiment ČEPIČ Drago, Reserve Officer of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in of the Danube Division. 1916 in Odessa. Identified Slovenian volunteers (in alphabetical order) in the Serbian Army, 1912-1918 - Attachmen t • 3

ČOKL Ignac, rezervni častnik Jugoslovanskega polka Matije FAKIN Ivan, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega bata- Gubca v Tomsku, Sibirija, učitelj v Runčah v Slovenskih ljona stotnika Pivka goricah FEDRANSPERG dr., rezervni častnik in zdravnik, med prvimi ČOP Miha, med prvimi dobrovoljci črnogorske vojske 1912, iz dobrovoljci srbske vojske 1912 Ljubljane, carinski uradnik FELIKS Vojislav, rezervni stotnik 2. razreda 1. polka 1. briga- ČOP Stjepana Matija, izseljenec – dobrovoljec srbske vojske in de 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi solunski borec, rojen 1887 v Gerovem pri Čabru, gozdni FERENČAK Franc, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski delavec borec ČRČEK Ivan, pripadnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpusa (na FERLUGA Ferdo, dobrovoljec srbske vojske 1915, udeleženec Kavkazu 1918), sodnik v V. Laščah umika čez Albanijo, pripadnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega ČRNE Alojzij, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega korpusa 1917 v Odesi bataljona stotnika Pivka FERLUGA Ferdo, pripadnik dopolnilnega bataljona 1. srbske ČUČEK Franc, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega dobrovoljske divizije junija 1917 v Odesi, solunski borec bataljona stotnika Pivka, solunski borec, iz Vurberga pri FETTICH Viktor, pripadnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpusa Ptuju 1917 v Rusiji DEISINGER Viktor, dobrovoljec srbske vojske 1914 v Rudni- FIRINGER Kamilo, pripadnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpu- škem četniškem odredu, udeleženec cerske in kolubarske sa (na Kavkazu), obsojen na smrt v Moskvi, zbežal bitke, padel decembra 1914 pri obrambi Beograda FLANDER Anton, koroški borec v 45. polku DELONGA Jakob, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega FON Bruno, podnarednik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije, pa- bataljona stotnika Pivka del septembra 1916 v nočnem boju pri Amzači v Dobrudži DEMŠAR dr. Jernej, zdravnik in rezervni častnik, med prvimi FON Danilo, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski borec dobrovoljci srbske vojske 1912 FON Vekoslav, major v pokoju, agitator med izseljenci za DIDOLIČ Pero, dobrovoljec Jugoslovanskega polka Matije srbsko vojsko v ZDA Gubca v Tomsku v Sibiriji FONDA Drago, rezervni častnik – dobrovoljec 1. srbske dobro- DOBROVOLJC Janez, solunski borec v 3. četi 1. bataljona 3. voljske divizije 1916 v Odesi polka Moravske divizije, koroški borec v 45. polku FURLAN Ivan, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega DOMAJNKO Alojzij, podčastnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovolj- bataljona stotnika Pivka skega bataljona stotnika Pivka FURLANIČ Ivan, med prvimi dobrovoljci srbske vojske 1912, DOMLADIŠ Drago, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski pravnik in član redakcije časopisa Slovenski jug, iz Kopra borec GABRŠEK Franc, pripadnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpusa DRAŽEN dr. Ivan, rezervni častnik in zdravnik, solunski 1917 v Rusiji borec v 1. bataljonu 8. polka Donavske divizije GABRŠEK Stanko, rezervni praporščak – vodni poveljnik DREŠČEK Julij, solunski borec v 1. bataljonu 8. polka Dona- Jugoslovanskega polka Matije Gubca v Tomsku v Sibiriji, vske divizije rojen 1893 v Krškem, sokol, višji šolski nadzornik, ujetnik DREŽNJAK Ivan, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega Rdeče armade, domov se je vrnil 1921, umrl 1925 bataljona stotnika Pivka GAJDA dr. Radovan, rezervni častnik in zdravnik 1. srbske DROBEC, rezervni podporočnik, poveljnik čete v Jugoslovan- dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi skem dobrovoljskem bataljonu stotnika Pivka GERBEC Ivan, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega DURINI Viktor, rezervni poročnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divi- bataljona stotnika Pivka zije 1917 v Odesi, sodnik v Novem mestu GIGULE, pripadnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije septembra ENGELSBERGER Viktor, pripadnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divi- 1916 v Odesi zije 1916 v Odesi, udeleženec bojev v Dobrudži 1916, učitelj GMAJNER dr. Ivan, rezervni častnik in zdravnik Srbskega ERAT dr. Josip, rezervni častnik in zdravnik v Jugoslovan- dobrovoljskega korpusa 1917 v Rusiji, od marca 1918 skem dobrovoljskem polku Matije Gubca v Tomsku v solunski borec Sibiriji, iz Marije na Zilji, zdravnik v Dravogradu GNEZDA dr. Milko, preporodovec, rezervni častnik in zdrav- ERAT Jože, preporodovec, rezervni častnik 1. srbske dobro- nik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije septembra 1916 v Ode- voljske divizije septembra 1917 v Odesi si, solunski borec v 1. bataljonu 8. polka Donavske divizije ERHARTIČ dr. Stanko, preporodovec, rezervni častnik in GODINA, dobrovoljec Jugoslovanskega polka Matije Gubca v zdravnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi, Tomsku v Sibiriji invalid GOLE Jože, rezervni častnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije ERJAVEC Franc, pripadnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi, učitelj 1916 v Odesi, udeleženec bojev v Dobrudži 1916, iz Idrije GOLEŠEK Vekoslav, rezervni podporočnik dopolnilnega bata- ERMENC dr. Jože, preporodovec, rezervni častnik in zdrav- ljona 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi nik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi GOLI Josip, solunski borec v 3. četi 1. bataljona 3. polka Mo- ERŽEN dr. Tone, rezervni častnik in zdravnik dopolnilnega ravske divizije, koroški borec v 45. polku bataljona 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1917 v Odesi GOLIA Pavle, rezervni častnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije FABJANČIČ Milan, rezervni častnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske 1916 v Odesi, ranjen v Dobrudži, ravnatelj ljubljanske divizije septembra 1916 v Odesi, profesor Drame in pesnik FABJANČIČ Vladislav, dobrovoljec – četnik od 1914, udele- GOLIK Miroslav, rezervni podporočnik dopolnilnega bataljo- ženec cerske in kolubarske bitke, udeleženec umika čez na 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi Albanijo, solunski borec na Kajmakčalanu GOLOB Andrej, pripadnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpusa, FAJDIGA dr. Božidar, rezervni častnik, zdravnik 1. srbske bolgarski ujetnik, v avstrijskem zaporu v Beogradu dobrovoljske divizije, udeleženec bojev v Dobrudži 1916, GOREČAN Franjo, rezervni podporočnik dopolnilnega bataljo- pozneje polkovni zdravnik Jugoslovanskega polka Matije na 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1917 v Odesi, koroški borec Gubca v Tomsku v Sibiriji GORIŠEK dr. Ernest, rezervni častnik in zdravnik 1. srbske FAJDIGA Ignacij, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega dobrovoljske divizije, udeleženec bojev v Dobrudži 1916, bataljona stotnika Pivka ravnatelj OUZD 4 • P r i l o g a – A b ecedni seznam identificiranih slovenskih dobrovoljcev v srbski vojski 1912–1918

ČEPLAK Fredo, Reserve Officer, Thessaloniki fighter in the 1st Batta- of the retreat across Albania, a Thessaloniki fighter on the lion of the 8th Regiment of the Danube Division, official. Kajmakcalan Mountain. ČERNIČ Dr. Mirko, Reserve Officer, one of the first volunteers in the FAJDIGA Dr. Božidar, reserve officer, doctor in the 1st Serbian Serbian Army in 1912, doctor in Niš. Volunteer Division, participant of the Dobrudja Battles in 1916, ČOKL Ignac, reserve officer in the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian Regi- later a regiment doctor in the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian Regi- ment in Tomsk, Siberia, teacher in Runče and Slovenske gorice. ment in Tomsk, Siberia. ČOP Miha, one of the first members of the Montenegrin Army in FAJDIGA Ignacij, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volun- 1912, from Ljubljana, customs official. teer Battalion. ČOP Stjepana Matija, expatriate – volunteer in the Serbian Army FAKIN Ivan, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer and a Thessaloniki fighter, born in 1887 in Gerovo near Čabar, Battalion. forest worker. FEDRANSPERG Dr., reserve officer and a doctor, one of the first ČRČEK Ivan, member of the Serbian Volunteer Corps (on Caucasus volunteers in the Serbian Army in 1912. Mountains in 1918), judge in Velike Lašče. FELIKS Vojislav, reserve Captain, 2nd Class of the 1st Regiment, 1st ČRNE Alojzij, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer Brigade of the 1st Serbian Division in 1916 in Odessa. Battalion. FERENČAK Franc, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter. ČUČEK Franc, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer FERLUGA Ferdo, volunteer in the Serbian Army in 1915, participant Battalion, Thessaloniki fighter, from Vurberg near Ptuj. of the retreat across Albania, member of the Serbian Volunteer DEISINGER Viktor, volunteer in the Serbian Army in 1914 in the Corps in 1917 in Odessa. Rudnik Chetnik Detachment, participant of the Battle of Cer FERLUGA Ferdo, member of the Additional Battalion of the 1st and the Battle of Kolubara, died in December 1914 during the Serbian Volunteer Division in June 1917 in Odessa, Thessaloniki defence of Belgrade. fighter. DELONGA Jakob, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volun- FETTICH Viktor, member of the Serbian Volunteer Corps in 1917 in teer Battalion. Russia. DEMŠAR Dr. Jernej, doctor and a reserve officer, one of the first FIRINGER Kamilo, member of the Serbian Volunteer Corps (on Cau- volunteers in the Serbian Army in 1912. casus Mountains), sentenced to death in Moscow, fled. DIDOLIČ Pero, volunteer in the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian Regiment FLANDER Anton, Carinthian fighter in the 45th Regiment. in Tomsk, Siberia. FON Bruno, Sub-Sergeant in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division, died DOBROVOLJC Janez, Thessaloniki fighter in the 3rd Company, 1st in September 1916 in a night battle near Amzača in Dobrudja. Battalion, 3rd Regiment of the Morava Division, Carinthian FON Danilo, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter. fighter in the 45th Regiment. FON Vekoslav, Major in retirement, agitator among the expatriates DOMAJNKO Alojzij, non-commissioned officer in the Captain Pivko’s for the Serbian Army in the USA. Yugoslavian Volunteer Battalion. FONDA Drago, reserve officer, volunteer in the 1st Serbian Volunteer DOMLADIŠ Drago, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki Division in 1916 in Odessa. fighter. FURLAN Ivan, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer DRAŽEN Dr. Ivan, reserve officer and a doctor, Thessaloniki fighter Battalion. in the 1st Battalion, 8th Regiment of the Danube Division. FURLANIČ Ivan, one of the first volunteers in the Serbian Army in DREŠČEK Julij, Thessaloniki fighter in the 1st Battalion, 8th Regi- 1912, lawyer and a member of the editorial board of the Sloven- ment of the Danube Division. ski jug (Slovenian South) newspaper, from Koper. DREŽNJAK Ivan, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volun- GABRŠEK Franc, member of the Serbian Volunteer Corps in 1917 in teer Battalion. Russia. DROBEC, reserve Sub-Sergeant, Company Commander in the Capta- GABRŠEK Stanko, Reserve First Sergeant, Platoon Commander in in Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer Battalion. the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian Regiment in Tomsk, Siberia, born DURINI Viktor, reserve officer in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1893 in Krško, member of the Sokol Organisation, senior in 1917 in Odessa, a judge in Novo mesto. school supervisor, prisoner of the Red Army, returned home in ENGELSBERGER Viktor, member of 1st Serbian Volunteer Division 1921, died in 1925. in 1916 in Odessa, participant in the Dobrudja Battles in 1916, GAJDA Dr. Radovan, reserve officer and a doctor in the 1st Serbian teacher. Volunteer Division in 1916 in Odessa. ERAT Dr. Josip, reserve officer and a doctor in the Matija Gubec GERBEC Ivan, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer Yugoslavian Volunteer Regiment in Tomsk, Siberia, from Maria Battalion. Gail, doctor in Dravograd. GIGULE, member of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in September ERAT Jože, member of the Preporod Movement, reserve officer in the 1916 in Odessa. 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in September 1917 in Odessa. GMAJNER Dr. Ivan, reserve officer and a doctor in the Serbian ERHARTIČ Dr. Stanko, member of the Preporod Movement, reserve Volunteer Corps in 1917 in Russia, a Thessaloniki fighter since officer and a doctor in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 March 1918. in Odessa, disabled. GNEZDA Dr. Milko, member of the Preporod Movement, reserve ERJAVEC Franc, member of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in officer and a doctor in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in Sep- 1916 in Odessa, participant in the Dobrudja Battles in 1916, tember 1916 in Odessa, Thessaloniki fighter in the 1st Battalion, from Idrija. 8th Regiment of the Danube Division. ERMENC Dr. Jože, member of the Preporod Movement, reserve GODINA, volunteer in the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian Regiment in officer and a doctor in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 Tomsk, Siberia. in Odessa. GOLE Jože, reserve officer in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division 1916 ERŽEN Dr. Tone, reserve officer and a doctor in the Additional Bat- in Odessa, teacher. talion of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1917 in Odessa. GOLEŠEK Vekoslav, reserve Second Lieutenant in the Additional Bat- FABJANČIČ Milan, reserve officer in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Divisi- talion of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 in Odessa. on in September 1916 in Odessa, professor. GOLI Josip, Thessaloniki fighter in the 3rd Company, 1st Battalion, FABJANČIČ Vladislav, volunteer and a chetnik since 1914, partici- 3rd Regiment of the Morava Division, Carinthian Fighter in the pant of the Battle of Cer and the Battle of Kolubara, participant 45th Regiment. Identified Slovenian volunteers (in alphabetical order) in the Serbian Army, 1912-1918 - Attachmen t • 5

