BLOOD AND LYMPH VASCULAR SYSTEMS
BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS
Objectives Functions of vessels Layers in vascular walls Classification of vessels Components of vascular walls Control of blood flow in microvasculature Variation in microvasculature Blood barriers Lymphatic system Introduction Multicellular Organisms Need 3 Mechanisms ------1. Distribute oxygen, nutrients, and hormones CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
2. Collect waste
3. Transport waste to excretory organs
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Cardiovascular System
Component function Heart - Produce blood pressure (systole)
Elastic arteries - Conduct blood and maintain pressure during diastole
Muscular arteries - Distribute blood, maintain pressure
Arterioles - Peripheral resistance and distribute blood
Capillaries - Exchange nutrients and waste
Venules - Collect blood from capillaries (Edema)
Veins - Transmit blood to large veins
Reservoir Larger veins - receive lymph and return blood to Heart, blood reservoir Cardiovascular
System Heart produces blood pressure (systole)
ARTERIOLES – PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE Vessels are structurally adapted to physical and metabolic requirements. Vessels are structurally adapted to physical and metabolic requirements. Cardiovascular System
Elastic arteries- conduct blood and maintain pressure during diastole
Cardiovascular System
Muscular Arteries - distribute blood, maintain pressure
Arterioles - peripheral resistance and distribute blood
Capillaries - exchange nutrients and waste
Venules - collect blood from capillaries (edema)
Cardiovascular System Veins - transmit blood to large veins reservoir Larger veins - receive lymph and return blood to heart, blood reservoir
Volume: 5-6 l = 12-13 pints/ person Classification of Vessel
Size (caliber) Prominent structures in wall Function Layers In Vascular Wall
Layer Composition Tunica Intima Endothelium (Subendothelia ct. Internal elastic Lamina)
Tunica media Smooth muscle (elastic lamellae, external elastic lamina)
Tunica Connective Tissue Adventitia (longitudinal smooth muscle, vasa vasorum) Layers in vascular wall
Muscular Artery
Tunica Intima
Tunica Media
Tunica Adventitia Elastic Artery Tunica Intima
Tunica Media
Tunica Adventitia Elastic artery (human aorta)
Tunica Intima
Tunica Media
Elastic Arteries Elastic Artery
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Lots of elastic tissue to help maintain pressure during diastole Elastic artery Muscular artery
Tunica Intima
Tunica Media
Tunica Adventitia Muscular artery (smooth muscle cells in tunica media) Arteriole
Arteriole
Arterioles
Arteriole
Arteriole - Capillary - Venule
Capillary Pericyte
Capillary Pericyte UT 166
VENULE Venule Venule Collect blood from capillaries (edema)
Arteriole
Capillary
Venule Venule
Venule
Note difference in density of smooth muscle cells. Venule
Muscular Artery Small Vein Large Vein
Large Vein 196 TUNICA INTIMA
TUNICA MEDIA
TUNICA ADVENTITIA
Cardiac Muscle Cardiac Muscle
Intercalated disc Cardiac muscle
Intercalated disc Fascia Adherens Maculae Adherens Gap junctions Lateral portion
Intercalated Disc
Cardiac Muscle is Striated Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Cardiac Muscle - Diad
Cardiac Muscle mitochondria
Cardiac Muscle
PURKINJE FIBERS Cardiac Muscle PURKINJE FIBERS PURKINJE FIBERS
PURKINJE FIBERS
Vasa Vasorum VESSEL OF VESSELS
THE CORONARY ARTERY IS A VASA VASORUM CONTROL OF BLOOD FLOW: TONE MUSCULAR ARTERY
Tone – state of partial contraction of smooth muscles in arteries and veins that reduces the caliber of the lumen. Innervations of Normal No smooth muscle cells nervous nervous of blood vessels control control controls the tone. Control Of Blood Flow Through Microvasculature
Arterioles
Precapillary sphincters
Metarterioles Arteriolar Functions
Allow sufficient pressure for flow through capillaries Low enough pressure to prevent damage Constant intermittence of blood flow to capillary beds
Autoregulation - smooth muscle cells in arterioles and in pre-capillary sphincters respond to metabolic needs, low o2 tension, then relax increased blood flow (independent of nervous system)
Endothelium - active cell
Has enzymes and receptors Transport without much energy Flat for less turbulence
Negatively charged surface Not wetable surface
Methods of transport through capillary walls
Diffusion
Vesicle transport
Channels between junctions
Types of capillaries & basal lamina characteristics
