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Relationship of Tecate Cypress Distribution to Soil Types

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Relationship of Tecate Cypress Distribution to Soil Types Loma Linda University TheScholarsRepository@LLU: Digital Archive of Research, Scholarship & Creative Works Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects 6-1980 Relationship of Tecate Cypress Distribution to Soil Types David E. Stottlemyer Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons, and the Soil Science Commons Recommended Citation Stottlemyer, David E., "Relationship of Tecate Cypress Distribution to Soil Types" (1980). Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects. 926. https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/926 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by TheScholarsRepository@LLU: Digital Archive of Research, Scholarship & Creative Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects by an authorized administrator of TheScholarsRepository@LLU: Digital Archive of Research, Scholarship & Creative Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract RELATIONSHIP OF TECATE CYPRESS DISTRIBUTION TO SOIL TYPES by David E. Stottlemyer The Tecate Cypress (Cupressus forbesii Jeps.) is a gymnosperm tree of limited distribution. To determine if soil is an influencing factor in its distribution, the soil characteristics of a Tecate Cypress grove in the Santa Ana Mountains of Orange County, California, were compared with soils from neighboring communities and other Tecate Cypress groves. • Soil samples were analyzed for texture, saturation percent, pH, and electrical conductivity. Tests were also run for nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, copper and zinc. Results seem to indicate that the Tecate Cypress soils are: 1) significantly more acidic than the soils of surrounding chaparral communities, and 2) significantly lower in nutrients than the soils of big-cone Douglas fir, mixed conifer, knob cone pine and oak woodlands. Thus it appears that the Tecate Cypress may be limited to acidic soils that are nutrient poor and thereby lacking the competition found on typical chaparral soils. This may be a factor in their limited distribution in the Santa Ana Mountains and other southern California sites. • °UM/EMPTY LEBRARY LOMA UN I, C LIFORMA LOMA LINDA UNIVERSITY Graduate School 0 RELATIONSHIP OF TECATE CYPRESS DISTRIBUTION TO SOIL TYPES BY DAVID E. STOTTLEMYER A Thesis in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in the Field of Biology June 1980 Each person whose signature appears below certifies that this thesis . in his opinion is adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree Master of Arts. Earl W. Lathrop, Professor of Biol rman L. Mitchell, Assoolate Professor of Biology • Kenneth A. Arendt, Professor of Physiology and Biophysics 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To the persons who have given valuable assistance during this study,. I wish to make grateful acknowledgment. It was both an honor and a learning experience to work with Dr. E. W. Lathrop and glean from his vast store of knowledge. I want to thank Dr. N. L. Mitchell and Dr. K. A. Arendt of my committee for their kindness and interest. Last but not least, I'm grateful to my family (who by now must know as much about the Tecate Cypress as I do); especially my brother Chris, who hiked with me through wind and rain to collect soil samples, my father who helped with maps and my mother who slaved over the typewriter that this thesis could be completed. 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION . • • • 1 II. STUDY SITE . ••••• 0* •• 3 A. SITE SELECTION •• 3 B. SITE DESCRIPTION . •• • 5 III. PROCEDURES . • • . 6.20•• •• • 5 A. SAMPLE SELECTION .6000 •••• •• • 5 B. SOIL ANALYSIS . • • • • Oa • • 10 C. SOIL TESTING . • • • . • • . 11 1. NITROGEN . • • • •• 0 11 2. PHOSPHORUS . • • . 0 . • • 11 3. POTASSIUM, CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM . 12 4. IRON, MANGANESE, COPPER AND ZINC . 12 IV. RESULTS . •••••••• •00000 k •0 • •V. DISCUSSION . • • VI. LITERATURE CITED .• • . • • • •. • . • . APPENDICES • • 0 • • • • • 2222461 9 iv LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Physical features of the Sierra Peak tree groups . • 8 2. Average values of soil analyses and tests for each grove of the Sierra Peak study site • . • • • . • 13 3. Average values of soil analyses and tests for comparison of Tecate Cypress groves . • . • . • • • 14 • 4. Average values of soil analyses and tests for comparison of chaparral and woodland sites . • . 18 5. Normal range of values expected from soil analyses • and soil tests for evaluating significance of constituents found in soils • . • . • . • 21 LIST OF FIGURES _Figure Page 1. Map showing Sierra Peak and adjacent study sites in the Santa Ana Mountains . • • • 4 2. Map comparing location of Santa Ana Mountain sites with San Diego sites . • . • . 