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Volume 25 | Issue 1 Article 3

1962 Nomenclature of the Lymph Apparatus L. I. Saar Iowa State University

R. Getty Iowa State University

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Recommended Citation Saar, L. I. and Getty, R. (1962) "Nomenclature of the Lymph Apparatus," Iowa State University Veterinarian: Vol. 25 : Iss. 1 , Article 3. Available at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/iowastate_veterinarian/vol25/iss1/3

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Iowa State University Veterinarian by an authorized editor of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Nomenclature of The Lymph Apparatus

L. I. Saar, Dr. med. vet. R. Getty, D.V.M., M.S., Ph.D.*

review of the textbooks of anatomy and the thymus being discussed in sepa­ A of domestic animals and of man 10, rate chapters. The tonsils are described 16, 19, 24, 26, 34, 35, 46, and meat inspection under associated structures of the oral han'dbooks 21, 24, 25,39,42,45, and various cavity (Isthmus fauces). Ham (1947) other publications 1-3, 5-8, 12-14, 17, 18, 27-30, describes the "lymphatic division of the 33, 37, 38, 40, 43, 44, indicate that a variety of circulatory system", as including the lym­ tern1S are used for describing the lymph phatic capillaries, vessels and ducts. The system. lymphatic capillaries and somewhat larger vessels are summarized as "lymphatics". Terms "Lymphatic System" and The lymph nodes, the nodules of the "Lymph System" lymphatic tissue, the tonsils, the Peyer's According to Nomina Anatomica (2nd patches and other similar structures, the edition), revised by the International Ana­ hemal nodes, the spleen and also the tomical Nomenclature Committee (I. A. thymus are described under "different N. ,C.), 1961, "the systema lymphaticum types of lymphatic tissues". Grau, ill includes the vasa lymphatica, nodi lym­ Krolling~Grau, 1960, described "lymph phatici (lymphonodi), folliculi lymphatici, vascular system" to include the lymph and the lien. The tonsils are described capillaries, lymph vessels, lymph ducts under 'fauces' and the thymus is included and the lymph nodes with which they are in 'glandula' sine ductibus et paraganglia". connected. The "hemopoietic apparatus" In Gray (1959), however, the thymus was classified according to cell types and also the tonsils are included in the formed, and "myeloic system", where "Lymphatic System" which is composed of mainly erythrocytes and granulocytes are the lymphatic vessels, the lymph nodes formed (bone marrow) and the "lympha­ and certain lymphatic organs (solitary tic system" as areas of the blood formillg and aggregated lymphatic nod'ules), the apparatus where mainly the lymphocytes spleen and the lymphoid (adenoid) tissue. are produced. Grau (1960) divided the In Bloom-Fawcett (1962) the "lymphatic "hemopoietic apparatus" into three parts. system" is said to be composed of lympha­ The first i11cluded the blood forming tis­ tic vessels and organs. The authors de­ sues closely related to the tissue fluid fine the lymphatic tissue under blood cell (ground substance). It includes the dif­ formation and destruction, with the spleen fuse lymphorecticular tissue, the organ­ like lymphoreticular islets, the lyn1phono­ * FrOID Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa di solitarii, the lymphonodi aggregati, where Dr. Saar is with the Department of Veterin­ Peyer's patches, the tonsils and the thy­ ary Anatomy and Dr. Getty is Professor and Head of the Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Col­ mus. The second part included only the lege of Veterinary Medicine. lymph nodes, which were closely related