GORJUP, rezervni podporočnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije HOČEVAR Ignac, solunski borec v 3. četi 1. bataljona 3. polka 1916 v Odesi Moravske divizije GOSAR ing. Ivan, rezervni poročnik – dobrovoljec srbske HOČEVAR Jože, koroški borec v 45. polku vojske 1914 v Zlatiborskem četniškem odredu, Bolgari so HOLC Anton, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega ga ujeli 1915 in izročili avstrijski vojski, februarja 1917 je bataljona stotnika Pivka bil v Beogradu obsojen na smrt, rojen 1888 v Škofji Loki, HORVAT Rudolf, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski sokol, gozdarski inženir v Bajini Bašti borec GRABLJEVEC Franc, pripadnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega kor- HUDINA Josip, sodni podpolkovnik 1. brigade 1. srbske do- pusa in solunski borec, padel septembra 1918, iz Mirne Peči brovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi, iz Sv. Petra pod Sv. Goro GRAFENAUER Franc, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski HUDINA Joško, preporodovec, pripadnik 1. srbske dobrovolj- borec, poslanec ske divizije 1917 v Odesi GRAFENAUER Franc, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovolj- IPAVEC, dobrovoljec Jugoslovanskega polka Matije Gubca v skega bataljona stotnika Pivka, iz Marije na Zilji, Koroška, Tomsku v Sibiriji profesor v Ljubljani JAGER Andrije ing. Alojz, izseljenec – solunski borec, rojen v GRAHLI dr. Vladimir, rezervni častnik in zdravnik dopolnil- Postojni, rudarski inženir nega bataljona 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije junija 1917 v JAKOPEC Anton, rezervni častnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske Odesi, solunski borec v Jugoslovanski diviziji, iz Krasa divizije 1916 v Odesi GRČAR Jaka, dobrovoljec Jugoslovanskega polka Matije Gub- JAKOPEC Franc, rezervni častnik Jugoslovanskega polka ca v Tomsku v Sibiriji, železniški uradnik Matije Gubca v Tomsku v Sibiriji GRČAR Viktor, podčastnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije JAMNIK Bernarda Ivan, izseljenec – solunski borec, rojen v septembra 1916 v Odesi, zborovodja Grosuplju, livec GREBENC Franc, pripadnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpusa JAMNIK Franc, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega 1917 v Rusiji bataljona stotnika Pivka GREGOR Leonard, podnarednik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divi- JANEŽ Vinko – Bosanc, preporodovec, rezervni podporočnik zije 1916 v Odesi, solunski borec v 1. bataljonu 8. polka 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi, solunski Donavske divizije borec v Šumadijski diviziji, nosilec zlate kolajne Miloša GREGORIČ Jožef, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega Obiliča, ruskega reda Sv. Ane in Sv. Stanislava in romun- bataljona stotnika Pivka ske krone, rojen 1894 v Trgolokni v Romuniji, do 1914 GRGEC Peter, pripadnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpusa dijak v Ljubljani, po 1918 služboval v Sarajevu kot aktivni 1917 v Rusiji častnik VKJ GROSMAN Anton, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega JANEŽIČ Karl, pripadnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije sep- bataljona stotnika Pivka tembra 1916 v Odesi GRUDEN Anton, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega JANŽEKOVIČ Vekoslav, dobrovoljec 1. srbske dobrovoljske bataljona stotnika Pivka divizije 1917 v Odesi, solunski borec v 1. četi 1. bataljona GRŽINA Vladimir, rezervni častnik 1. brigade 1. srbske do- 13. polka Jugoslovanske divizije brovoljske divizije, solunski borec JAVORNIK Antonija alias Natalija BJELAJAC, narednica srb- GRŽINA ing. Vladislav, rezervni častnik, dobrovoljec iz Noce- ske vojske, 1912 kot prva slovenska dobrovoljka vstopila v re Umbre – solunski borec srbsko vojsko, kot borka in bolničarka sodelovala v obeh GUNDE Anton, pripadnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpusa balkanskih in prvi svetovni vojni, dvanajstkrat ranjena in 1917 v Rusiji prejela isto število odlikovanj, tudi Karađorđevo zvezdo z HABE Andrej, pripadnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpusa meči in francoski red legije časti, rojena 1893 v Mariboru, 1917 v Rusiji dijakinja, umrla 1974 in pokopana v Beogradu HABE Tone, dobrovoljec 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1917 JAVORNIK Ivan, izseljenec – dobrovoljec srbske vojske in v Odesi in solunski borec, rojen 1897 v Črnem Vrhu nad solunski borec Idrijo, uslužbenec na univerzi JAVORNIK Ivan, rezervni častnik – solunski borec v Jugoslo- HACE Anton, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega bata- vanski diviziji ljona stotnika Pivka JAVORNIK J. Janko, izseljenec – solunski borec, rojen 1893 v HEBEIN dr. Josip, preporodovec, rezervni častnik in zdrav- Ljubljani, trgovec nik, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski borec, prima- JAVORNIK Martin, poročnik avstro-ogrske vojske, 1912 pre- rij državne bolnišnice v Ljubljani stopil kod dobrovoljec v srbsko vojsko, sodeloval v obeh HEINDRICHAR Rafko, rezervni častnik 1. brigade 1. srbske balkanskih vojnah, avgusta 1914 je kot stotnik srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi, solunski borec v Jugo- vojske in poveljnik čete padel v cerski bitki. Posmrtno je slovanski diviziji, iz Bohinjske Bistrice bil odlikovan s Karađorđevo zvezdo z meči, iz Maribora HELMAN Marko, rezervni stotnik 2. razreda, četni poveljnik (stric Antonije) v 1. srbski dobrovoljski diviziji 1916 v Odesi, udeleženec JELENC Vitomir – Fedor, rezervni podporočnik in dobrovoljec bojev avgusta 1916 v Dobrudži, kjer je bil ranjen in je srbske vojske od 1914, udeleženec umika čez Albanijo, zaradi ran umrl solunski borec na Kajmakčalanu, nosilec medalje Miloša HERIC dr. Matko, rezervni častnik in zdravnik Srbskega Obilića, albanske spomenice, francoskega in češkega voj- dobrovoljskega korpusa 1917 v Rusiji nega križca, rojen 1885 v Šenčurju pri Kranju HERIC Vekoslav, rezervni podporočnik Srbskega dobrovolj- JENKO Avgust, ustanovitelj in vodja tajne dijaške organizaci- skega korpusa in solunski borec v Jugoslovanski diviziji, je Preporod, dobrovoljec srbske vojske 1914, udeleženec padel avgusta 1918 na Dobrem polju, pravnik cerske bitke, v kateri je padel HLEBANJA Petra Alojz, izseljenec – dobrovoljec srbske vojske JERAS Josip, dobrovoljec srbske vojske 1914, udeleženec in solunski borec, rojen 1880 v Kranjski Gori, strojnik cerske in kolubarske bitke in umika čez Albanijo, solunski HOČEVAR dr. Gaber, rezervni častnik in zdravnik, med prvi- borec na Kajmakčalanu, sokol, referent banske uprave mi dobrovoljci srbske in bolgarske vojske 1912, z Bleda, JERAS Srečko, rezervni častnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizi- član sanitetnega oddelka srbskega vojnega ministrstva je, udeleženec bojev v Dobrudži 1916 6 • P r i l o g a – A b ecedni seznam identificiranih slovenskih dobrovoljcev v srbski vojski 1912–1918

GOLIA Pavle, reserve officer in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 in Odessa, Thessaloniki figh- 1916 in Odessa, wounded in Dobrudja, director of the Ljubljana ter in the Yugoslavian Division, from Bohinjska Bistrica. Drama and a poet. HELMAN Marko, reserve Captain, 2nd Class, Company Commander GOLIK Miroslav, reserve Second Lieutenant in the Additional Battali- in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 in Odessa, partici- on of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 in Odessa. pant of the Dobrudja Battles where he died in August 1916. GOLOB Andrej, member of the Serbian Volunteer Corps, Bulgarian HERIC Dr. Matko, reserve officer and a doctor in the Serbian Volun- prisoner, imprisoned in an Austrian prison in Belgrade. teer Corps in 1917 in Russia. GOREČAN Franjo, reserve Second Lieutenant in the Additional Bat- HERIC Vekoslav, reserve Second Lieutenant in the Serbian Volunteer talion of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1917 in Odessa, Corps and a Thessaloniki fighter in the Yugoslavian Division, Carinthian fighter. died in August 1918 on Dobro polje, lawyer. GORIŠEK Dr. Ernest, reserve officer and a doctor in the 1st Serbian HLEBANJA Petra Alojz, expatriate, volunteer in the Serbian Army Volunteer Division, participant of the Dobrudja Battles in 1916, and a Thessaloniki fighter, born in 1880 in Kranjska Gora, principle of the OUZD (District administration for the protection engineer officer. of workers). HOČEVAR Dr. Gaber, reserve officer and a doctor, one of the first GORJUP, reserve Second Lieutenant in the 1st Serbian Volunteer volunteers in the Serbian and Bulgarian Armies in 1912, from Division in 1916 in Odessa. Bled, member of the medical department of the Serbian War GOSAR Ivan, engineer, reserve Lieutenant, volunteer in the Serbian Ministry. Army in 1914 in the Zlatibor Chetnik Detachment, the Bulgari- HOČEVAR Ignac, Thessaloniki fighter in the 3rd Company, 1st Bat- ans captured him in 1915 and handed him over to the Austrian talion, 3rd Regiment of the Morava Division. Army, in February 1917 he was sentenced to death in Belgrade, HOČEVAR Jože, Carinthia fighter in the 45th Regiment. born in 1888 in Škofja Loka, member of the Sokol Organisation, HOLC Anton, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer forest engineer in Bajina Bašta. Battalion. GRABLJEVEC Franc, member of the Serbian Volunteer Corps and a HORVAT Rudolf, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter. Thessaloniki fighter, died in September in 1918, from Mirna Peč. HUDINA Josip, a judge, Lieutenant Colonel in the 1st Brigade of the GRAFENAUER Franc, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 in Odessa, from Sv. Peter fighter, Member of Parliament. beneath Sv. Gora. GRAFENAUER Franc, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian HUDINA Joško, member of the Preporod Movement, member of the Volunteer Battalion, from Maria Gail, Carinthia, professor in 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1917 in Odessa. Ljubljana. IPAVEC, volunteer in the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian Regiment in GRAHLI Dr. Vladimir, reserve officer and a doctor in the Additional Tomsk, Siberia. Battalion of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in June 1917 in JAGER Andrije Alojz, engineer, expatriate, Thessaloniki fighter, born Odessa, Thessaloniki fighter in the Yugoslavian Division, from in Postojna, mining engineer. the Karst region. JAKOPEC Anton, reserve officer in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division GRČAR Jaka, volunteer in the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian Regiment in in 1916 in Odessa. Tomsk, Siberia, railway official. JAKOPEC Franc, volunteer in the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian Regi- GRČAR Viktor, non-commissioned officer in the 1st Serbian Volunte- ment in Tomsk, Siberia. er Division in Spetember 1916 in Odessa, choir master. JAMNIK Bernarda Ivan, expatriate, Thessaloniki fighter, born in GREBENC Franc, member of the Serbian Volunteer Corps in 1917 in Grosuplje, foundry worker. Russia. JAMNIK Franc, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunte- GREGOR Leonard, Sub-Sergeant in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Divisi- er Battalion. on in 1916 in Odessa, Thessaloniki fighter in the 1st Battalion, JANEŽ Vinko - Bosanc, member of the Preporod Movement, reserve 8th Regiment of the Danube division. Second Lieutenant in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in GREGORIČ Jožef, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volun- 1916 in Odessa, Thessaloniki fighter in the Šumadija Division, teer Battalion. recipient of the Miloš Obilić Gold Medal, the Russian Order of St. GRGEC Peter, member of the Serbian Volunteer Corps in 1917 in Anna and St. Stanislaus and the Romanian Crown, born in 1894 Russia. in Trgolokna in Romania, a high school student in Ljubljana GROSMAN Anton, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian until 1914, after 1918 in service in Sarajevo as an active officer Volunteer Battalion. of the Army of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. GRUDEN Anton, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslav Volunteer JANEŽIČ Karl, member of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in Battalion. September 1916 in Odessa. GRŽINA Vladimir, reserve officer in the 1st Brigade of the 1st Serbi- JANŽEKOVIČ Vekoslav, volunteer in the 1st Serbian Volunteer divisi- an Volunteer Division, Thessaloniki fighter. on in 1917 in Odessa, Thessaloniki fighter in the 1st Company, GRŽINA Vladislav, engineer, Reserve Officer, volunteer from Nocera 1st Battalion, 13th Regiment of the Yugoslavian Division. Umbra – Thessaloniki fighter. JAVORNIK Antonija alias Natalija BJELAJAC, Sergeant in the Ser- GUNDE Anton, member of the Serbian Volunteer Corps in 1917 in bian Army, in 1912 entered the Serbian Army as the first Slove- Russia. nian female volunteer, participated in both Balkan Wars and in HABE Andrej, member of the Serbian Volunteer Corps in 1917 in the First World War as a fighter and as a nurse, wounded twelve Russia. times and awarded the same number of decorations, including HABE Tone, volunteer in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1917 the Karađorđe’s Star with Swords and the French order the Legi- in Odessa and a Thessaloniki fighter, born in 1897 in Črni Vrh on of Honour, born in 1893 in Maribor, high school student, died nad Idrijo, researcher at a university. and buried in 1974 in Belgrade. HACE Anton, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer JAVORNIK Ivan, expatriate, volunteer in the Serbian Army and a Battalion. Thessaloniki fighter. HEBEIN Dr. Josip, member of the Preporod Movement, reserve officer JAVORNIK Ivan, reserve officer, Thessaloniki fighter in the Yugosla- and a doctor, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki figh- vian Division. ter, senior doctor of the state hospital in Ljubljana. JAVORNIK J. Janko, expatriate, Thessaloniki fighter, born in 1893 HEINDRICHAR Rafko, reserve officer in the 1st Brigade of the 1st in Ljubljana, merchant. Identified Slovenian volunteers (in alphabetical order) in the Serbian Army, 1912-1918 - Attachmen t • 7

