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Lymphatics of Blood Vessels R. A. JoHNSON References I 8os, IV. H .: Recirculatic en transformatie von lym­ 9 Volkman, A .• ] . L. Gowans: The origin of mocro· phocytcn. Van Dcndercn, Groniogen 1967 phoges from bone marrow in the rot. Brit. J. exp. 2 Collier, H., E. P. Cronkite, C. R. jansen, K. R. Rai, Poth. 46 (1965), 62-70 S. Singer, C. R. Sipe: Studies on lymphocytes. Ill. 10 Ford, C. E.: Tr3Hic of lymphoid cells in the body. Effects of cxtrocorporeol irrodiotioo of the circubt· In : Thymus, experimentol ond clinicol studies. A ing blood upon the lympborcticulor orgons in the Ciba Foundotion Symposium (G. E. W. Wolsten­ coif. Blood 24 (1964), 241-253 _ holme ond R. Porter eds.) Churchill, London 1966 3 McGregor, D. D., ] . L. Gowans: T he ontibody ru-_ II Diderltolm, /{., K. E. Fidltclius: An outorodiograpbic ponse of rats depleted of lymphocytes by chronic study of the difference hetwecn thymus ond lymph dr3inoge from thorocic duct. J. cxp. Med. 117 (1963). node lymphocytes shown by transfusion of labelled 303-320 cells. Acto hocmat. 22 (1959), 112- 11 i 4 Hall,]. G., B. Morris : Effect of x -irr3di>tion of the 12 Nossnl, G. ]. V., ]. Corrie: Studies of the cmigro­ poplitcol lymph node on its output of lymphocytes tion of thymic cells in young guinea pigs. In: The and immunological responsiveness. Lancet 2 (196·1), thymus in immunobiology (R. A. Good and A . E. 1077-1080 Gnbridsen cds.) Hoebcr Medical Division, Harper 5 Cronkite. E. P., C. R. ]anwz, G. C. Mather, N. 0. &: Row, New York 1964 Nidun , E. A . Uscnik, E. R. Adamik. C. R. Sipc: 13 Weissmann, I . L.: Thymus cell migration. ]. exp. Studies on lymphocytes. I. Lymphopenia produced by Med. 126 (1967), 291-304 prolonged extracorpore:1l irradiation of circul::1ting t4 Liden, St ., ] . Limw: Local labelling of lymph nodu blood. Blood ZO (1962), 203-213 with triti>ted thymidine. Acta path. microbial. scand. G Chanana, A. D., E. P. Cronkite, H. Cottier, M. L. 65 (1966). 173-184 Grctnbtrg, L. M. Schiffer, P. Stryckmans: The oppli­ 15 .\lollcyres, ] .. B. Roos: unpublished dato t:ltion of extracorporcal irradbtion of the blood :md 16 Mollcyrcs, ] .: unpublished data. lymph in the study of lymphopoiesis and problems of 17 ]anctt, A .. If. P. Wagner, C. R. Jansen, If. Cotti<r, homotronsplnnt>tion. Exp. Hematol. S ( t965), 22-28 E. P. Cronkite: Studies on lymphopoiesis • IV. A 7 Jacobson, L . 0 ., E. K ..ll arks, E. 0. Gaston, E. L. com p::~.ri so n of two ;tppro:uhes for the determination Simmons: Preliminary studies on repopulation of of the gencr:ltion time in thoracic duct cells without lymph:uic tissues in irradi::1tcd mice with Pcytr's detectable cytoplasmic differentiation. Europ. J. Potch shielding. Argonne Cancer Res. Hospitol, Re­ Concer 2 (1966), 231-236 port 10 1 (1961), H-47 IS Olson , I. A., ]. M. Yo/Icy: Oligosynthctic and po­ S Keiser, G., H . Cottier, N. Odartchtnko, V. P. Bond: lysynthetic lymph nodes. In: The lymphocyte in im­ Autoradiogrnphic study on the origin ond fote of munology and hacmopoicsis (J. M. Yoffcy cd.) Ar· smoll lymphoid cells in the d og bone m3rrow: effect nold. London 1967 of femornl ortery clamping during in vivo ovoilabi­ lity of ' H-thymidine. Blood 24 (1964), 254-266 Dr. ] . Mollcyres, Dr. H. Cottier, Dr. R. Sdtintller, Dr. C. Sloncckcr, lmtitutc of Pathology, University of Beme, Swit:crland, Dr. M. W. Hess, Tlzcodor Kodzcr Institute, University of Bern e, Swit:crland, Dr. R. D. Stoner, Medical Department, Brookhaven .Vat ional Laboratory , Upton L.l., N. l'., USA Lymphatics of Blood Vessels R. A. Johnson Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Hospital and the University Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi Lymphology 2 (1969), 44-56 Lymj;hatics of blood vessels rn recent years a number of investigations of the anatomy of the vasa vasorum of major blood vessels have been made (I, 2, 3, -!), but few observations of the lymphatic component of vasa vasorum have been recorded. Investigations of lymphatics of blood vessel walls were r eported nearly one hundred years ago (5), and the anatomical findings apparently were unclear which resulted in considerable debate among coo­ temporary investigators regarding what had been observed. Most of the controversY Permission granted for single print for individual use. Reproduction not permitted without permission of Journal LYMPHOLOGY. Lymphatics of Blood Vessels 45 seemed to center about whether intercellular spaces were being interpreted as lympha­ tic capillaries. Some investigators at that time even denied that lymphatics existed within or about the walls of the blood vessels. In recent years there have been only a few reports specifically on the subject (6, 7, 8, 9, 10). The present study describes results of a preliminary investigation to determine the anatomical relationships of lymphatics to the walls of blood vessels. No effort was made to delineate specific