Political Parties in Central and Eastern Europe

Home , Agrarian Alliance, Civic Party, Civic Platform, Civic Platform (Serbia), Democratic Revival, Droop quota

In Search of Consolidation

Central and Eastern Europe Regional Report Based on Research and Dialogue with Political Parties

Political Parties in Central and Eastern Europe

In Search of Consolidation

Central and Eastern Europe Regional Report Based on Research and Dialogue with Political Parties

About this report

Preface

Acknowledgements

Contents

About the Project and Methodology ...... 1 Project methodology ...... 1 Regional Analysis – Party System ...... 4 Trust in party politics ...... 4 Stability of the party system ...... 5 Practices in terms of pacts, alliances, etc...... 9 Overview of electoral systems ...... 12 Electoral systems of the lower chambers of parliament ...... 13 Other important structural issues in the region ...... 20 External Regulations ...... 23 Level of regulation of political parties and their activities ...... 23 Implementation of existing laws and regulations ...... 24 Prohibition/bans on political parties ...... 25 Party finance: regulation and practice ...... 26 Attempts to suppress (armed) conflicts by laws or regulations ...... 27 Other external regulation issues of importance in the region ...... 28 Internal Functioning ...... 29 Candidate selection ...... 29 Leadership selection ...... 30 Policy/programme development ...... 30 Membership relations and role of membership ...... 31 Women’s political participation ...... 33 Women’s political participation ...... 33 The situation in figures ...... 33 Legal provisions ...... 34 Efforts by parties to ensure women’s participation ...... 35 The way ahead ...... 35 Region-Specific Issues ...... 36 Political parties in Central and Eastern Europe and ‘Europeanization’ ...... 36 Country profiles ...... 39 Albania ...... 39 Armenia ...... 40 Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) ...... 42 Bulgaria ...... 44 Croatia ...... 46 Czech Republic ...... 47 Estonia ...... 49 Georgia ...... 51 Hungary ...... 52 Latvia ...... 54 Lithuania ...... 56 Macedonia (FYROM) ...... 57 Montenegro ...... 59 Poland ...... 60 Romania ...... 62 Serbia ...... 63 Slovakia ...... 65 Slovenia ...... 67 Conclusions and Way Forward ...... 69 Systemic level ...... 69

External regulation ...... 70 Internal functioning ...... 71 The countries ...... 73 Ways forward ...... 76 Appendices ...... 78 List of Parties/Coalitions and Abbreviations ...... 114 Non-Party Abbreviations ...... 123 Selected Bibliography ...... 124

About the Project and Methodology

Project methodology

Table 1. IDEA primary sources used in the research ALB

ARM BGR BIH CZE EST GEO HRV HUN LTU LVA MKD POL ROU SRB, MNE SVK SVN

Regional Analysis – Party System

Trust in party politics ’ ’

Table 2. Trust in political parties Country A great deal Quite a lot Not very much None at all ALB ARM BGR BIH CZE EST GEO HRV HUN LTU LVA MKD POL ROU SCG SVK SVN

’

Table 3a. Trust in political parties

Average 29.2

Table 3b. Trust in political parties

Average 14.0

Stability of the party system

Table 4. Stability of groups of parties and of their representation in parliament

‘

Table 5. Stability of party system format When the format was Country Main rivals Number of parties/blocs established ALB ARM BGR in the 1990s BGR 2001 BIH Federation of Bosnia & Herzegovina (FBiH) Republika Srpska HRV in the 1990s HRV since 2000 CZE EST GEO HUN LTU in the 1990s LTU since 2000

When the format Country Main rivals Number of parties/blocs was established LVA MKD MNE until 1998 MNE since 1998 POL in the 1990s POL since 2001 ROU SRB until 2000 SRB since 2000 SVK until 1998 SVK since 1998 SVN until 2004 SVN since 2004

Practices in terms of pacts, alliances, etc .

Looser cooperation of parties in an election

• • •

Formal coalitions

Table 6. Regulations impeding forming of coalitions Country Regulation

Table 7. Share of coalition ballots in parliament 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06

Independent representatives

Table 8. Share of independents in the lower chamber of the parliament after an election 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Overview of electoral systems Table 9. An overview of directly elected bodies (the lower chamber of parliament and bodies at the local level are excluded) Upper chamber of the Regional or subnational Another government at European President parliament government a lower level Parliament ABL ARM BIH BGR CZE EST GEO HRV HUN LVA LTU MKD MNE POL ROU SRB SVK SVN

Table 10. Indirect presidential elections Country Electoral body Requirements ALB CZE EST HUN LVA

Electoral systems of the lower chambers of parliament

Table 11. Number of parliaments elected over time in the countries studied, sorted according to the formulae used

0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Majoritarian Mixed List proportional Other type of proportional representation