JEREB Josip, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega bata- KERSNIK Tone, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski borec ljona stotnika Pivka KLAMFAR Karel, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega JERIN Jurij, dobrovoljec srbske vojske 1914, udeleženec bataljona stotnika Pivka cerske in kolubarske bitke in umika čez Albanijo, solunski KLAVŽAR Josip, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega borec, padel septembra 1916 na Kajmakčalanu, doma iz bataljona stotnika Pivka, kmet Zagorja ob Savi, učitelj KLEMENC Milan, pripadnik dopolnilnega bataljona 1. srbske JERINA Franc, podčastnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije dobrovoljske divizije junija 1917 v Odesi septembra 1916 v Odesi KLEMENČIČ Lovro, preporodovec, dobrovoljec srbske vojske JERMAN Franjo, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega 1915, udeleženec cerske in kolubarske bitke in umika čez bataljona stotnika Pivka Albanijo, solunski borec na Kajmakčalanu JERŠE Milko, rezervni častnik – solunski borec v Jugoslovan- KLEVA Viktor, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega ski diviziji, iz Hrastnika, učitelj bataljona stotnika Pivka JERŠE Mirko, rezervni častnik Jugoslovanskega polka Matije KOBI Ferdinand, pripadnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpusa Gubca v Tomsku v Sibiriji 1917 v Rusiji JOH Anton, rezervni podporočnik dopolnilnega bataljona 1. KOBLER Franc, pripadnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1917 srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi v Odesi in solunski borec JOVAN Jožefa Franjo, izseljenec – solunski borec, rojen 1974 KOBLER Maks, stotnik 1. razreda Srbskega dobrovoljskega v Idriji, kmet korpusa v Rusiji avgusta 1918, solunski borec, kot aktivni JUG Milko, rezervni častnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije častnik VKJ po 1918 služboval v Kumanovem, umrl 1927 1916 v Odesi KOBLER Vladimir, rezervni podporočnik v 1. polku 1. brigade JUHART Albin, preporodovec, pripadnik 2. srbske dobrovolj- 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi, septembra ske divizije septembra 1917 v Odesi 1916 ranjen – umrl pri Kokardži v Dobrudži, pravnik JURČIČ Josip, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega KOBLER, Vladimirjev brat, pripadnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega bataljona stotnika Pivka korpusa 1917 v Rusiji JURIČ Ivan, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega bata- KOKOLJ Dušan, kaplar Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega bataljona stotnika Pivka ljona stotnika Pivka JURIČ, vojak – solunski borec v 1. bataljonu 8. polka Dona- KOKOT Ferdo, rezervni častnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega kor- vske divizije pusa 1917 v Rusiji, iz Pišec pri Brežicah, učitelj KADIVEC Jože, pripadnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije sep- KOLAR Janko ing., rezervni častnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske tembra 1916 v Odesi divizije 1916 v Odesi, sokol KADUNC, rezervni poročnik, poveljnik inž. oddelka Jugoslo- KOLAR Jožef, dobrovoljec Pivkovega bataljona in Nocere vanskega polka Matije Gubca v Tomsku v Sibiriji Umbre, solunski borec KAJFEŽ Luka, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega KOLAR Milan, rezervni podporočnik – avditor (vojaški bataljona stotnika Pivka sodnik), poveljnik voda – solunski borec v 15. polku KALAN Jožef, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski borec Timoške divizije KALAN Jožef, pripadnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpusa KOLARIČ Franjo, rezervni podporočnik, vodni poveljnik 1. 1917 v Rusiji srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi (med prvimi KALUŽA Jožef, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega dobrovoljci), odlikovan z zlato medaljo Miloša Obilića, bataljona stotnika Pivka ranjen – umrl septembra 1916 pri Kokardži v Dobrudži, KANCLER Anton, preporodovec, pripadnik 1. srbske dobro- rojen 1895 v Jastrebcu blizu Sv. Bolfenka pri Središču, voljske divizije septembra 1917 v Odesi Ptuj, ekonomist KAMBIČ Mirko, rezervni podporočnik, pripadnik Jugoslo- KOLARIČ Rudolf, rezervni častnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske vanskega dobrovoljskega bataljona stotnika Pivka, iz divizije 1916 v Odesi Ajdovščine KOLENC Matija, kaplar 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 KARLEC Gašpar, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega v Odesi (med prvimi dobrovoljci), solunski borec v 1. bataljona stotnika Pivka bataljonu 8. polka Donavske divizije, padel jeseni 1918 pri KASTELIC Jože, dobrovoljec Jugoslovanskega polka Matije Leskovcu, doma iz Ljutomera Gubca v Tomsku v Sibiriji KONEČNIK Friderik, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljske- KASTELIC Matija, pripadnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpu- ga bataljona stotnika Pivka, solunski borec sa, iz Bele krajine KONIČ Franc, rezervni podporočnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske KATIĆ Josip, koroški borec v 45. polku divizije 1916 v Odesi, solunski borec v 4. četi 2. bataljona KAVČIČ – HABE, pripadnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpusa 3. polka Moravske divizije in koroški borec v 45. polku, 1917 v Rusiji tovarniški uradnik KAVČNIK Leon, pripadnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpusa KOPAL Venceslav, rezervni podporočnik 1. srbske dobrovolj- 1917 v Rusiji ske divizije 1916 v Odesi, nosilec Karađorđeve zvezde z KEJŽAR Valentin, solunski borec v 3. četi 1. bataljona 3. pol- meči 4. stopnje ka Moravske divizije, udeleženec boja za Bukovik, koroški KOPRIVNJAK Maks, pripadnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega borec v 45. polku, banski služitelj korpusa in solunski borec, padel jeseni 1918 po preboju KELEMEN Izidor, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega solunske fronte, doma iz Zagorja bataljona stotnika Pivka KOS Janko, rezervni častnik srbske vojske od 1917 v Italiji KENDA, dobrovoljec Jugoslovanskega polka Matije Gubca v (ujetnik), solunski borec v 15. polku Timoške divizije, Tomsku v Sibiriji rojen 1891 v Pristavi pri Celju, maturant, ustanovitelj in KENTERA Ivan, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega vodja preporodovcev, urednik glasila Preporod, po 1918 bataljona stotnika Pivka služboval kot aktivni častnik VKJ v Sarajevu, umrl 1924 KERIN Jože, pripadnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpusa, KOS Josip, rezervni podporočnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divi- solunski in koroški borec zije 1916 v Odesi in solunski borec v 1. četi 3. bataljona KERNC Polde, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski borec 15. polkaTimoške divizije 8 • P r i l o g a – A b ecedni seznam identificiranih slovenskih dobrovoljcev v srbski vojski 1912–1918

JAVORNIK Martin, Lieutenant in the Austro-Hungarian Army, in KASTELIC Matija, member of the Serbian Volunteer Corps, from 1912 joined the Serbian Army as a volunteer, participated in Bela krajina. both Balkan Wars, died as a Captain and as a Commander of KATIĆ Josip, Carinthian fighter in the 45th Regiment. the Serbian Army in August 1914 in the Battle of Cer, awarded KAVČIČ - HABE, member of the Serbian Volunteer Corps in 1917 in the Karađorđe’s Star with Swords, from Maribor (Antonija’s Russia. uncle). KAVČNIK Leon, member of the Serbian Volunteer Corps in 1917 in JELENC Vitomir - Fedor, reserve Second Lieutenant and a volunteer Russia. in the Serbian Army from 1914, participant of the retreat across KEJŽAR Valentin, Thessaloniki fighter in the 3rd Company, 1st Albania, Thessaloniki fighter on the Kajmakcalan Mountain, Battalion, 3rd Regiment of the Morava Division, participant of recipient of the Miloš Obilić Gold Medal for Bravery, Commemo- the Battle for Bukovik, Carinthian fighter in the 45th Regiment, rative Medal for Albania, French and Czech Military Cross, born clerk of the Ban administration. in 1885 in Šenčur near Kranj. KELEMEN Izidor, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volun- JENKO Avgust, founder and a leader of the secret high school student teer Battalion. organisation Preporod, volunteer in the Serbian Army in 1914, KENDA, volunteer in the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian Regiment in participant of the Battle of Cer in which he died. Tomsk, Siberia. JERAS Josip, volunteer in the Serbian Army in 1914, participant KENTERA Ivan, member of Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer of the Battle of Cer and the Battle of Kolubara and the retreat Battalion. across Albania, Thessaloniki fighter on the Kajmakcalan Moun- KERIN Jože, member of the Serbian Volunteer Corps, Thessaloniki tain, clerk of the Ban administration. fighter and a Carinthian fighter. JERAS Srečko, reserve officer in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division, KERNC Polde, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter. participant of the Dobruja Battles in 1916. KERSNIK Tone, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter. JEREB Josip, member of the Captain Pivko’s Volunteer Battalion. KLAMFAR Karel, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volun- JERIN Jurij, volunteer in the Serbian Army in 1914, participant of teer Battalion. the Battle of Cer and the Kolubara Battle and the retreat across KLAVŽAR Josip, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunte- Albania, Thessaloniki fighter, died in September in 1916 on the er Battalion, farmer. Kajmakcalan Mountain, from Zagorje ob Savi, teacher. KLEMENC Milan, member in the Additional Battalion of the 1st JERINA Franc, non-commissioned officer in the 1st Serbian Volunte- Serbian Volunteer Division in June 1917 in Odessa. er Division in September 1916 in Odessa. KLEMENČIČ Lovro, member of the Preporod Movement, volunteer in JERMAN Franjo, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volun- the Serbian Army in 1915, participant of the Battle of Cer and teer Battalion. the Battle of Kolubara and the retreat across Albania, Thessalo- JERŠE Milko, reserve officer, Thessaloniki fighter in the Yugoslavian niki fighter on the Kajmakcalan Mountain. Division, from Hrastnik, teacher. KLEVA Viktor, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer JERŠE Mirko, reserve officer in the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian Regi- Battalion. ment in Tomsk, Siberia. KOBI Ferdinant, member of the Serbian Volunteer Corps in 1917 in JOH Anton, reserve Second Lieutenant in the Additional Battalion of Russia. the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 in Odessa. KOBLER Franc, member of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in JOVAN Jožefa Franjo, expatriate, Thessaloniki fighter, born in 1974 1917 in Odessa and a Thessaloniki fighter. in Idria, farmer. KOBLER Maks, Corporal in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Corps in Russia JUG Milko, reserve officer in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in in August in 1918, Thessaloniki fighter, as a reserve officer in 1916 in Odessa. the Yugoslavian Royal Army, in service in Kumanov from 1918, JUHART Albin, member of the Preporod Movement of the 2nd Serbi- died in 1927. an Volunteer Division in September 1917 in Odessa. KOBLER Vladimir, reserve Second Lieutenant in the 1st Regiment, 1st JURČIČ Josip, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer Brigade of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 in Odessa, Battalion. wounded in September 1916 – died near Kokardža in Dobrudža, JURIČ Ivan, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer lawyer. Battalion. KOBLER, Vladimir’s brother, member of the Serbian Volunteer Corps JURIČ, a soldier, Thessaloniki fighter in the 1st Battalion, 8th Regi- in 1917 in Russia. ment of the Danube Division. KOKOLJ Dušan, Corporal in the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volun- KADIVEC Jože, member of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in teer Battalion. September 1916 in Odessa. KOKOT Ferdo, reserve officer in the Serbian Volunteer Corps in 1917 KADUNC, reserve Lieutenant, Commander of the engineer detachment in Russia, from Pišece near Brežice, teacher. in the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian Regiment in Tomsk, Siberia. KOLAR Janko, engineer, reserve officer in the 1st Serbian Volunteer KAJFEŽ Luka, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer Division in 1916 in Odessa, member of the Sokol Organisation. Battalion. KOLAR Jožef, volunteer in the Pivko’s Battalion and from Nocera KALAN Jožef, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter. Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter. KALAN Jožef, member of the Serbian Volunteer Corps in 1917 in KOLAR Milan, reserve Second Lieutenant, an auditor (military Russia. judge), Platoon Commander, Thessaloniki fighter in the 15th KALUŽA Jožef, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer Regiment of the Timočka Division. Battalion. KOLARIČ Franjo, reserve Second Lieutenant, Platoon Commander KANCLER Anton, member of the Preporod Movement, member of the in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 in Odessa (one of 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in September 1917 in Odessa. the first volunteers), awarded the Miloš Obilić Gold Medal for KAMBIČ Mirko, reserve Second Lieutenant, member of the Captain Bravery, wounded – died in September 1916 near Kokarda in Do- Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer Battalion, from Ajdovščina. brudja, born in 1895 in Jastrebc in the proximity of Sv. Bolfenk KARLEC Gašpar, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volun- near Središče, Ptuj, economist. teer Battaion. KOLARIČ Rudolf, reserve officer in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division KASTELIC Jože, volunteer in the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian Volunte- in 1916 in Odessa. er Regiment in Tomsk, Siberia. KOLENC Matija, Corporal in the 1st Serbian Volunteer division in Identified Slovenian volunteers (in alphabetical order) in the Serbian Army, 1912-1918 - Attachmen t • 9