Issue, No.1, 1962 23 to the lymph; and the third part de­ basis it is limited to lymph vessels con­ scribed the blood forming tissues closely necting the lymph capillaries with the related to the blood itself, Le., the spleen, lymphatic trunks (Trautmann-Fiebiger, hemal nodes, and the bone marrow. English edition 1957). In Ham (1957) Bargmann (1959) avoided using terms the "lymphatics" includes the lymphatic like "lymph vascular system, lymphatic capillaries and those somewhat larger system, and lymph system". The term lymph vessels. Kraus (19'67) suggested "lymphatic apparatus" was used in a more one refer to the lymph capillaries from functional sense to describe lymphatic the standpoint of morphology and physiol­ tissue structures. In Bargmann (1959), ogy as "lymph alveoli" or "lymph recep­ the circulatory system and the hemopoi­ tors". etic tissues and organs are discussed from Disagreement and inconsistency exists a broader aspect. Bargmann calls it, "the also in terms such as: lymph (or lympha­ circulatory and the defense system" (Das tic) capillary, lymph (or lymphatic) ves­ Kreislauf und Abwehrsystem), and states sel, lymph (or lymphatic) duct. Some that it is made up of the blood vessels, authors prefer terms "lymph vessels"; heart, lymph vessels and the mesenchymal others "lymphatic vessels". In some pub­ defense apparatus. The latter is com­ lications, (Yoffey-Courtice, 1956; Rusz­ posed of the reticulo-endothelial system, nyak et al. English ed. 1960) both terms, found in organs associated with the blood lymph a11d lymphatic vessel are used as and lymph circulation (bone marrow, synonyms. In most of the publications lymph nodes, spleen, etc.) and supported the term "lymph node" is consistantly used by lyn1phoepithelial system (tonsils, thy­ while occasionally the "lymphatic node" is mus). preferred. (The Nomina Anatomica, sec­ In equally well known histology and 011d edition, 1961, adheres to "lymphatic anatomy text-and handbooks 10, 13, 18, 22, 35, node".) 38, 43,46, as well as in those books which The word lymphatic means "pertaining are especially concerned with the lymph to" or "related to" the lymph, but when flow, 2, 6-7, 27-30, 44, the terms lym-phatic it is 'used in combination with the word system, lymphatic apparatus, lymphatics, "system", it opens a field of discussion lymph (or lymphatic) vessel, lymph (or on the degree of relations existing be­ lymphatic) node are used very differently. tween the tissue structures and the lymph The "lymphatic system" may include the fluid. Thus, e.g., the "bone marrow" lymph vessels and a variable number of which mainly produces erthrocytes and lymphatic tissue structures and organs; granulocytes (myeloid system) is also in­ or it may include the lymph vessels and volved to a lesser degree in lymphopoiesis, the lymph nodes only. Furthermore, the (Grau, in Krolling-Grau, 1960) and may term "lymphatic system" may refer to a be included then in a sense in the "lymph­ subdivision of the hemopoietic system atic system". Furthermore, the terms, like (Grau, in Krolling-:Grau, 1960). The term the "loose lymphatic tissue", consisting "lymphatic apparatus" in general refers predominantly of stroma (Bloom, 1962) to the organization and function of the and also the "diffuse lymphoreticular tis­ lymphatic system, but it is also used in a sue" (Grau, 1960) indicating relation to "nonspecific" functional sense for the the lymph fluid, illustrate the difficulties lymphatic tissue (Bargmann, 1959). present in defining the morphological ex­ The term "lymphatics" has different tent of the "lymphatic system". In 1962, meanings. In a broader sense it is ap­ Csaba, et al. stated that: "As regard to plied as a synonym for the "lymphatic the question whether one is justified to system" '(Chauveau, 1902 and Delamere, speak of a uniform lymphatic system, ob­ 1913) or it may describe the lymph capil­ servations have led to the conclusion that laries, vessels, and ducts; thus, represent­ for all the morphological similarities be­ ing a11 "accessory system" to the blood tween the organs examined (lymphatic vascular system (Trautmann - Fiebiger, organs, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, English ed. 1957); or on a more strict etc.) and in spite of functional overlap-

