STAGE 2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT FOR THE PROPOSED NORTH GLENGARRY REGIONAL WATER SUPPLY PROJECT CLASS EA VARIOUS LOTS GEOGRAPHIC TOWNSHIPS OF KENYON AND CHARLOTTENBURG FORMER COUNTY OF GLENGARRY AND GEOGRAPHIC TOWNSHIP OF CORNWALL FORMER COUNTY OF STORMONT NOW IN THE TOWNSHIPS OF NORTH AND SOUTH GLENGARRY CURRENT UNITED COUNTIES OF STORMONT, DUNDAS AND GLENGARRY
PAST RECOVERY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SERVICES
STAGE 2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT FOR THE NORTH GLENGARRY REGIONAL WATER SUPPLY PROJECT CLASS EA, VARIOUS LOTS, GEO. TOWNSHIPS OF KENYON AND CHARLOTTENBURG, FORMER COUNTY OF GLENGARRY, AND GEO. TOWNSHIP OF CORNWALL, FORMER COUNTY OF STORMONT, NOW IN THE TOWNSHIPS OF NORTH AND SOUTH GLENGARRY, CURRENT UNITED COUNTIES OF S, D & G
Prepared for: Andre Bourque, P. Eng. Project Manager with CH2M HILL Canada Limited 1011 Prince of Wales Drive, Suite 330 Ottawa, Ontario K2C 3W7 Phone: (613) 723-0233 ext.73106 Fax: (613) 723-7489 E-mail: [email protected]
Re: Municipal Class Environmental Assessment, Schedule C (Phase 5)
Prepared by: Daniel Goss, B.A. Past Recovery Archaeological Services 4534 Bolingbroke Road, R.R. #3 Maberly, Ontario K0H 2B0 Phone/Fax: 613-268-2426 E-mail: [email protected]
PRAS Project No.: PR12-28
Licensee: Jeff Earl, Licence P031 Principal Past Recovery Archaeological Services
P.I.F. No.: P031-071-2012
Date: January 25th, 2013 Original report
Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Property permission and logistical support was provided by Mr. Andre Bourque, P. Eng., Project Manager with CH2M HILL Canada Limited.
Mr. Curtis Lazore, Researcher, Aboriginal Rights and Research Office, Mohawk Council of Akwesasne, provided valuable input regarding First Nations concerns related to archaeological resources within the study areas.
Project Personnel
Project Manager /Licence Holder: Jeff Earl, M.Soc.Sc. (P031)
Field Director: Daniel Goss, M.A. (R315)
Field Crew: Ramsay Mcfie Shyong En Pan Whitney Moyle Don Jacobs
Artifact Processing: Shyong En Pan Whitney Moyle
Artifact Inventory: Whitney Moyle
Artifact Photography: Shyong En Pan
Draughting: Jeff Earl
Report Writing: Daniel Goss
Report Review: Jeff Earl
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Past Recovery Archaeological Services (PRAS) was retained by CH2M Hill to undertake a Stage 2 archaeological assessment of the portions of three spatially discrete properties determined to have archaeological potential during the previous Stage 1 study by PRAS (Cleland 2013; PIF P031-060-2012). The three study areas were located in Maxville (Part Lot 8, Concession 17, in the geographic Township of Kenyon), in Martintown (Part Lot 27, Concession 1 North Side Raisin River and Part Lot 26, Concession 1 South Side Raisin River, in the geographic Township of Charlottenburg) and along an unmaintained section of Cashion Road (between Part Lot 26, Second or Third Range South Side Raisin River, Part Lots 1 and 2, Concession 3 Indian Lands and Part Lot 2, Concession 4 Indian Lands, in the geographic Township of Charlottenburg) (see Figures 1 to 4). All selected areas determined to have archaeological potential in the Stage 1 study were shovel tested at five metre intervals to determine if archaeological resources were present.
The Stage 2 assessment determined that there were no archaeological resources in the Maxville and Cashion Road study areas or in the Martintown study area north of the Raisin River. Historic archaeological resources, however, were found to the south of the Raisin River along both Crossing Alternative A and Crossing Alternative B, in the form of an ash deposit containing artifacts dating from the 1830s to the 1850s. The ash layer may have been deposited as part of a public works program to construct a levy along the river or to build up the road allowance. This deposit and the associated artifacts may have cultural value or interest, thus further archaeological assessment is required if either Crossing Alternate A or Crossing Alternative B is selected as the preferred pipeline route.
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This report forms the basis for the following recommendations:
1) No further archaeological assessment is required in either the Maxville or Cashion Road study areas as currently defined (see Figures 2 and 4). 2) No further archaeological assessment is required along Crossing Alternative A or Crossing Alternative B to the north of the Raisin River in the Martintown study area (see Figure 77). 3) Should either Crossing Alternative A or Crossing Alternative B in the Martintown study area be selected as the preferred route for the pipeline a Stage 3 archaeological assessment is required to the south of the Raisin River where archaeological resources were found, to determine whether these resources have cultural heritage value or interest (see Figure 77). This would involve the excavation of one metre square units on a five metre grid across the area of positive test pits.
And to reiterate from the findings of the Stage 1 report (Cleland 2013):
4) No further archaeological assessment is required for the Potential Pump Station Site West, Potential Pump Station Site East and Crossing Alternative C in Martintown and Tollgate Road /Service Road Transmission Main Route Option study areas, as defined in the Stage 1 report (Cleland 2013).
The reader is also referred to Section 5.0 below to ensure compliance with the Ontario Heritage Act as it may relate to this project.
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Table of Contents
Page No.
Acknowledgements ii Project Personnel ii Executive Summary iii List of Illustrations vii List of Tables x
1.0 Introduction 1
2.0 Project Context 2 2.1 Development Context 2 2.2 Access Permission 4
3.0 Summary of Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment 5 3.1 Historical Context 5 3.1.1 Previous Historical Research 5 3.1.2 Cultural Overview 5 3.1.3 Regional Post Contact Cultural Overview 8 3.1.4 Property Specific History 13 3.2 Archaeological Context 21 3.2.1 Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites 21 3.2.2 Previous Archaeological Research 21 3.2.3 Identified Local Cultural Heritage Resources 23 3.2.4 Heritage Plaques/Monuments 23 3.2.5 Cemeteries 23 3.2.6 Local Environment 24 3.2.7 Site Inspection 26 3.3 Archaeological Potential 27 3.3.1 Determination of Archaeological Potential 27 3.3.2 Stage 1 Recommendations 34
4.0 Stage 2 Assessment 36 4.1 Fieldwork Methodology 36 4.2 Fieldwork Results 38 4.3 Analysis and Conclusions 43 4.4 Stage 2 Recommendations 44
5.0 Advice on Compliance with Legislation 45
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Table of Contents (Continued)
Page No.
6.0 Limitations and Closure 46
7.0 References 47
8.0 Illustrations (Maps and Images) 59
Appendix 1: Photographic Catalogue 122 Appendix 2: Artifact Catalogue 125 Appendix 3: Glossary of Archaeological Terms 141
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List of Illustrations
Figure No. Page No.
1 Locations of the three study areas 59 2 Location of the selected Tank Site at Maxville 60 3 Locations of Crossing Alternative A and Crossing Alternative B at 61 Martintown 4 Location of the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road 62 5 Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville 63 6 Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville 64 7 Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown 65 8 Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown 66 9 Location of the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route 67 Option 10 Segment of the 1862 H. F. Walling map of the Counties of Stormont, 68 Dundas, and Glengarry showing the Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville 11 Segment of the 1879 H. Belden map of Kenyon Township showing the 69 Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville 12 Segment of a pre-1946 topographic map showing the Potential Tank Site 70 Alternative Locations in Maxville 13 Segment of a 1946 aerial photograph showing the Potential Tank Site 71 Alternative Locations in Maxville 14 Segment of the 1862 H. F. Walling map of Martintown showing showing 72 Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives 15 Segment of the 1879 H. Belden map of Martintown showing Potential 73 Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives 16 Goad’s Fire Insurance Plan of Martintown, 1885, showing Crossing 74 Alternative C 17 Segment of a 1937 topographic map showing Potential Pump Station Sites 75 and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown 18 Segment of a 1946 aerial photograph showing Potential Pump Station Sites 76 and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown 19 Segment of a 1953 topographic map showing Potential Pump Station Sites 77 and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown 20 Segment of a 1969 aerial photograph showing Potential Pump Station Sites 78 and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown 21 Segment of the 1862 H. F. Walling map of the Counties of Stormont, 79 Dundas, and Glengarry showing the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road
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List of Illustrations (Continued)
Figure No. Page No.
22 Segment of the 1879 H. Belden map of Charlottenburg Township showing 80 the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road 23 Segment of a 1937 topographic map showing the Transmission Main Route 81 on Cashion Road 24 Segments of 1946 aerial photographs showing the Transmission Main Route 82 on Cashion Road 25 Segment of a 1953 topographic map showing the Transmission Main Route 83 on Cashion Road 26 Segment of a physiographic map of eastern Ontario showing the locations 84 of the three study areas 27 Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville showing 85 archaeological potential 28 Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown 86 showing archaeological potential 29 Location of the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road showing 87 archaeological potential 30 Location of the west portion of the Tollgate Road/Service Road 88 Transmission Main Route Option showing archaeological potential 31 Location of the east portion of the Tollgate Road/Service Road 89 Transmission Main Route Option showing archaeological potential 32 Crew testing the manicured lawn behind the Community Centre in the 90 Martintown study area, north of the Raisin River, facing west 33 Selected Tank Site study area in Maxville showing testing methodology 91 34 Locations and directions of photographs taken during the Stage 2 testing 92 at the Selected Tank Site in Maxville and used in this report 35 Maxville study area from the southeast corner, facing southwest 93 36 Maxville study area from the centre of the field, facing south 93 37 Maxville study area from the southeast corner, facing west 94 38 Maxville study area from the northeast corner of the proposed access road, 94 facing southwest 39 Crossing Alternative A and Crossing Alternative B study areas in 95 Martintown showing testing methodology 40 Locations and directions of photographs taken during the Stage 2 testing 96 at Crossing Alternative A and Crossing Alternative B in Martintown and used in this report 41 Martintown study area, north of the Raisin River, northeast corner 97 showing the disturbed area next to the Community Centre, facing southwest
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List of Illustrations (Continued)
Figure No. Page No.
42 Martintown study area, north of the Raisin River, showing the groomed 97 lawn to the rear of the Community Centre, facing south 43 Martintown study area, north of the Raisin River, showing the permanently 98 wet area along Crossing Alternative A, facing southeast 44 Martintown study area, north of the Raisin River, showing the cultivated 98 field along Crossing Alternative A, facing southwest 45 Martintown study area, south of the Raisin River, Crossing Alternative A 99 north of the Nine Mile Road right-of-way, facing southeast 46 Martintown study area, south of the Raisin River, Crossing Alternative B 99 from the north end of the line below the shallow terrace, facing south 47 Cashion Road study area showing testing methodology 100 48 Locations and directions of photographs taken during the Stage 2 testing 101 along the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road and used in this report 49 Cashion Road Study area next to cultivated fields at the north end, facing 102 north 50 Cashion Road Study area next to cultivated fields at the north end, facing 102 south 51 Cashion Road study area looking towards the Summerstown Swamp at 103 the centre of the study area, facing south 52 Cashion Road study area south of the Summerstown Swamp showing the 103 forest growing in wet soil, facing south 53 Cashion Road study area showing Cooper's Drain, facing east 104 54 Cashion Road study area showing the wooded area south of 104 the Summerstown Swamp, facing north 55 Cashion Road study area next to cultivated fields and lawns at the south 105 end, facing north 56 Maxville study area, test pit near the northern edge, facing south 105 57 Maxville study area, test pit near the centre, facing north 106 58 Maxville study area, test pit near County Road 22 showing disturbance, 106 facing west 59 Martintown study area, north of the Raisin River, test pit in the groomed 107 lawn to the rear of the Community Centre, facing north 60 Martintown study area, north of the Raisin River, test pit in the cultivated 107 field along Crossing Alternative A, facing north 61 Martintown study area, south of the Raisin River, distribution of positive 108 test pits
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List of Illustrations (Continued)
Figure No. Page No.
