Medical School Histology Basics Blood and Lymph Vessels VIBS 243 lab Introduction Multicellular Organisms Need 3 Mechanisms ------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Distribute oxygen, nutrients, and hormones 2. Collect waste 3. Transport waste to excretory organs Multicellular Organism Needs met by cardiovascular system --------------------------------------------------------------- Distribute, Collection, and Transport are the functions of the Cardiovascular system CARDIOVASCULAR Today we want to examine: SYSTEM How does variation in histological characteristics of different vessels facilitates their contributions to these functions? How does variation in histological characteristics of lymph vessels facilitates their contributions to these functions? CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Body Lungs HEART PRODUCES BLOOD Ref code PRESSURE (SYSTOLE) # 10,16,19 Pressure seen along the arterial pathway from a single heart beat Pulse seen as sudden change in pressure and Two sets of closed vessels velocity is seen only in connected only at the heart the arterial pathway = no pulse in capillaries and venous pathway but steady flow Velocity seen along the arterial pathway from a single heart beat Ref code CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM # 10,16,19 HEART contraction produces blood pressure during systole but contraction smooth muscle in the walls of other blood vessels reduces blood flow by reducing the caliber of the vessel lumen Variation in walls of blood vessels accommodates mechanical factors and metabolic needs Vessels vary in size, wall thickness, and shape and size of lumen to facilitate their functions Ref code CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM # 10,16, ELASTIC ARTERIES - CONDUCT BLOOD AND MAINTAIN PRESSURE DURING DIASTOLE CARDIOVASCULAR Ref code SYSTEM # 6,19 MUSCULAR ARTERIES - DISTRIBUTE BLOOD, MAINTAIN PRESSURE ARTERIOLES - PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE AND DISTRIBUTE BLOOD CAPILLARIES - EXCHANGE NUTRIENTS AND WASTE VENULES - COLLECT BLOOD FROM CAPILLARIES (EDEMA) Ref code # 9 Ref code LAYERS IN VASCULAR # 6 WALL LAYER COMPOSITION TUNICA INTIMA ENDOTHELIUM (SUBENDOTHELIA CT. INTERNAL ELASTIC LAMINA) TUNICA MEDIA SMOOTH MUSCLE (ELASTIC LAMELLAE, EXTERNAL ELASTIC LAMINA) TUNICA CONNECTIVE TISSUE ADVENTITIA (LONGITUDINAL SMOOTH MUSCLE, VASA VASORUM) MUSCULAR Ref code # 9 artery 34460 Large vein Note flattened endothelial cells viewed on their side and on face (flat side of pancake) in arterioles in the iris (left side near the trabecular meshwork of the monkey eye Slide 34412 Slide 34412 Iris of Anterior monkey chamber Arteriole eye Fattened endothelial cells On-face view Dilator muscle • Slides 226, note that the endocardium Myocardium Layer of endothelium resting on a thin layer of connective tissue and covers the entire inner Myocardium surface of the Endothelium myocardium. Edocardium Connective tissue Epicardium 226 Myocardium 225 Fat Slide HISTO023 Heart muscle Purkinje Fibers Myocardium Slide HISTO024 Myocardium Endocardium Myocardium Heart valves Connective tissue Slide HISTO024 Connective tissue Myocardium Endothelium Endocardium Heart valve Connective tissue Endothelium Slide 427 Aorta large elastic artery TUNICA ADVENTITIA TUNICA INTIMA Elastic laminae interspersed with smooth muscle cells TUNICA MEDIA Vasa vasorum TUNICA ADVENTITIA TUNICA ADVENTITIA TUNICA MEDIA Slide 427 Aorta TUNICA INTIMA Smooth muscle cells TUNICA MEDIA Elastic laminae 432 Lung elastic artery Elastic laminae TUNICA ADVENTITIA Fibroblasts TUNICA INTIMA TUNICA MEDIA Smooth muscle cells Vasa vasorum Endothelium 225 Heart Vasa vasorum Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium 34459 Muscular arteries in UT 196B1 Human spermatic cord Large vein Muscular arteries Thick muscular tunica media Wrinkled lumen Elastic membranes 472 Fallopian tube Elastic membranes Small vein venule Wrinkled lumen Muscular artery tunica media: 472 Fallopian tube muscular arteries Elastic membranes Muscular arteries Tunica media tunica intima Tunica adventitia Wrinkled lumen 126 Bile duct with portal vein, monkey Hepatic portal vein Tunica intima Tunica media tunica adventitia containing longitudinal muscle fibers 126 Bile duct with portal vein, monkey tunica adventitia containing longitudinal muscle fibers Common bile duct Tunica media Common bile duct Hepatic Endothelium Hepatic portal vein portal vein 126 Bile duct with portal vein, monkey Common bile duct Tunica media tunica adventitia containing longitudinal muscle fibers Hepatic portal vein Endothelium 225 Heart myocardium Smooth muscle cells of an arteriole Autoregulation occurs by relaxation of smooth muscle cells in the walls of arterioles if local basal lamina O2 levels are too low; thereby, increasing their caliber that increases local blood flow rate and increases O2 levels in that locale. 