DOCSLIB.ORG

Vascular Spread of Carcinoma of the Bronchus * by H

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Vascular Spread of Carcinoma of the Bronchus * by H Thorax: first published as 10.1136/thx.11.3.172 on 1 September 1956. Downloaded from Thorax (1956), 11, 172. AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE LYMPHATIC AND VASCULAR SPREAD OF CARCINOMA OF THE BRONCHUS * BY H. C. NOHL From the London Chest Hospital (RECEIVED FOR PUBLICATION JANUARY 28, 1956) The present investigation was carried out be- Each spezimen while still fresh and unfixed was cause little work has been done to elucidate the carefully cleared of all the visible lymph nodes, and problems concerning the lymphatic spread of their relationship to the nearest bronchus was noted bronchogenic carcinoma. The question, whether and charted on a diagram (Fig. 1). the treatment of carcinoma of the bronchus by Vascular involvement was also looked for and lobectomy rather than by pneumonectomy is p.eces of pulmonary vein were sent for histological examination where invasion seemed most likely. based on sound pathological principles, needed Visceral or parietal pleural infiltration was noted and clarification. It was also felt that the establish- again microscopic confirmation was sought. And, ment of a surgical-pathological classification for lastly, the situation and extent of the growth were the purpose of prognosis and assessment of various carefully recorded. forms of treatment, as has been donz for cancer Each lymph node was then sectioned after fixation copyright. at other sites, was long overdue. Furthermore, and two slides were made of each gland. A serial the anatomy of the intrapulmonary lymphatic section of each lymph node was not done, as it would pathways described in the past are no longer have entailed an insurmountable amount of work. tenable in the light of our present knowledge of In all, 753 lymph nodes were histologically the bronchial and segmental anatomy of the lungs. examined, which means an average of 7.5 lymph Rouviere (1932), in his classic Anatomie des nodes per specimen. Borrie, who undertook a similar http://thorax.bmj.com/ Lymphatiques de l'Homme, gives an excellent investigation, found five lymph nodes per specimen. description of the mediastinal lymphatic path- The growth itself was also examined and was de- ways and nodes, but that of the interlobar and scribed as being one of four types (Table I). intrapulmonary nodes is inaccurate and his work TABLE I does not divide the lymph flow into lobar or seg- HISTOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF CASES EXAMINED mental distribution. Since that time few contri- Squamous cell carcinoma ..59 butions have been made in this field; papers by Undifferentiated .28 McCort and Robbins (1951), Weinberg (1951), Adenocarcinoma. 8 on September 23, 2021 by guest. Protected Adeno- and squamous cell carcinoma .. Borrie (1952), and that by Brock and Whytehead ,, ,, undifferentiated cell carcinoma .. (1955) have touched on this subject. But all of Oat celIcarcinoma. 3 these authors, with the exception of Borrie, Total .. .. 100 reiterate, on the whole, Rouviere's statements on either the lymphatic anatomy or the drainage of the lungs. INCIDENCE OF LYMPH NODE INVOLVEMENT The incidence of lymph node involvement where METHOD OF INVESTIGATION pneumonectomies had been carried out was 88.8 %, One hundred specimens of lung resected for while the incidence after lobectomy was only bronchogenic carcinoma were examined. Of these 71 41.4%. The overall incidence of lymph node were pneumonectomies and 29 were lobectomies. involvement in the 100 resected specimens was They constitute a continuous series, except for three than cases which were not investigated, as a growth was not thus 75%. This percentage is higher the suspected at the time of the operation. usual figures quoted (Table IL). In this series 7.5 lymph nodes per specimen were found, while * An enlarged version of a paper read to the Thoracic Society in London in March, 1955. in that of Brock and Whytehead, where " radical Thorax: first published as 10.1136/thx.11.3.172 on 1 September 1956. Downloaded from LYMPHATIC AND VASCULAR SPREAD OF BRONCHIAL CARCINOMA 173 J~~~~~~~* Name: Mr. H. L. Reg. No.. 44495 Type of growth Squamous cell carcinoma Situation of growth : Distal branch of anterior segmental bocu