24 Iowa State University Veterinarian ping, there is no such thing as a uniform sue structures" as they are composed of lymphatic system since all the organs are accumulations of lymphatic tissue; or as essentially different from one another." they convey lymph via their sinuses, alld It may be concluded, therefore, that the thus may be included in the "lymph sys­ need exists to define the terms used. The tem". word "lymphn will be used in a smaller The term, "lymph apparatus", will in­ manner like the blood, the lymph vessels, clude in a broad sense the descriptive and and blood vessels. Thus, the lymph will functional aspects of the "lymphatic tis­ be regarded as fluid which is present in sue structures" and those of the "lymph the lymph capillaries, lymph vessels, system". The expression "lymphatic ap­ lymph 'ducts, lymph trunks, and in the paratus" however, will include the descrip­ sinuses of the lymph l~odes. The lymph tive and functional aspects of the "lymph­ vessels and the lymph nodes which are atic tissue structures". The term lyn1ph­ engaged in conveying the lymph will con­ atics will be applied in its plural form only stitute the "lymph system". The term and, in agreement with Ham (1957), "lymph vascular system" will include the limited to the lymph capillaries and the lymph capillaries, lymph vessels, lymph "somewhat" larger lymph vessels. ducts, lymph trunks and their contents, the lymph, but l~O lymph nodes. The word The "Lymph Node" versus "lymphaticn will indicate a certain, but "Lymph Gland" not exclusive relationship to the lymph At the Anaton1ical Congress at Basle and will be applied to lymphatic tissue (IB.N.A., 1895), the term "lymphogland­ (structures) which are situated outside ula" was chosen after a vigorous debate the lymph vascular system, i.e., separated about the term "gland or node". The early from the lymph by the lymph capillary writers seem to have adhered to the term wall. "gland". Malphigi (1691) and de Graaf The term "lymphatic system" will be ( 1765) believed that the "lymph glands" be avoided by listing the lymphatic tissue add substances of their secretiol1 to the structures without referring to the term lymph. Sylvius and Wharton (1664) "system". thought that these nodes modified the lymph. Heyfelder (1851) found that the Table No.1 white corpuscles were much more num­ LYMPH APPARATUS erous in the efferellt than in the afferent A. Lymph System lymph vessels and Rindfleisch (1878); 1) Lymph vascular system: Lymph (fluid) Newmann (1881); and Moses (1890); Lymph capillaries described a "hematopoietic function" of Lymph vessels the lymph glands. ICruikshank (1786) Lymph trunks 2) Lymph nodes* and HeWSOll ,( 1846), however, considered the lymph glands as being a plexus of B. Lymphatic Tissue Stru1ctures (Lymphatic apparatus) lymph vessels. 1) Lymphatic tissue (lymphoreticular tissue, III the middle of the 19th century with [Grau]; lymphocytic tissue, [Rebuck].) the advances made in differentiating tis­ 2) Lymphatic tissue aggregations ("Organ-like lymphoreticular islets", [Grau]; "Taches sue structures illvolved in the formation laiteuses, [Ra.nvier].) of lymphatic nodules and lymph nodes, 3) Lymphatic nodules (lymphonoduli solitarii; new terms appeared as a result of the lymphonoduli ag,gregati.) 4) Spleen; lymphatic tissue described. In 1863, 5) Thymus; K611iker described the term "cytogenous 6) Tonsils; tissue" which led to "cytogenous glands" 7) Lymph nodes* and to "organa cytogenea" (Rauber­ * See Text. Kopsch, 1955). He (1860) described the "adenoid tissue" from which the adenoid The lymph nodes have a somewhat in­ glands are derived. Henle (1859) used termediate position, see Table No.1. the term "conglobate glandular sub­ They may be described as "lymphatic tis- stance", and W aldeyer ( cit. Hellmann,