62 Martintown study area, south of the Raisin River, Crossing Alternative A, 109 Test pit N10E00 showing ash layer, facing north 63 Martintown study area, south of the Raisin River, Crossing Alternative A, 109 Test pit N15E00 showing ash layer, facing north 64 Martintown study area, Crossing A: sample ceramic artifacts 110 65 Martintown study area, Crossing A: sample miscellaneous artifacts 111 66 Martintown study area, south of the Raisin River, Crossing Alternative B, 112 test pit showing ash layer, facing north 67 Martintown study area, south of the Raisin River, Crossing Alternative B, 112 test pit showing ash layer, facing south 68 Martintown study area, south of the Raisin River, Crossing Alternative B, 113 test pit showing ash layer, facing west 69 Martintown study area, Crossing B, Lot 1: sample ceramic artifacts 114 70 Martintown study area, Crossing B, Lot 1: sample miscellaneous artifacts 115 71 Martintown study area, Crossing B, Lot 2: sample ceramic artifacts 116 72 Martintown study area, Crossing B, Lot 2: sample nails 117 73 Martintown study area, Crossing B, Lot 2: sample miscellaneous artifacts 118 74 Cashion Road study area, test pit in the northern section, facing west 119 75 Cashion Road study area, test pit in the central area south of the 119 Summerstown Swamp, facing west 76 Cashion Road study area, test pit in the southern area, facing north 120 77 Martintown study area showing areas requiring Stage 3 archaeological 121 assessment if route is selected
List of Tables
Table No. Page No.
1 Listing of registered archaeological sites within a 1 km radius of the 22 centre of the study areas 2 Inventory of the Stage 2 documentary and artifact record 37
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Past Recovery Archaeological Services (PRAS) was retained by CH2M Hill to undertake a Stage 2 archaeological assessment of the portions of three spatially discrete properties determined to have archaeological potential during the previous Stage 1 study by PRAS (Cleland 2013; PIF P031-060-2012). The three study areas were located in Maxville (Part Lot 8, Concession 17, in the geographic Township of Kenyon), in Martintown (Part Lot 27, Concession 1 North Side Raisin River and Part Lot 26, Concession 1 South Side Raisin River, in the geographic Township of Charlottenburg) and along an unmaintained section of Cashion Road (between Part Lot 26, Second or Third Range South Side Raisin River, Part Lots 1 and 2, Concession 3 Indian Lands and Part Lot 2, Concession 4 Indian Lands, in the geographic Township of Charlottenburg) (Figures 1 to 4). All three study areas were originally part of the County of Glengarry, now the Townships of North and South Glengarry, United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry. After the Stage 1 assessment had been completed a preferred location for the storage tank in Maxville was determined, greatly reducing the area recommended for Stage 2 testing in this location in the Stage 1 report. The archaeological assessment was completed over three days between November 7th and November 19th, 2012.
The objectives of the present Stage 2 archaeological assessment were as follows:
To determine whether or not archaeological resources were present in each study area; and, To recommend appropriate strategies for Stage 3 archaeological assessment in the event further assessment is warranted.
This report presents the results of the Stage 2 assessment and is divided into eight sections. The second section provides general project information and the development context. This is followed by a review of the Stage 1 assessment. The fourth section describes the methodology used for the Stage 2 assessment, the results obtained, some general conclusions and recommendations stemming from the results. The report concludes with two sections containing advice on compliance with relevant legislation (Section 5) and a statement of limitations and closure regarding this project (Section 6). All cited references can be found in Section 7. All illustrations used in this report can be found in Section 8. A catalogue of photographs taken during the Stage 2 follows as Appendix 1. An inventory of all artifacts collected can be found as Appendix 2. A glossary of archaeological terms is included as Appendix 3.
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2.0 PROJECT CONTEXT
This section of the report provides the context for the archaeological work undertaken, including a description of the study area, the related legislation or directives triggering the assessment and the confirmation of permission to access the land.
2.1 Development Context
The initial four study areas for the most part were larger than those examined during the Stage 2 assessment. Study Area 1 was located in Maxville and consisted of three alternate sites for an elevated water storage tank totalling approximately 100 acres or 40.8 ha, including Part Lots 6 through 11, Concession 17 and Part Lot 7, Concession 18 in the geographic Township of Kenyon (Figures 5 and 6). This study area was reduced to a fifty metre square parcel with a ten metre wide access road on Part Lot 8, Concession 17 (see Figure 2). Study Area 2 was located in Martintown and consisted of two alternate sites for a water booster pumping station totalling less than one hectare and three alternate locations for the transmission watermain to cross the Raisin River on Part Lot 27, Concession 1 N.S.R.R. (North Side Raisin River) and Part Lot 26, Concession 1 S.S.R.R. (South Side Raisin River) in the geographic Township of Charlottenburg (Figures 7 and 8). This area was also reduced in size for the Stage 2 component, focussing on just two of the river crossings (see Figure 3). Study Area 3 consisted of a two kilometre un-opened section of Cashion Road between Glen Road and Street Road flanked by Part Lot 26, Second or Third Range S.S.R.R., Part Lots 1 and 2, Concession 3 I.L. (Indian Lands) and Part Lot 2, Concession 4 I.L. in the geographic Township of Charlottenburg. The Stage 2 study area in this case was identical (see Figure 4). All three of these study areas lay within the boundaries of the historical County of Glengarry. Study area 4 consisted consisted of a 4.6 kilometre corridor watermain route option located along a former concession road allowance between Part Lots 1 through 6 and A through D, Concessions 2 and 3, and within Part Lots 4 and 5, Concession 3, in the geographic Township of Cornwall and Part Lots 15 and 16, Concession 3 I.L., in the geographic Township of Charlottenburg (Figure 9). No Stage 2 assessment was recommended for this location, which lay within the boundaries of the historical County of Stormont.
The Glengarry Regional Water Supply Project (GRWSP) is a regional capital infrastructure project spearheaded by the Township of North Glengarry, but also involving the Township of South Glengarry and the City of Cornwall. The project is aimed at addressing water quantity and quality challenges in the villages of Maxville and Alexandria, and will involve installing a watermain and related pumping and storage infrastructure to take treated drinking water from the City of Cornwall into Maxville and Alexandria. The pipe will be designed in such a way as to ensure that
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communities lying along the proposed route, including Glendale, Martintown, Apple Hill, and Dominionville would be able to connect in the future.
This archaeological assessment has been triggered by a Municipal Class Environmental Assessment (MCEA), Part II: Municipal Water and Wastewater Projects, and has been identified as a ‘Schedule C’ activity, and as such is required to complete all five phases of the Class EA process (Municipal Engineers Association 2000). Phases 1 and 2 of the MCEA were completed in 2002 and 2007 (at that point the project was named ‘the Maxville Water Supply Project’). Phases 3 and 4 of the EA have subsequently been undertaken and, in 2010, an Environmental Study Report (ESR) was completed as part of an EA amendment. The MCEA is currently in Phase 5 (implementation of the project) and is in the pre-approval stage.
The 2010 ESR (entitled “North Glengarry and South Glengarry Regional Water Supply Environmental Study Report, January 2010, The Thompson Rosemount Group) recommended the Cornwall connection (Alternative B1-2) as the preferred alternative regional water supply source for the communities of Maxville and Alexandria, and, in the future, other communities in North and South Glengarry. The preferred alternative includes the construction of:
Watermains and a primary valve-metering station chamber in Cornwall; A transmission watermain from Cornwall to Maxville; A booster station near Martintown; A distribution system, storage, treatment, and pumping station in Maxville; A transmission watermain from the County Road 43/20 intersection to Alexandria; and, Pumping station upgrades at the Alexandria Water Treatment Plant.
While the preferred alternative for the overall project has been selected and the project is currently in the implementation phase (wherein the design of the preferred solution is being undertaken), several pre-design studies have not yet been completed. In order to meet requirements under the MCEA process and the Ontario Environmental Assessment Act, EA amendments were required for the Martintown booster pumping station, the Maxville storage, treatment, booster pumping station and distribution systems, and any locations where the transmission main route will pass outside existing municipal road allowances (as determined during the design phase of the EA). The completion of an archaeological assessment was a requirement under this process.
A Stage 1 archaeological assessment of these areas was completed by PRAS in 2012 (Cleland 2013; PIF P031-060-2012). Stage 2 testing was recommended for sections of the three study areas deemed to have moderate to high archaeological potential.
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2.2 Access Permission
The study areas in Martintown and on Cashion Road were located on publicly owned rights-of-way so no access permissions were required. The cultivated field in Maxville was private land; permission to enter was granted by CH2M Hill Canada Limited on behalf of the owner.
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3.0 SUMMARY OF STAGE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
This section of the report summarizes the Stage 1 report (Cleland 2012; PIF P031-060- 2012) recommending the Stage 2 assessment described below (Section 4.0).
3.1 Historical Context
This section of the Stage 1 report presented an overview of human settlement in the region with the intention of providing a context for the evaluation of known and potential archaeological sites, as well as a review of property-specific detailed archival research providing a record of land use history.
3.1.1 Previous Historical Research
General histories of the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry and Martintown in particular consulted included Belden (1879), Grant (1974 and 1976), Harkness (1946), Marin & Marin (1982) and Pringle (1980).
3.1.2 Regional Pre-Contact Cultural Overview
The earliest human occupation of southern Ontario began approximately 11,000 years ago with the arrival of small groups of hunter-gatherers referred to by archaeologists as Palaeo-Indians (Ellis and Deller 1990:39). Most archaeological evidence for the Palaeo- Indian period has been found in south-western and south-central Ontario at sites located on the former shorelines of glacial Lake Algonquin. First Nations settlement of eastern Ontario was late in comparison to these other parts of the province as a result of the high water levels of the St. Lawrence Marine Embayment of the post-glacial Champlain Sea (Hough 1958:204). The St. Lawrence Valley remained very much on the fringe of the portions of the province occupied by Palaeo-Indian colonizers. The earliest reported finds in the general area are late Paleo-Indian non-fluted lanceolate points from Akwesasne at Thompson Island down river from Cornwall.
During the succeeding Archaic period (c.7000 to 1000 B.C.), the environment of southern Ontario approached modern conditions and more land became available for occupation as water levels in the glacial lakes dropped (Ellis, Kenyon, and Spence 1990:69). More extensive First Nation settlement of eastern Ontario began during the Archaic period, sometime between 5,500 and 4,500 B.C. (Kennedy 1970:61; Ellis, Kenyon and Spence 1990:93). Artifacts from Archaic sites in eastern Ontario suggest a close relationship to the Laurentian Archaic stage peoples of New York State. Laurentian peoples occupied the Canadian biotic province transition zone between the deciduous forests to the south and the boreal forests to the north. The first significant evidence for occupation of the St. Lawrence Valley dates to this time. Dailey and Wright (1955a,
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1955b) identified a number of Laurentian or Middle Archaic sites in the vicinity if Cornwall. Late Archaic sites have also been identified at Jessups Falls and in the Pendleton area along the South Nation River (Watson 1982; Daechsel 1980).
The introduction of ceramics to Ontario marked the beginning of the Woodland period (c.1000 B.C. to A.D. 1550). It was in the Middle Woodland period (c.300 B.C. to A.D. 900) that distinctive trends or ‘traditions’ evolved in different parts of Ontario for the first time. The Middle Woodland tradition found in eastern and south-central Ontario has become known as ‘Point Peninsula’ (Spence, Pihl and Murphy 1990:157). Towards the end of the Woodland period (circa A.D. 800) domesticated plants were introduced in areas to the south of the Canadian Shield. Along with this shift in subsistence, settlements located adjacent to corn fields began to take on greater permanency as sites with easily tillable farmland became more important. Eventually, semi-permanent and permanent villages were built, many of which were surrounded by palisades, evidence of growing hostilities between neighbouring groups.
The proliferation of Woodland period sites suggests an increase in the population of eastern Ontario, with the general study area falling within a very active region for First Nation populations through this period. A number of Middle Woodland sites, attributed to what archaeologists have labelled the Point Peninsula complex, have been identified in this part of eastern Ontario, with Ault Park near Cornwall, being one of the most significant in eastern Ontario (Fox 1990:183-186). Other local archaeological sites with occupations dating from this time period include the Long Sault Island Mounds (Ritchie and Dragoo 1960), and the Malcolm Site (BgFp-2) (Daily and Wright 1955). Slightly further afield, significant Middle Woodland components have been found at the Leamy Lake sites (Laliberté 2000) and at a recently discovered site in Vincent Massey Park which also contains Late Archaic material (Jacquie Fisher, personal communication 2011). Fragments of an early ceramic vessel were recovered from the Deep River Site (CaGi-1) on the Quebec side of the Ottawa River across from Chalk River (Mitchell 1963). The Meath Sites (BkGg 1-10), located on Mud Lake in the Muskrat River Basin south of Pembroke, have yielded a range of occupations from the Archaic through to Middle Woodland (Robertson and Croft 1971, 1973, 1974, 1975; Croft 1986). The Wilbur Lake sites on the Bonnechere River near Eganville are centered around the Kant Site (BjGg-1), which is primarily related to aspects of the Middle Woodland period, although they also contain elements spanning the Late Archaic to Late Woodland periods (Mitchell 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991; Pendergast 1957). Middle Woodland sites have been noted in the South Nation Drainage Basin and along the Ottawa River including the north-west part of Ottawa at Marshall’s and Sawdust Bays (Daechsel 1980, 1981).