involvement : None TraheaPleuralscular involvement: Infiltration of superior vena cava, part of which lperioP,tnorr Va}/ \\- 1 wii1 Trachca \Iwas excised (perivascular). No pulmonary vein involved i caval- 2-Oesophagusl copyright. I -Vena Posterior http://thorax.bmj.com/ 'rior ]1 11 A'bronchus6 s ntal I Pretracheal in superiorLymphmediastinumNodes ionary 2 Pretracheal attached firmly to superior vena cava, part of whichwasexcised. Mediallyextendingtoarchofaorta 1Apical lower3 lobe bronchus1bronchus 4 Medial to (R) main bronchus on September 23, 2021 by guest. Protected 'ulmonary, <; -51/ Posterior to (R) main bronchus lower part 6 Lateral to (R) main bronchus pulmonairy 1 diddle lobe. 1 v nvein /umnr 7 Inferior to anterior segmental bronchus of R.U.L. bronchus \f // 8 Superior to middle lobe bronchus 2 }| Pulmonary Malignant 9 Medial to lower lobe bronchus Infiltration ~~~lobcligament' 10 Lateral to and medial to middle lobe bronchus Classification: A3 11 At the top of pulmonary ligarment FIG. 1.-Chart which is used to record the site of the nodes dissected and examined histologically. It shows the nrediastiral aspect of the resected lung,->with thetmediastinal~~Inferiorstructures superimposed. The diagram, therefore, presents the mirror image of the orthodox view. Thorax: first published as 10.1136/thx.11.3.172 on 1 September 1956. Downloaded from 174 H. C. NOHL TABLE II Table III shows the location of the various INCIDENCE OF LYMPH NODE INVOLVEMENT lymph nodes on the right side of the chest and ACCORDING TO VARIOUS AUTHORS also indicates the site of the growth of each par- Ochsner, Dixon, and DeBakey (1945) 58 resected ticular lymph node. cases . 56-9% 2 and 3 indicate diagrammatically the Rienhoff (1947) 112 pneumonectomies 70.00% Figs. Wiklund (1951) 100 resected cases 540°/ anatomical position of the more important lymph Borrie (1952) 200 resected cases 48-0%; Salzer and others (1952) 160 resected cases 31 0%. nodes. Higginson (1953) 62 pneumonectomies 60-6% Three hundred and forty-seven lymph nodes Brock and Whytehead (1955) 109 " radical" pneumonectomies 38-0% were examined, of which 108 showed metastatic London Chest Hospital (1954-55) 100 resected deposits, giving an invasion rate of 31%. (The cases 75-0% invasion rates for the various lobes are given in Table V.) pneumonectomies" were performed, it is stated On analysing Table III the following features that 30-40 lymph nodes per specimen were become apparent. examined, and the percentage of cases showing TABLE III lymph node involvement was 38% in the 109 cases LYMPH NODES OF THE RIGHT LUNG where the state of glands is mentioned. In necropsy series the incidence is, of course, very Site of Growth much higher and ranges from 75% (Simpson, 1929) to 94% (Willis, 1953). It was often difficult Site of Lymph Nodes to forecast from macroscopic appearances whether 00 a lymph node was malignant or not. Often large firm nodes were free from growth, while small, Mediastinal innocent-looking ones showed a secondary. Micro- Pre-, para-, or retro- Not invaded 7 1 3 tracheal Invaded 9 1 1 133 found copyright. scopic metastases are most likely to be Subcarinal Not invaded 10 1 2 1 16 under the capsule of the node where the afferent Invaded I15l li21;43 1~ 6 Para-oesophageal Not invaded 2 4 lymphatic vessels open into the peripheral sinuses. Invaded Pericardial or para- Not invaded 11 phrenic Invaded 1 ~~~13 THE MACROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE LYMPHATIC In relation to upper part Not invaded 10 1 1 1 4 PATHWAYS OF THE LUNGS AS DEMONSTRATED BY ofright main bronchus Invaded 2 1 2 In relation to upper lobe Not invaded 5 1 6 LYMPHATIC METASTASES bronchus Invaded 11 In relation to upper lobe Not invaded 8 10 1 http://thorax.bmj.com/ As previously stated, not much research has epampntal hronrhi Invaded 61 2 1 1 been done in recent years on the lymphatic path- In relation to lower part Not invaded 251 41 3 1 25 ofright main bronchusj Invaded ways by which metastases from growths in various 10 1 1 117 In relation to middle lobe Not invaded 15 1 2 2 segments and lobes spread towards the hilar and bronchus Invaded 176 In relation to lower lobe Not invaded 13 1 3 13 mediastinal lymph nodes. For this reason the con- bronchus and segmen- Invaded 1 3 7 clusions drawn from the dissections done on the tal branches Pulmonary ligament .. Not invaded 2 1 4 100 cases in this series are described in this sec- Invaded 3 tion. However, in view of the fact that in the majority of cases the growth has involved more Total, 347. Invaded, 108. Invasion rate, 31%. on September 23, 2021 by guest. Protected than one segment, it is only possible to describe the lobar drainage with definite certainty. Lower lobe growths metastasize upwards, even occasionally into the lymph nodes around the RIGHT LUNG.