Issue, No.1, 1962 25 1930) introduced the term "lymphoid tis­ term "lymphonodus" (lyn1ph node) should sue" {lymphoid nodules). In France the be preferred. lymph nodes were named as "ganglions lymphatiques". This term was already The "Lymph Node" versus applied by Chaussier and Adelon (1818) "Lymph Nodes" because of a macroscopic resemblance According to 'Bau'm (1926) difficulties found between the nervous ganglia and are evident from the standpoint of com­ the lymph nodes. Piersol (1900) stated parative anatomy in applying the term that the term "gland" as used for com­ "lymph node" in its singular and in the pound nodules is inaceurately sanctioned plural form "lymph nodes". In some spe­ by long usage. In 1912, Baum was firmly cies of animals there are, in certain re­ opposed to the term "lymphoglandula:" gions, usually only one lymph node, while (B.N.A.) and advocated the use of "lymph­ in other species several lymph nodes are onodus. In the past 50 years both terms, present. The problem becomes more com­ the "gialld" and tIle "node" have been plicated when one takes into considera­ often used synonymously. In fact, the tion inconsistently found lymph node term "lymph gland" is still most frequently groups whicl1 may appear as one or sev­ used in abattoirs. In 1928, ,Baum again eral lymph nodes; and also when differ­ repeated that, "the lymph nodes have no ences are found on the right and the left similarity with ~glands' in structure, side of the same animal. Thus, Baum function and development" and due to ( 1926) suggested two new terms to choose Baum's great influence on the morphology from, "lympholocus" (place of lymph) of the lymph system in European litera­ and "lymphocentrum" (center of lymph) ture, the term "lymph gland" was more which may consist of one or several lymph or less eliminated and replaced by nodes. Other suggestions were made by "lymphonodus" (Jenaer Nomina Ana­ Siippel (1926) to call it "lymphocribrum" tomica, 1935). (lymph filter or lymph sieve) and by The term "lymphonodus" has been cri­ Schmaltz (1927) to describe the place ticized as being an incorrect Latin ex­ lymph nodes are found as the "lymphar­ pression, and at the LA.N.IC. (Interna­ ium", sin1ilar to words used like aquarium tional Anatomical Nomenclature 'Commit­ and herbarium. tee) held at Oxford in 1950, the Latin According to Zietschmann .( 1958) it is name "nodus lymphaticus" was preferred possible to avoid the latter terms by call­ and the term "lymphonodus" kept as a ing a conglomerate of small lymph nodes, synonym. This was also approved by the as they are n10st commonly found in Sixth and Seventh International ICongress­ swine, simply as one "lymph node" (Ln.). es of Anatomists, held in Paris in 1955 This term also includes those cases in and in ,N~w York in 1960. which one or more of these small lymph 'The El1glish terln "lymph node" and its nodes are slightly apart from the main Latin equivalent "lymphonodus" sound grouping. This would be also referred to similar and in both of the cases, they may as "one lymph node". However, when be shortened as "Ln". (lymph node; there are found to be two or more con­ lymphoIl0dus) alld "Lnn." (lymph nodes; glomerations of lyn1ph nodes and they lymphonodi). Furthermore, "lymphnodus" can be clearly distinguished from each consists of one word only and it is also other, then Olle can refer to "lymph nodes" :five letters shorter than the con1parative (Lnn.). Certainly, it is not the most ideal "nodus lymphaticus". Using the term way to solve the problem of terminalogy "nodus lymphaticus" consistently, the involved, but the solution given by Zeitz­ terms which are breathtakingly long al­ schmann seems to be for the authors as a ready will appear even longer such as: practical compromise. The term "lympho­ "nodi lymphatici trachobronchiales infer­ centrum" (Zeitzschn1ann, 1958) possibly iores", or "nodi lymphatici cervicales S'u­ may be 'used to describe several differ­ per:ficiales dorsales". Thus, for the reasons elltly named groups of lymph nodes which mentioned above, it would seem that the form a large unit.