There appears to have been a hiatus in the occupation of the St. Lawrence Valley through the early stages of the Late Woodland period. By the end of the period,
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however, a considerable population belonging to what archaeologists refer to as the St. Lawrence Iroquois had become established in the region. Settlement clusters have been identified near the Spencerville/Prescott area, and lying just north of Lake St. Francis (sometimes identified as the ‘Cornwall cluster’; see Adams 2003:43), with a large number reported for Jefferson County in New York State and further east into Quebec. The ‘Cornwall cluster’ of villages includes Summerstown Station (BgFp-1), Glenbrook (BgFp-5), Berry (BgFo-3), and MacDougald (BgFp-36). In addition to these village sites, numerous special purpose camps (i.e. fishing camps along tributaries of the St. Lawrence River) have been found in the area, including the Salem (BgFp-4), Gray’s Creek (BgFp-6), Cooper (BgFp-16), Casgrain Hill (BgFp-20), Sugarbush (BgFp-21), Salem Suburb (BgFp-22), Mice Mucking Hollow (BgFp-24), Kaneb Road (BgFp-27), Big Boulder Camp (BgFp-28), Track (BgFp-29), and Home Property (BgFp-34) sites. The material culture and settlement patterns of the fourteenth and fifteenth century St. Lawrence Iroquoian sites are directly related to the Iroquoian-speaking groups that Jacques Cartier and his crew encountered in 1535 at Stadacona (Quebec City) and Hochelaga (Montreal Island) (Jamieson 1990:386). Following Cartier’s initial voyages, subsequent journeys by Europeans found only abandoned settlements along the St. Lawrence River. High mortality from the European diseases introduced by Cartier and continued conflict with their neighbours probably accounts for the disappearance of the St. Lawrence Iroquois. At this time, there was a significant increase of St. Lawrence Iroquoian ceramic vessel types on Huron sites, and segments of the St. Lawrence Iroquois population may have relocated to the north and west either as captives or refugees (J. Wright 1966:70-71; Sutton 1990:54). Mohawk oral tradition suggests that some of the people from the Hochelaga area joined the Mohawks.
The portions of eastern Ontario lying within the Ottawa River watershed, including the South Nation River, appear to have seen continued use by groups retaining a hunter and gatherer-based subsistence strategy, in some cases incorporating limited horticulture. The hunter/gatherers of this region are primarily regarded as having been Algonkian-speaking populations practicing lifeways with roots in the Archaic period. The origins of these groups and the nature of their relationships with their neighbours remains a matter of debate, which has been hampered by the low intensity of archaeological investigation in the area.
The population shifts of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries were certainly in part a result of the disruption of traditional trade and exchange patterns among all First Nations peoples brought about by the arrival of the French, Dutch and British along the Atlantic seaboard. Control of the lucrative St. Lawrence River trade became a source of contention between neighbouring peoples as the benefits of trading with the Europeans became apparent. While prolonged occupation of the region may have been avoided as a result of hostilities between Iroquoian speaking populations to the south and Algonquin populations to the north, at least the northern reaches of the
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South Nation River basin were undoubtedly used as hunting territories by the Algonquin at this time. There is virtually no archaeological evidence for contact between Europeans and First Nations populations in this area during this time period, suggesting that the region remained largely abandoned and that any remaining Native groups may have deliberately avoided the newcomers.
3.1.3 Regional Post-Contact Cultural Overview
The first European to venture deeper into what would become southern Ontario was Étienne de Brûlé, who was entrusted by Samuel de Champlain in 1610 to strengthen relations between the French and First Nations and to learn their language and customs. Champlain himself made two trips into Ontario, initially in 1613 and again in 1615. While he made note of the South Nation River during his 1613 visit to the area, it is difficult to determine what use, if any, was made of the river by the early French traders and missionaries that followed him. At least some travel on the river system during the 17th and early 18th centuries was likely.
The first centuries of contact between First Nations peoples and Europeans contributed to a period of significant change in the region. The endemic warfare of the age and severe smallpox epidemics in 1623-24 and again between 1634 and 1640 brought about drastic population decline among all First Nations peoples in southern Ontario, particularly the Huron, who had become an important ‘middle man’ in the French fur trade (Hessel 1993:63-65). Following the dispersal of the Huron from the present Simcoe County area by the League of Five Nations in 1649, these Iroquoian groups from the later New York State area began to make tentative attempts to settle the northern shore of Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River.
In 1673, Fort Frontenac was established at the present site of Kingston, and another fort was constructed at La Presentation (Ogdensburg, New York) in 1700. These forts were erected both to solidify control of the fur trade and to enhance their ties with local Native populations. The French also encouraged the establishment of indigenous villages near their settlements to create closer alliances. This policy had some success; however Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) traders cultivated ties with both the French on the St. Lawrence and the British in the Mohawk Valley, and eventually Oswego, to ensure that they had competing markets for furs. Akwesasne, part of the Haudenosaunee hunting grounds for over a century and a half, became their permanent settlement towards the middle of the eighteenth century. With the Royal Proclamation of 1763 the British acquired all French possessions in North America. The terms of the Proclamation, which included rules for the purchase of Indian land, were communicated to the Mohawk settlement by the Imperial Indian Department and at the Niagara Congress in 1764.
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Settlement in the St. Lawrence Valley area was not actively encouraged by the British colonial government until the late eighteenth century. With the end of the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783), an exodus of United Empire Loyalists and disbanded soldiers moving north across the St. Lawrence required the acquisition and settling of new lands. In response, the British Government sought to acquire the rights to lands along the north shore of the St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario through hurried negotiations with their Mississauga military allies, who were assumed, erroneously, to be the only Native peoples inhabiting eastern Ontario.1 Captain William Redford Crawford, who enjoyed the trust of the Mississauga chiefs living in the Bay of Quinte region, negotiated on behalf of the British government. In the so-called ‘Crawford Purchase,’ the Mississauga were cajoled into giving up Native title to most of eastern Ontario, including what would become the counties of Stormont, Dundas, Glengarry, Prescott, Russell, Leeds, Grenville and Prince Edward, as well as the front townships of Frontenac, Lennox, Addington and Hastings and much of what is now the City of Ottawa (Lockwood 1996:24). There were numerous problems with this transaction as it ignored other Native groups’ rights to some of the lands it purported to cover, crucial documents were missing and the extent of compensations was never clear. Nevertheless Major Samuel Holland, Surveyor General for Canada, began laying out these lands in 1784, with such haste that the newly established townships were assigned numbers instead of names. The westernmost surveyed township (Elizabethtown) was originally called Township No. 8, while the easternmost (Charlottenburg) was Township No. 1 (Leavitt 1879:17). Euro-Canadian settlement along the north bank of the St. Lawrence River and the eastern end of Lake Ontario began in earnest about his time.
A government store was constructed in 1784 to anchor the planned settlement of New Johnstown (later Cornwall) which was to become the district headquarters, and settlers who had been moved from Quebec to populate the village subsequently began the work of clearing the forests (Harkness 1946:45). Cornwall soon boasted a canal, the Hodge Mill and various military buildings. The town was also noted for its early textile industry (Belden 1879). Arriving at the village, Loyalists drew settlement lots in the district, with each soldier receiving a grant of 100 acres fronting on the St. Lawrence River and an additional 200 acres further inland in the same township. Officers were entitled to much larger grants based on their rank, and the children of Loyalists also obtained free land. As a result, the entire river frontage within the Townships of Charlottenburg, Cornwall, Osnabruck, Williamsburg and Matilda was settled almost simultaneously.
1 At this time, there was a significant Algonquin presence in eastern Ontario and Mohawk Reserves had been established at Tyendinaga near Desoronto and at St. Regis near Cornwall.
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In 1788, Sir Guy Carleton, the Governor General of Quebec, established four administrative districts for Upper Canada and associated land boards to facilitate settlement. Territory along the St. Lawrence at the eastern end of the later Province of Ontario was initially made part of the Lunenburg or Eastern District with New Johnstown as the district town. This included the later counties of Dundas, Glengarry, Ontario, Prescott, Russell, Stormont, Carleton, Grenville and Leeds. Carleton, Grenville and Leeds became the Johnstown District in 1792, and Prescott and Russell the Ottawa District in 1816. Dundas, Glengarry and Stormont became the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry in 1849. Historic Glengarry County comprised two of the original eight Royal Townships of Upper Canada: Lancaster and Charlottenburg. Each of these townships was then subdivided to create the four townships which defined the county until recently (Archives of Ontario 2009). Kenyon Township was created from Charlottenburg in 1798.
Scottish Highlanders made up a large segment of the Glengarry County population. Many had initially emigrated to the Mohawk Valley in New York, but were displaced after the Revolutionary War. Others arrived directly from Scotland, 500 settling at St. Raphael in 17862 and hundreds more immigrating in the 1790s and 1800s (Glengarry Historical Society 2012; Bowering 2006:3). Another early community developed around a stone church built in 1786 in the nearby Scottish settlement of St. Andrews along the banks of the Raisin River (Northeastern Archaeological Associates Limited 2011:4).
Following the war of 1812, several projects were begun to fortify eastern Ontario, including the construction of the Rideau and Grenville Canals, which employed many Glengarry men during the first half of the 19th century (MacGillivray and Ross 1979:303). The area around Williamstown became popular among veterans of the North-West Company, a fur trading syndicate that operated between 1779 and 1821 (Glengarry Historical Society Website). Development of the county was also aided by its position on the direct route between Toronto and Montreal. This ensured that travellers would be passing through at all times of the year and led to improved roads in the area (MacGillivray and Ross 1979:283).
The Grand Trunk Railway linking Brockville to Montreal was constructed in 1855 with a stop in Lancaster and a year later was expanded to Toronto. The Canada Atlantic Railway was completed in 1882 linking Montreal and Ottawa, passing through what would become Maxville. This railway amalgamated with the Grand Trunk in 1914, which in turn became part of the Canadian National Railway in 1923. The Canadian Pacific Railway Co. constructed a line through the county to the south of the Canada Atlantic in 1888. The Glengarry and Stormont Railway Co. constructed a line between
2 St. Raphael is situated on the 7th concession back from the St. Lawrence River, Charlottenburg Township, where a large stone church was built by the Gaelic-speaking Catholic Highlanders who had settled in the easternmost county of Upper Canada (St. Raphael’s Ruins 2012).
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Cornwall and Soulanges in 1914, which was taken over by Canadian Pacific the following year. This line included a total of 19 stations across the county, connecting Cornwall with the main Canadian Pacific line. These advancements in the county’s transportation routes opened up the townships of North Glengarry to markets in Ottawa, Montreal and the United States (Bowering 2006:6).
Population decline among the Scottish population before World War I was counter- balanced by a wave of migration from neighbouring Quebec, where there were severe land shortages, which led to an increased French-Canadian population in Glengarry County (Bowering 2006:7). Historical maps of the county show the intensification of rural settlement that occurred through the late nineteenth century, as most of the land in the four townships came to be settled and the original lots were subdivided.
Still part of the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry, Glengarry County was divided into North Glengarry and South Glengarry in 1998. In general, the population has changed little over the last century, ranging from 22,447 in 1892 to 19,270 in 1976 and 23,515 in 2006 (MacGillivray and Ross 1979:2; Glengarry County 2010).
Kenyon Township
Historically, the Township of Kenyon was bounded on the north by the Township of Caledonia, on the east by the Township of Lochiel, on the south by the Township of Charlottenburg and on the west by the Township of Roxborough. Created in 1798, the township was named after the Welsh Chief Justice of England at the time of settlement, Lord Kenyon (Bowering 2006:4).