Sources : Šedo 2006, Birch 2003, Szajkowski 1994

Table 12. Current electoral systems (assembly, lower or single chamber) Constituencies Electoral system Number Seats per Form of Level of seat Country constitu- Ballot structure type of seats Number Seats voting allocation Seat allocation method ency (average) Constituencies Seats per constitu- Number Seats Electoral system Number ency Form of Level of seat Country Ballot structure type of seats (average) voting allocation Seat allocation method

Constituencies Seats per Electoral system Number Form of Level of seat Country constitu- Ballot structure type of seats Number Seats ency voting allocation Seat allocation method (average )

Constituencies Electoral system Number Seats per Form of Level of seat Country constitu- Ballot structure type of seats Number Seats voting allocation Seat allocation method ency (average)

Other important structural issues in the region Electoral participation

Table 13. Turnout at the election of the lower chamber of the parliament

The representation of minorities

• • • •

External Regulations

Level of regulation of political parties and their activities

Implementation of existing laws and regulations

Prohibition/bans on political parties

Party finance: regulation and practice

Table 14. Party finance regulation Subsidies Regulations Country ALB ARM BIH BGR CZE EST GEO HRV HUN LTU LVA MKD MNE POL ROU SRB SVK SLN

Attempts to suppress (armed) conflicts by laws or regulations

Other external regulation issues of importance in the region

Internal Functioning

Candidate selection

Leadership selection

Policy/programme development

Membership relations and role of membership - - -

Table 15. Party membership

(% of adult population)

0 ALB ARM BGR BIH CZE EST GEO HRV HUN LTU LVA MKD POL ROU SCG SVK SVN (2002) (1997) (1999) (2001) (1999) (1999) (1996) (1999) (1999) (1999) (1999) (2001) (1999) (1999) (2001) (1999) (1999)

Women’s political participation

The situation in figures -

Table 16. Women’s representation in lower chambers

State ALB ARM BIH BGR CZE EST GEO HRV HUN

Number of women in lower house

State LTU LVA MKD MNE POL ROU SRB SVK SLN UNK

Number of women in lower house

Legal provisions

Efforts by parties to ensure women’s participation

The way ahead

Region-Specific Issues

Political parties in Central and Eastern Europe and ‘Europeanization’ • • • • •

Country profiles

Albania

Armenia Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն

Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH)

Bulgaria ə P

Croatia

Czech Republic

Estonia

Georgia საქართველო

Hungary

Latvia

Lithuania

Macedonia (FYROM)

Montenegro

Poland P

Romania

Serbia

;

Slovakia

Slovenia

Conclusions and Way Forward

Systemic level

External regulation external regulation of political parties

Representation of women Internal functioning

The countries Albania Armenia Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) Bulgaria Croatia

Czech Republic Estonia Georgia Hungary

Lithuania Lithuania Macedonia

Montenegro Poland

Romania

Slovakia

Slovenia Serbia Kosovo Ways forward

Appendices

Appendix 1. Accessing the broadcast media in the pre-election period

Albania Armenia

Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH)

Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic

Estonia

Georgia

Hungary

Latvia Lithuania

Macedonia (FYROM) Montenegro

Poland

Romania Serbia Slovakia Slovenia

Appendix 2. Causes of de-registration of a political party Failure Non- Anti- Breach of Bankruptcy Breach of to meet Hate Inciteful payment of democratic code of Other or insolvency electoral law gender speech activities registration policy conduct quotas fee ALB ARM BIH BGR CZE EST Failure Non- Anti- Breach of Bankruptcy Breach of to meet Hate Inciteful payment of democratic code of Other or insolvency electoral law gender speech activities registration policy conduct quotas fee GEO HRV HUN LTU LVA MKD

Failure Non- Anti- Breach of Bankruptcy Breach of to meet Hate Inciteful payment of democratic code of Other or insolvency electoral law gender speech activities registration policy conduct quotas fee MNE POL ROU

Appendix 3. Political party female quotas for electoral candidates Left-wing or left centrist party Right-wing or right centrist party Others ARM BIH CZE LIT HRV HUN MKD POL ROU SVK SVN

Appendix 4. The requirements to register a political party at the national level

ALBANIA Monetary fee: Establishment of regional or local party branches: Institution of registration: Monetary fee: Signatures: Institution of registration: Signatures: CROATIA Establishment of regional or local party branches: Monetary fee: ARMENIA Institution of registration: Establishment of regional or local party branches: Signatures: Other: Monetary fee: CZECH REPUBLIC Institution of registration: Establishment of regional or local party branches: Signatures: Monetary fee: Institution of registration: Signatures: Other: BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Establishment of regional or local party branches: Monetary fee: Institution of registration: ESTONIA Establishment of regional or local party branches: Signatures: Monetary fee: Other: Institution of registration: Signatures: Other: BULGARIA Establishment of regional or local party branches: MACEDONIA (FYROM) Establishment of regional or local party branches: GEORGIA Monetary fee: Establishment of regional or local party branches: Institution of registration: Monetary fee: Signatures: Institution of registration: Signatures: Other: Other: HUNGARY Establishment of regional or local party branches: Monetary fee: Institution of registration: Signatures: Other: LATVIA Establishment of regional or local party branches: Monetary fee: Institution of registration: Signatures: MONTENEGRO Other: Establishment of regional or local party branches: Monetary fee: Institution of registration: Signatures: LITHUANIA Other: Establishment of regional or local party branches: Monetary fee: Institution of registration: Signatures:

POLAND Establishment of regional or local party branches: Monetary fee: Monetary fee: Institution of registration: Institution of registration: Signatures: Signatures: SLOVAKIA Establishment of regional or local party branches: ROMANIA Monetary fee: Establishment of regional or local party branches: Institution of registration: Signatures: Monetary fee: Other: Institution of registration: SLOVENIA Signatures: Establishment of regional or local party branches: Monetary fee: Institution of registration: Other: Signatures: Other: SERBIA Establishment of regional or local party branches:

Appendix 5. Women’s participation Election law quota or Constitutional or Rank- Number of women in Legal sanctions for regulation, national legislative quota, order Others lower house non-compliance? parliament? sub-national level? rules? ALB Yes. Yes. ARM Yes. BIH BGR CZE EST GEO HRV HUN LTU LVA

Election law quota or Constitutional or Rank- Number of women in Legal sanctions for regulation, national legislative quota, order Others lower house non-compliance? parliament? sub-national level? rules? Yes Yes Yes Yes. MKD MNE POL ROU SRB SVK

Appendix 6. Women serving as presidents and prime ministers President Prime minister 19.7.96 – 4.11.98: BIH - Biljana Plavši ć (Биљана Плавшић ) (Rep. Srpska) 17.10.94 – 25.1.95: BGR - Reneta Indzhova ( Ренета Инджова ) 23.11.03 – 25.1.05: GEO - Nino Burjanadze (ნინო ბურჯანაძე ) 11.3.90 – 17.3.90; 17.3.90 – 10.1.91: Kazimira Prunskien ė LTU - 4.5.99 – 18.5.99; 27.10.99 – 3.11.99: Irena Degutien ė 1999 – 2003; 2003 – …: LVA - Vaira Vīķ e-Freiberga 12.5.04 – 2.6.04; 18.11.04 – 17.12.04: MKD - Radmila Šekerinska ( Радмила Шекеринска ) 11.7.92 – 25.10.93: POL - Hanna Suchocka 30.12.2002 – 4.2.2004: SRB - Nataša Mi ćić (Наташа Мићић ) Note: To date no women have held the office of president or prime minister in Albania, Armenia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Montenegro, Romania, Slovakia or Slovenia.

Appendix 7. Affiliations of parties from the report in European Party Federations

Observer Associated Member Member PDSh ALB AD PRSh PDR ARM SDA BIH HDZ PDP SDS BSP DPS DSB BGR ZPB BZNS BSDP NDSV DP CZE KDU-ČSL ČSSD SZ KS ČM CZ ODS RP K EST SDE ERV I RE GEO DC HNS HRV HSS SDP HSLS HDZ MDF HUN MSZP SZDSZ FIDESZ LiCS VNDS LTU TS LSDP DP NS LDP JL LVA LSDSP LC LZP TB/LNNK TP MK SDSM LP D PO SLD POL PDem PiS SRP PSL UP ROU PD PSD PNL