-There was a total of 47 right- segmental bronchi of the upper lobe. The sub- sided growths. carinal and the para-oesophageal glands are often involved, while this seems to be a very infrequent Of these 19 growths were involving the upper lobe event with upper lobe growths. 18 growths 9.. ,, lower lobe The most important lymph nodes from the sur- 2 growths ,. ,, middle gical point of view seem to be those in relation to lobe the lower part of the right main bronchus, i.e., the 5 growths , . ,, upper and lobe bronchus lower lobes area which lies between the upper and the middle and apical lower lobe bronchi. 2 growths , . middle and his lower lobes This area was referred to by Borrie in Hunterian Lecture as the "lymphatic sump" of and 1 growth ,,9 ,, upper and middle lobes the right lung.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Table of Contents 1
    GENERAL THORACIC SURGERY DATABASE v.2.3 TRAINING MANUAL January 2018 Table of Contents 1. Demographics ................................................................................................................................................................. 2 2. Follow Up ........................................................................................................................................................................ 9 3. Admission ..................................................................................................................................................................... 10 4. Pre-Operative Evaluation ............................................................................................................................................. 14 5. Diagnosis (Category of Disease) ................................................................................................................................... 49 6. Procedure ..................................................................................................................................................................... 72 7. Post-Operative Events ................................................................................................................................................ 114 8. Discharge .................................................................................................................................................................... 141 9. Quality Measures ......................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Collaborative Stage Manual Part II
    SEER Program Coding and Staging Manual 2004, Revision 1 Collaborative Staging Codes Nasal Cavity C30.0 C30.0 Nasal cavity (excludes nose, NOS C76.0) Note: Laterality must be coded for this site, except subsites Nasal cartilage and Nasal septum, for which laterality is coded 0. CS Tumor Size CS Site-Specific Factor 1 - Size of The following tables are available CS Extension Lymph Nodes at the collaborative staging CS TS/Ext-Eval CS Site-Specific Factor 2 - website: CS Lymph Nodes Extracapsular Extension, Lymph Nodes Histology Exclusion Table CS Reg Nodes Eval for Head and Neck AJCC Stage Reg LN Pos CS Site-Specific Factor 3 - Levels I- Lymph Nodes Size Table Reg LN Exam III, Lymph Nodes for Head and Neck CS Mets at DX CS Site-Specific Factor 4 - Levels IV- CS Mets Eval V and Retropharyngeal Lymph Nodes for Head and Neck CS Site-Specific Factor 5 - Levels VI- VII and Facial Lymph Nodes for Head and Neck CS Site-Specific Factor 6 - Parapharyngeal, Parotid, Preauricular, and Sub-Occipital Lymph Nodes, Lymph Nodes for Head and Neck Nasal Cavity CS Tumor Size SEE STANDARD TABLE Nasal Cavity CS Extension Code Description TNM SS77 SS2000 00 In situ; non-invasive Tis IS IS 10 Invasive tumor confined to site of origin T1 L L Meatus (superior, middle, inferior) Nasal chonchae (superior, middle, inferior) Septum Tympanic membrane 30 Localized, NOS T1 L L 40 Extending to adjacent connective tissue within the nasoethomoidal T2 RE RE complex Nasolacrimal duct 60 Adjacent organs/structures including: T3 RE RE Bone of skull Choana Frontal sinus Hard palate