KOS Novak, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega bata- Albanijo, pripadnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpusa 1917 ljona stotnika Pivka v Rusiji, posestnik KOS Sebastijan, kaplar Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega bata- KRULJ Bogdan, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega ljona stotnika Pivka, solunski borec bataljona stotnika Pivka, solunski borec KOSTELIČ Jože, pripadnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpusa, KRUŽIČ Ljudevit, rezervni podporočnik dopolnilnega bataljo- solunski borec v 1. bataljonu 8. polka Donavske divizije, na 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije od avgusta 1916 v Odesi padel septembra 1918 v dolini Bele reke KRŽE Vinko, pripadnik 2. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1917 v KOŠČAK Franjo, koroški borec v 45. polku Odesi, solunski in koroški borec KOŠMERL Franjo, kaplar Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljske- KRŽIČ Anton, rezervni častnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega kor- ga bataljona stotnika Pivka in solunski borec, poštni pusa 1917 v Rusiji, carinski uradnik uslužbenec KRŽIŠNIK Anton, kaplar Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega KOŠNIK Ivan, rezervni stotnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljske- bataljona stotnika Pivka ga bataljona Matije Gubca v Tomsku v Sibiriji, profesor KUCELJ Gabro, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega KOTNIK dr. Janko, rezervni častnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske bataljona stotnika Pivka divizije 1916 v Odesi KUČAN Vinko, rezervni stotnik dopolnilnega bataljona 1. KOVAČ Janez, pripadnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpusa srbske dobrovoljske divizije od avgusta 1916 v Odesi in 1917 v Rusiji, solunski borec v 1. bataljonu 8. polka Dona- poveljnik oddelka strojnih pušk v bataljonu Matije Gubca vske divizije v Tomsku v Sibiriji KOVAČ Karlo, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega KUČERA dr., zdravnik in rezervni častnik, med prvimi dobro- bataljona stotnika Pivka voljci srbske vojske 1912 KOVAČ Leopold, vojak 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v KUMELJ Ciril, pripadnik 2. srbske dobrovoljske divizije, umrl Odesi, nosilec Karađorđeve zvezde z meči, belega orla z (tifus) 1917 v Besarabiji meči 4. stopnje in sv. Save 4. stopnje KUMER Ciril, vojak – solunski borec v 1. bataljona 8. polka KOVAČIČ Anton, pripadnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpusa Donavske divizije, rojen 1897 v Ljubljani 1917 v Rusiji, solunski borec v 14. polku Timoške divizije, KUMER Lojze, rezervni podporočnik, pripadnik Jugoslovan- kmet in mlinar skega dobrovoljskega bataljona stotnika Pivka, iz Idrije KOZAK Josip, rezervni častnik Jugoslovanskega polka Matije KUMP Marjan, dobrovoljec 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije Gubca v Tomsku v Sibiriji, učitelj 1917 v Odesi KOZAK Juš, pripadnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpusa 1917 KUNEJ dr. Ferdo, rezervni častnik in zdravnik Srbskega do- v Rusiji brovoljskega korpusa 1917 v Rusiji KOŽELJ Jaka, rezervni stotnik 1. razreda Srbskega do- KUNST Ivan, rezervni poročnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije brovoljskega korpusa, solunski borec v 1. bataljonu 8. 1916 v Odesi, učitelj v Ljubljani polka Donavske divizije, disident, koroški borec, nosilec KUSTER Avgust, pripadnik dopolnilnega bataljona 1. srbske Karađorđeve zvezde z meči, belega orla z meči 4. stopnje dobrovoljske divizije junija 1917 v Odesi in reda sv. Save, rojen 1885 v Viševku nad Kranjem, KUŠČER Vladimir, rezervni častnik, dobrovoljec iz Nocere železniški uradnik – višji svetnik pri generalni železniški Umbre – solunski borec direkciji v Beogradu, umrl 1936 v Viševku LAH Franjo, rezervni podporočnik, vodni poveljnik, solunski KRAIGHER Jurij, rezervni častnik, pilot, z novim avstrijskim borec v 4. četi 2. bataljona 3. polka Moravske divizije, letalom pobegnil k Italijanom (sumljiv – zaprli), dobrovo- udeleženec boja za Bukovik, carinski kontrolor ljec – pilot srbske vojske, iz Postojne LAHARNAR Ivan, podnarednik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije KRAIGHER Nande, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski 1916 v Odesi, solunski borec v 4. četi 2. bataljona 3. polka borec Moravske divizije, udeleženec boja za Bukovik, šolski KRAJEC dr. Edo, zdravnik in rezervni častnik srbske vojske upravitelj 1912 (med prvimi dobrovoljci) LAPAJNE Franc, pripadnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije, KRALJ Ivan, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski borec bojevnik v Dobrudži 1916 KRANJEC Ferdinand, rezervni podporočnik, pripadnik Jugo- LAPAJNE Srečko, rezervni častnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske slovanskega dobrovoljskega bataljona stotnika Pivka, iz divizije 1916 v Odesi Ilirske Bistrice LAPAJNE dr. Stanko, rezervni častnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske KRAMAR Josip, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega divizije 1917 v Odesi, odvetnik bataljona stotnika Pivka LAVRENČIČ Stanko, rezervni častnik iz Nocere Umbre – so- KREAČIČ Franjo, podnarednik 2. srbske dobrovoljske divizije lunski borec, iz Postojne 1917 v Odesi, solunski borec LAVRIČ Ivan, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski borec KREAČIČ Sergej – Franjo, rezervni častnik 1. srbske dobro- LAVRIČ Mihaila Franjo, izseljenec – solunski borec, rojen voljske divizije 1916 v Odesi, nosilec treh srbskih odliko- 1891 v Šmihelu pri Novem mestu, trgovec vanj, trgovski zastopnik LAVRIČ dr. Tone, zdravnik in rezervni častnik, med prvimi KREBS Ivan, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega bata- dobrovoljci srbske vojske 1912 ljona stotnika Pivka LAVRIN dr. Janko, zdravnik in rezervni častnik srbske vojske KREČ, rezervni častnik Jugoslovanskega polka Matije Gubca 1915 in 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi, v Tomsku v Sibiriji solunski borec KRISTL Adolf, dobrovoljec srbske vojske 1912 (med prvimi), LEDENIČAR Franjo, kaplar Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega 1915 padel v kolubarski bitki bataljona stotnika Pivka KRIŽMAN Josip, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega LENARD Rado, podnarednik Srbskega dobrovoljskega kor- bataljona stotnika Pivka pusa 1917 v Rusiji, solunski borec v 1. bataljon 8. polka KRSNIK Janko, rezervni podporočnik, poveljnik voda – solun- Donavske divizije, trgovec ski borec v 15. polku Timoške divizije, iz Hrvaške LES Alojzij, podnarednik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega KRULEJ Ernest, dobrovoljec srbske vojske 1914, udeleženec bataljona stotnika Pivka cerske in kolubarske bitke in umika srbske vojske čez LESKOVEC Anton, pripadnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega 10 • P r i l o g a – A b ecedni seznam identificiranih slovenskih dobrovoljcev v srbski vojski 1912–1918

1916 in Odessa (one of the first volunteers), Thessaloniki fighter KRAJEC Dr. Edo, doctor and a reserve officer in the Serbian Army in in the 1st Battalion, 8th Regiment of the Danube Division, died 1912 (one of the first volunteers). in the autumn of 1918 near Leskovec, from Ljutomer. KRALJ Ivan, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter. KONEČNIK Friderik, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian KRANJEC Ferdinand, reserve Second Lieutenant, member of the Volunteer Battalion, Thessaloniki fighter. Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer Battalion, from Ilirska KONIČ Franc, reserve Second Lieutenant in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Bistrica. Division in 1916 in Odessa, Thessaloniki fighter in the 4th Com- KRAMAR Josip, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunte- pany, 2nd Battalion, 3rd Regiment of the Morava Division and a er Battalion. Thessaloniki fighter in the 45th Regiment, factory official. KREAČIČ Franjo, Sub-Sergeant in the 2nd Serbian Volunteer Divisi- KOPAL Venceslav, reserve Second Lieutenant of the 1st Serbian Vo- on in 1917 in Odessa, Thessaloniki fighter. lunteer Division in 1916 in Odessa, recipient of the Karađorđe’s KREAČIČ Sergej - Franjo, reserve officer in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Star with Swords 4th class. Division in 1916 in Odessa, recipient of three Serbian awards, KOPRIVNJAK Maks, member of the Serbian Volunteer Corps and a sales representative. Thessaloniki fighter, died in the autumn of 1918 after the bre- KREBS Ivan, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer akthrough of the Macedonian Front, from Zagorje. Battalion. KOS Janko, reserve officer in the Serbian Army since 1917 in Italy KREČ, reserve officer in the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian Regiment in (prisoner), Thessaloniki fighter in the 15th Regiment of the Ti- Tomsk, Siberia. močka Division, born in 1891 in Pristava near Celje, secondary KRISTL Adolf, volunteer in the Serbian Army (one of the first volun- school graduate, founder and leader of the Preporod Movement, teers), died in the Battle of Kolubara in 1915. editor of the Preporod newslettel, from 1918 in service in the KRIŽMAN Josip, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volun- Yugoslavian Royal Army as an active officer in Sarajevo, died in teer Battalion. 1924. KRSNIK Janko, reserve Second Lieutenant, Platoon Commander, KOS Josip, reserve Second Lieutenant in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Thessaloniki fighter in the 15th Regiment of the Timočka Divisi- Division in 1916 in Odessa and a Thessaloniki fighter in the on, from Croatia. 1st Company, 3rd Battalion, 15th Regiment of the Timočka KRULEJ Ernest, volunteer in the Serbian Army in 1914, participant Division. of the Battle of Cer and the Battle of Kolubara and of the retreat KOS Novak, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer of the Serbian Army across Albania, member of the Serbian Battalion. Volunteer Corps in 1917 in Rusia, landowner. KOS Sebastijan, Corporal in the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volun- KRULJ Bogdan, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunte- teer Battalion, Thessaloniki fighter. er Battalion, Thessaloniki fighter. KOSTELIČ Jože, member of the Serbian Volunteer Corps, Thessaloni- KRUŽIČ Ljudevit, reserve Second Lieutenant in the Additional Batta- ki fighter in the 1st Battalion, 8th Regiment of the Danube Divi- lion of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division since August 1916 in sion, died in September in 1918 in the valley of the Bela reka. Odessa. KOŠČAK Franjo, Carinthian fighter in the 45th Regiment. KRŽE Vinko, member of the 2nd Serbian Volunteer Division in 1917 KOŠMERL Franjo, Corporal in the Captain Pivko’s Volunteer Battali- in Odessa, Thessaloniki and Carinthian fighter. on and a Thessaloniki fighter, post office worker. KRŽIČ Anton, reserve officer in the Serbian Volunteer Corps in 1917 KOŠNIK Ivan, reserve Captain in the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian in Russia, customs official. Volunteer Battalion in Tomsk, Siberia, professor. KRŽIŠNIK Anton, Corporal in the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian KOTNIK Dr. Janko, reserve officer in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Divi- Volunteer Battalion. sion in 1916 in Odessa. KUCELJ Gabro, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunte- KOVAČ Janez, member of the Serbian Volunteer Corps in 1917 in er Battalion. Rusia, Thessaloniki fighter in the 1st Battalion, 8th Regiment of KUČAN Vinko, reserve Captain in the Additional Battalion of the the Danube Dvision. 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in August 1916 in Odessa and a KOVAČ Karlo, member of the Captain Pivko’s Volunteer Battalion. commander of the machine gun detachment in the Matija Gubec KOVAČ Leopold, soldier in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 Battalion in Tomsk, Siberia. in Odessa, recipient of the Karađorđe’s Star with Swords, the KUČERA Dr., doctor and a reserve officer, one of the first volunteers White Eagle with Swords 4th class and of the St. Sava Medal in the Serbian Army in 1912. 4th class. KUMELJ Ciril, member of the 2nd Serbian Volunteer Division, died KOVAČIČ Anton, member of the Serbian Volunteer Corps in 1917 in (typhus) in 1917 in Besaarabia. Russia, Thessaloniki fighter in the 14th Regiment of the Timočka KUMER Ciril, soldier – Thessaloniki fighter in 1st Battalion, 8th Division, farmer and miller. Regiment of the Danube Division, born in 1897 in Ljubljana. KOZAK Josip, reserve officer ini the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian Vo- KUMER Lojze, reserve Second Lieutenant, member of the Captain lunteer Battalion in Tomsk, Siberia, teacher. Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer Battalion, from Idria. KOZAK Juš, member of the Serbian Volunteer Corps in 1917 in KUMP Marjan, volunteer in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in Russia. 1917 in Odessa. KOŽELJ Jaka, reserve Captain, 1st class, in the Serbian Volunteer KUNEJ Dr. Ferdo, reserve officer and a doctor in the Serbian Volun- Corps, Thessaloniki fighter in the 1st Battalion, 8th Regiment teer Corps in 1917 in Russia. of the Danube Division, dissident, Carinthian fighter, recipient KUNST Ivan, reserve officer in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in of the Karađorđe’s Star with Swords, of the White Eagle with 1916 in Odessa, teacher in Ljubljana. Swords 4th class and the Order of St. Sava, born in 1885 in KUSTER Avgust, member of the Volunteer Battalion of the 1st Serbi- Viševk above Kranj, railway station official – senior councillor an Volunteer Division in June 1917 in Odessa. at the General Railway Station Directorate in Blegrade, died in KUŠČER Vladimir, reserve officer, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, 1936 in Viševk. Thessaloniki fighter. KRAIGHER Jurij, reserve officer, pilot, deserted to Italians with a LAH Franjo, reserve Second Lieutenant, Platoon Commander, new Austrian aircraft (under suspicion - imprisoned), volunteer Thessaloniki fighter in the 4th Company, 2nd Battalion, 3rd – pilot in the Serbian Army, from Postojna. Regiment of the Morava Division, participant of the Bukovik KRAIGHER Nande, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter. Battle, customs officer. Identified Slovenian volunteers (in alphabetical order) in the Serbian Army, 1912-1918 - Attachmen t • 11

korpusa 1917 v Rusiji zvezdo z meči, iz Ljubljane LESKOVEC Tone, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski MERŠOL dr. Valentin, rezervni častnik in zdravnik 1. srbske borec dobrovoljske divizije, udeleženec bojev v Dobrudži jeseni LEŠČAK Vinko, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega 1916 bataljona stotnika Pivka MEZEK Franc, solunski borec v 3. četi 1. bataljona 3. polka LEVEC Ignacij, narednik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega Moravske divizije, udeleženec boja za Bukovik bataljona stotnika Pivka MIHELJ, dobrovoljec srbske vojske 1914, udeleženec umika LEVIŠNIK Štefan, rezervni častnik srbske vojske 1914, nosilec srbske vojske čez Albanijo, solunski borec v 1. bataljonu 8. Karađorđeve zvezde z meči, iz Podgrada pri Ljubljani polka Donavske divizije LIKAR Franc, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski borec MIKLOŠ Ivan, pripadnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije, ude- LIPAR Blaž, dobrovoljec srbske in črnogorske vojske v bal- leženec bojev v Dobrudži jeseni 1916 kanskih vojnah, padel oktobra 1915 na Doberdobu kot MIKUŠ Drago, rezervni stotnik 2. razreda – četni poveljnik 1. avstro-ogrski vojak srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi, najbolj prilju- LIPOVEC Anton, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega bljen slovenski častnik, padel avgusta 1916 bataljona stotnika Pivka MISELJ Vladimir, dobrovoljec srbske vojske 1914, udeleženec LOGAR Jože, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega bata- kolubarske bitke in umika čez Albanijo, solunski borec 1. ljona stotnika Pivka, solunski borec bataljona 8. polka Donavske divizije LOGAR Lovre Blaž, izseljenec – dobrovoljec srbske vojske in MODIC Josip, pripadnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpusa in solunski borec, rojen 1877 v Železnikih, ključavničarski solunski borec, padel oktobra 1918, iz Topol pri Velikih mojster Blokah LOKAR Janko, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski borec MOHAR Franjo, pripadnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 LOVRENČIČ Stanko, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobro- v Odesi, padel avgusta 1916 v Dobrudži voljskega bataljona stotnika Pivka, iz Velike Loke pri MOLE Vojislav, ujetnik v Taškentu, dobrovoljec Jugoslovan- Trebnjem skega polka Matije Gubca v Tomsku v Sibiriji LOVRIČ Lujo, rezervni častnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije MORIC Blaža Josip, izseljenec in solunski borec, rojen 1897 v 1916 v Odesi, ranjen – slep, predsednik organizacije slo- Martinjaku pri Cerknici venskih dobrovoljcev MOŽE Alojzij, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega LOVRIČ dr. Tone, rezervni častnik in zdravnik Srbskega do- bataljona stotnika Pivka brovoljskega korpusa 1917 v Rusiji MRAVLJE Milan, februarja 1916 na soški fronti prestopil k LOVŠIN dr. Tone, zdravnik, rez. častnik Jugoslovanskega Italijanom kot dobrovoljec, zaprli in šele 1918 poslali v polka Matije Gubca v Tomsku v Sibiriji Nocere Umbre, solunski borec, poslanec LOŽAR Franjo, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega MRVAR, rezervni častnik Jugoslovanskega polka Matije Gub- bataljona stotnika Pivka ca v Tomsku v Sibiriji LUKAČIČ Avgust, dobrovoljec Jugoslovanskega polka Matije MRZLJAK Valentin, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljske- Gubca v Tomsku v Sibiriji ga bataljona stotnika Pivka LULIK, rezervni častnik Jugoslovanskega polka Matije Gubca MUSEC Matej, pripadnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Tomsku v Sibiriji v Odesi, bolgarski ujetnik, v avstrijskem zaporu v Beogra- LUŠIN Anton, dobrovoljec srbske vojske 1914, udeleženec du, iz Logatca kolubarske bitke in umika srbske vojske čez Albanijo, so- NEFFAT Anton, rezervni častnik Jugoslovanskega polka Mati- lunski borec, rojen 1889 na Hribu pri Loškem Potoku, po je Gubca v Tomsku v Sibiriji vojni živel v Ljubljani, lesni trgovec in senzal (posrednik) NOSAN Franjo, kaplar Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega bata- ljubljanske borze ljona stotnika Pivka MACAROL Franjo, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega NOVAK, rezervni poročnik, poveljnik inž. oddelka Jugoslo- bataljona stotnika Pivka vanskega dobrovoljskega polka Matije Gubca v Tomsku v MAJCEN, pripadnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije septembra Sibiriji 1916 v Odesi OGOREVEC Ivan, pripadnik dopolnilnega bataljona 1. srbske MAJER Jakob, pripadnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 dobrovoljske divizije junija 1917 v Odesi v Odesi, padel 1916 v Dobrudži OMAHEN Venceslav, podnarednik Jugoslovanskega dobro- MAKŠE Anton, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega voljskega bataljona stotnika Pivka bataljona stotnika Pivka ORAŽEN dr. Ivan, zdravnik in rezervni častnik, dobrovoljec MALGAJ Franc, rezervni podporočnik, pribočnik poveljnika srbske vojske 1912 (med prvimi), iz Maribora, sokol letalske eskadrilje, nosilec Karađorđeve zvezde z meči OREL Lipe, preporodovec, pripadnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske MALJAN Tomo, rezervni častnik 1. polka 1. brigade 1. srbske divizije septembra 1917 v Odesi dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi OROŽEN Janko, rezervni častnik, solunski borec 1. bataljona MANOŠ Anton, kaplar Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega bata- 8. polka Donavske divizije, profesor ljona stotnika Pivka OSANA, pripadnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpusa 1918 (na MARANGON Albin, podnarednik Jugoslovanskega dobrovolj- Kavkazu) skega bataljona stotnika Pivka PAHOR Josip, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega MARTELANC, solunski borec bataljona stotnika Pivka MARUŠIČ dr. Drago, zdravnik in rezervni častnik srbske PAJK Božidar, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega vojske 1914, udeleženec umika srbske vojske čez Albanijo, bataljona stotnika Pivka, iz Gorice solunski borec PAKIŽ Silvo, italijanski ujetnik in zapornik, od 1918 solunski MASTNAK dr. Lavoslav, preporodovec, rezervni častnik in borec, sokol zdravnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije septembra 1917 v PAPEŽ Jožef, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega bata- Odesi ljona stotnika Pivka MERLAK Viktor, dobrovoljec srbske vojske 1875, zaradi izje- PATERNOST Metod, dobrovoljec Jugoslovanskega polka Mati- mnega poguma v bojih ob Drini odlikovan z Karađorđevo je Gubca v Tomsku v Sibiriji 12 • P r i l o g a – A b ecedni seznam identificiranih slovenskih dobrovoljcev v srbski vojski 1912–1918