lymp.h_drainage pathways. Material and methods Studies were made on portions of aorta, pulmonary artery, vena cava, pulmonary vein, and coronary artery and vein obtained from dogs, pigs. and humans. The specimens from healthy swine approximately six months of age were obtained from a local abba­ lair; specimens from d ogs were furnished by the experimental surgical laboratory at the time animals were sacrificed. Human specimens were obtained at random from autopsies of adult patients dying from various causes. Several older patients had severe arteriosclerosis of the aorta with aneurysms. Specimens were obtained from 15 of each of the species. Lymphatics were demonstrated by injection of India ink (diluted 1 : I 0) through a 27 -guage needle, attached to a fiv e or ten cc syringe. Identification of lymphatics was made on the basis of morphological characteristics which have been d escribed pre­ viously (11 , 12, 13). Several techniques of injection were applied; 1. The n eedle was advanced careful! y through the adventitia at the medial junction. As the needle passed through small vessels, ink was drawn into them by capillary action; then gentle pressure on the syringe completed filling of the plexus of vessels. The pattern formed by lymphatic plexuses is characteristic and can be distinguished by the naked eye from plexuses of blood capillaries. Because of the delicate structure of lymphatic capillaries. they rupture easily and only small areas can be injected at any one time. 2. The aorta and vena cava specimens obtai ned from pigs and d ogs were removed with much of the perivascular structures intact. Ink injected into large paravascular lymph nodes Qo,ved into the cisterna d1yli or thoracic duct which was closely related to the aorta. By clam­ ping both ends of this vessel with hemostats, ink injected directly in to it filled a number of lymph ducts and plexuses of lymphatics on the aortic wall. 3. Small lymph nodes were identified in the deep adventitia surrounding the aorta, particularly in specimens from humans. These were inj ected gently with ink which resulted in retro­ grade and antegrade filling of adventitial plexuses of regional lymphatics. All three methods of injection were utilized whenever possible, but in general the method of injecting in to the deep adventitia usually was more rewarding. All specimens were injected while fresh, then fixed in 10 per cent formalin and cleared by the Spalteholz method (I). After clearing, specimens were observed through a stereomicroscope and photographed with a 35 mm Exacta camera back attad1ed to one ocular of the microscope. Exposure time was determined with a photometer Supported in part by the Mississippi H eart Association, and Grants HE-07 159 and 2-F2-E-IE-! 9, 626-02 from the National H eart Tnstitute, U.S. Public Health Service. Acknowledgement: The author acknowledges the technical assistance of Dr. Miles ll'lcCadden, Dr. Don Mitchell, and james R. D~tmas. Permission granted for single print for individual use. Reproduction not permitted without permission of Journal LYMPHOLOGY. -!6 R. A. jOHNSON attached to the other ocular. The light source fo r dissection and photography was a standard 35 mm slide projector equipped with a 500-watt bulb {13). Remits Aorta and Pulmonary Artery in Pigs and Dogs. The large lymphatic channel {3-5 mm in width) in dogs and pigs demonstrated_by injecting ink into the para-aortic lymph nodes was assumed to be the thoracic duct though it was not traced to its termination. It was located at the adventitial-medial junction and often one or two smaller channels { I-~ mm in width) were present which anastomosed with the larger vessel prior to its exit near the ao rtic arch. Smaller vessels (50-300 microns in width) in the deep and superficial adventitia joined the thoracic duct along its course. Some of these channels had characteristics of blood vessels with uniform margins and no evidence of valves, while others appeared as typical lymphatics with a bulbous contour (Figure 1). This observation was suggestive of lymphatic-blood vascular communi­ cations. The deep and superficial adventitial lymphatic channels {30-100 microns in width) are arranged in a network surrounding the aorta but do not penetrate into the media (Figure ~). Collecting channels from the adventitial plexuses join regional adventitial and para-aortic lymph nodes (Figure 3) and in some instances join the thoracic duct directly as mentioned above. Fig. l Illustration of thoracic duct (td) and accompanying vessels at the adventitial-medial junction of t.he aorta from a pig. The thoracic duct (4 mm in width) and adjoining lymphatic collectin g ducts (cd} course along lhe longitudinal axis of lhe aorta. The thoracic duel (td) has been injected with India ink (see text) which has entered the blood vessel network (bv} over­ lying the media of the aorta through anastomosis (a).
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