Observer Associated Member Member DSS SRB G17+ SDKÚ SMER-SD (membership SVK SMK (MKP) suspended for 1 year in 2006) KDH SDS SVN SLS SD LDS NSI Albania: AD Democratic Alliance Party, PDSh – Democratic Party, PDR – New Democratic Party, PRSh – Republican Party; Bosnia and Herzegovina: HDZ – Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina, PDP – Party of Democratic Progress, SDA – Party of Democratic Action; Bulgaria: BSP – Bulgarian Socialist Party, DP – Democratic Party, DSB – Democrats for Strong Bulgaria, DPS – Movement for Rights and Freedoms, NDSV – National Movement Simeon II., BSDP – Party of Bulgarian Social Democrats, SDS – Union of Democratic Forces, ZPB – Bulgarian Green Party; Croatia: DC – Democratic Centre, HDZ – Croatian Democratic Union, HNS – Croatia People’s Party—Liberal Democrats, HSLS – Croatian Social Liberal Party, HSS – Croatian Peasant Party, SDP – Social Democratic Party of Croatia; Czech Republic: CZ – Path of Change, KDU–ČSL – Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People’s Party, KS ČM – Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia, ODA – Civic Democratic Alliance, ODS – Civic Democratic Party, ČSSD – Czech Social Democratic Party, SZ – Green Party; Estonia: RP – Res Publica, I – Pro Patria Union, SDE – Estonian Social Democratic Party, K – Centre Party of Estonia, RE – Estonian Reform Party, ERV – Estonian People’s Party; Hungary: FIDESZ – Fidesz Hungarian Civic Union, MDF – Hungarian Democratic Forum, MSZP – Hungarian Socialist Party, – Alliance of Free Democrats; Latvia: JL – New Era, LC – Latvia’s Way, LSDSP – Latvian Social Democratic Workers’ Party, LZP – Latvian Green Party, TB/LNNK – Fatherland & Freedom/LNNK, TP – People’s Party; Lithuania: DP – Labour Party, LDP – Liberal Democratic Party, LiCS – Liberal and Centre Union, LSDP – Latvian Social Democratic Workers’ Party, NS – New Union, TS – Homeland Union, VNDS – Union of Peasants and New Democracy; Macedonia (FYROM): LP – Liberal Party, SDSM – Socialdemocratic Union of Macedonia; Poland: PDem – Democratic Party – demokraci.pl, PiS – Law & Justice, PO – Citizens’ Platform, PSL – Polish People's Party, SLD – Democratic Left Alliance, SRP – Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland, UP – Union of Labour; Romania: PD – Democratic Party, PNL – National Liberal Party, PSD – Social Democratic Party, UDMR – Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania; Serbia: DSS – Democratic Party of Serbia, G17+ – G17 Plus, Slovakia: KDH – Christian Democratic Movement, SDKÚ – Slovak Democratic and Christian Union – Democratic Party, SMER-SD – Direction-Social Democracy, SMK (MKP) – Hungarian Coalition Party; Slovenia: LDS – Liberal Democracy of Slovenia, NSI – New Slovenia – Christian People’s Party, SD – Social Democrats, SDS – Slovenian Democratic Party, SLS – Slovenian People's Party, SMS – Youth Party of Slovenia.

Appendix 8. The Evolution of Party Systems

Albania PDSh PDSh PDSh BpF PDSh PPSh PSSh PSSh PSSh PSSh

Armenia ´

Bosnia and Herzegovina SDS SDS SDA SDA KCD SDA SDP

Bulgaria SDS DS SDS ODS ODS NDSV NDSV BSP BSP BSP BSP KZB KZB

Croatia HDZ HDZ HDZ HDZ HDZ SKH-SDP SDP

Czech Republic OF ODS ODS ODS ODS ODS ČSSD ČSSD ČSSD ČSSD KSČM

Estonia I RP VE KMÜ ERa K K IF

Georgia

Hungary MDF Fidesz Fidesz Fidesz SZDSZ MSZP MSZP MSZP MSZP

Latvia TP TP LTF LC LC JL PCTVL KPL/IF

Lithuania S TS-LK DP LLS NS-SL LSDP/NS-SL LKP SDK Independents

Macedonia (FYROM) VMRO-DPMNE VMRO-DPMNE VMRO-DPMNE VMRO-DPMNE SKM-PDP SZM SDSM ZMZ ZMZ PDP/DPA

Montenegro SNP CG ZJ ZP NS SKCG DPS CG DPS CG DZB PCG DLE CG KZE CG

Poland KO PiS AWS PO SLD PZPR SLD SLD

Romania PRM CDR CDR DA FSN FDSN PDSR PDSR PSD

Serbia SRS SRS SRS DEPOS DSS DOS SPS SPS SPS SPS

Slovakia VPN HZDS HZDS HZDS HZDS KDH SDK SDKÚ-DS Smer

Slovenia SLS SDS LDS LDS LDS LDS

List of Parties/Coalitions and Abbreviations Albania P P P P P P P P P P Bosnia and Herzegovina P P P P P P P P Armenia P P Croatia Bulgaria

P P Czech Republic P Georgia P P P P Estonia

Latvia P P ) P P P PP P P P P Hungary P PP PP P Lithuania P P

˛ Macedonia (FYROM) P P P P P

Montenegro P Poland P P ´ PX PX P P P P P P P P P PP P PP P P P P P

P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P Romania PP Serbia P P P P P P

P P P Slovenia Slovakia

Non-Party Abbreviations

Selected Bibliography P P P P P P P PP P P PP P P P P

P P P PP P P PP P P P P P

P P P P P P P P P P

P P P P PPP PP PP P P P P P PP P P

P P P P P P PP P

P P P P P P P P PP P P PP P P PP P

P P P P P PPP P P P PP PP PPP < P P

What is International IDEA? What does International IDEA do?

• knowledge resources • policy proposals • assistance to democratic reforms

Areas of work • • • P • •

Where does International IDEA work? Who are International IDEA’s member states?

Governance