Capillaries basal lamina examples of locations
Continuous complete muscle, testis, brain, Thymus
Fenestrated complete glomerulus, adrenal
Discontinuous incomplete or liver, spleen, bone Or sinusoidal lacking marrow
MUSCLE GLOMERULUS LIVER Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoidal Continuous
Fenestrated
Fenestrated Sinusoidal
Continuous (gut)
Sinusoidal
Angiogenesis – growth of blood vessels Mesenchymal cells
Endothelial cells Smooth muscle cells
Fibroblasts
Angiogenesis Vascular Valves Location - medium caliber veins (especially extremities) Collecting and lymphatic ducts
Function - insure unidirectional flow
Composition flap or leaflet which are folds of The intima with reinforcements of connective tissue Vascular Valve
Heart
Heart
Internodal connections Congestive Heart Failure
Congestive heart failure (CHF), or heart failure, is a condition in which the heart can't pump enough blood to the body's other organs. This can result from narrowed arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle — coronary artery disease
• Past heart attack, or myocardial infarction, with scar tissue that interferes with the heart muscle's normal work • High blood pressure • Heart valve disease due to past rheumatic fever or other causes • Primary disease of the heart muscle itself, called cardiomyopathy. • Heart defects present at birth — congenital heart defects.
Congestive Heart
Failure
• Infection of the heart valves and/or heart muscle itself — endocarditis and/or myocarditis • The "failing" heart keeps working but not as efficiently as it should. People with heart failure can't exert themselves because they become short of breath and tired. • As blood flow out of the heart slows, blood returning to the heart through the veins backs up, causing congestion in the tissues. Often swelling (edema) results. Most often there's swelling in the legs and ankles, but it can happen in other parts of the body, too. Sometimes fluid collects in the lungs and interferes with breathing, causing shortness of breath, especially when a person is lying down. • Heart failure also affects the kidneys' ability to dispose of sodium and water. The retained water increases the edema.
Variations in the Microvasculature Common Arteriole Capillary Venule
Shunts Arteriole Metarteriole Venule
Artery av shunt Vein
Variations in the Microvasculature Venous portal system Capillary Portal Vein Capillary
Arterial portal system Capillary Portal Arteriole Capillary Generic function of any Portal System Venous portal system Arterial portal system Function of portal system? Modify local blood composition with first capillary modifying blood composition and second distributing modified blood locally for benefit of target cells/tissues Arterial portal system
Capillary Portal Arteriole Capillary
Blood barriers
Type Source of Barrier
Blood-brain Zonula Occludens of endothelium
Blood-thymus Zonula Occludens of endothelium and sheath of epithelial reticulum
Blood-testis Occluding junctions between sertoli cells in Seminiferous tubules Typical Endothelial Tight Junction and Marginal Fold Blood-Brain Barrier
Typical Blood-Thymus Barrier
Zonula Occludens of endothelium and sheath of epithelial reticulum
Occluding junctions between sertoli cells
Blood-testis barrier occluding junctions between sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules
Lymph vessels
Functions return protein, fluid, and blood cells
Lymph vessels
Functions return protein, fluid, and blood cells Transport secretions (hormones, antibodies) Transport fat (neutral fat)
Lymph vessels
Transport across transit vesicles
Capillaries Intercellular junctions Lymph vessels Lymph flow – Compression of lymphatic vesicles (muscles, pulsating blood vessels) Unidirectional flow – Controlled by valves Flow rate – Remarkably rapid Anchoring device – Vessels open
Age-related and/or disease- related changes in blood vessels
Defect cause Arteriosclerosis elastic lamellae (hardening of replaced by other arteries) connective tissue elements
Atherosclerosis patchy, irregular (heart attack and thickening of intima stroke)
Function / actions of lysosomes
Unprogrammed cell death
Damage/death to cardiac cells in ischemia associated with myocardial infarctions
Function / actions of lysosomes PRE-STENT
POST-STENT Summary Vessels are structurally adapted to physical and metabolic requirements. Summary Vessels are structurally adapted to physical and metabolic requirements. Can you identify these?
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