126 Bile duct with portal vein, monkey Arterioles Muscular artery Medium vein Fat cells Capillary Venules Muscular artery 472 Fallopian tube Arterioles Small vein Small artery Capillary Venules Muscular artery EM 9 of arteriole: 1. Endothelial cell 2. Internal elastic membrane 3. Smooth muscle cell Ref code # 9 basal lamina liver muscle/brain kidney/adrenal Ref code # 19 CONTINUOUS FENESTRATED SINUSOIDAL TYPES OF CAPILLARIES & BASAL LAMINA CHARACTERISTICS CAPILLARIES BASAL LAMINA EXAMPLES OF LOCATIONS CONTINUOUS COMPLETE MUSCLE, TESTIS, BRAIN, THYMUS FENESTRATED COMPLETE GLOMERULUS, ADRENAL DISCONTINUOUS INCOMPLETE OR LIVER, SPLEEN, BONE OR SINUSOIDAL LACKING MARROW MUSCLE GLOMERULUS LIVER 186 Adrenal -cortex and medulla FENESTRATED Capillaries these are sinusoid blood vessels 155 Gall bladder & liver, monkey SINUSOIDAL capillaries 420 Rib bone marrow SINUSOIDAL capillaries in bone marrow 420 Bone marrow SINUSOIDAL capillaries EM 10a: pericyte in vessel wall; 20,000x 1. Lumen 2. Endothelial cell 3. Tight junction EM 17 of capillary in the lamina propria of the intestine 1. Smooth muscle cell 2. Capillary 3. Endothelial cell EM 10b 136 Tongue Continuous capillaries in skeletal muscle CONTINUOUS capillaries in muscle Histo 052 Tongue Continuous capillaries in skeletal muscle 32409 Small intestinal villi in the rat Lymphatic capillaries 126 Bile duct with portal vein, monkey Lymphatic capillary Lymphatic vessels identified by their Muscular lymph in the lumen artery of each Valves The lumen of blood vessels was cleared by vascular Lymphatic vessel with valves perfusion with fixative Ref code LYMPH VESSELS # 12 FUNCTIONS RETURN PROTEIN, FLUID, AND BLOOD CELLS TRANSPORT SECRETIONS (HORMONES, ANTIBODIES) TRANSPORT FAT (NEUTRAL FAT) 128 Thoracic duct tunica media Vasa vasorum of the tunica adventitia Circular and oblique smooth muscle bundles separated by connective tissue in the tunica media (the thickest layer) Smooth muscle UT196 valves in large vein of spermatic cord Valves Valve = connective tissue core draped with endothelium 196 UT196 valve in lymphatic vessel in spermatic cord Vein Lymphatic vessels Valves in vessels Artery In summary Ref code # 12,19 Blood pressure generated Exchange in capillaries Fluid return via lymph Vessels adapted for mechanical and metabolic needs Many illustrations in these VIBS Histology YouTube videos were modified from the following books and sources: Many thanks to original sources! 1. Alberts, et al., 1989. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 2nd Edition. Garland Publishing, Inc. New York. ISBN 0-8240-3695-6. 2. Alberts, et al., 1994. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 3nd Edition. Garland Publishing, Inc. New York. ISBN 0-8153-1619-4. 3. Bloom, W. and Fawcett, D.W., 1968. A Textbook of Histology. 9th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company. Philadelphia. Library of Congress #67-17445. 4. Elias, H. et al., 1978. Histology and Human Microanatomy. A Wiley Medical Publication. John Wiley & Sons, New York. ISBN 0-471- 04929-8. 5. Eroschenko, V. 2000. Atlas of Histology with Functional Correlations. 9th Edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia. ISBN 0- 7817-2676-X. 6. Fawcett, D.W., 1986. Bloom and Fawcett. A Textbook of Histology. 11th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company. Philadelphia. ISBN 0-7216- 1729-8. 7. Fawcett, D.W., 1986. Bloom and Fawcett. A Textbook of Histology. 12th Edition. Chapman and Hall. New York. ISBN 0-412-04691-1. 8. Guyton, A.C. 1971. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 4th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company. Philadelphia. Library of Congress # 74- 118589. 9. Ham, A.W. 1974. Histology. 7th Edition. J.B. Lippincott Company. Philadelphia. ISBN 0-397-52062-X. 10. Ham, A.W. and Cormack, D.H. 1979. Histology. 8th Edition. J.B. Lippincott Co. Philadelphia. ISBN 0-397-52089-1. 11. Junqueria, et al., 1995. Basic Histology. 8th Edition. Appleton and Lange. Norwalk, Connecticut. ISBN 08385-0567-8. 12. Junqueira, et al., 1998. Basic Histology. 9th Edition. Appleton and Lange. Stamford, Connecticut. ISBN 0-8385-0590-2. 13. Knobil, E. et al. 1988. The Physiology of Reproduction. Volume 1. Raven Press. New York. ISBN 0-88167-281-5. 14. Langley, et al., 1974. Dynamic Anatomy and Physiology. 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Company. New York. ISBN 0-07-036274-2. 15. Mescher, A.L., 2010. Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas. 12th Edition. McGraw Hill Medical. New York. ISBN 978-0-07-160431- 4. 16. Tuttle, W.W. and Schottelius, B.A. 1969. Textbook of Physiology. 16th Edition. The C.V. Mosby Company. Saint Louis. Library of Congress # 75- 89848. 17. Varner, D. et al. 1991. Diseases and Management of Breeding Stallions. American Veterinary Publications. Goleta, California. ISBN 0- 939674-33-5. 18. Von Hagens, Gunther and A.Whalley, 2007. Body Worlds – The Anatomical Exhibition of Real Human Bodies. ISBN 978-3-937256-04-7 19. Weiss,