LAHARNAR Ivan, Sub-Sergeant in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division Ljubljana stock exchange broker. in 1916 in Odessa, Thessaloniki fighter in the 4th Company, 2nd MACAROL Franjo, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Battalion, 3rd Regiment of the Morava Division, participant of Volunteer Battalion the Battle for Bukovik, school manager. MAJCEN, member of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in September LAPAJNE Franc, member of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division, 1916 in Odessa. soldier in Dobrudja in 1916. MAJER Jakob, member of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 LAPAJNE Srečko, reserve officer in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Divisi- in Odessa, died in 1916 in Dobrudja. on in 1916 in Odessa. MAKŠE Anton, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer LAPAJNE Dr. Stank, reserve officer in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Battalion Division in 1917 in Odessa, lawyer. MALGAJ Franc, reserve Second Lieutenant, adjudant to the Com- LAVRENČIČ Stanko, reserve officer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloni- mander of the Aviation Squadroon, recipient of the Karađorđe’s ki fighter, from Postojna. Star with Swords. LAVRIČ Ivan, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter. MALJAN Tomo, reserve officer in the 1st Regiment, 1st Brigade of the LAVRIČ Mihaila Franjo, expatriate and a Thessaloniki fighter, born 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 in Odessa. in 1891 in Šmihel near Novo mesto, merchant. MANOŠ Anton, Corporal in the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volun- LAVRIČ Dr. Tone, doctor and a reserve officer, one of the first reserve teer Battalion. volunteers in the Serbian Army in 1912. MARANGON Albin, Sub-Sergeant in the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian LAVRIN Dr. Janko, doctor and a reserve officer in the Serbian Army Volunteer Battalion. in 1915 and the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 in Odes- MARTELANC, Thessaloniki fighter. sa, Thessaloniki fighter. MARUŠIČ Dr. Drago, doctor and a reserve officer in the Serbian LEDENIČAR Franjo, Corporal in the Captain Pivko’s Volunteer Battalion. Army in 1914, participant of the retreat of the Serbian Army LENARD Rado, Sub-Sergeant in the Volunteer Corps in 1917 in across Albania, Thessaloniki fighter. Rusia, Thessaloniki fighter in the 1st Battalion, 8th Regiment of MASTNAK Dr. Lavoslav, member of the Preporod Movement, reserve the Danube Division, merchant. officer and a doctor in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in LES Alojzij, Sub-Sergeant in the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volun- September 1917 in Odessa. teer Battalion. MERLAK Viktor, volunteer in the Serbian Army in 1875, awarded LESKOVEC Anton, member of the Serbian Volunteer Corps in 1917 the Karađorđe’s Star with Swords for courage beyond the call of in Russia. duty in the Battles of Drina, from Ljubljana. LESKOVEC Tone, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter. MERŠOL Dr. Valentin, reserve officer and a doctor in the 1st Serbian LEŠČAK Vinko, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer Volunteer Division, participant of the Dobrudja Battles in the Battalion. autumn of 1916. LEVEC Ignacij, Sergeant in the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunte- MEZEK Franc, Thessaloniki fighter in the 3rd Company, 1st Batta- er Battalion. lion, 3rd Regiment of the Morava Division, participant of the LEVIŠNIK Štefan, reserve officer in the Serbian Army in 1914, reci- Battle for Bukovik. pient of the Karađorđe’s Star with Swords, from Podgrad near MIHELJ, volunteer in the Serbian Army in 1914, participant of the Ljubljana. retreat of the Serbian Army Across Albania, Thessaloniki fighter LIKAR Franc, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter. in the 1st Battalion, 8th Regiment of the Danube Division. LIPAR Blaž, volunteer in the Serbian and the Montenegrin Armies MIKLOŠ Ivan, member of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division, partici- in the Balkan Wars, died in October 1915 in Doberdob as an pant of the Dobrudja Battles in the autumn of 1916. Austro-Hungarian soldier. MIKUŠ Drago, reserve Captain, 2nd Class, Company Commander in LIPOVEC Anton, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volun- the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 in Odessa, the most teer Battalion. popular Slovenian officer, died in August 1916. LOGAR Jože, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer MISELJ Vladimir, volunteer in the Serbian Army in 1914, participant Battalion, Thessaloniki fighter. of the Battle of Kolubara and the retreat across Albania, Thes- LOGAR Lovre Blaž, expatriate, a volunteer in the Serbian Volunteer saloniki fighter of the 1st battalion, 8th regiment of the Danube Army and a Thessaloniki fighter, born in 1877 in Železniki near Division. Škofja Loka, locksmith. MODIC Josip, member of the Serbian Volunteer Corps and a Thes- LOKAR Janko, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter. saloniki fighter, died in October 1918, from Topol near Velike LOVRENČIČ Stanko, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Bloke. Volunteer Battalion, from Velika Loka near Trebnje. MOHAR Franjo, member of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in LOVRIČ Lujo, reserve officer in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 in Odessa, died in August 1916 in Dobrudža. 1916 in Odessa, wounded – lost his sight, member of the Organi- MOLE Vojislav, prisoner in Tashkent, volunteer in the Matija Gubec sation of Slovenian Volunteers. Yugoslavian Regiment in Tomsk, Siberia. LOVRIČ Dr. Tone, reserve officer and a doctor in the Serbian Volunte- MORIC Blaža Josip, expatriate and a Thessaloniki fighter, born in er Corps in 1917 in Russia. 1897 in Martinjak near Cerknica. LOVŠIN Dr. Tone, doctor, reserve officer in the Matija Gubec Yugosla- MOŽE Alojzij, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer vian Regiment in Tomsk, Siberia. Battalion. LOŽAR Franjo, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer MRAVLJE Milan, in February 1916 joined the Italians at the Isonzo Battalion. Front as a volunteer, emprisoned and in 1918 sent to Nocera LUKAČIČ Avgust, volunteer in the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian Volun- Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter, Member of Parliament. teer Regiment in Tomsk, Siberia. MRVAR, reserve officer in the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian Battalion in LULIK, reserve officer in the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian Regiment in Tomsk, Siberia. Tomsk, Siberia. MRZLJAK Valentin, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian LUŠIN Anton, volunteer in the Serbian Army in 1914, participant Volunteer Battalion. of the Battle of Kolubara and of the retreat of the Serbian Army MUSEC Matej, member of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 Across Albania, Thessaloniki fighter, born in 1889 on Hrib near in Odessa, Bulgarian prisoner, in Austrian prison in Belgrade, Loški potok, lived in Ljubljana after war, wood merchant and a from Logatec. Identified Slovenian volunteers (in alphabetical order) in the Serbian Army, 1912-1918 - Attachmen t • 13

PAULIN Rajko, rezervni častnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpusa, ustanovil gibanje »Nanos« v Odesi 1917 korpusa, bančni uradnik iz Ljubljane POBERAJ Valentin, pripadnik dopolnilnega bataljona 1. srb- PAVČIČ Franjo, kaplar Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega bata- ske dobrovoljske divizije 1917 v Odesi ljona stotnika Pivka PODGORNIK Albin, kaplar 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije PAVLICA Anton, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega sept. 1916 v Odesi bataljona stotnika Pivka PODGORŠEK Peter, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljske- PAVLIČ Alojz, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski borec ga bataljona stotnika Pivka PAVLIN Maks, dobrovoljec 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 POGAČAR Franje Josip, izseljenec – solunski borec, rojen v Odesi, solunski borec, sokol, preporodovec, gozdar 1894 v Hruševju pri Ljubljani, zidar PAVLIN Rajko, rezervni častnik – solunski borec v Jugoslo- POGAČNIK Alojz, solunski borec v 3. četi 1. bataljona 3. vanski diviziji, iz Ljubljane polka Moravske divizije PEČAN, pripadnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpusa, ostal v POGAČNIK Bogdan, rezervni častnik dobrovoljec Jugoslo- Sibiriji vanskega polka Matije Gubca v Tomsku v Sibiriji, bančni PEHARC Jože, solunski borec 1918 uradnik PEKAREK Anton, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega POGORELEC, solunski borec v 1. bataljonu 8. polka Donavske bataljona stotnika Pivka divizije PEKLE dr. Gašper, rezervni častnik srbske vojske 1912 (med POKLUKAR Ciril, rezervni stotnik 1. razreda Srbskega dobro- prvimi dobrovoljci), odvetnik in član redakcije časopisa voljskega korupusa 1917, okrajni načelnik Slovenski jug, iz Ljubljane POLJAK Janez, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski borec PELAN Stanko, rezervni častnik 2. srbske dobrovoljske divi- POLJAK Janko, rezervni poročnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovolj- zije jeseni 1917 v Odesi, solunski borec v 1. bataljonu 8. skega bataljona stotnika Pivka, zasebni uradnik polka Donavske divizije POLJŠAK, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski borec PER Franjo, podčastnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije septem- PORAJKO Ivan, rezervni podporočnik dopolnilnega bataljona bra 1916 v Odesi 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi PERHAVEC Jakob, pripadnik dopolnilnega bataljona 1. srbske PORENTA Tone, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski dobrovoljske divizije 1917 v Odesi borec PERIC dr. Ljudevit, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski POTOČNIK Boris, narednik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije borec 1916 v Odesi, padel 1916 v Dobrudži PERIČ Franjo, pripadnik 2. srbske dobrovoljske divizije jeseni POVŠIČ Josip, rezervni častnik 1. srbske dobrovovljske divizi- 1917 v Odesi je 1916 v Odesi, ranjen – ubit septembra 1916 v Dobrudži PERKO Nace, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski borec POŽARNIK Lenard, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljske- PERŠE Vlado, preporodovec, pripadnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske ga bataljona stotnika Pivka divizije septembra 1917 v Odesi. PRELOVEC Hinko, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski PERTOVT Ivan, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega borec bataljona stotnika Pivka PRELOVEC Zorko, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski PETELIN Franc, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega borec bataljona stotnika Pivka PREMROV dr. Ivan, zdravnik in rezervni častnik, med prvimi PETERLE Josip, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega dobrovoljci srbske vojske 1912 bataljona stotnika Pivka PREVEC Franje Ivan, izseljenec – solunski borec, rojen 1883 v PETERNEL Ciril, rezervni častnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divi- Ložu pri Cerknici, trgovec zije, padel med boji v Dobrudži jeseni 1916, profesor PREZELJ Joško, dobrovoljec Jugoslovanskega polka Matije PETERNEL Franjo, preporodovec, rezervni častnik 1. srbske Gubca v Tomsku v Sibiriji dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi, tovarniški ravnatelj PREZELJ Jože, rezervni častnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divi- PETRIČ Jože, rezervni nadporočnik, poveljnik čete, dobrovo- zije, udeleženec bojev v Dobrudži jeseni 1916, pribočnik ljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski borec, uradnik Kreditne poveljnika 1. polka majorja Luke Sertića banke v Ljubljani PRIMC Janez, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega PINTER Ivan, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega bataljona stotnika Pivka bataljona stotnika Pivka PRINČIČ Edvard, rezervni podporočnik 2. srbske dobrovoljske PIŠKUR Karel, pripadnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpusa divizije jeseni 1917 v Odesi, solunski borec v 1. bataljonu in solunski borec, padel jeseni 1918 po preboju solunski 8. polka Donavske divizije, koroški borec v 45. polku, fronte, iz Ivančne Gorice pri Stični učitelj PIVK Polde, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski borec PROKEŠ Edvard, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega PIVKO dr. Ljudevit, rezervni stotnik in poveljnik Jugoslovan- bataljona stotnika Pivka skega dobrovoljskega batajona v Italiji 1918, rojen 1880 v PUCELJ Leopolda Mike, izseljenec – solunski borec, rojen Markovcu pri Ptuju, rezervni častnik avstro-ogrske vojske 1894 v Sodražici, delavec (nadporočnik), profesor slavistike in germanistike, sokol, PUNTAR Jakob, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega narodni delavec, politik – poslanec in pisatelj, umrl 1937 bataljona stotnika Pivka v Mariboru RADE Anton, solunski borec v 3. četi 1. bataljona 3. polka PLEVELJ Alojzij, rezervni podporočnik, pripadnik Jugoslo- Moravske divizije vanskega dobrovoljskega bataljona stotnika Pivka, iz RADEŠČEK, dobrovoljec srbske vojske 1914, udeleženec umi- Radomelj pri Kamniku ka srbske vojske čez Albanijo, solunski borec PLHANK Hugo, rezervni podporočnik, pripadnik Jugoslovan- RADOJČIČ Nikole Ðorđe, izseljenec – dobrovoljec srbske voj- skega dobrovoljskega bataljona stotnika Pivka, s Sladke ske in solunski borec, rojen 1885 v Bojancih pri Črnomlju, Gore pri Celju kmet PLESS, poročnik, pribočnik poveljnika, dobrovoljec Jugoslo- RAKUŠČEK Vinko, pripadnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije vanskega polka Matije Gubca v Tomsku v Sibiriji septembra 1916 v Odesi PLUT Milan, rezervni poročnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega RAUBAR, preporodovec, pripadnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske 14 • P r i l o g a – A b ecedni seznam identificiranih slovenskih dobrovoljcev v srbski vojski 1912–1918