The settlement history of this township is similar to that of other townships in Glengarry County. The south-east portion was settled by numerous members of the McMillan clan, while the McGregor, McDonald, McLeod, McTavish, McRae, McDiarmid, McIntosh, McNaughton, McKay, McDougall and other Highland as well as many Lowland families were also present. The population of Kenyon Township was more dense than in other rural districts given the quality of the agricultural lands and the quantity of lumber available (Belden 1979:13).
Charlottenburg Township
Historically, the Township of Charlottenburg was bounded on the north by the Township of Kenyon, on the northwest by the Township of Lochiel, on the east by the Township of Lancaster and on the west by the Township of Cornwall. It was named after Charlotte of Macklenburg-Strelitz, Queen Consort of King George III (Bowering 2006:3; Harkness 1946:45).
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Gourlay and Mealing’s Statistical Account of Upper Canada, originally published in 1822, indicates that the Township of Charlottenburg was settled in 1784 by soldiers of the Kings Royal Regiment of New York, consisting primarily of Scots. As of 1818 the population was approximately 2,500 people residing in 500 houses. Other notable buildings of the period included a stone Presbyterian Church, three Presbyterian meeting houses, a stone Catholic Church, a Catholic meeting house, 12 schools, 12 stores, 18 taverns, four grist mills, six saw mills and a carding mill (Gourlay and Mealing 1822:277). Fur traders of the North-West Company also settled here during the late 18th and early 19th centuries (Lankan 2010).
French-Canadian immigrants from Quebec moved into the area at the start of the 19th century, when the agricultural, forestry and potash industries were dominant in the county. By the mid-19th century over 6,500 acres of land within the township were under cultivation, and the township boasted three sawmills and a population over 2,500 (Smith 1846:113). Further commercial prosperity came to Charlottenburg in 1855 with the opening of a Grand Trunk Railway Station at Camerontown. The main historic thoroughfare until this time was the Matilda Road, which ran north from Matilda Township along the St. Lawrence River and was graded and planked in 1852 (MacGillivray and Ross 1979). As the 1800s came to an end, the township had become famous for its cheese making and for buggy manufacture (Lankan 2010).
Cornwall Township
Historically, the Township of Cornwall was bounded on the north by the Township of Roxborough, on the west by the Township of Osnabruck, on the south by the St. Lawrence River, on the east by the Township of Charlottenburg, and on the northeast by the Township of Kenyon. It was named after Prince Frederick, son of King George III, whose title was Duke of Cornwall (Bowering 2006:4).
Permanent Euro-Canadian settlement of Cornwall Township dates to 1784 when Lt. Col. Sir John Johnson and the First Battalion King’s Royal Regiment of New York along with members of the 84th Royal Highland Regiment established New Johnstown. Census records from 1784 show 215 men, 87 women, and 214 children in Cornwall Township, although only 99 of these were settled on their allotted land grants and a certain proportion of the total may have subsequently moved to land in adjacent townships (Cornwall LACAC n.d.).
The town plot for Cornwall was surveyed in 1785, but a survey undertaken by Wm. Chewett in 1792 provided the earliest official plan of the town to survive. This map lists 40 land owners in the settlement as well as a school, a church, and a doctor. Three years later, the erection of the district court house established Cornwall as the principal town in the township of Stormont, Dundas, and Glengarry. Also significant in the early
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development of Cornwall was the arrival of the Rev. John Strachan in 1803 and his establishment of the Cornwall Grammar School in 1807. With Strachan's presence, Cornwall became a centre of learning and political influence where many members of the Family Compact were trained.
Given its strategic location, Cornwall played an important role during the War of 1812, serving as a garrison town and a communications and supply depot (Carter-Edwards n.d.). The construction of the Cornwall Canal provided the town with an immense source of water power which, combined with an abundant local labour force and the nearby market of Montreal, meant that Cornwall quickly became the industrial leader in Canada West. When the canal was completed in 1845, local entrepreneurs immediately began petitioning the government Board of Works to survey and auction off canal lots and water rights (Senior 1984:224). By 1847 Cornwall was a thriving community of 1,647 with numerous services, trades people, and commercial establishments.
The Walling map of 1862 shows the nine square mile town plot surrounded by the developing township. This map provides the first depiction of the industrial development taking place within the town. The mills of Cornwall continued to grow and prosper through a deep economic depression that affected the rest of the country in the 1870s. This growth is reflected in the population of the town, which was 2,033 in 1871, but by 1881 had more than doubled to 4,468 (Cornwall LACAC n.d.). The next available plan, Belden’s 1879 map of the township, shows the continued growth of Cornwall and intensification of agriculture in the surrounding township. The City continued to prosper through the early decades of the twentieth century, including during the Great Depression, however in the post Second World War period, overseas competition began to have an impact on the mills. Many closed in the 1950s (Cornwall LACAC n.d.). In 1954, construction began on the St. Lawrence Seaway and the associated power project that created the R. H. Saunders Generating Station just west of Cornwall. The Three Nations Bridge (Seaway International Bridge) also dates to this period, opening in 1962.
3.1.4 Property-Specific History
The following discussion summarizes only the historical information presented in the Stage 1 report related to the areas actually tested during the Stage 2 assessment. For a complete account of alternate locations determined to have no archaeological potential and therefore not require testing, including both proposed water booster pumping station sites and Crossing Alternative C in Martintown and all of the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route Option, please see the previous report (Cleland 2013). Information was principally drawn from a series of historical maps, in particular H.F. Walling’s 1862 plan of Glengarry County and H. Belden’s 1879 maps of Kenyon and Charlottenburg
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Townships. Other nineteenth and twentieth century maps, fire insurance plans and aerial photographs were also consulted on a limited basis. Area 1 - Maxville Elevated Water Storage Tank Site C (Originally Area A)
The selected location for the Maxville Elevated Water Storage Tank was located within the Village of Maxville on Part Lot 8, Concession 17, in the geographic Township of Kenyon.
The settlement that was to become Maxville had its beginnings as four farms situated at the intersection of what are now Marlborough, Main and Mechanic Streets (North Glengarry Community Economic Development Group 2000). The town was relatively late to develop in comparison with most of the other settled areas in the Glengarry County. From 1847 to 1852 the first post office in this area was called Macs Corners, then Macsville, after the large number of Scots living in the vicinity (Glengarry Historical Society 2012). Post master John McEwan renamed the settlement Maxville when the railway arrived in 1882. With this development and the construction of a new railway station, Maxville soon became the business centre for the district, and was incorporated as a village separate from Kenyon Township in 1892 (Harkness 1946:275). By 1905 Maxville had a population of 800 (Bowering 2006:33). Although the downtown core of Maxville was ravaged by fire multiple times between 1910 and 19403, it was rebuilt each time and changed very little.
The earliest available information comes from an 1862 map of Glengarry County produced by H.F. Walling (Figure 10), which provides an overview of the settlement of the Maxville area at that time. The map shows the names of several structures and/or occupants, including the home of John McEwen and a church along the east side of present day Main Street on Lot 8, Concession 17, though nothing is depicted within the Stage 2 study area. The future County Roads Nos. 20 and 22 were present by this time.
The Illustrated Historical Atlas of Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry, Ontario, published in 1879 by H. Belden & Co., contains a map of Kenyon Township showing the names of the owners/occupants of the lots, as well as the locations of farmsteads. It is worth noting, however, that these historical atlases were sold by subscription, and for this reason the absence of names and/or structures from individual lots does not constitute evidence that the lot was not settled at the time of the making of the maps. In addition, as with any of the other historical maps reproduced in this report, not all structures erected at the time would have been illustrated on the maps, and a variety of sheds and special purpose buildings (eg. barns, outhouses, smokehouses, etc.) may also have been present. The map of the township (Figure 11) lists John McEwen in association with both Lots 7 and 8, Concession 17, with a church, a cemetery and
3 Fires destroyed parts of downtown Maxville in 1910, 1914, 1921, 1935 and 1940 (Bowering 2006:33).
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another dwelling illustrated along the east side of the present Main Street at the intersection with the present County Road No. 22. Once again the dwelling lies to the north of County Road 22 – no structures are shown within or adjacent to the Stage 2 study area.
Historic land records categorize some of the lots in the larger study area as “formerly Indian Lands”. These lands, also known as the Nutfield Tract, were a 3.2 kilometre wide corridor running north from the St. Lawrence River to the height of land (or the 21st Concession) along the northern border of the county. The lands are believed to have been a First Nations passage from the St. Lawrence River to the Ottawa River and, as they were not part of the original Loyalist land grants, the First Nations at St. Regis were given hunting and gathering rights on this 30,690 acre plot under Treaty No. 57. This land was, in theory, intended to appease the Mohawk group after they had been displaced from the north shore of the St. Lawrence River from land earmarked by the government for the United Empire Loyalists. While the land was set aside, however, no formal deed or grant was given, and the Mohawks in turn found it unsuitable for hunting or settlement. Accordingly, they began leasing the land to settlers instead, with rents paid going to St. Regis. In 1809, the Indian Lands were resurveyed by Jeremiah McCarthy (MacGillivray and Ross 1979:24-26). The passage of the Municipal Act of 1847 ended Mohawk claims to the land and by 1852 the government had assumed control, with many lots subsequently granted to former tenants and squatters (Bowering 2006:4 and 5).
This probably explains why the Land Registry Abstract Index (LRAI) for the Village of Maxville area began relatively late, and does not record the awarding of Crown patents for any of the seven lots included in this study area. All of the lots apart from Lot 7, Concession 18, are noted as being “formerly Indian Lands”. The Village of Maxville was not formally divided into town lots until 1892, as shown on Plan 39 in the land registry office. The subdivision included parts of Lots 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12, Concession 17, and parts of Lots 7 to 12, Concession 18. All of the land transactions for these lots post- date this plan, and thus probably only refer to the remaining portions. The town lots were later extended into Lot 7, Concession 17.
In 1898, when John McEwen, the previous property owner of Lots 6 and 7, Concession 17, died, the entire lot was left to Alexander McEwen (LRAI 194). In 1909 Alexander sold a portion of the lot to Andrew T. Morrow (LRAI 644), while other parts of the lots remained in the McEwen family until the latter half of the 20th century. John McEwen had also owned Lot 8, Concession 17, which he left to his wife Janet after his death in 1898 (LRAI 194). Janet deeded part of the property to Elizabeth Morrison in 1899 (LRAI 207). The remainder was sold to Alexander McEwen in 1903 (LRAI 383). Portions of this lot remained in the McEwen family until at least 1946.
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An early topographic map, pre-dating 19464 (Figure 12), clearly illustrates the selected Maxville elevated water storage tank site. Three structures are depicted along the north side of County Road No. 22 near the intersection with Main Street South and the boundaries of the Maxville cemetery are shown along the west side of County Road No. 20, although by this time the church illustrated on the Belden map had disappeared (see Section 3.2.5). No structures are depicted in the vicinity of the Stage 2 study area. Aerial photography dating to 1946 (Figure 13) shows that the earlier rural pattern of settlement still prevailed outside of the village. The downtown core of the village appears much the same as it does today. The Grand Trunk railway line, Mechanic Streets East and West, as well as County Roads No. 20 and No. 22 are all clearly visible. There were now only two residential structures and associated outbuildings along the north side of County Road No. 22 near the intersection with Main Street South; the cemetery to the south is barely visible. The Stage 2 study area remained cultivated field.
Area 2 - Martintown Water Transmission Main Route Options (Crossing Alternatives A and B)
The two transmission route options were located within the Village of Martintown on Part Lot 27, Concession 1 N.S.R.R. (North Side Raisin River) and Part Lot 26, Concession 1 S.S.R.R. (South Side Raisin River), in the geographic Township of Charlottenburg.
The town of Martintown was founded on land from which Mohawks had been displaced by the British Crown in 1784. The Land Registry Abstract Indices for the Martintown lots indicate that the Crown patent for Lot 26, Concession 1 S.S.R.R. was awarded to Donald McDonell in 1804, and that the Crown patent for the 57 acres making up Lot 27, Concession 1 N.S.R.R. was awarded to Malcolm McMartin in 1806. McMartin, a native of Perthshire Scotland and a New York Loyalist, was attracted by the available waterpower afforded by a series of rapids along the Raisin River in this location. Between 1801 and 1803 he dammed the river at the head of the rapids about 183 metres south of the present bend, and built a sawmill, a planing mill, a carding mill and an ashery on the west side and a wooden flour and grist mill and a little later a store on the east side. The early dam was made in three sections from large timbers, which were raised and lowered by hand with a chain and windless to control the water levels in the head pond (Martintown Grist Mill 2012). The small village that developed was appropriately originally called McMartin’s Mills. Other United Empire Loyalists and Scottish Highland crofters, tradesmen and shopkeepers were also attracted to the Raisin River area (Mayer 1987: 3). The flour and grist mill was replaced in 1847 by a stone mill erected by McMartin’s son, Alexander (Grant 1974:42).