6 3. Tecate Cypress main study site on Sierra Peak showing the various study groups as indicated by Roman numerals 0 • • • • • • . 9 4. Histogram showing percent clay distribution for top • and subsoils plotted against total soil samples taken in the Teate Cypress groves of Sierra Peak. 20 5. Histogram showing pH distribution for top and subsoils plotted against total soil samples taken in the Tecate Cypress groves of Sierra Peak • . vi LIST OF PLATES Plate Page 1. Ovulate cones of Tecate Cypress . • • . • • . • . 2 2. Group of Tecate Cypress on Sierra Peak . • • . • . 7 /.• vii APPENDICES A. SOIL ANALYSES CALCULATIONS Pagep2 1. Soil texture, Bouyoucos method 2. Saturation percent . • • . 33 3. Electrical conductivity . • • • . 36 B. SYMBOLS, EQUATIONS AND WORKING CONDITIONS 1. Symbols . • • . .. 39 - 2. Equations .•••••••-• . 40 3. Working conditions . • • • . 4.1 C. SOIL. TESTING CALCULATIONS 1. Nitrogen: MieroKjeldahl method . 42 2. Phosphorus: Shelton and Harper method . 46 3. Potassium: Atomic Absorption method . 49 4. Calcium: Atomic Absorption method . 52 5. Magnesium: Atomic Absorption method . 55 6. Iron: Atomic Absorption method . 58 7. Manganese: Atomic Absorption method . 61 8. Copper: Atomic Absorption method . 64 -9. Zinc: Atomic Absorption method . 67 viii I INTRODUCTION The Tecate Cypress (Cupressus forbesii Jeps.), first described by Dr. W. L. Jepson in 1922 (Jepson, 1922), is a closed-cone gymnosperm tree of limited distribution located in essentially mountainous chaparral of the typical Upper Sonoran Life Zone (Plate 1). Isolated groves are found in only seven locations in the world: El Canon de Pintos, Rancho El Cipres, and Rancho Rinconada in Baja California, Mexico; on Tecate, Otay, and Guatay Mountains _in San Diego County, California, and the northern edge of the Santa Ana Mountains in Orange County, California (Epling, 1940; Wolf, 1948; Armstrong, 1966). This distribution is rather unusual for a woodland tree, which normally would be found throughout a range where its ecological requirements are met. The purpose of this study is to determine if soil is an influ- encing factor in the distribution of the Tecate Cypress in California. The study was approached by comparing soil characteristics of a •Tecate Cypress grove in the Santa Ana Mountains of Orange County, California, with soils from neighboring communities and other Tecate Cypress groves. Among the trees of the Southwestern United States are found several examples of edaphic restrictions, where the trees are confined to a particular soil or substrate characteristic. Billings (1950) 1 PLATE 1. Ovulate cones, of Tecate Cypreaa N.) 3 found that in the western Great Basin, Pinus ponderosa and P. jeffreyi are limited to chemically altered andesite soils that are lacking in available phosporus and nitrogen. In the Santa Ana Mountains, the knob cone pine (Pinus attenuata) is confined in its range to hydrothermally modified serpentinite soil within a radius of 1.6 km of Pleasants Peak (Vogl, 1973). Among the genus Cupressus, McMillan (1956) has listed several species limited to either serpen- tine or acidic soils including C. pygmaea which is limited to some of the most acidic soils (pH 3.5-4.0) in California. Although the soils of the Tecate Cypress groves have not been previously studied, several clues pointing to possible soil factors are found in the literature. Wolf (1948) noted that all the groves are located in coarse, rocky, and sterile soils with little annual growth with which to compete. Armstrong (1966) states that chaparral is sparse and stunted throughout the Sierra Peak and Otay Mountain groves with all groves having few herbaceous species present. He also noted that some broad-leaf species, such as Rhus laurina exhibited chlorotic, reddish-colored foliage in the Sierra Peak grove. II STUDY SITE A. Site Selection The main study site was located on Sierra Peak at the heads of Coal and Gypsum Canyons (Fig. 1). The communities and groves in the Santa Ana Mountains which were studied for comparison were adjacent chapparal communities in Coal Canyon and Skyline Drive; knob cone pine grove on Pleasants Peak; big-cone Douglas fir grove near FIGURE 1. Map showing Sierra Peak and adjacent study sites in the Santa Ana Mountains KEY Irvine Lake 1. Tecate Cypress: Sierra Peak Main Study Site 2. Chaparral: Clay Canyon 3. Tecate Cypress Planting: Sierra Peak Road 4. Chaparral: Skyline Drive 5. Knob Cone Pine: Pleasants Peak 6. Big-Cone Douglas Fir: Eagle Canyon 7. Tecate Cypress Planting: Bedford Road 8. Mixed Conifer: Trabuco Canyon 9. Oak Woodlands: Oak Flats Sierra Peak 5 Eagle Canyon; mixed conifer forest of Trabuco Canyon; southern oak woodlands of Oak Flats; and two Tecate Cypress
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