NEFFAT Anton, reserve officer in the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian PETERLE Josip, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunte- Battalion in Tomsk, Siberia. er Battalion. NOSAN Franjo, Corporal in the Captain Pivko’s Volunteer Battalion. PETERNEL Ciril, reserve officer in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Divisi- NOVAK, Reserve Lieutenant, Commander of the engineer detachment on, died during the Battle of Dobrudja in fall 1916, professor. of the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian Volunteer Regiment in Tomsk, PETERNEL Franjo, member of the Preporod Movement, reserve Siberia. officer in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 in Odessa, OGOREVEC Ivan, member of the Additional Battalion of the 1st factory director. Serbian Volunteer Division in June 1917 in Odessa. PETRIČ Jože, reserve First Lieutenant, Company Commander, vo- OMAHEN Venceslav, Sub-Sergeant in the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavi- lunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter, official in the an Volunteer Battalion. Kreditna banka bank in Ljubljana. ORAŽEN Dr. Ivan, doctor and a reserve officer, volunteer in the Ser- PINTER Ivan, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer bian Army in 1912 (one of the first volunteers), from Maribor, Battalion. member of the Sokol Organisation. PIŠKUR Karel, member of the Serbian Volunteer Corps and a Thessa- OREL Lipe, member of the Preporod Movement, member of the 1st loniki fighter, died in the autumn of 1918 after the breakthrough Serbian Volunteer Division in September 1917 in Odessa. of the Macedonian Front, from Ivančna Gorica near Stična. OROŽEN Janko, reserve officer, Thessaloniki fighter in the 1st Batta- PIVK Polde, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter. lion, 8th Regiment of the Danube Division, professor. PIVKO Dr. Ljudevit, reserve Captain and a commander in the OSANA, member of the Serbian Volunteer Corps in 1918 (on Yugosalvian Volunteer Battalion in Italy in 1918, born in 1880 Caucasus). in Markovec near Ptuj, reserve officer of the Austro-Hungari- PAHOR Josip, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer an Army (First Lieutenant), professor of Slavic and Germanic Battalion. studies, national worker, politician – Member of Parliament and PAJK Božidar, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer a writer, died in 1937 in Maribor. Battalion, from Gorica. PLEVELJ Alojzij, reserve Second Lieutenant, member of the Captain PAKIŽ Silvo, Italian prisoner, Thessaloniki fighter from 1918, mem- Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer Battalion, from Radomlje near ber of the Sokol Organisation. Kamnik. PAPEŽ Jožef, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer PLHANK Hugo, reserve Second Lieutenant, member of the Captain Battalion. Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer Battalion, from Sladka Gora near PATERNOST Metod, volunteer in the Matija Gubec Yugolsavian Celje. Regiment in Tomsk, Siberia. PLESS, Lieutenant, adjudant to the Commander, volunteer in PAULIN Rajko, reserve officer in the Serbian Volunteer Corps, bank the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian Volunteer Regiment in Tomsk, official from Ljubljana. Siberia. PAVČIČ Franjo, Corporal in the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volun- PLUT Milan, reserve Lieutenant in the Serbian Volunteer Corps, teer Battalion. founded the “Nanos” movement in Odessa 1917. PAVLICA Anton, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volun- POBERAJ Valentin, member of the Volunteer Battalion of the 1st teer Battalion. Serbian volunteer Division in 1917 in Odessa. PAVLIČ Alojz, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter. PODGORNIK Albin, Corporal in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division PAVLIN Maks, volunteer in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in in September 1916 in Odessa. 1916 in Odessa, Thessaloniki fighter, member of the Sokol Orga- PODGORŠEK Peter, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian nisation, member of Preporod Movement, forester. Volunteer Battalion. PAVLIN Rajko, reserve officer, Thessaloniki fighter in the Yugoslavi- POGAČAR Franje Josip, expatriate and a Thessaloniki fighter, born an Division, from Ljubljana. in 1894 in Hruševje- Ljubljani, mason. PEČAN, member of the Serbian Volunteer Corps, stayed in Siberia. POGAČNIK Alojz, Thessaloniki fighter in the 3rd Company, 1st Bat- PEHARC Jože, Thessaloniki fighter in 1918. talion, 3rd Regiment of the Morava Division. PEKAREK Anton, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volun- POGAČNIK Bogdan, reserve officer in the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian teer Battalion. Regiment in Tomsk, Siberia, bank official. PEKLE Dr. Gašper, reserve doctor and a reserve officer of the Serbian POGORELEC, Thessaloniki fighter in the 1st Battalion, 8th Regiment Army in 1912 (one of the first volunteers), lawyer and a member of the Danube Division. of the Slovenski Jug (Slovenian South) newspaper editorial POKLUKAR Ciril, reserve Captain, 1st Class, in the Serbian Volunte- board, from Ljubljana. er Corps in 1917, head of a district. PELAN Stanko, reserve officer in the 2nd Serbian Volunteer Division POLJAK Janez, volunteer from Nocera Umbra – Thessaloniki fighter. in the autumn of 1917 in Odessa, Thessaloniki fighter in the 1st POLJAK Janko, reserve Lieutenant in the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavi- Battalion, 8th Regiment of the Danube Division. an Volunteer Battalion, private clerk. PER Franjo, non-commissioned officer in the 1st Serbian Volunteer POLJŠAK, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter. Division in September 1916 in Odessa. PORAJKO Ivan, reserve Second Lieutenant in the Additional Battali- PERHAVEC Jakob, member of the Additional Battalion of the 1st on of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 in Odessa. Serbian Volunteer Division in 1917 in Odessa. PORENTA Tone, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter. PERIC Dr. Ljudevit, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki POTOČNIK Boris, Sergeant in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in fighter. 1916 in Odessa, died in 1916 in Dobrudža. PERIČ Franjo, member of the 2nd Serbian Volunteer Division in the POVŠIČ Josip, reserve officer in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in autumn of 1917 in Odessa. 1916 in Odessa, wounded and later killed in September 1916 in PERKO Nace, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter. Dobrudja. PERŠE Vlado, member of the Preporod Movement, member of the 1st POŽARNIK Lenard, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Serbian Volunteer Division in September 1917 in Odessa. Volunteer Battalion. PERTOVT Ivan, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunte- PRELOVEC Hinko, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki er Battalion. fighter. PETELIN Franc, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunte- PRELOVEC Zorko, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki er Battalion. fighter. Identified Slovenian volunteers (in alphabetical order) in the Serbian Army, 1912-1918 - Attachmen t • 15

divizije septembra 1917 v Odesi divizije, koroški borec v 45. polku, gozdar RAVNIK dr. Joža (Zotlarjev) iz Bohinjske Bistrice, rezervni SMOLE Izidor, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega častnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi, solun- bataljona stotnika Pivka ski borec in tajnik Jugoslovanskega odbora v Rimu SMREKAR, dobrovoljec srbske vojske 1914, udeleženec (z REBULA Ivan, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega družino) umika srbske vojske čez Albanijo bataljona stotnika Pivka SMRTNIK Anton, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega REJEC Anton, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega bataljona stotnika Pivka bataljona stotnika Pivka SOBAN Jože, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega bata- RIBIČ Ivana Vekoslav, izseljenec – dobrovoljec srbske vojske in ljona stotnika Pivka, iz Novega mesta solunski borec, rojen 1896 v Domžalah pri Ljubljani, dijak SOKLIČ Rudolf, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski borec trgovske šole SOLBERGER Adolf, pripadnik 2. srbske dobrovoljske divizije RIGO Peter, izseljenec - dobrovoljec srbske vojske in solunski jeseni 1917 v Odesi borec, iz Trsta SORBAN Valentin, solunski borec v 3. četi 1. bataljona 3. RIMEL, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski borec polka Moravske divizije RINALDO Ivan, vojak – solunski borec v 1. bataljonu 8. polka SORČAN Ernest, rezervni častnik – četni poveljnik 1. srbske Donavske divizije dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi, pridružil se je enotam RISMAL Melhior, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski Rdeče armade in padel v Sibiriji borec SOSS Karel, dobrovoljec Jugoslovanskega polka Matije Gubca RODE Anton, pripadnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpusa in v Tomsku v Sibiriji solunski borec, ranjen v bojih za Bukovik SREDEMŠEK, narednik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v ROJNIK Ivan, rezervni častnik, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre Odesi, zaradi izjemnega poguma trikrat odlikovan, ostal – solunski borec v Sibiriji ROLIH Jožefa Franc – Mike, izseljenec – dobrovoljec srbske STANKOVIČ, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski borec vojske in solunski borec, rojen 1889 v Jelšanah pri Ilirski STARC Frančišel, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega Bistrici, trgovski pomočnik bataljona stotnika Pivka ROM Jože, preporodovec, pripadnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske STELE Ivan, solunski borec v 3. četi 1. bataljona 3. polka divizije jeseni 1917 v Odesi Moravske divizije, udeleženec boja za Bukovik, koroški ROM Vinko, pripadnik 2. srbske dobrovoljske divizije jeseni borec v 45. polku 1917 v Odesi STOJC dr. Josip, zdravnik, med prvimi prostovoljci črnogor- ROMIH Anton, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega ske vojske 1912 bataljona stotnika Pivka STRUC Jožef, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega ROTH, nadporočnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v bataljona stotnika Pivka Odesi SVETE Franjo, izseljenec – solunski borec, rojen 1893 v Pro- ROZMAN Josip, dobrovoljec Jugoslovanskega polka Matije šcah pri Ljubljani, delavec Gubca v Tomsku v Sibiriji SVETLIČIČ Vladimir, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski ROŽAJ Rado, dobrovoljec srbske vojske 1915 in solunski borec borec 1916, padel septembra 1916 na Kajmakčalanu ŠABEC E. dr. Fran, zdravnik, med prvimi dobrovoljci srbske ROŽMAN Josip, rezervni častnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizi- vojske 1912, z Vrhnike je, udeleženec bojev v Dobrudži 1916 ŠAJN Edvard, narednik Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpusa in RUS dr. Mauricij, zdravnik in rezervni častnik, med prvimi solunski borec, padel oktobra 1918 po preboju solunske dobrovoljci srbske vojske 1912 fronte RUSTJA, pripadnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpusa 1918 (na ŠAŠELJ Gregor, pripadnik dopolnilnega bataljona 1. srbske Kavkazu) dobrovoljske divizije junija 1917 v Odesi SAMEC Leopold, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega ŠAVLI Franjo, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega bataljona stotnika Pivka bataljona stotnika Pivka SAMEC Matevža Josip, izseljenec – dobrovoljec srbske vojske ŠČUKA Cvetko, pripadnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije jese- in solunski borec, rojen 1888 v Bruhanji vasi pri Grosu- ni 1916 v Odesi, ranjen plju, mesar ŠENK, rezervni častnik Jugoslovanskega polka Matije Gubca SARDOČ Adam, dobrovoljec srbske vojske 1914, udeleženec v Tomsku v Sibiriji umika srbske vojske čez Albanijo, šolski upravitelj ŠEST Fran, rezervni poročnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije SCHWEIGER, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski borec 1916 v Odesi, padel avgusta 1916 pod Dobričem SEDLAK Jože, rezervni častnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije ŠIFLER Andrej, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega 1916 v Odesi, solunski borec Jugoslovanske divizije, iz bataljona stotnika Pivka Ljubljane ŠIFRER, solunski borec, puškar, iz Ljubljane, izbran za kralje- SELIR Vinko, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega vo gardo bataljona stotnika Pivka ŠIRCELJ Jože, stotnik – poveljnik Jugoslovanskega polka SERDINŠEK Anton, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljske- Matije Gubca v Tomsku v Sibiriji (Evakuacijskega odreda ga bataljona stotnika Pivka Srbov, Hrvatov in Slovencev) SEVNIK, pripadnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v ŠKOF Franc, pripadnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi Odesi, padel avgusta 1916 v Dobrudži SFILIGOJ Vilko, podnarednik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljske- ŠKRABAR Avgust, rezervni podporočnik 1. srbske dobrovolj- ga bataljona stotnika Pivka ske divizije, nosilec Karađorđeve zvezde z meči 4. stopnje, SIRC Vinko, solunski borec iz Maribora SIVC Franc, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega bata- ŠLAJMER prof. dr. Edo, zdravnik in rezervni častnik, dobro- ljona stotnika Pivka voljec srbske vojske 1912, primarij SKVARČA Ivan, pripadnik 2. srbske dobrovoljske divizije, ŠLAJMER ing. Fedor, rezervni častnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske solunski borec v 3. četi 1. bataljona 3. polka Moravske divizije 1916 v Odesi 16 • P r i l o g a – A b ecedni seznam identificiranih slovenskih dobrovoljcev v srbski vojski 1912–1918