4 This topographic map appears to pre-date the 1946 aerial photograph based on the presence or absence of dated structures.
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The 1851 census for Martintown indicates that the village included a Presbyterian church, a free common school, a grist mill, two tailors, a sawmill, a tavern, six shoemaker’s shops, five blacksmith shops, four weavers, two coopers, a carpenter, two wagon makers, two tanners, six stores and asheries, two saddlers, one cabinet maker, a physician and a female school teacher (Martintown Grist Mill 2012). Less than a year later, W.H. Smith describes Martintown as having a population of about 300, as well as carding and fulling mills, a distillery, a post office and two churches (Smith 1851:386).
After Alexander McMartin’s sudden death in 1853, the grist mill, now owned by his widow Mary Carlyle and his brother Duncan McMartin, was operated by a manager, possibly Samuel Clingen, until it was leased for a ten year period between 1860 and 1870 by William Sylvester (Mayer 1987:6). Through a succession of owners and millers the Martintown mill served the community as a custom mill. Local residents and farmers would bring their grain to the mill to be ground into flour, typical orders involving a bushel at a time of wheat, corn, buckwheat, oats and malt (Martintown Grist Mill 2012).
In 1861 severe spring floods washed out the original bridge and dam. William Sylvester rebuilt the dam in concrete, topped by a white pine and shingle roofed covered bridge, which stood until 1936 (Martintown Grist Mill 2012). The current dam was built in 1987 to the north of the bridge (Martintown Grist Mill 2012).
The 1862 map of Glengarry County produced by H.F. Walling provides an overview of the settlement history of the Martintown area at that time (Figure 14). The map shows the grist mill, sawmill and the main bridge. Nothing is depicted at either Crossing Alternative A or Crossing Alternative B, with no roads shown north of the present Kings Road.
The Illustrated Historical Atlas of Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry, Ontario, contains two maps of interest to the present study area (Belden 1879). The plan of the Township of Charlottenburg shows the names of the owners/occupants of the lots surrounding Martintown, as well as the locations of farmsteads. This map shows that the population in the village and surrounding area had expanded greatly by this time. In addition, a more detailed plan of the Village of Martintown was included (Figure 15). While this map shows the layout of the streets and town lots, as well as a few prominent buildings, it fails to provide any details of the private residences within the village. Conroy’s Hotel is illustrated along the north side of Dundas Street, as well as three churches, a post office and a school house. The name of John McArthur Jr. is noted on Lot 27, Concession 1 N.S.R.R. The southern portion of this irregularly shaped lot had been divided into 11 town lots by this time. The widest portion of the Raisin River, which marks the southern boundary of Lot 27, is also labelled “Mill Pond”, forming the headwaters for the waterpower to the mills. James Rayside is shown as
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owning the land between the south shore of the Raisin River and the north side of Dundas Street (now Kings Road). At the intersection of Nine Mile Road and Dundas Street there is a small subdivision shown with 44 town lots and three roads (McCann Street, Gordon Street and Mary Street), although this is not necessarily indicative that the lots had been sold and residences erected. To the south of Dundas Street D. McMartin is shown as residing on seven acres, James Rayside is shown on 12.5 acres, F.A. McMartin is shown on a lot, and the St. Andrews’s Church property is also depicted. All of these fall outside of the current study area. Adjacent to the location of the bridge, the McMartin Mill complex is depicted on Town Lot 17, and the post office is also shown. This plan had clearly been copied from Plan No. 20 in the county land registry office, dating to 1868, indicating that all of the village lots depicted had been formally surveyed by that time.
An 1885 fire insurance plan (Figure 16) shows the historic core of Martintown. The grist mill is illustrated at the intersection of Kings Road (shown as Dundas Street) and North Branch Road (now County Road No. 20). The plan specifies that the mill contained four runs of stones and a smut machine, and was powered by both water and a sixty horsepower wood burning steam engine located in a shed immediately adjacent to the south side of the building (Mayer 1987:7). On the opposite bank, J. and A. Smith’s saw and shingle mill is also shown. The bridge is described as wooden and covered. In the downtown core of the village, multiple general stores, a hotel, carriage makers and a cabinet maker are illustrated. Unfortunately this and a later version of the plan fail to show either of the river crossing alternative locations.
A topographic map dating to 1937 (Figure 17) shows the development of Martintown at this time. There are numerous residences and businesses along Kings Road, County Road No. 20, McMartin Street and Nine Mile Road. This last road did not extend north of Kings Road at this time, nor did Andrew Street; McCaw Street had yet to be constructed. Nothing of note is shown at Crossing Alternative A apart from a house set back from the river. A sawmill is shown within Crossing Alternative B along County Road No. 20. The grist mill as well as several other buildings are shown clustered around the main bridge.
An aerial photograph dating to 1946 (Figure 18) shows a residence near to the location of Crossing Alternative A along the south side of the Raisin River. No changes can be observed at Crossing Alternative B.
A topographic map dating to 1953 (Figure 19) illustrates the extent to which the town had expanded by this time. Nine Mile Road had been continued north to the Raisin River where two buildings are shown near the location of Crossing Alternative A. The sawmill at Crossing Alternative B is no longer shown.
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Although an aerial photograph dating to 1969 (Figure 20) is of poorer quality, it is still possible to make out that little had changed at either of the Raisin River crossing alternative locations, although there does appear to be more development along the south shore.
Area 3 - Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road
The lands in this study area are comprised of the Cashion Road ROW between Part Lot 26, Second or Third Range S.S.R.R., Part Lots 1 and 2, Concession 3 I.L. (Indian Lands) and Part Lot 2, Concession 4 I.L., in the geographic Township of Charlottenburg. Cashion Road is situated north-east of the City of Cornwall. It runs south from the community of Cashion Glen and is located to the south of the south branch of the Raisin River. Three out of the four lots included in this study area are denoted as “Indian Lands Reservation” on land registry documents. As discussed above, much of this area might have been settled at an earlier time, but the Crown patents were not released until after 1852 when the government reclaimed the land.
Land registry documents indicate that the Crown patent for Lot 26, Second or Third Range, S.S.R.R. was awarded to John Grant in 1802. Although the property was subdivided into two lots shortly thereafter, both parcels remained in the Grant family until 1851 when James and William Cashion took possession of the southern 30 acres (LRAI 153). Other families residing on the property in the 19th and 20th centuries included the Conroys, the McDonalds and the Dows.
The Crown patent for Lot 1, Concession 3 I.L. was awarded to Alexander McDougall in 1855. The property was shortly thereafter divided into multiple lots, but remained in the McDougall family until the second half of the 20th century. The Crown patent for Lot 2, Concession 3 I.L. was granted to Roderick MacLennan in 1856. Roderick sold the lot to Angus MacLennan in 1863 (LRAI 1326), who in turn sold it to Roderick R. MacLennan in 1873 (LRAI 213). In 1907 the entire lot was purchased by John McDougall (LRAI 2283), who deeded it to Laurie McLaren in 1937, several years after the McLaren family had begun leasing the property (LRAI 3717 and 3578). Margaret McLaren, who had acquired the property through a quit claim deed in 1950, sold it the following year to William Cooper (LRAI 4247 and 4272). The property remained in the possession of the Cooper family 1971, when the lot was subdivided with multiple parcels being sold.
The Crown patent for the part of Lot 2, Concession 4 I.L. to the south of the branch of the Raisin River crossing the lot was awarded to Alexander Grant in 1857 and the section to the north to James Burton the following year. Grant sold his portion to Donald MacDonell in 1858, who kept the property only until 1861 when he sold it to Kenneth McLennan (LRAI 716 and 1077). McLennan and his wife sold the property to
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Andrew Hodge, who had previously been leasing the land, in 1871 (LRAI 135). Michael Hawn and his wife, who appear to have acquired the James Burton parcel, sold it to John and Michael Conroy in 1881 (LRAI 549). John Dow purchased two portions of the property from members of the Conroy family in 1897 (LRAI 1795 and 1796). Thereafter the parcels were cycled through a number of other families, including the Esplins, Kyers and Segins, up to the mid-twentieth century.
The 1862 Walling map of Glengarry County (Figure 21) shows the development in the Cashion Road area by that time. The residences of Mrs. A Grant and J. Grant are illustrated along the south side of Street Road on Lot 26, Second or Third Range, S.S.R.R. Another home, this one belonging to A.P. McDougall, appears set back from Glen Road on Lot 1, Concession 3, together with another McDougall residence further to the east. The home of R. McLennon is illustrated at the corner of Cashion and Glen Roads on Lot 2, Concession 3, and one other structure is shown along the north side of Street Road on Lot 2, Concession 4, belonging to a member of the Grant family. It is interesting to note that this section of Cashion Road had been opened by 1862.
The Belden plan of Charlottenburg Township shows the Cashion Road study area in 1879 (Figure 22). On Lot 1, Concession 3, Alex P. MacDougall is shown as owning the entire lot, and there are three buildings illustrated, all in proximity to the intersection of Cashion Road and Glen Road. One of these structures appears within a smaller sub- divided lot exactly at the above mentioned intersection, though no additional name is attributed to it. James Dow is depicted as owning the entirety of Lot 26, Second or Third Range, S.S.R.R. There is a structure illustrated south of Street Road, as well as one at the north end of the lot, on the north shore of the south branch of the Raisin River. This second structure is listed as belonging to “JC”, likely a reference to J. Cashion who owned an adjacent lot. Lot 2, Concession 4, is shown as being the property of the estate of Andrew Hodge (the former Grant residence), with a homestead on the north side of Street Road. A second structure is depicted on the lot, north of the south side of the Raisin River, and is attributed to Michael Hawn. On Lot 2, Concession 3, Roderick R. McLennan is illustrated as owning the entire lot, and a structure is shown at the intersection of Cashion Road and Glen Road, the same farm formerly owned by his father shown on the Walling map.
A topographic map dating to 1937 (Figure 23) provides additional insight into settlement development in the area. At the north end of the study area, three homes are illustrated on the east side of Cashion Road at the intersection with Street Road. In the central portion the Canadian Pacific Railway line is shown, as is a bridge traversing the creek known as Cooper’s Drain that runs through the Summerstown Swamp. As stated above, the railway was completed through this area originally for the Glengarry and Stormont Railway Co. in 1914. At the south end of the study area, at the intersection
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with Glen Road, only two residences are depicted, one on each lot. Two of the structures shown on the Belden map had been removed by this time.
An aerial photograph dating to 1946 (Figure 24) also shows the study area. At the north end two homes and associated outbuildings are visible set back from Street Road to the east of Cashion Road, indicating that one of the structures shown on the 1937 map had been removed. A new farm or outbuildings, however, had been constructed to the south of Street Road on Lot 2, Concession 4. The southern end of the study area remained unchanged. No changes appear to have been made by the time the 1953 topographic map was published, though in this case all of the larger barns were also shown (Figure 25). All of the historical structures appear to have been set back far enough from the road to be outside of the current study area. Cashion Road remained open though the mid-20th century. The Canadian Pacific Railway tracks were removed after 1992.
3.2 Archaeological Context
This section of the Stage 1 report described the environmental and archaeological context of the study area which, combined with the historical context outlined above, provided the necessary information to assess the archaeological potential of the study area.
3.2.1 Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites
A search of the Archaeological Sites Database maintained by the Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture, and Sport (MTCS) revealed that two archaeological sites have previously been recorded within one kilometre of the present study areas. The results of the database search are presented below in Table 1. No registered archaeological sites were located within the boundaries of the present study areas.
3.2.2 Previous Archaeological Research
A number of artifacts collected from within the Nutfield Tract or Indian Lands in Glengarry County were donated to the provincial museum (now the Royal Ontario Museum) in 1898 by a Dr. D. McDiarmid (AARO 1898:10,12). The donated collection (listed with accession numbers) included a cutting or scraping tool of soft stone (17,108), a stone axe of schistose slate (17,109), a small stone axe (17,110), a small stone adze (17,111), a slate gouge (17,112), a stone gouge “degraded to use as an axe” (17,113), a soapstone pipe (17,114), and a broken clay pipe (17,161). No additional information regarding these artifacts is available.
