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Arterial System Lecture Block 10 Vascular Structure/Function Arterial System Lecture Block 10 Arterial System Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology Vascular Structure/Function Arterial System Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology Functional Overview Arterial System Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology Vessel Structure Aorta Artery Vein Vena Cava Arteriole Capillary Venule Diameter 25 mm 4 mm 5 mm 30 mm 30 µm 8 µm 20 µm Wall 2 mm 1 mm 0.5 mm 1.5 mm 6 µm 0.5 µm 1 µm thickness Endothelium Elastic tissue Smooth Muscle Fibrous Tissue Arterial System Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology Aortic Compliance • Factors: – age 20--24 yrs – athersclerosis 300 • Effects – more pulsatile flow 200 dV 30--40 yrs C = – more cardiac work dP 50-60 yrs – not hypertension Laplace’s Law 100 70--75 yrs (thin-walled cylinder): [%] Volume Blood T = wall tension P = pressure T = Pr r = radius For thick wall cylinder 100 150 200 P = pressure Pr Pressure [mm Hg] σ = wall stress r = radius σ = Tension Wall Stress w = wall thickness w [dyne/cm] [dyne/cm2] Aorta 2 x 105 10 x 105 Capillary 15-70 1.5 x 105 Arterial System Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology Arterial Hydraulic Filter Arterial System Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology Arterial System as Hydraulic Filter Arterial Cardiac Pressure • Pulsatile --> Output t Physiological smooth flow t Ideal • Cardiac energy conversion Cardiac • Reduces total Output Arterial cardiac work Pressure t Pulsatile t Challenge Cardiac Output Arterial Pressure t Filtered t Reality Arterial System Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology Elastic Recoil in Arteries Arterial System Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology Effects of Vascular Resistance and Compliance Arterial System Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology Cardiac Output vs. Runoff Arterial Pressure/Flow Arterial System Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology Basic Pressure Equations Mean arterial pressure: which we can approximate as with ! Ps = systolic pressure ! Pd = diastolic pressure Total peripheral resistance is with ! Pa = mean arterial pressure ! Pra = right atrial pressure ! Qr = runoff flow into veins (=Qh at equilibrium) If we assume Pra=0 Arterial System Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology Time Course of Arterial Flow Cardiac We can estimate change in arterial volume as: output Runoff flow Arterial volume (1) change Arterial compliance we define as (2) Which we differentiate w.r.t time to get (3) Substituting (1) into (3), we get (4) or (5) Arterial System Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology Arterial Pressure Response to Cardiac Output • Stable pressure determined by flow and peripheral resistance • Increase in CO or Rp both increase pressure Increase in Qh (CO) or Rp • Pressure always Small Compliance changes to force CO to P2 equal runoff flow Large Compliance P • Compliance affects rate 1 but not final values Arterial Pressure Time Arterial System Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology Pressure and Age (Compliance) Mean Pressure Pressure Arterial System Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology Peripheral Pulse Pressure • Pressure wave velocity – vp = k/C – vp increases along the arteries and with age • Pressure wave pulse amplitude grows with distance from heart – reflection/superposition – decrease in C – dispersion Arterial System Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology Venous System Arterial System Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology Venous System • Venous volume – Large volume, low pressure system – Reservoir of blood (50% of total volume) – Blood loss covered by venous system • Vasoconstriction, drinking (blood doning) • Venous flow – Skeletal muscle activity – Valves – Breathing – Paristaltic contractions in venules Arterial System Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology Venous Valves • Muscle pump • Unidirectional flow • Vericose veins Arterial System Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology Measurement Arterial System Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology Measuring Blood Pressure: Catheters • Liquid column and external manometer – frequency response of transducer and fluid column – calibration and zeroing – motion artifacts • Manometer-tipped catheters – higher frequency response – less motion artifact Arterial System Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology Auscultatory Blood Pressure Method • Effect of arm position • Alternate measurement locations (leg) • Pressure varies during the day (lowest during sleep) • Psychological bias in measurements (in subject and operator) Arterial System Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology Automated Pressure Measurement Ausculatory Oscillometric Arterial System Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology Measuring Blood Flow • Ultrasound flowmeter (velocity) • Electromagnetic flowmeter (velocity) • Thermal dilution • Functional MRI (diffusion or oxygenation) Arterial System Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology Measuring Blood Flow II • Bioelectric impedance (plethysmography) • Light (pulse oxymetry) Finger artery Lightproof casing Bone To device Elastomer ring Arterial System Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology.
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