PREMROV Dr. Ivan, doctor and a reserve officer, one of the first ROZMAN Josip, volunteer in the Matija Gubec Yugolsavian Regiment volunteers in the Serbian Army in 1912. in Tomsk, Siberia. PREVEC Franje Ivan, expatriate, Thessaloniki fighter, born in 1883 ROŽAJ Rado, volunteer in the Serbian Army in 1915 and a Thessalo- in Lož near Cerknica, merchant. niki fighter in 1916, died in September 1916 on the Kajmakcalan PREZELJ Joško, volunteer in the Matija Gubec Yugolsavian Regiment Mountain. in Tomsk, Siberia. ROŽMAN Josip, reserve officer in the 1st Serbian of the Volunteer PREZELJ Jože, reserve officer in the 1st Serbian of the Volunteer Division, participant of the Dobrudja Battles in 1916. Division, participant of the Dobrudja Battles in the autumn of RUS Dr. Mauricij, doctor and a reserve officer, one of the first volun- 1916, adjudant to the Commander of the 1st Regiment of Major teers in the Serbian Army in 1912. Luka Sertić. RUSTJA, member of the Serbian Volunteer Corps in 1918 (on PRIMC Janez, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer Caucasus). Battalion. SAMEC Leopold, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volun- PRINČIČ Edvard, reserve Second Officer in the 2nd Serbian Volunteer teer Battalion. Division in the autumn of 1917 in Odessa, Thessaloniki fighter SAMEC Matevža Josip, expatriate, volunteer in the Serbian Volun- in the 1st Battalion, 8th Regiment of the Danube Division, Ca- teer Army and a Thessaloniki fighter, born in 1888 in Bruhanja rinthian fighter in the 45th Regiment, teacher. vas near Grosuplje, butcher. PROKEŠ Edvard, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volun- SARDOČ Adam, volunteer in the Serbian Army in 1914, partici- teer Battalion. pant of the retreat of the Serbian Army Across Albania, school PUCELJ Leopolda Mike, expatriate and a Thessaloniki fighter, born manager. in 1894 in Sodražica, worker. SCHWEIGER, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter. PUNTAR Jakob, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunte- SEDLAK Jože, reserve officer in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in er Battalion. 1916 in Odessa, Thessaloniki fighter of the Yugoslavian Division, RADE Anton, Thessaloniki fighter in the 3rd Company, 1st Battalion, from Ljubljana. 3rd Regiment of Morava Division. SELIR Vinko, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer RADEŠČEK, volunteer in the Serbian Army in 1914, participant of Battalion. the retreat of the Serbian Army Across Albania, Thessaloniki SERDINŠEK Anton, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian fighter. Volunteer Battalion. RADOJČIČ Nikole Ðorđe, expatriate, a volunteer in the Serbian Vo- SEVNIK, member of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 in lunteer Army and a Thessaloniki fighter, born in 1885 in Bojanci Odessa. near Črnomelj, farmer. SFILIGOJ Vilko, Sub-Sergeant in the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian RAKUŠČEK Vinko, member of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in Volunteer Battalion. September 1916 in Odessa. SIRC Vinko, Thessaloniki fighter. RAUBAR, member of the Preporod Movement and 1st Serbian Vo- SIVC Franc, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer lunteer Division in September 1917 in Odessa. Battalion. RAVNIK Dr. Joža (house name Zotlar) from Bohinjska Bistrica, SKVARČA Ivan, member of the 2nd Serbian Volunteer Division, Thes- reserve officer in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 in saloniki fighter in the 3rd Company, 1st Battalion, 3rd Regiment Odessa, Thessaloniki fighter and a secretary of the Yugoslavian of the Morava Division, Carinthian fighter in the 45th Regiment, Division in Rome. forester. REBULA Ivan, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer SMOLE Izidor, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer Battalion. Battalion. REJEC Anton, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer SMREKAR, volunteer in the Serbian Army in 1914, participant (with Battalion. family) of the retreat of the Serbian Army across Albania. RIBIČ Ivana Vekoslav, expatriate, a volunteer in the Serbian Volun- SMRTNIK Anton, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volun- teer Army and a Thessaloniki fighter, born in 1896 in Domžale teer Battalion. near Ljubljana, high school student of a commercial school. SOBAN Jože, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer RIGO Peter, expatriate, volunteer in the Serbian Army and a Thessa- Battalion, from Novo mesto. loniki fighter, from Trieste. SOKLIČ Rudolf, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter. RIMEL, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter. SOLBERGER Adolf, member of the 2nd Serbian Volunteer Division in RINALDO Ivan, soldier, Thessaloniki fighter in the 1st Battalion, 8th the autumn of 1917 in Odessa. Regiment of the Danube Division. SORBAN Valentin, Thessaloniki fighter in the 3rd Company, 1st RISMAL Melhior, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki Battalion, 3rd Regiment of the Morava Division. fighter. SORČAN Ernest, reserve officer, Company Commander in the 1st RODE Anton, member of the Serbian Volunteer Corps and a Thessa- Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 in Odessa, joined to the Red loniki fighter, wounded in the Bukovik Battle. Army units and died in Siberia. ROJNIK Ivan, reserve officer, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessa- SOSS Karel, volunteer in the Matija Gubec Yugolsavian Regiment in loniki fighter. Tomsk, Siberia. ROLIH Jožefa Franc - Mike, expatriate, volunteer in the Serbian SREDEMŠEK, Sergeant in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 Army and a Thessaloniki fighter, born in 1889 in Jelšane near in Odessa, awarded three times for courage beyond the call of Ilirska Bistrica, merchant assistant. duty, stayed in Siberia. ROM Jože, member of the Preporod Movement, member of the 1st STANKOVIČ, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter. Serbian Volunteer Division in fall in 1917 in Odessa. STARC Frančišel, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volun- ROM Vinko, member of the 2nd Serbian Volunteer Division in fall teer Battalion. 1917 in Odessa. STELE Ivan, Thessaloniki fighter in the 3rd Company, 1st Battalion, ROMIH Anton, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer 3rd Regiment of Morava Division, participant of the Battle for Battalion. Bukovik, Carinthian fighter in the 45th Regiment. ROTH, First Lieutenant in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 STOJC Dr. Josip, doctor, one of the first volunteers in the Montene- in Odessa. grin Army in 1912. Identified Slovenian volunteers (in alphabetical order) in the Serbian Army, 1912-1918 - Attachmen t • 17

ŠLANDER Jožef, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski borec TURK dr. Ernest, rezervni častnik, solunski borec v 1. bataljo- ŠLIBAR Martin, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski borec nu 8. polka Donavske divizije, koroški borec v 45. polku, ŠMID Jože, dobrovoljec Jugoslovanskega polka Matije Gubca profesor v Tomsku v Sibiriji TURK Franc, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski borec ŠORLI Tomo, dobrovoljec srbske vojske 1914, udeleženec TURK Karel, dobrovoljec Jugoslovanskega polka Matije Gubca umika srbske vojske čez Albanijo v Tomsku v Sibiriji ŠORN Stanko, dobrovoljec – četnik srbske vojske 1914, solun- UKMAR Drago, rezervni častnik, solunski borec v 1. bataljo- ski borec, padel septembra 1916 na Kajmakčalanu, učitelj nu 8. polka Donavske divizije, koroški borec v 45. polku, ŠPANGER Alojz, pripadnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije, konzularni uradnik na Reki udeleženec bojev v Dobrudži jeseni 1916 URBANČIČ ing. Josip, rezervni poročnik – četni poveljnik 1. ŠPORN Vilko, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski borec, srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi, padel 1916 v umrl jeseni 1918 v Solunu Dobrudži ŠREMS Edvard, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski borec URBIČ Drago, rezervni podporočnik, poveljnik voda – solun- ŠTEFANČIČ dr. Jaka, rezervni častnik, dobrovoljec iz Nocere ski borec v 3. četi 1. bataljona 3. polka Moravske divizije Umbre – solunski borec, odvetnik v Beogradu URŠIČ Adolf, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski borec ŠTEFANČIČ dr. Jakob, rezervni stotnik 2. razreda – četni po- VAGAJA Ludvik, pripadnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije veljnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi, padel 1916 v Odesi jeseni 1916 v Dobrudži VAJKSL Bruno, medicinec, med prvimi dobrovoljci srbske ŠTREKELJ Franc, pripadnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpusa vojske 1912, iz Maribora, sokol in solunski borec, padel septembra 1918 na solunski fronti VALENČIČ Anton, kaplar Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega ŠUŠTAR Jože, solunski borec v 4. četi 2. bataljona 3. polka bataljona stotnika Pivka Moravske divizije, udeleženec boja za Bukovik VALTER Jožef, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega ŠUSTERŠIČ Josip, rezervni podporočnik, pripadnik Jugo- bataljona stotnika Pivka slovanskega dobrovoljskega bataljona stotnika Pivka, iz VELKAVRH Karel, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega Žalca bataljona stotnika Pivka ŠVAJGER Ciril, pripadnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije sep- VELKOVRH Stanko, rezervni častnik 1. polka 1. brigade 1. tembra 1916 v Odesi srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi, solunski in TAJNŠEK dr., zdravnik in rezervni častnik, med prvimi do- koroški borec, zavarovalniški uradnik brovoljci srbske vojske 1912 VELNAR Jože, pripadnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 TAVČAR dr. Josip, zdravnik in rezervni častnik, med prvimi v Odesi dobrovoljci srbske vojske 1912 VIDIC Ignacij, preporodovec, rezervni častnik 1. srbske dobro- TERPINC Karel, kaplar Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega bata- voljske divizije 1916 v Odesi ljona stotnika Pivka VIDMAR Franc, kaplar 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v TIČAR dr. Josip, zdravnik, med prvimi prostovoljci črnogor- Odesi ske vojske 1912 VIDMAR Jože, rezervni častnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije TIKSA Alojz, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega bata- 1916 v Odesi ljona stotnika Pivka VIDMAR Stane, rezervni poročnik, poveljnik čete Jugoslovan- TOLLAZZI Josip, preporodovec, pripadnik 1. srbske dobrovoljskega dobrovoljskega bataljona stotnika Pivka, dobrovo- ske divizije septembra 1917 v Odesi, pevec – zborovodja ljec iz Nocere Umbre, solunski borec, iz Maribora, sokol TOMAN Aleksander, dobrovoljec srbskih upornikov 1875 v VIGELE Ferdo, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski borec Bosni, iz Kamne Gorice, novinar VIRANT Jakoba Martin, izseljenec – solunski borec, rojen TOMŠIČ Albert, solunski borec v 3. čete 1. bataljona 3. polka 1873 na Brezovici, delavec Moravske divizije, udeleženec boja za Bukovik VIZJAK Albert, kaplar Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega bata- TORBICA Ivan, izseljenec – solunski borec, rojen 1895 v Stu- ljona stotnika Pivka denčicah pri Ljubljani, mehanik VIZJAK Franc, rezervni častnik – solunski borec v Jugoslo- TOT Vencelj, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega bata- vanski diviziji, iz Ljubljane ljona stotnika Pivka VOŠTAR Ignacij, rezervni častnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske TRAMPUŠ Ivan, solunski borec v 1. bataljonu 8. polka Dona- divizije 1916 v Odesi vske divizije, padel septembra 1918 v dolini Bele reke VOŠTAR Nace, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski borec, TRAMPUŠ Josip, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega profesor v Mariboru bataljona stotnika Pivka VUKASOVIĆ – STIBILJ Janko, polkovnik srbske vojske, rojen TROHA Franjo, narednik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 1851 v Vrtovini pri Ajdovščini, dobrovoljec srbskih upor- v Odesi, nosilec Karađorđeve zvezde z meči, iz Prezida nikov v Bosni od 1876, od 1877 narednik srbske vojske, TROŠT Franje Josip, izseljenec - solunski borec, rojen 1890 v povišan in večkrat odlikovan, v balkanskih vojni poveljnik Sežani, novinar stana vrhovnega poveljstva in srbskih orožnikov, branilec TRPIN Anton, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski borec Beograda, udeleženec umika čez Albanijo, solunski borec, TRSTENJAK dr. Alojz, rezervni častnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske od 1919 kot polkovnik pomočnik poveljnika Dravske divizije – udeleženec bojev v Dobrudži jeseni 1916, odve- divizije v Ljubljani, upokojen 1921, umrl 1923 v Ljubljani, tnik, policijski predstojnik pokopan v domačem kraju TRŠOVEC Anton, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega VULČ Franjo – Vlado, podnarednik, vodni poveljnik 1. srbske bataljona stotnika Pivka dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi, trgovski pomočnik, TRUSNOVIČ Rudolf, študent medicine, rezervni častnik 1. sokol, z vodom prešel na rusko stran 1915, nosilec zlate srbske dobrovoljske divizije jeseni 1916 v Odesi, udele- medalje za pogum Miloša Obilića, ruske in romunske me- ženec bojev v Dobrudži, ranjen in odlikovan, pozneje dalje za pogum, med prvimi člani KPJ, v Moskvi končal prestopil med belogardejce, ostal v Rusiji do 1934 in po- partijsko in vojaško šolo, v Beogradu vodil protimilita- stal zdravnik. Pozneje se je vrnil v Jugoslavijo in napisal ristično dejavnost KPJ, aretiran in ubit januarja 1926 v knjigo Stara in nova Rusija. Beogradu 18 • P r i l o g a – A b ecedni seznam identificiranih slovenskih dobrovoljcev v srbski vojski 1912–1918