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Table 1. Listing of Registered Archaeological Sites within a 1 km Radius of the Centre of the Study Areas.
Site Name Borden Cultural Site Type Date Range Status Number Affiliation (none given) BgFp-46 Euro-Canadian farmstead Second half of the 19th century Martintown BgFq-3 Euro-Canadian grist mill Mid-19th to Grist Mill present
In anticipation of the construction of the St. Lawrence Seaway, the National Museum of Man (precursor to the Canadian Museum of Civilization) sponsored a survey of the St. Lawrence Valley in 1947 (Leachman and de Laguna 1949). This investigation was followed up with a survey by James V. Wright and Robert Dailey of the University of Toronto in 1954 (Dailey and Wright 1955a), which in turn led to excavations at the Malcolm Site (Dailey and Wright 1955b) and at Ault Park (Emerson 1956), both Middle Woodland occupations. Robert Pihl (1996) has more recently collated the results of these various early investigations.
Beginning around this time, David Gogo was active in the Lake St. Francis area where he identified a large number of sites. Gogo’s work was followed by that of James Pendergast and J.V. Wright (1962, 1964, 1966, 1973, 1984), which focused on the St. Lawrence Iroquoian occupation of the Upper St. Lawrence Valley. This resulted in the excavation of a number of previously reported sites (for example the Beckstead Site) and the identification of new sites at Jessup’s Falls and Casselman. Bruce Jamieson (1980, 1982) has also conducted survey and excavation in this area, while Hugh Daechsel (1980) has provided an overview of the archaeological resources of the South Nation drainage basin.
Most of the recent archaeological work in the region has been undertaken through cultural resource management studies. A brief description of some of this work is provided below.5
An archaeological assessment focussed on determining the potential for pre- Contact First Nations archaeological sites in the Ontario Hydro Eastern Ontario Route Stage study area (Pendergast 1981); A survey of a hydro transmission corridor between Cornwall and Ottawa (Mayer, Pihl and Poulton Inc. 1988); An assessment of the St. Lawrence TS and Lunenburg Junction (Adams Heritage 1999);
5 Given that archaeological assessment work in the region is on-going, this list is necessarily incomplete.
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A review of TransCanada Pipeline corridors in Charlottenburg, Osnabruck and Cornwall Townships (Adams 1988, 1989);
3.2.3 Identified Local Cultural Heritage Resources
The recognition or designation of cultural heritage resources (here referring only to built heritage features and cultural heritage landscapes) may provide valuable insight into aspects of local heritage, whether identified at a local, provincial, national, or international level. Some of these cultural heritage resources may be associated with significant archaeological features or deposits. Accordingly, the Stage 1 archaeological assessment included the compilation of a list of cultural heritage resources that have previously been identified within or immediately adjacent to the current study areas. No previously identified local cultural heritage resources were found to be located within or immediately adjacent to any of the four study areas. Given the heritage plaque at the Martintown Grist Mill, however, this structure clearly has heritage value (see Section 3.2.4).
3.2.4 Heritage Plaques/Monuments
A search of several listings of plaques and monuments was undertaken, given that these markers typically indicate some level of heritage recognition. This research resulted in the identification of a single heritage plaque associated with the Martintown Grist Mill lying immediately adjacent to Crossing Alternative C in Martintown. The mill has been protected with a heritage easement.
3.2.5 Cemeteries
The Stage 1 background archival research revealed that a single cemetery established in the nineteenth century was located adjacent to the Maxville Elevated Water Storage Tank Sites study area. The cemetery was identified as the ‘Maxville Cemetery’, and was located on the east side of County Road No. 20, approximately 145 metres south of County Road No. 22, in Lot 8, Concession 17, geographic Township of Kenyon. A Presbyterian Church appears to the north of the cemetery on the 1862 Walling map of Glengarry County (see Figure 10). This was originally constructed in 1826, but between 1844 and 1875 was only used as a mission station. The church and cemetery also appear on the lot, again in association with the name ‘John McEwen’, on the 1879 Belden map of Kenyon Township (see Figure 11). A pre-1946 topographic map of the Maxville area shows the location of the cemetery, with a small bounded area located in what is now the northern portion of the existing cemetery, lying adjacent to the current alignment of County Road No. 20 (see Figure 12). No church is shown on this map, suggesting that it had been demolished or removed prior to this time. Transcriptions of a number of the
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grave markers in the cemetery provide a range of dates between 1841 and 2001. Currently, the cemetery property is maintained by the Maxville Cemetery Board.
3.2.6 Local Environment
The region in which the three study areas are located is underlain by limestones of Ordovician age, belonging to the Lindsay and Bobcaygeon Formations of the Simcoe Group. These bedrock formations have been overlain by more recent glacial materials deposited during the Pleistocene Epoch, specifically during the Late Wisconsinan or last glacial substage, which began approximately 23,000 years before present (Barnett 1992). During the final retreat of the Wisconsinan Ice Sheet, glacial lake waters in the Lake Ontario basin expanded to fill the Ottawa River valley, almost as far north as Ottawa. Following the uncovering of the St. Lawrence River valley approximately 11,700 to 11,500 years ago, water levels dropped in the Lake Ontario basin and allowed seawater to inundate the Ottawa and upper St. Lawrence River valley areas (which had been depressed by the weight of the glacial ice), creating a large body that has been named the Champlain Sea. During this time, sediments such as clay and fine sand were deposited on the sea bottom. The action of waves built bars of sand and gravel along the sea shores. With the retreat of the Champlain Sea and the re-emergence of the till plain after 10,000 years before present, water laid sediments eroded from elevated areas (Mathews and Richards 1954:24-26). The surficial deposits in this area have been separated into a number of physiographic subdivisions on the basis of landform and geological materials.
Physiographic mapping of southern Ontario produced in 1984 (at a scale of 1:250,000) shows the three locations making up the present study area sitting within two distinct physiographic regions: the Maxville Elevated Water Storage Tank Site is located within the Glengarry Till Plain, while the Martintown Transmission Main Route Options, and the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road are located within the Lancaster Flats (Chapman and Putnam 1984). The Glengarry Till Plain is a region of low relief forming the drainage divide between the St. Lawrence and the Ottawa rivers. The surface is undulating to rolling, consisting of long morainic ridges and a few well-formed drumlins together with intervening clay flats and swamps. Mapping included in the Physiography of Southern Ontario shows the Maxville study area as lying astride sand plains (foreshore and basinal deposits) and beaches (littoral deposits) associated with the Champlain Sea (Chapman and Putnam 1984:Map M2227). The Lancaster Flats is characterized by the flat topography of water-lain deposits (ranging from clay to very fine sand) which cover the underlying till plain, leaving only the stony crests of a few drumlins and ridges.
More detailed surficial geological mapping of the region (produced at a scale of 1:50,000) shows the Maxville Elevated Water Storage Tank Site as being located within
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an area of coarse-textured glaciomarine deposits made up of foreshore and basinal deposits and littoral deposits (Figure 26; Gwyn and Lohse 1973: Map P0906; Gorrell et al. 1982: Map P2508). The Martintown Transmission Main Route Options are located within a deposit of stone-poor, sandy silt to silty sand-textured till, though the north- western portions of Crossing Alternatives A and B sit on fine-textured glaciomarine deposits of silt and clay, minor sand and gravel. The Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road crosses through several distinct surficial geological deposits, including (travelling south to north) a deposit of stone-poor, sandy silt to silty sand-textured till followed by more recent organic deposits associated with the Summerstown Swamp. This area is bordered to the north by another deposit of stone-poor, sandy silt to silty sand-textured till. Finally, the extreme northern portion of the Cashion Road allowance sits within coarse-textured glaciomarine (deltaic) deposits of sand, gravel, minor silt, and clay. Detailed soils mapping of the region shows that the soils of the study area generally correspond to the distribution of the parent materials described above (Matthews et al. 1957: Soils Map).
The topography of the three study areas is variable (Ontario Basic Mapping web application), with the Maxville Elevated Water Storage Tank Site being situated within an area that slopes gently down from the southeast to the northwest, with elevations over 100 metres masl. The Martintown Transmission Main Route Options are situated on both the east and west banks of the Raisin River, which cuts through a relatively level plain lying at approximately 60 metres. Both the east and west river banks slope gently down to reach 55 metres, the approximate level of the Raisin River. Finally, the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road stretches over a relatively level plain lying at approximately 60 metres, and is crossed by an extension of the Summerstown Swamp, which occupies the central portion of the Cashion Road ROW. The swamp is found within a low-lying area with elevations between 55 metres and 60 metres.
The three study areas lie within the Upper St. Lawrence sub-region of the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Forest Region, a region characterized by a mix of coniferous and deciduous tree species (Rowe 1977). Most of the study corridor was cleared of original forest cover during the nineteenth century through both lumbering and agriculture.
Two of the three study areas, the Martintown Transmission Main Route Options and the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road are situated within the Raisin River watershed. The headwaters of the main branch of the Raisin River originate in an organic-rich bog as Dixon Creek, near Lunenburg. Two large tributaries, the north and south branches of the Raisin, rise near Monkland and Long Sault, respectively. The Raisin River drains into the St. Lawrence east of Cornwall, at Lancaster. The Martintown Transmission Main Route Options are located just east of the meeting of the north and south branches of the Raisin River. In addition, several partially channelized un-named tributaries of the Raisin empty into it at Martintown, and
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Crossing Alternative A passes through a Provincially Significant Wetland associated with the river floodplain. The Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road passes through the Summerstown Swamp, a Provincially Significant Wetland. The alignment, following the Cashion Road ROW, passes over a partially channelized tributary of the Raisin River, known as Cooper’s Drain, one of several small streams cutting through the Summerstown Swamp. The third study area, containing the Maxville Elevated Water Storage Tank Site, is located within the South Nation River watershed. The South Nation River rises from headwaters north of Brockville and flows off to the northeast for 175 kilometres, empting into the Ottawa River near Plantagenet. This study area is drained by several channelized tributaries of the West Branch of the Scotch River, including the Cumming Drain.
3.2.7 Property Inspection
In order to gain first-hand knowledge of the geography, topography, and current conditions of the three study areas to inform an evaluation of archaeological potential, a preliminary property inspection was undertaken on August 10, 2012. Weather and lighting conditions varied over the course of day, from clear skies to overcast with brief periods of light rain. These conditions permitted visibility of land features and the identification and documentation of features influencing archaeological potential. The property inspection consisted of a “wind-shield” survey of those portions of the study areas that were visible from public rights-of-way (ROW), as no permissions to access private properties had been sought. Digital photographs were taken of each area at intervals sufficient to maximize the possible coverage available. All identified cultural heritage features were visually inspected and photographed from the closest public ROW.
Area 1 - Maxville Elevated Water Storage Tank Site
The terrain at Potential Tank Site Alternative Location consisted of an open former farm field which had become recently overgrown with grass. The topography rose gently from south to north. A veterinary clinic to the west had clearly been constructed in the last few years. The Maxville Cemetery lay to the south-west.
Area 2 - Martintown Transmission Main Route Options
Crossing Alternative A
Crossing Alternative A on the south bank of the Raisin River was confined to the Nine Mile Road ROW, though north of McCaw Street this was little more than an earth driveway. The south shoreline had been partially landscaped by the owners of the adjacent residence. The north shore of the river in this area had been relatively
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unaltered, with the proposed corridor crossing through a cultivated field on a rise in topography before continuing east into a lower, permanently wet area associated with several streams and a former river channel. To the east of this, the corridor crossed maintained lawn associated with the new fire hall and Community Centre.
Crossing Alternative B
Crossing Alternative B on the south bank of the Raisin River extended north from McCaw Street through an unopened ROW next to a landscaped lawn maintained by the owners of the adjacent residence. The topography sloped down to the river and was overgrown with scrub. The north shore of the river in this area had been relatively unaltered, with the proposed corridor extending through rough terrain at the eastern edge of the permanently wet area noted above with Crossing Alternative A before crossing maintained lawn associated with the new fire hall and Community Centre.