26 IO'lva State University Veterinarian Grau (1961) is definitely in favor of rhomboideus (in the ox and the sheep); calling the lymph node groups "lympho­ and the Lnn. submentales; Lnn. lluchales; centra" and according to ,Grau when th~s Lnn. retroauriculares; and the Lnn occipi­ is achieved it will be possible to establish tales (in man). Thus, the term lympho­ a common nomenclature for mall and centrunl is apparently used in a sense of a animals. In Ellenberger-1Baum (1943) the "central area". term "lymphocentrum" (Lc.) was success­ After weeks of discussions with asso­ fully applied by Grau to summarize the ciates in the anatomy department, and lymph node groups from the standpoint also consulting numerous dictionaries, of comparing the horse, dog, cat, ox, sheep none of the terms suggested such as and swine. In 1961, Spira extended Grau's "lymph group area", "lymph node groups", principles of the "lymphacentra" to man, or just "lymph area" were found to im­ primates, insectivora, chiroptera, lago­ prove essentially the term lymphocen­ morpha, and rodentia. Spira proved that trum" already used in publications. III by general acceptallce of the term "lymph­ fact, in 'Webster's Dictionary (1959) the ocentrum" it is possible to eliminate many term "center" is not exclusively used to difficulties which comparative anatomy designate a POillt equally distant fronl all has faced ill the past. Thus, the term "Lc. points but rather, as Webster states, ip mandibulare" may include in various spe­ biology to refer "to a group of cells having cies of animals and man the Lnn. mandi­ a commOll function." Thus, the term bulares, Lnn. mandibulares accessorii, "lymphocentrum" will be applied with Lnn. buccales, Ln. pterygoideus, Lnll sub­ some reservations, but only as a necessity mentales, Llln. paranlandibulares and the to have a term available for summariz­ Lnn. linguales. ing lymph node groups in a certain area, Unfortunately the term "lymphocell­ which form a larger functional unit. trum" has not achieved the popularity it Summary deserves. This is probably due to the re­ luctallce on the part of some anatomists A review of textbooks and various pub­ to apply the term "center" to so many di­ lications indicated disagreement and in­ verse areas of the body; and also because consistency in the terminology used in the term is more commonly associated describing the lymph fluid and the lymph­ with a "mid-point", rather than to a "cell­ atic tissue structures. The terms "lymph" tral area". In fact, some of the "lymph and "lymphatic" are idscussed and a sug­ centers" described by Spira include a wide gested classification of the terms has been area of lymph l10de groups. Thus, the Lc. given in Table INo. 1. The term "lymph" coeliacum inclu'des in various species the is applied to fluid only, which is present Lnn. coeliaci; Lnn. lienales; Lnn. gas­ in the "lymph vascular system" composed trici; Lnn. hepatici s. portarum; Lnn. pan­ of lymph capillaries, lymph vessels, lymph creaticoduodenales and the Lnn. omen­ trunks and the sinuses of the lymph tales. Some of the lynlpll centers, Le., the nodes. The "lymph system" is engaged in Lc. inguinale profundum is limited to a conveying the lymph and it includes the relatively small area, representing the "lymph vascular system", the lymph nodes Lnn. inguinales profundi only. and the lymph fluid itself. According to Spira the Lc. cervicale pro­ The word "lymphatic" pertaining to fundu'm includes the Lnn. cervicales pro­ lymph has been used in reference to tissue fundi craniales; Lnn. cervicales profundi structures only, which are situated out­ medii and the Lnn. cervicales profundi side the lymph system, having a certain caudales and thus this 'center" covers an but not an exclusive relationship with the area ranging approximately from the lymph fluid. larynx down to the thoracic irllet. Further­ Because in the past, the lymph fluid more, the following lympll nodes are also was considered to be in "open communica­ inclu'ded as being associated ("Vorgeschal­ tion" with the "tissue fluid", the term tet") to the "deep cervical lymph cen­ "lymphatic system" included lymph vascu­ ter" : Ln. costrocervicalis and the Ln. lar system, lymph 110des, lymphatic tissue