STRUC Jožef, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer in the Serbian Army in 1912. Battalion. TAVČAR Dr. Josip, doctor and a reserve officer, one of the first volun- SVETE Franjo, expatriate and a Thessaloniki fighter, born in 1893 teers in the Serbian Army in 1912. in Prošce near Ljubljana, worker. TERPINC Karel, Corporal in the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volun- SVETLIČIČ Vladimir, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki teer Battalion. fighter. TIČAR Dr. Josip, doctor, one of the first volunteers in the Montene- ŠABEC E. Dr. Fran, doctor, one of the first volunteers in the Serbian grin Army in 1912. Army in 1912, from Vrhnika. TIKSA Alojz, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer ŠAJN Edvard, member of the Serbian Volunteer Corps and a Thessa- Battalion loniki fighter, died in October 1918 after the breakthrough of the TOLLAZZI Josip, member of the Preporod Movement, member of the Macedonian Front. 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in September 1917 in Odessa, ŠAŠELJ Gregor, member of the Volunteer Battalion of the 1st Serbian singer and a choirmaster. Volunteer Division in June 1917 in Odessa. TOMAN Aleksander, volunteer of Serbian rebels in 1875 in Bosnia, ŠAVLI Franjo, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer from Kamna Gorica, journalist. Battalion. TOMŠIČ Albert, Thessaloniki fighter in the 3rd Company, 1st Bat- ŠČUKA Cvetko, member of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in the talion, 3rd Regiment of the Morava Division, participant of the autumn of 1916 in Odessa, wounded. Battle for Bukovik. ŠENK, reserve officer in the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian Regiment in TORBICA Ivan, expatriate and a Thessaloniki fighter, born in 1895 Tomsk, Siberia. in Studenčice near Ljubljana, mechanic. ŠEST Fran, member of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 in TOT Vencelj, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer Odessa, died in August 1916 beneath the Dobrič Hill. Battalion. ŠIFLER Andrej, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer TRAMPUŠ Ivan, Thessaloniki fighter in the 1st Battalion, 8th Battalion. Regiment of the Danube Division, died in September 1918 in the ŠIFRER, Thessaloniki fighter, rifle manufacturer, from Ljubljana, valley of the Bela reka. chosen for the Royal Guard. TRAMPUŠ Josip, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volun- ŠIRCELJ Jože, Captain – Commander of the Matija Gubec Yugoslavi- teer Battalion. an Volunteer Regiment in Tomsk, Siberia (Evacuation deta- TROHA Franjo, Sergeant in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in chment of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians). 1916 in Odessa, recipient of the Karadorde’s Star with Swords, ŠKOF Franc, member of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 in from Prezid. Odessa, died in August 1916 in Dobrudža. TROŠT Franje Josip, expatriate and a Thessaloniki fighter, born in ŠKRABAR Avgust, reserve Second Lieutenant in the 1st Serbian 1890 in Sežana, journalist. Volunteer Division, recipient of the Karađorđe’s Star with Swords TRPIN Anton, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter. 4th class, from Maribor. TRSTENJAK Dr. Alojz, reserve officer in the 1st Serbian Volunteer ŠLAJMER prof. Dr. Edo, doctor and a reserve officer, volunteer in the Division, participant of the Dobrudja Battles in fall 1916, attor- Serbian Army in 1912, senior doctor. ney-at-law, Head of police department. ŠLAJMER ing. Fedor, reserve officer in the 1st Serbian Volunteer TRŠOVEC Anton, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volun- Division in 1916 in Odessa. teer Battalion. ŠLANDER Jožef, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter. TRUSNOVIČ Rudolf, medical student, reserve officer in the 1st ŠLIBAR Martin, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter. Serbian Volunteer Division in the autumn of 1916 in Odessa, ŠMID Jože, volunteer in the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian Volunteer participant of the Dobrudja Battles, wounded and awarded, Regiment in Tomsk, Siberia. afterwards joined the White Guards, stayed in Russia until 1934 ŠORLI Tomo, volunteer in the Serbian Army in 1914, participant of and became a doctor. Later returned to Yugoslavia and wrote a the retreat of the Serbian Army across Albania. book Stara in nova Rusija (The old and the new Russia). ŠORN Stanko, volunteer – chetnik in the Serbian Army in 1914, TURK Dr. Ernest, reserve officer, Thessaloniki fighter in the 1st Bat- Thessaloniki fighter, died in September 1916 on the Kajmakca- talion, 8th Regiment of the Danube Division, Carinthian fighter lan Muntain, teacher. in the 45th Regiment, professor. ŠPANGER Alojz, member of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division, parti- TURK Franc, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter. cipant of the Battles in Dobrudja in the autumn of 1916. TURK Karel, volunteer in the Matija Gubec Yugolsavian Regiment in ŠPORN Vilko, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter, Tomsk, Siberia. died in the autumn of 1918 in Thessaloniki. UKMAR Drago, reserve officer, Thessaloniki fighter in the 1st Batta- ŠREMS Edvard, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter. lion, 8th Regiment of the Danube Division, Carinthian fighter in ŠTEFANČIČ Dr. Jaka, reserve officer, volunteer from Nocera Umbra the 45th Regiment, consulate official in Rijeka. and a Thessaloniki fighter, attorney-at-law in Belgrade. URBANČIČ ing. Josip, reserve Lieutenant – Company Commander ŠTEFANČIČ Dr. Jakob, reserve Captain, 2nd Class, Company Com- of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 in Odessa, died in mander of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 in Odessa, 1916 in Dobrudja. died in fall 1916 in Dobrudja. URBIČ Drago, reserve Second Lieutenant, Platoon Commander, Thes- ŠTREKELJ Franc, member of the Serbian Volunteer Corps and a saloniki fighter in the 3rd Company, 1st Battalion, 3rd Regiment Thessaloniki fighter, died in September 1918 at the Macedonian of the Morava Division. Front. URŠIČ Adolf, volunteer from Nocera Umbra – Thessaloniki fighter. ŠUŠTAR Jože, Thessaloniki fighter in the 4th Company, 2nd Batta- VAGAJA Ludvik, member of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in lion, 3rd Regiment of the Morava Division, participant of the 1916 in Odessa. Battle for Bukovik. VAJKSL Bruno, medical student, one of the first volunteers in the ŠUSTERŠIČ reserve Second Lieutenant, member of the Captain Serbian Army in 1912, from Maribor, member of the Sokol Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer Battalion, from Žalec. Organisation. ŠVAJGER Ciril, member of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in VALENČIČ Anton, Corporal in the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian September 1916 in Odessa. Volunteer Battalion. TAJNŠEK Dr., doctor and a reserve officer, one of the first volunteers VALTER Jožef, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer Identified Slovenian volunteers (in alphabetical order) in the Serbian Army, 1912-1918 - Attachmen t • 19

WIEGELE dr. Zdravko, zdravnik v Jugoslovanskem dobrovolj- ŽGAJNAR Ivan, preporodovec, rezervni častnik 1. srbske skem bataljonu stotnika Pivka, iz Beljaka dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi WIESER – ŠAŠELJ Gregor, rezervni častnik, koroški borec, ŽGANJAR Franc, dobrovoljec 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije javni notar 1916 v Odesi, padel avgusta 1916 v Dobrudži ZAJC Albert, izseljenec – dobrovoljec srbske vojske in solunski ŽIGANTE Josip, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega borec bataljona stotnika Pivka ZAJC Albert, rezervni častnik – solunski borec v Jugoslovan- ŽIVEC Vinko, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega ski diviziji bataljona stotnika Pivka ZAPLOTNIK Rado, rezervni častnik 2. srbske dobrovoljske ŽIVKOVIČ Branko, dobrovoljec Jugoslovanskega polka Matije divizije jeseni 1917 v Odesi Gubca v Tomsku v Sibiriji ZAVRŠNIK Alfonz, rezervni častnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske di- ŽUŽEK Josip, podnarednik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega vizije – udeleženec bojev v Dobrudži jeseni 1916, solunski bataljona stotnika Pivka borec v Jugoslovanski diviziji, iz Ribnice ŽVAR Ivan, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega bata- ZAVRŠNIK Rado, rezervni častnik Jugoslovanskega polka ljona stotnika Pivka Matije Gubca v Tomsku v Sibiriji, iz Kranja ZENTNER Julij, rezervni častnik Srbskega dobrovoljskega korpusa, iz Kamnika ZIDAK Martin, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega bataljona stotnika Pivka ZLOBKO Ivan, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega bataljona stotnika Pivka ZORC Ivan, rezervni podporočnik – vodni poveljnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi, odlikovan z ruskim redom sv. Stanislava 3. stopnje, rojen 1891 v Ljubljani, trgovec, umrl 1932 ZORC Janez, pripadnik dopolnilnega bataljona 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije junija 1917 v Odesi ZORIČ Franc, solunski in koroški borec, 1918 odlikovan s Karađorđevo zvezde z meči (odlikovanje podeljeno šele 1934 zaradi nepravilnega naslova) ZUPAN Anton, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega bataljona stotnika Pivka ZUPAN Ivan, podnarednik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1917 v Odesi, med prevozom na solunsko fronto umrl za pegavico v Murmanu – Polarnem krogu, kjer ima tudi grob s spominsko ploščo, rojen 1892 v Češnjici pri Srednji vasi blizu Bohinja ZUPAN Ivan, podnarednik dopolnilnega bataljona 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije in solunski borec, umrl julija 1918 v Solunu ZUPANČIČ Ivan, narednik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega bataljona stotnika Pivka ZUPANČIČ Jože, dobrovoljec Jugoslovanskega polka Matije Gubca v Tomsku v Sibiriji ZUPANČIČ Jože, rezervni častnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije 1916 v Odesi ZUPANČIČ Martin, preporodovec, rezervni častnik dopolnilnega bataljona 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije junija 1917 v Odesi, solunski borec v 1. bataljonu 8. polka Donavske divizije ZUPANIČ Anton, rezervni častnik srbske vojske 1914 in ude- leženec umika čez Albanijo, nosilec Karađorđeve zvezde z meči ZUPANIČ Mate, dobrovoljec srbske vojske 1914 v Rudniškem četniškem odredu, udeleženec umika srbske vojske čez Albanijo, ranjen kot solunski borec, rojen 1885, železniški uradnik (v Srbiji od 1913), umrl aprila 1917 v Tulounu v Franciji ŽAGAR Anton, pripadnik Jugoslovanskega dobrovoljskega bataljona stotnika Pivka ŽAGAR Joco, preporodovec, pripadnik 1. srbske dobrovoljske divizije septembra 1917 v Odesi, iz Trsta, železniški uradnik ŽAGAR Jože, rezervni stotnik, novi poveljnik Pivkovega bataljona, imenovan v Boki Kotorski, kmalu zatem so Uredil in pripravil: Marijan F. KRANJC razpustili bataljon ŽELE Andrej, dobrovoljec iz Nocere Umbre – solunski borec Prevedla: Liljana KRANJC TEKAVEC, univ. dipl. prof. slav. 20 • P r i l o g a – A b ecedni seznam identificiranih slovenskih dobrovoljcev v srbski vojski 1912–1918

Battalion. ZLOBKO Ivan, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer VELKAVRH Karel, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volun- Battalion. teer Battalion. ZORC Ivan, reserve Second Lieutenant, Platoon Commander in the VELKOVRH Stanko, reserve officer in the 1st Regiment, 1st Brigade 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 in Odessa, awarded with of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 in Odessa, Thessa- a Russian Order of St. Stanislaus 3rd class, born in 1891 in loniki and Carinthian fighter, insurance official. Ljubljana, merchant, died in 1932. VELNAR Jože, member of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 ZORC Janez, member of the Additionall Battalion of the 1st Serbian in Odessa. Volunteer Division in June 1917 in Odessa. VIDIC Ignacij, member of the Preporod Movement, reserve officer in ZORIČ Franc, Thessaloniki and Carinthian fighter, in 1918 awarded the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 in Odessa. Karađorđe’s Star with Swords (because of a wrong address he VIDMAR Franc, Corporal in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in received the award in 1934). 1916 in Odessa. ZUPAN Anton, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer VIDMAR Jože, reserve officer in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in Battalion. 1916 in Odessa. ZUPAN Ivan, Sub-Sergeant inf the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division VIDMAR Stane, reserve Lieutenant, Company Commander of the in 1917 in Odessa, died due to an epidemic of typhus during Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer Battalion, volunteer from transport to the Macedonian Front in Murman – Arctic Circle, Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter, from Maribor, member of where he gravies buried with a memorial plaque, born in 1892 the Sokol Organisation. in Češnjica near Srednja vas near Bohinj. VIGELE Ferdo, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter. ZUPAN Ivan, Sub-Sergeant in the Additional Battalion of the 1st VIRANT Jakoba Martin, expatriate and a Thessaloniki fighter, born Serbian Volunteer Division and a Thessaloniki fighter, died in in 1873 in Brezovica, worker. July 1918 in Thessaloniki. VIZJAK Albert, Corporal in the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunte- ZUPANČIČ Ivan, Sergeant in the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volun- er Battalion. teer Battalion. VIZJAK Franc, reserve officer, Thessaloniki fighter in the Yugoslavi- ZUPANČIČ Jože, volunteer in the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian Volunte- an Division, from Ljubljana. er Regiment in Tomsk, Siberia. VOŠTAR Ignacij, reserve officer in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division ZUPANČIČ Jože, reserve officer in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 in Odessa. in 1916 in Odessa. VOŠTAR Nace, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter, ZUPANČIČ Martin, member of the Preporod Movement, reserve professor in Maribor. officer in the Additional Battalion of the 1st Serbian Volunteer VUKASOVIĆ - STIBILJ Janko, Colonel in the Serbian Army, born in Division in June 1917 in Odessa, Thessaloniki fighter in the 1st 1851 in Vrtovina near Ajdovščina, volunteer of Serbian rebels in Battalion, 8th Regiment of the Danube Division. Bosnia from 1876, Sergeant in the Serbian Army since 1877, pro- ZUPANIČ Anton, reserve officer in the Serbian Army in 1914 and moted and awarded several times, Commander of the Supreme a participant of the retreat across Albania, recipient of the Command in the Balkan Wars and Commander of the Serbian Karađorđe’s Star with Swords. members of an armed police force, defender of Belgrade, partici- ZUPANIČ Mate, volunteer in the Serbian Army in 1914 in the Rudnik pant of the retreat across Albania, Thessaloniki fighter, in 1919 Chetnik Detachment, participant of the retreat of the Serbian with the rank of Colonel appointed to assistant of the Danube Army across Albania, wounded as a Thessaloniki fighter, born Division Commander in Ljubljana, retired in 1921, died in 1923 in 1885, railway station official (in Serbia since 1913), died in in Ljubljana, buried in the home town. April 1917 in Tuloun, France. VULČ Franjo - Vlado, Sub-Sergeant, Platoon Commander in the 1st ŽAGAR Anton, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 in Odessa, merchant assis- Battalion. tant, member of the Sokol Organisation, joined the Russian side ŽAGAR Joco, member of the Preporod Movement, member of the 1st in 1915 with a platoon, recipient of the Miloš Obilić Gold Medal Serbian Volunteer Division in September 1917 in Odessa, from for Bravery, of the Russia and Romania Medal for Bravery, one Trieste, railway station official. of the first members of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia ŽAGAR Jože, reserve Captain, new commander of the Pivko’s Batta- (KPJ), finished the Communist League Academy and Military lion, established in Boka Kotorska, shortly after the dissolution Academy, lead an antimilitary KPJ activity in Belgrade, arrested of the battalion. and killed in January 1926 in Belgrade. ŽELE Andrej, volunteer from Nocera Umbra, Thessaloniki fighter. WIEGELE Dr. Zdravko, doctor in the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian ŽGAJNAR Ivan, member of the Proporod Movement, reserve officer Volunteer Battalion, from Villach. in the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in 1916 in Odessa. WIESER - ŠAŠELJ Gregor, reserve officer, Carinthian fighter, public ŽGANJAR Franc, member of the 1st Serbian Volunteer Division in notary. 1916 in Odessa, died in August 1916 in Dobrudja. ZAJC Albert, expatriate and a volunteer in the Serbian Army and a ŽIGANTE Josip, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunte- Thessaloniki fighter. er Battalion. ZAJC Albert, reserve officer, Thessaloniki fighter in the Yugoslavian ŽIVEC Vinko, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer Division. Battalion. ZAPLOTNIK Rado, reserve officer in the 2nd Serbian Volunteer Divi- ŽIVKOVIČ Branko, volunteer in the Matija Gubec Yugolsavian Regi- sion in 1916 in Odessa. ment in Tomsk, Siberia. ZAVRŠNIK Alfonz, reserve officer in the 1st Serbian of the Volunteer ŽUŽEK Josip, Sub-Sergeant in the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Division, participant of the Dobrudja Battles in fall 1916, Thes- Volunteer Battalion. saloniki fighter in the Yugoslavian Division, from Ribnica. ŽVAR Ivan, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer ZAVRŠNIK Rado, reserve officer in the Matija Gubec Yugoslavian Battalion. Volunteer Battalion in Tomsk, Siberia, from Kranj. ZENTNER Julij, reserve officer inf the Serbian Volunteer Corps, from Kamnik. ZIDAK Martin, member of the Captain Pivko’s Yugoslavian Volunteer Battalion.