    [Show full text]
  • Structure, Function, and Molecular Control of the Skin Lymphatic System
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Structure, Function, and Molecular Control of the Skin Lymphatic System Mihaela Skobe and Michael Detmar Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, U.S.A. The mechanisms of angiogenesis have been studied phatic vasculature and the differences between blood extensively over the past years. The focus, however, and lymphatic vessels. Special attention has been has been almost exclusively on blood vessels, whereas given to the methods employed in research of the little effort has been directed toward understanding lymphatic system. Finally, we describe molecular lymphangiogenesis and the role of lymphatic vessels mechanisms involved in the regulation of lymphan- in physiology and pathology. The lymphatic system, giogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor and acting in concert with the blood vascular system, is vascular endothelial growth factor-C, expressed by of fundamental importance in maintaining tissue distinct skin cell populations, play an important role homeostasis, and disorders of the lymphatic system in the molecular control of skin angiogenesis and are common, often resulting in chronic, disabling lymphangiogenesis. Key words: lymphatic vessels/lymph- conditions. This overview summarizes the most angiogenesis/skin/VEGF-C. Journal of Investigative important aspects of the structure and function of Dermatology Symposium Proceedings 5:14±19, 2000 the lymphatic system with emphasis on the skin lym- ur understanding of the biology of the lymphatic covered'' (Bartels, 1909). The ancient Greeks observed structures system is well illustrated by the word lymphatic containing colorless ¯uid (Hippocrates spoke of ``white blood'') but itself; the derivation of the latin word lymphaticus their function was not understood and the signi®cance of the signi®es ``distracted and confused'' (Witte et al, ®nding was not recognized.
    [Show full text]
  • Lymphatic Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Laura Alderfer1, Alicia Wei1 and Donny Hanjaya-Putra1,2,3,4,5,6*
    Alderfer et al. Journal of Biological Engineering (2018) 12:32 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13036-018-0122-7 REVIEW Open Access Lymphatic Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Laura Alderfer1, Alicia Wei1 and Donny Hanjaya-Putra1,2,3,4,5,6* Abstract The lymphatic system is a major circulatory system within the body, responsible for the transport of interstitial fluid, waste products, immune cells, and proteins. Compared to other physiological systems, the molecular mechanisms and underlying disease pathology largely remain to be understood which has hindered advancements in therapeutic options for lymphatic disorders. Dysfunction of the lymphatic system is associated with a wide range of disease phenotypes and has also been speculated as a route to rescue healthy phenotypes in areas including cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and neurological conditions. This review will discuss lymphatic system functions and structure, cell sources for regenerating lymphatic vessels, current approaches for engineering lymphatic vessels, and specific therapeutic areas that would benefit from advances in lymphatic tissue engineering and regeneration. Keywords: Lymphangiogenesis, Tissue Engineering, Disease Modeling, Wound Healing, Lymphedema, Stem Cells, Biomaterials, Interstitial Fluid, Regeneration I. Introduction to the Lymphatic System and its role Interstitial fluid (IF) is a plasma filtrate that is generated Function by transcapillary filtration and is governed by Starling The lymphatic system is nearly ubiquitous in the human forces, the net difference between hydrostatic and body, present in all tissues except the epidermis, cartil- osmotic pressures, at the microcirculatory level [9]. In age, eye lens, cornea, retina, and bone marrow [1, 2]. order to maintain fluid homeostasis, lymph formation in The main functions of the lymphatic system include the initial lymphatic vessels must be balanced by the net fluid homeostasis and interstitial fluid drainage, immune flux of plasma being filtered out [4].