Area 3 - Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road
The study area portion of Cashion Road consisted of a narrow, unmaintained gravel and earth road with numerous large pot-holes. The northern end at Street Road was tree-lined and fairly level, with cultivated fields on either side. Further to the south the elevation dropped, passing over several areas of exposed bedrock down towards the wetland known as Summerstown Swamp. The former Canadian Pacific Railway line crossed Cashion Road towards the southern edge of the open part of the wetland area. The road ROW then entered a wooded area, much of which appeared to be permanently wet and included the creek known as Cooper’s Drain. Having crossed the creek, Cashion Road then rose slightly and was soon bordered once again by farm fields with trees along field boundaries until it reached Glen Road. The north end of the study area ROW was flanked by two farms, both set well back from Cashion Road. That to the east was historic, appearing on both the Walling and Belden maps (see Figures 21 and 22). That to the west only consisted of barns, the original farmhouse having been located across the road. The south end of the study area ROW was also flanked by two farms, both set much closer to the road and both appearing on the Walling and Belden maps, indicating construction by 1862.
3.3 Archaeological Potential
3.3.1 Determination of Archaeological Potential
A number of factors are used to determine archaeological site potential. For pre- Contact sites criteria are principally focused on physiographic features such as the distance from the nearest source of water and the nature of that water body, areas of elevated topography including features such as ridges, knolls and eskers, and the types
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of soils found within the area being assessed. For historic sites, the assessment of archaeological site potential is more reliant on historical research (land registry records, census and assessment rolls, etc.), cartographic and aerial photographic evidence and the inspection of the study area for possible above ground remains or other evidence of a demolished historical structure. Also considered in determining archaeological potential are known archaeological sites within or in the vicinity of the study area.
Archaeological assessment standards established by MTCS (Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists, 2011) establish minimum distances to be tested from features indicating archaeological potential. Areas that are considered to have pre-Contact site potential and therefore require testing include lands within 300 metres of water sources, wetlands or elevated features in the landscape including former river scarps. Areas of historic archaeological site potential requiring testing include locations within 300 metres of sites of early Euro-Canadian settlement and 100 metres from historic transportation corridors. Further, areas within 300 metres of registered archaeological sites, designated heritage buildings or structures/ locations of local historical significance are considered to have archaeological potential and require testing. These guidelines were refined and applied to the study areas after the research and site inspection described above. The archaeological potential evaluations made for each of the study areas is presented below. The archaeological potential determinations for all four of the original study areas are discussed to reiterate why certain areas were not recommended for Stage 2 assessment.
Area 1 - Maxville Elevated Water Storage Tank Sites (Figure 27)
The initial potential tank sites (A, B, and C) in Maxville together exhibited several characteristics that indicated potential for the presence of archaeological resources associated with pre-Contact First Nations settlement and/or land uses. Specifically:
Large portions of the potential tank sites were located within 300 metres of secondary water sources, including a tributary drainage network made up of seasonal streams and (now) partially to wholly channelized water courses; The study area was situated along the northern edge of an elevated bedrock plain and the potential tank sites lay across beach deposits associated with the Champlain Sea; The study area was situated in an area of elevated topography (between till plains to the south and sand and clay plains to the north) with adequate soil and drainage characteristics to support pre-Contact First Nations settlement and land-uses; While no pre-Contact First Nations archaeological sites had been registered with the Ontario Archaeological Sites Database in or within 300 metres of the study
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area, several pre-Contact artifacts had been reported from within the Nutfield Tract or Indian Lands in Glengarry County.
The study area also exhibited several characteristics that indicated potential for the presence of archaeological resources associated with historical Euro-Canadian settlement and/or land uses. Specifically:
Large portions of the study area were located within 300 metres of early Euro- Canadian settlement, including a former church and cemetery located immediately to the south of Potential Tank Site Alternative Location A, as well as a number of farmsteads and residences visible on historical mapping consulted during the preparation of this report; Portions of the study area lay within 100 metres of early historic transportation routes (as visible on 19th century mapping consulted during the preparation of this report), including County Road No. 20, County Road No. 22 and Mechanic Street E/Carr Street E.
The background research and property inspection undertaken for the Stage 1 archaeological assessment also indicated that portions of the three potential tank sites had been disturbed (subject to extensive and deep land alterations that had severely damaged the integrity of any archaeological resources). Specifically:
A portion of the County Road No. 22 ROW passing east to west through the southern portion of Potential Tank Site Alternative Location A had been the subject of extensive disturbance through road and ditch construction (between the excavated ditches); The footprints of existing structures, including a Bell Canada utility building and antenna/tower within Potential Tank Site Alternative Location A had been extensively disturbed; The presence of a storm sewer line and paved asphalt parking lot indicated extensive disturbance of parts of the northern portion of Potential Tank Site Alternative Location B.
Area 2 - Martintown Water Booster Pumping Station Sites and Transmission Main Route Options (Figure 28)
The potential Martintown Water Booster Pumping Station Sites (east and west sides of the Raisin River) and the Transmission Main Route Options (A, B, and C) exhibited several characteristics that indicated potential for the presence of archaeological resources associated with pre-Contact First Nations settlement and/or land uses. Specifically:
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All of the Martintown study area was located within 300 metres of a primary water source, the Raisin River; Large portions of the Martintown study area lay within 300 metres of secondary water sources, including a drainage network made up of a wetland associated with the floodplain of the Raisin River, seasonal streams and (now) partially to wholly channelized water courses that drain into the Raisin; The Raisin River would have been a significant pre-Contact transportation corridor; The south-eastern and south-western portions of the study area (including portions of each of the three crossing alternatives) contained a slightly elevated till plain lying on either side of the clay plain through which the Raisin River had cut its channel; Large portions of the study area contained adequate soil and drainage characteristics to support pre-Contact First Nations settlement and land-uses; The presence of the Martintown Grist Mill, other mills and the associated dam on the Raisin River in Martintown suggested that a falls or rapids was in this location prior to the introduction of artificial water controls. This feature(s) may have necessitated a portage route, and therefore portage-related archaeological resources may have been located within the surrounding area; The presence of a falls and/or rapids along this stretch of the Raisin River prior to the introduction of artificial water controls would have presented attractive conditions for pre-Contact First Nations groups to exploit spring-spawning fish. Therefore fishing-related archaeological resources may have been located within the surrounding area; While no pre-Contact First Nations archaeological sites had been registered with the Ontario Archaeological Sites Database in or within 300 metres of the study area, several pre-Contact artifacts had been reported from within the Nutfield Tract or Indian Lands in Glengarry County.
The study area also exhibited several characteristics that indicated potential for the presence of archaeological resources associated with historical Euro-Canadian settlement and/or land uses. Specifically:
The study area was entirely located within 300 metres of the historical core of the community of Martintown; Large portions of the study area lay within 100 metres of early historic transportation routes, including County Road No. 20, County Road No. 18, Nine Mile Road (the former location of Gordon Street), and McCaw (formerly McCann) Street; Crossing Alternatives ‘A’ and ‘B’ passed through the location of a sawmill and/or foundry/blacksmith that first appeared on a 1937 topographic map;
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Large portions of the study area were located within 300 metres of a previously registered Historic period Euro-Canadian archaeological site, the Martintown Grist Mill (BgFq-3); The Martintown Grist Mill, which had previously been recognized as a cultural heritage resource of local and provincial significance, lay adjacent to Crossing Alternative C.
The background research and property inspection undertaken for the Stage 1 archaeological assessment had also indicated that both Potential Pump Station Sites East and West and Crossing Alternative C had been disturbed (subject to extensive and deep land alterations that had severely damaged the integrity of any archaeological resources) or contained low-lying permanently wet soils (areas of no archaeological potential). Specifically:
Potential Pump Station Site West was formerly the location of the Martintown Community Centre (recently demolished) and recent satellite imagery showed the area as having been extensively graded; Potential Pump Station Site East was formerly the location of a firehall (recently demolished) and recent satellite imagery, verified during the site visit, showed the area as having been extensively graded; The entire length of Crossing Alternative C was to be contained within the previously disturbed portions of the ROWs of County Road No. 20 and Kings Road/County Road No. 18 (including the elevated bridge over the Raisin River); The portions of Crossing Alternatives A and B lying within the footprints and parking lot for the new Community Centre and fire hall had been extensively disturbed; The portions of Crossing Alternatives A and B lying within the wetland associated with the Raisin River floodplain were low-lying and permanently wet; The portions of Crossing Alternatives A and B lying within the previously disturbed portions of the McCaw Street, Nine Mile Road, and Kings Road/County Road No. 18 ROWs exhibited no archaeological potential.
Area 3 –Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road (Figure 29)
The Transmission Main Route along the un-opened portion of the Cashion Road ROW exhibited several characteristics that indicated potential for the presence of archaeological resources associated with pre-Contact First Nations settlement and/or land uses. Specifically:
The majority of the study area lay within 300 metres of secondary water sources, including the Summerstown Swamp and a drainage network made up of (now)
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partially channelized streams (including Cooper’s Drain) that were tributaries of the South Raisin River; The study area included portions of slightly elevated till plains lying on either side of the peat and muck deposits associated with the Summerstown Swamp and south of the clay plain through which the South Raisin River had cut its channel; Portions of the study area contained adequate soil and drainage characteristics to support pre-Contact First Nations settlement and land-uses; While no pre-Contact First Nations archaeological sites had been registered with the Ontario Archaeological Sites Database in or within 300 metres of the study area, several pre-Contact artifacts had been reported from within the Nutfield Tract or Indian Lands in Glengarry County; Pendergast (1981:90-91, 97-98, Map 16) had previously identified the south-facing slope of the elevated till plain running parallel to the Summerstown Swamp as having potential for Terminal Woodland period settlement (specifically St. Lawrence Iroquoian agricultural villages) on the basis of environmental criteria: that this area lay near the headwaters of small streams remote from major waterways on till ridges and hills, on south and north facing slopes and on small sandy knolls.
The study area also exhibited several characteristics that indicated potential for the presence of archaeological resources associated with historical Euro-Canadian settlement and/or land uses. Specifically:
The northern and southern portions of the study area were located within 300 metres of early Euro-Canadian settlement, as indicated by the historical maps consulted during the preparation of this report; Given that the Cashion Road ROW is shown as an open road on the 1862 Walling and 1879 Belden maps of Charlottenburg Township, the entire study area (currently an un-opened road allowance) should be considered an early historic transportation route, although it was unlikely the road was ever more than a minimally-improved cart path.
The background research and property inspection undertaken for the Stage 1 archaeological assessment had also indicated that portions of the study area had been disturbed (subject to extensive and deep land alterations that had severely damaged the integrity of any archaeological resources) or contained low-lying permanently wet soils (areas of no archaeological potential). Specifically:
A utility cable had been installed along the length of the Cashion Road study area, although the extent of this disturbance was likely limited and could not be illustrated on mapping produced for the report;
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A railway line built in 1914 passed through the central portion of the study area; A small bridge first appearing on a 1937 topographic map appeared to have been constructed over Cooper’s Drain, although the extent of disturbance associated with this bridge construction was not clear and so could not be mapped; The central portion of the study area ran through the low-lying and permanently wet Summerstown Swamp and exhibited no archaeological potential.
Area 4 - Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route Option (Figures 30 and 31)
The Tollgate Road/Service Road transmission main route option study area exhibits several characteristics that indicate potential for the presence of archaeological resources associated with pre-Contact First Nations settlement and/or land uses. Specifically:
The majority of the study area lies within 300 metres of secondary water sources, including the Summerstown Swamp and a drainage network made up of (now) partially channelized streams that are tributaries of the South Raisin River; The study area includes portions of slightly elevated till deposit on Paleozoic terrain bordering a low-lying, poorly drained area that was historically part of Summerstown Swamp; A portion of the western end of the study corridor along Tollgate Road East passes through a coarse textured glaciomarine littoral or shoreline deposit; Portions of the study area contain adequate soil and drainage characteristics to support pre-Contact First Nations settlement and land-uses; While no pre-Contact First Nations archaeological sites have been registered with the Ontario Archaeological Sites Database in or within 300 metres of the study area, several pre-contact artifacts have been reported from the surrounding region.
The study area also exhibits several characteristics that indicate potential for the presence of archaeological resources associated with historical Euro-Canadian settlement and/or land uses. Specifically:
Portions of the study corridor are located within 300 metres of early Euro- Canadian settlement, as indicated by the historical maps consulted during the preparation of this report; Given that the majority of the study corridor follows early historic transportation routes, as shown on the 1862 Walling and 1879 Belden maps of Cornwall and Charlottenburg Townships, the entire study area should be considered to be located within 100 metres of an early historic transportation route.