Issue, No.1, 1962 27 structures and the "tissue fluid". New 8. Grau, H.: Zur Benennun,g der Lymphknoten. findings, however, have made the "open Hier: Die Lymphknoten des Beckeneinganges und der Beckenhoehle. Berl. und Munch. communication" concept unacceptable Tierarztl. Wschr., 237-241. 1941. and thus the term "lymphatic system" 9. Grau, H.: Zur Benennung der Lymphknoten. which described it, may be considered Hier: Die Lymphknoten der Beckenwand und des Brusteiganges. Berl. und Munch. Tier­ now as improper. Likewise, the possibility arztl. Wschr., 180-181. 1942. of applying the term "lymphatic system" 10. Gran, H.: Das Lymphgefaess-system. In: Ellen­ to lymphatic tissue structures only, as a berger-Baum, Handbuch der vergl. Anatomie der Haustiere; 18. Auflage. Springer-Verlag, "system" related to the lymph fluid, ap­ Berlin. 1943. peared to the authors as being question­ 11. Grau, H.: Ueber das lymphoreticulare Gewebe. able because of the various interpretatiol~s Berl. und Munch. Tierarztl. Wschr. Vol. 68, of the morphological and functional ex­ 404-406. 1935. 12. Grau, H.: In: Krollin,g, O. und Gran, H.: Lehr­ tent of said "lymphatic system". buch der Histologie und vergleichenden mikro­ It was suggested that the term "lymph­ skopischen Anatomie der Haustiere. Paul atic system" be completely avoided by de­ Parey, Berlin und Hamberg. 1960. 13. Grau, H. und Boessneck, J.: Der Lymphap­ scribing the lymphatic tissue structures parat. In: Kukenthal, W.: Handbuch der without referring to the term "system". Zoologie. 8. Band/25. Lieferung. Walter de The ternl "lymphatic apparatus" will Gruyter & Co., Berlin. 1960. indicate the descriptive as well as the 14. Grau, H.: Prinzipielles und Vergleichendes ueber das Lymphgefaess-system. Refrat an­ functional aspects of the lymphatic tissue laesslich des 66. Internisten Kongress, Wies­ structures while the term "lymph appara­ baden. Sonderdruck LXII aus: Verhandlungen tus" includes both the "lymph system" and der Deutschen Gesellschaft fuer innere Medi­ zin. Verlag J. F. Bergmann, Miinchen. 1960. the "lymphatic tissue structures". The 15. Grau, H.: Ueber das Lymphgefaess-system. term "lymphoid tissue" in its meaning "tis­ Teil II: Die Lymphknoten. Forschungen und sue resembling lynlph" was substituted by Fortschritte. 35. Jahrg., Heft 2: 44-46. 1961. ~he 16. Gray, H.: Anatomy of the Human Body. 27. the term "lymphatic tissue". term edition. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. 1959. "lymph gland" was replaced by the term 17. Ham, A. W.: Histology. Third edition. J. B. "lymph 11ode". Lippencott Company, Philadelphia and Mon­ The term "lymphocentrum" CBaum, treal. 1957. 18. Hellmann, T.: Lymphgefaesse, Lymphknoet­ Grau) was discussed and accepted by the chen und Lymphknoten. In: v. Mollendorff, authors, as a necessity for comparative W.: Handbuch der mikroskopischen Anatomie anatomy in order to have a term available des Menschen. 6. Rd., 1. Teil. Verlag von Julius Springer, Berlin. 1930 und 6. Bd., 4. for describing differently the name of a Teil, 1943. lymph node, nodes, or a group of lymph 19. Klimow, A. i. Akajewski, A.: Anatomija Do­ nodes, which in different species of ani­ maszich Ziwotnych. Vol. 2. Gosudarstwiennoje Izdatielstwo Sjelskochozjastwiennoj Literary, mals perform the same general function. Moskwa. 1950. Selected References 20. Kraus, H.: Zur Morphologie, Systematik und Funktion der Lymphgefaesse. Zeitschr. f. Zell­ 1. Bargmann, w.: Histologie und mikroskopische forschun,g. Ed. 46, 446-456. 1957. Anatomie des Menschen. Georg Thieme Ver­ 21. Leighton, G.: The Principles and Practice of lag, Stuttgart. 1959. Meat Inspection. William Hodge and Com­ 2. Bartels, P.: Das Lymphgefaess-system (des Men­ pany, Limited. Edinburgh and London. 1927. schen). In: von Bardeleben: Handbuch d. Anat. 22. Lennert, K.: Lymphknoten. Cytologie und des Menschen, Vol. 3; 4. Abt. G. Fischer, Jena. Lymphadenitis. In: Lubarsch, O. und Henke, 1909. F.: Handbuch der speziellen pathologischen 3. Baum, H.: Die Benennung der Lymphknoten. Teil; Bandteil A. Springer Verlag, Berlin­ Anat. Anz. Vol. 61, No.1 /2; 39-42. 19126. Anatomie und Histologie. Band I; Dritter 4. Bloom, Wm., Fawcett, D. W.: A Textbook of Gottingen-Heidelberg. 1961. Histology. W. B. Saunders Company, Phila­ delphia, London. 1962. 23. Miller, A. R.: Meat Hygiene. Lea & Febi,ger, 5. Csaba, G., Toro,., Bodoky, M., Mold, K. and Philadelphia. 1958. Horvath, C.: Data concerning relationships 24. Montane et Bourdelle: Anatomie Regionale between thymus, lymph node and spleen. Acta des Animaux Domestiques III, Porco Librairie Anat., 47: 333-344. 1962. J.-B. Bailliere et Fils. Paris. 1920. 6. Delamere, G.: The Lynlphatics. (Engl. edi­ 25. v. Ostertag, R. und Schonberg, F.: Lebrbuch tion). Constable & Company LTD, London. der Schlachttier- und Fleischuntersuchung. 1913. Ferdinand Enke Verlag, Stuttgart. 1955. 7. Drinker, C. and Field, M.: Lymphatics, Lymph 26. Rauber-Kopsch: Lehrbuch und Atlas der Ana­ and Tissue Fluid. The Williams & Wilkins tomie des Menschen. Bd. I. Georg Thieme Company, Baltimore. 1933. Verlag, Stuttgart. 1955.