    [Show full text]
  • Human and Nonhuman Primate Meninges Harbor Lymphatic Vessels
    SHORT REPORT Human and nonhuman primate meninges harbor lymphatic vessels that can be visualized noninvasively by MRI Martina Absinta1†, Seung-Kwon Ha1†, Govind Nair1, Pascal Sati1, Nicholas J Luciano1, Maryknoll Palisoc2, Antoine Louveau3, Kareem A Zaghloul4, Stefania Pittaluga2, Jonathan Kipnis3, Daniel S Reich1* 1Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States; 2Hematopathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States; 3Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States; 4Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States Abstract Here, we report the existence of meningeal lymphatic vessels in human and nonhuman primates (common marmoset monkeys) and the feasibility of noninvasively imaging and mapping them in vivo with high-resolution, clinical MRI. On T2-FLAIR and T1-weighted black-blood imaging, lymphatic vessels enhance with gadobutrol, a gadolinium-based contrast agent with high propensity to extravasate across a permeable capillary endothelial barrier, but not with gadofosveset, a blood-pool contrast agent. The topography of these vessels, running alongside dural venous sinuses, recapitulates the meningeal lymphatic system of rodents. In primates, *For correspondence: meningeal
    [Show full text]
  • New Brain Lymphatic Vessels Drain Old Concepts
    EBioMedicine 2 (2015) 776–777 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect EBioMedicine journal homepage: www.ebiomedicine.com In Focus New Brain Lymphatic Vessels Drain Old Concepts Lasse Dissing-Olesen, Soyon Hong, Beth Stevens⁎ Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA The brain has traditionally been considered an immune privileged vessels above the dcLN completely abolished drainage of dye to these organ, in part due to the lack of evidence for lymphatic vasculature lymph nodes and additionally, increased the diameter of the meningeal (Galea et al., 2007). Two centuries ago, the existence of lymphatic ves- lymphatic vessels, indicating that these vessels drain to the dcLN. The sels on the surface of the human brain was proposed but it has since Alitalo lab further demonstrated that dye injected into the brain paren- been widely dismissed (Lukic et al., 2003). Therefore, while T cells chyma was absorbed by lymphatic vessels and preferentially drained leave all other organs via the lymphatic system to reach nearby lymph into the ipsilateral dcLN from the base of the brain. Surprisingly, Kipnis' nodes, the prevailing view has been that infiltrated T cells exit the lab excluded the best-known route of drainage into the dcLN, via the brain via venous blood circulation, circumventing the lymph nodes nasal cavity's cribriform plate and the nasal mucosa (Kida et al., 1995), (Ransohoff and Engelhardt, 2012). The recent evidence for the existence as they failed
    [Show full text]
  • Extraperitoneal Laparoscopic Resection for Retroperitoneal Lymphatic Cysts
    Wang et al. BMC Urology (2017) 17:101 DOI 10.1186/s12894-017-0288-1 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Extraperitoneal laparoscopic resection for retroperitoneal lymphatic cysts: initial experience Yichun Wang1†, Chen Chen1†, Chuanjie Zhang1†, Chao Qin2* and Ninghong Song2* Abstract Background: To assess the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic retroperitoneal resection for retroperitoneal lymphatic cysts. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted based on clinical data from eight patients with hydronephrosis caused by retroperitoneal lymphatic cysts. All patients underwent laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymphatic cyst resection and received postoperative follow-up. A follow-up ultrasound was performed postoperatively every 6–12 months to evaluate the recovery of the hydronephrosis. Results: All operations were successful, and their postoperative pathological results revealed lymphatic cyst walls. The operation time ranged from 43 to 88 min (mean: 62 min), with a blood loss of 20 to 130 mL (mean: 76 mL), and the length of hospital stay was 3 to 6 days (mean: 4.5 days). Within the follow-up of 12 to 36 months (mean: 28.5 months), great relief was detected in all eight cases, and no recurrence was found. Moreover, complications such as renal pedicle or renal pelvis injury were not observed. Conclusions: Laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymphatic cyst resection is an effective treatment for retroperitoneal lymphatic cysts and has the advantages of being minimally invasive, producing less intraoperative blood loss and leading to a quick recovery. This treatment thus deserves further studies. Keywords: Hydronephrosis, Lymphatic cyst, Laparoscope Background pain, obstructive uropathy, lower lymphoedema, bowel Lymphatic cysts are a rare lymphatic-vessel-generated obstruction and venous thrombosis [7–10].
    [Show full text]
  • Lateral Peritumoral Lymphatic Vessel Invasion Can Predict Lymph Node Metastasis in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
    Modern Pathology (2007) 20, 694–700 & 2007 USCAP, Inc All rights reserved 0893-3952/07 $30.00 www.modernpathology.org Lateral peritumoral lymphatic vessel invasion can predict lymph node metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma Daisuke Mori1, Fumio Yamasaki1, Masami Shibaki1 and Osamu Tokunaga2 1Division of Pathology, Saga Prefectural Hospital Kouseikan, Saga, Japan and 2Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Biodefense, Saga University, Saga, Japan Lymph node metastasis is an important prognostic factor in many types of cancer. We investigated the clinical significance of lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic vessel invasion in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. We evaluated lymphatic vessel density and lymphatic vessel invasion in the intratumoral, peritumoral and normal compartments using D2-40 immunostaining. In addition, the peritumoral compartment was divided into the lateral peritumoral compartment and the non-lateral peritumoral compartment. The lymphatic vessel density was higher in the peritumoral and intratumoral compartments than in the normal compartment. However, the lymphatic vessel density did not correlate with any pathological parameters including lymph node metastasis. Intratumoral and peritumoral lymph vessels were small and collapsed while normal lymphatic vessels and lymphatic vessels with lymphatic vessel invasion were dilated and large. The presence of lymphatic vessel invasion, in the lateral peritumoral compartment but nowhere else, significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis. These results
    [Show full text]
  • Increased Number and Altered Phenotype of Lymphatic Vessels in Peripheral Lung Compartments of Patients with COPD Mori Et Al
    Increased number and altered phenotype of lymphatic vessels in peripheral lung compartments of patients with COPD Mori et al. Mori et al. Respiratory Research 2013, 14:65 http://respiratory-research.com/content/14/1/65 Mori et al. Respiratory Research 2013, 14:65 http://respiratory-research.com/content/14/1/65 RESEARCH Open Access Increased number and altered phenotype of lymphatic vessels in peripheral lung compartments of patients with COPD Michiko Mori1, Cecilia K Andersson2, Gerard J Graham3, Claes-Göran Löfdahl2 and Jonas S Erjefält1,2* Abstract Background: De novo lymphatic vessel formation has recently been observed in lungs of patients with moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the distribution of lymphatic vessel changes among the anatomical compartments of diseased lungs is unknown. Furthermore, information regarding the nature of lymphatic vessel alterations across different stages of COPD is missing. This study performs a detailed morphometric characterization of lymphatic vessels in major peripheral lung compartments of patients with different severities of COPD and investigates the lymphatic expression of molecules involved in immune cell trafficking. Methods: Peripheral lung resection samples obtained from patients with mild (GOLD stage I), moderate-severe (GOLD stage II-III), and very severe (GOLD stage IV) COPD were investigated for podoplanin-immunopositive lymphatic vessels in distinct peripheral lung compartments: bronchioles, pulmonary blood vessels and alveolar walls. Control subjects with normal lung function were divided into never smokers and smokers. Lymphatics were analysed by multiple morphological parameters, as well as for their expression of CCL21 and the chemokine scavenger receptor D6. Results: The number of lymphatics increased by 133% in the alveolar parenchyma in patients with advanced COPD compared with never-smoking controls (p < 0.05).
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Lung Cancer (2011)
    G U I D E L I N E S Chinese guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of primary lung cancer (2011) Xiu-yi Zhi1*, Yi-long Wu2*, Hong Bu3, Gang Cheng4, Ying Cheng5, Xiang Du6, Bao-hui Han7, Ge-ning Jiang8, Shun- chang Jiao9, De-ruo Liu10, Lun-xu Liu3, You Lu3, Sheng-lin Ma11, Yuan-kai Shi12, Chang-li Wang13, Jie Wang14, Tian- you Wang1, Yue Yang14, Qing-hua Zhou15, Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Expert Panel of the Chinese Ministry of Health 1Beijing Lung Cancer Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing; 2Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou; 3West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu; 4Beijing Hospital, Beijing; 5Cancer Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun; 6Cancer Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai; 7Shanghai Chest Hospital, Jiaotong University, Shanghai; 8Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai; 9General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing; 10Beijing Sino-Japan Hospital, Beijing; 11Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou; 12Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing; 13Tianjin Cancer Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin; 14Beijing Cancer Hospital, Peking University, Beijing; 15Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital J Thorac Dis 2012;4:88-101. DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2010.08.01 Introduction . smoking with a smoking index of greater than 400 cigarettes/ year; a history of high-risk occupational exposure (eg. exposure Primary lung cancer (PLC) is one of the most common to asbestos) and family history of PLC; or at the age of 45 years malignant tumors in China.