28 Iowa State University Veterinarian 27. Rebuck, J. W.: The Lymphocyte and Lympho­ (Lymphocentra) bei den Saeugern-Homolo,gi­ cytic Tissue. Paul B. Hoebner, Inc. Medical sierungsversuch. Inaug. Diss. Miinchen. 1961. Division of Harper & Brothers, New York. 38. St. Clair, L. E.: Lymphatic System. In: Dun­ 1960. ne's, "Diseases of Swine". Iowa State College 28. Renyi-Vamos, F.: Das Innere Lymphgefaess­ Press, Ames, Iowa. 1958. system der Or,gane. Verlag der Dngarischen Aka­ 39. Thornton, H.: Textbook of Meat Inspection. demie der Wissenschaften, Budapest. 1960. Bailliere, Tindall and Cox, London. 1949, 29. Rusznyak, I., Foldi, M. and Szabo, G.: (Engl. 1952 and 1957. edition Lymphatics and Lymph Circulation. 40. Trautmann, A. and Fiebiger, J.: Fundamentals Pergamon Press LTD, New York, Oxford, of the Histology of Domestic Animals. (Engl. London, Paris. 1960. edition) Comstock Publishing Associates, Itha­ 30. Rouvh~re, H.: Anatomie des Lymphatiques de ca, New York. 1957. l'Homme. Masson et Cie, Editeurs, Paris. 41. Triepel, H.: 28 Jahre B.N.A., Anat. Anz. Vol. 1932. 56, No. 19/20, 470-479. 1923. 31. Saar, L. I. and Getty, R.: The "Lymphatic 42. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. System". A Neglected Area in Veterinary Re­ Circular No. 866: The Lymph Glands of Cat­ search. The Iowa State University Veterinar­ tle, Hogs and Sheep. Revised January 1951. ian. 24: 146-151. 1962. 43. Weidenreich, F., Baum, H. und Trautmann, 32. Schmaltz: Zur Benennung der Lymphdruesen. A.: Lymph,gefaess-system. In: Bolk, L., Gop­ Anat. Anz. Vol. 63, No. 10/11, 170-171. 9'27. pert, E., Kallius, E., Lubosch, W.: Handbuch 33. Shdanow, D. A.: Zur Loesung der Streitfragen der Vergl. Anatomie der Wirbeltiere. Bd. 6. ueber die funktionelle Morphologie des Lym­ Verlag von Urban & Schwarzenberg in Berlin phgefaess-systems. Anat. Anz. Bd. 11, 51-61. und Wien. 1933. 1962. 44. Yoffey, J. M. and Coutice, F. C.: Lymphatics, 34. Sisson, S.: The Anatomy of the Domestic Ani­ Lymph and Lymphoid Tissue. Harvard Uni­ mals. Second edition. W. B. Saunders Com­ versity Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 19,56. pany, Philadelphia and London, 1914. 45. Zietzschmann, A.: Das Lymphsystem. In: 35. Sisson-Grossman: AnatonlY of the Donlestic Schoenberg, F. und Zietzschmann, 0.: Die Aus­ Animals. Fourth edition. Press of W. B. fuehrung der tieraerztlichen Fleischuntersuch­ Saunders Company, Philadelphia. 1953. ung. Paul Parey in Berlin und Hamburg. 1958. 36. Siippel, R.: Die Benennung der Lymphknoten. 46. ZimmerI, D.: Anatomia Topografica Veterin­ Anat. Anz. Vol. 62, No. 11/13, 238-239'. 1926. aria. Casa editrice Dr. Francesco Vallardi, Mi­ 37. Spira, Anneliese: Die Lymphknotengruppen lano. 1949.

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Issue, No.1, -1962 29