    [Show full text]
  • TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours
    Table of Contents Cover Title Page Preface References Acknowledgments Organizations Associated with the TNM System Members of UICC Committees Associated with the TNM System Section Editors Introduction References Head and Neck Tumours Lip and Oral Cavity Pharynx References Larynx Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses Unknown Primary – Cervical Nodes Malignant Melanoma of Upper Aerodigestive Tract Major Salivary Glands Thyroid Gland Digestive System Tumours Oesophagus Stomach Reference Small Intestine Appendix Colon and Rectum Anal Canal and Perianal Skin Liver Intrahepatic Bile Ducts Gallbladder Perihilar Bile Ducts Distal Extrahepatic Bile Duct Ampulla of Vater Pancreas Well Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumours of the Gastrointestinal Tract Lung, Pleural, and Thymic Tumours Lung References Pleural Mesothelioma Thymic Tumours References Tumours of Bone and Soft Tissues Bone Soft Tissues Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumour (GIST) Skin Tumours Carcinoma of Skin (excluding eyelid, head and neck, perianal, vulva, and penis) Skin Carcinoma of the Head and Neck Carcinoma of Skin of the Eyelid Malignant Melanoma of Skin Merkel Cell Carcinoma of Skin Breast Tumours Reference Gynaecological Tumours Reference Vulva Vagina Cervix Uteri Uterus – Endometrium Reference Uterine Sarcomas References Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, and Primary Peritoneal Carcinoma Reference Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasms Reference Urological Tumours Penis Prostate References Testis Kidney Renal Pelvis and Ureter Urinary Bladder Urethra Adrenal Cortex (ICD O 3 C74.0) Ophthalmic
    [Show full text]
  • Lymphangiogenesis Guidance by Paracrine and Pericellular Factors
    Downloaded from genesdev.cshlp.org on October 10, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press REVIEW Lymphangiogenesis guidance by paracrine and pericellular factors Kari Vaahtomeri,1 Sinem Karaman,1 Taija Mäkinen,2 and Kari Alitalo1 1Wihuri Research Institute, Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; 2Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden Lymphatic vessels are important for tissue fluid homeo- in the downstream collector vessels (Bazigou and Maki- stasis, lipid absorption, and immune cell trafficking and nen 2013). are involved in the pathogenesis of several human diseas- With the exception of the Schlemm’s canal in the eyes, es. The mechanisms by which the lymphatic vasculature meningeal lymphatic vessels, and the majority of the (lac- network is formed, remodeled, and adapted to physiolog- teal) lymphatic vessels in the intestine, most lymphatic ical and pathological challenges are controlled by an intri- networks are generated during embryonic development cate balance of growth factor and biomechanical cues. (Kim et al. 2007; Aspelund et al. 2014, 2015; Kizhatil These transduce signals for the readjustment of gene ex- et al. 2014; Nurmi et al. 2015). However, they also under- pression and lymphatic endothelial migration, prolifera- go dynamic changes in adults. Lymphatic vessels can tion, and differentiation. In this review, we describe grow in length and caliber (lymphangiogenesis) in various several of these cues and how they are integrated for the pathological conditions, such as inflammation, wound generation of functional lymphatic vessel networks. healing, tumorigenesis, and in association with tissue transplantation. A common feature in many of these con- ditions is tissue edema and inflammation, which increase Some of the most dense lymphatic networks are located the demand for fluid drainage and immune cell traffick- under various epithelia that form the interface between ing.
    [Show full text]