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The background research and property inspection undertaken for the Stage 1 archaeological assessment have revealed that virtually the entire length of the study area has been disturbed (subject to extensive and deep land alterations that have severely damaged the integrity of any archaeological resources), with the single exception consisting of an area containing low-lying permanently wet soils (areas of no archaeological potential). Specifically:
The majority of the proposed watermain transmission route option alignment is to be constructed either under the road surface or along the road shoulder of existing roadways, which would fall within the disturbed portions of the ROWs of Tollgate Road East, Highway 401, Service Road, Boundary Road, and Glen Road; A short, circa five metre long, section of the proposed watermain alignment is located within a low-lying, permanently wet area lying between the east end of the Tollgate Road East ROW and the Highway 401 ROW.
3.3.2 Stage 1 Recommendations
The results of the background research in the Stage 1 report indicated that portions of the study area exhibited archaeological potential. These findings formed the basis for the following recommendations:
1) Should the proposed water supply project involve impacts (soil disturbances or other alterations) to the portions of the four study areas determined to exhibit archaeological potential (see Figures 27 to 31), a Stage 2 archaeological assessment will be required prior to the initiation of development-related activities. It should be noted that impacts include all aspects of the proposed development, including temporary access roads, staging/lay down areas, connecting watermains/pipes, and any other works. Portions of the three study areas identified as exhibiting archaeological potential include:
Maxville Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations A, B, and C; Martintown Transmission Main Crossing Alternatives A and B; and, the Transmission Main Route along the un-opened portion of the Cashion Road ROW.
2) Any future Stage 2 archaeological assessment(s) should be undertaken by a licensed consultant archaeologist, in accordance with the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011). This would involve having any of the Maxville Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations that have been determined to exhibit archaeological potential ploughed, weathered by rain, and assessed by means of a pedestrian survey at 5 metre intervals. Should ploughing of these areas not be viable, the Stage 2 assessment would be conducted by means of a shovel test pit survey at 5 metre intervals. Portions
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of the any of the proposed transmission main routes in Martintown or along the unopened portion of the Cashion Road ROW identified as exhibiting archaeological potential would be assessed by means of a shovel test pit survey conducted at 5 metre intervals.
3) If development-related impacts are proposed in lands lying immediately adjacent (i.e. within 5 metres) to the historical cemetery identified immediately to the south of Potential Tank Site Alternative Location A in Maxville, following the completion of the Stage 2 archaeological assessment, a Stage 3 assessment will be required in accordance with the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011). The purpose of this assessment would be to confirm the presence or absence of unmarked graves beyond the currently marked cemetery limits, to ensure no graves will be disturbed. This work should involve the mechanical removal of topsoil with heavy equipment (i.e. Gradall or backhoe) under the supervision of a licensed consultant archaeologist, followed by shovel shining of the exposed surface and an inspection of the subsoil for grave shafts;
4) Should the proposed water supply project require impacts (soil disturbance or other alterations) to areas lying outside of the four study areas included in this assessment, the initiation of development-related activities should be preceded by archaeological assessment undertaken by a licensed consultant archaeologist, in accordance with the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011). It should be noted that impacts include all aspects of the proposed development, including temporary access roads, staging/lay down areas, connecting watermains/pipes, and any other works.
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4.0 STAGE 2 ASSESSMENT
The purpose of this assessment was to determine whether archaeological resources, artifacts or sites with cultural heritage value were present on the property and to determine whether these resources require further assessment. As outlined in the archaeological potential section above (see Section 3.3.4) portions of the study area had been identified as exhibiting potential to contain pre-Contact and historic period archaeological resources (see Figures 27 to 31).
4.1 Fieldwork Methodology
The Stage 2 archaeological assessment was performed over three days between November 7th and November 19th, 2012. The weather was clear but cool for all three days of assessment. These conditions permitted excellent visibility of land features and were ideal for the identification and recovery and/or documentation of archaeological resources. All fieldwork was conducted according to the archaeological fieldwork standards outlined in Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (Ministry of Tourism and Culture 2011).
As all components of the Stage 2 assessment involved either proposed linear pipeline corridors or infrastructure with a relatively small footprint, all areas requiring testing were shovel test pitted at five metre intervals (Figure 32). Soil from each test pit was screened through six millimetre mesh to determine if there were any artifacts. Shovel test pits were at least 30 centimetres in diameter and excavation continued 5 centimetres into sterile subsoil. All test pits were examined for soil stratigraphy, cultural features, and/or evidence of deposited fills. All test pits were backfilled once completed.
Field activities were recorded through field notes, field maps, and digital photographs. Field notes included general descriptions of each area tested, as well as the soil stratigraphy and depths in both representative and anomalous test pits. A catalogue of the documentary record is included below (Table 2). The general areas tested and representative test pits were also digitally photographed. The complete photographic catalogue is included as Appendix 1.
The locations to be tested in each of the three study areas had been determined in the Stage 1 archaeological report, apart from the Maxville study area. After the completion of the Stage 1 study, a location within the initial Potential Tank Site Alternative Location A was selected as the preferred site for the Maxville water tank. This reduced the area requiring Stage 2 assessment to a single location approximately 50 metres by 50 metres in area in the centre of a former farm field, together with a ten metre wide access road from County Road 22 (see Figure 2). Shovel test pits were excavated across 100% of this
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Table 2. Inventory of the Stage 2 Documentary and Artifact Record.
Type of Document Description Number of Records Location
Field Notes Notes on the Stage 2 26 pages PRAS office - file assessment PR12-28 Photographs Digital photographs 106 photographs On PRAS computer documenting field network - file PR12- conditions and 28 assessment strategy and results Maps Printed satellite 3 maps PRAS office - file images with notations PR12-28 made in the field Artifacts Artifacts collected 950 Euro-Canadian PRAS office during the Stage 2 artifacts stored in one assessment banker's box
study area. Figure 33 illustrates the areas tested and the testing methodology used. Figure 34 depicts the locations and directions of photographs taken in the field in this study area used in this report. Figures 35 to 38 show conditions in the field.
In the Martintown study area, testing along Potential Pipeline Crossing Alternatives A and B to the north of the Raisin River consisted of single lines of test pits across the manicured lawn to the rear of the community centre, west through some marsh land and across part of a cultivated field, and then south to the river. Testing along Potential Pipeline Crossing Alternatives A and B to the south of the Raisin River also consisted of single lines of test pits from the river to existing road allowances. At Crossing Alternative A this consisted of a 20 metre corridor, while at Crossing Alternative B the corridor extended for approximately 140 metres. Approximately 75% of this study area was shovel tested, avoiding the permanently wet marshland along Crossing Alternative A and disturbed areas around the new Community Centre and its associated septic bed. Figure 39 illustrates the areas tested and the testing methodology used. Figure 40 depicts the locations and directions of photographs taken in the field in this study area used in this report. Figures 41 to 46 show conditions in the areas tested.
Archaeological resources of possible cultural heritage value or interest were discovered in two separate locations during the 5 metre interval shovel test pit survey to the south of the river, one along Crossing Alternative A and one along Crossing Alternative B. Following the completion of this survey at Crossing Alternative B, it was determined that it was necessary to carry out an intensified survey over the area of positive shovel test pits (test pits containing a buried ash deposit and artifacts). This involved the excavation of additional shovel test pits at 2.5 metre intervals, following the spread of artifacts within the unopened road right-of-way to collect a larger sample of artifacts
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from the site and to define the limits of their distribution. The locations of all positive shovel test pits were recorded on a field map, and were assigned a grid co-ordinate based on the distance north from the end of McCaw Street and east or west from the original line of test pits. As similar soil stratigraphy and artifacts to the positive test pits found at Crossing Alternative B were also found along the entire corridor at Crossing Alternative A, it was determined not necessary to intensify the test-pitting in this area. All of the positive test pits from both locations were recorded.
In the Cashion Road study area, a single line of test pits was excavated between Street Road and Glen Road along the proposed pipeline route. The edge of the right-of-way was selected wherever possible to avoid the compact/pot-holed road surface and the flanking ditches. Large sections of this study area contained locations with rock piles generated either during the farming of adjacent fields or from road construction, necessitating the shifting of certain test pits to nearby areas where shovel pits could be excavated. The central section of the Cashion Road corridor (the Summerstown Swamp) was permanently wet and not shovel tested; thus there was approximately 75% coverage in this study area. Figure 47 illustrates the areas tested and the testing methodology used. Figure 48 depicts the locations and directions of photographs taken in the field in this study area used in this report. Figures 49 to 55 show conditions in the areas tested along Cashion Road.
All artifacts recovered were cleaned and labelled according to their provenience (test pit grid number). The artifacts were then inventoried using a modified Parks Canada database designed for historic period sites (Christianson and Plousos, n.d.), and a catalogue was compiled (see Table 2 and Appendix 2). Sample artifacts were photographed for inclusion in this report. As per the Terms and Conditions for Archaeological Licences in Ontario, all artifacts and records of the archaeological assessment will be held in safekeeping by Past Recovery Archaeological Services until a suitable repository is located.
4.2 Fieldwork Results
Maxville Study Area
The field work within the Maxville study area was undertaken over two days, as core drilling by Golder Associates Ltd. was being undertaken in the centre of the field on the day the testing crew arrived. As stated above, an area measuring approximately 50 metres by 50 metres for the tank location and a ten metres wide access road to County Road 22 were tested at five metre intervals (see Figure 31). The soil stratigraphy consisted of 18cm to 36cm of brown sandy loam topsoil/plough zone with pebbles and the occasional cobbles above mottled brown/orange/tan sand subsoil with pebbles. The topsoil generally became thicker from north to south. Some test pits in the centre
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and south half of the study area contained small to large pieces of charcoal and pockets of ash in the topsoil (Figures 56 and 57).
Test pits excavated along the northern edge of the proposed access road confirmed disturbance in this area from the construction/maintenance of County Road 22. Test pits within 15 metres from the road allowance contained 3 to 5 centimetres of sod followed by 15 to 20 centimetres of grey gravel mixed with brown sand above brown/ tan subsoil (Figure 58).
No archaeological resources were discovered in any of the test pits.
Martintown Study Area
The fieldwork within the Martintown study area was conducted over two days. Testing along Potential Pipeline Crossing Alternatives A and B began north of the river next to the recently completed Community Centre in the north-east corner of the study area (see Figure 39). It was discovered that the soil below the manicured lawn had been disturbed adjacent to the building both through fill being added to help level the slope to the rear of the structure and through the installation of a large septic bed. The disturbance ended approximately 25 metres west of the building. Though the lawn continued west beyond this point, the soil stratigraphy appeared to be more natural, consisting of 10 to 15 centimetres of brown sandy clay topsoil above grey clay subsoil (Figure 59). No archaeological resources were discovered in any of the test pits excavated across the lawn.
While the northern section of Crossing Alternative B terminated at the river within the groomed lawn area, Crossing Alternative A continued west into a marshland consisting of waist high marsh grass bordering a small creek. This area was permanently wet and was only selectively tested where drier patches were noted. The soil stratigraphy consisted of 10cm to 20cm of wet brown/grey clay topsoil over grey clay subsoil. On the opposite side of the creek Crossing Alternative A exited the marshland and continued west into a ploughed farm field before turning south to meet the river. The soil stratigraphy in this area consisted of 15cm to 18cm of mottled brown/grey clay topsoil/plough zone above mottled grey/tan clay subsoil (Figure 60). Following the test pitting the cultivated field was also surface surveyed to ten metres either side of the proposed pipeline route as, though no ploughing had been undertaken, there was at least 60% surface visibility. No archaeological resources were discovered in either the marshland or the cultivated field.
As stated above in Section 4.1, archaeological resources were found along both corridors to the south of the Raisin River (Figure 61). Along Crossing Alternative A only four test pits were required to cover the area between the end of the Nine Mile
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Road allowance and the river (see Figure 61). Each test pit contained archaeological resources. A deposit of 13cm to 15cm of dark brown sand topsoil mixed with gravel (Lot 1) was found below the sod in the three test pits furthest to the south, which were the closest to the gravelled end of Nine Mile Road. This soil layer thinned from south to north and was not present in the test pit excavated closest to the river. Below this was 14cm to 17cm of dark brown sandy clay buried topsoil (Lot 2) followed by 30cm to 112cm of powdery light grey ash and charcoal (Lot 3) above grey clay subsoil (Lot 4) (Figures 62 and 63). The ash deposit thickened substantially as the test pits approached the river. The three northernmost test pits had to be widened in order to reach the subsoil. Artifacts were recovered from both the buried topsoil and the ash layers, though most were found in the latter deposit and a few were recovered from the interfaces with the buried topsoil above and the subsoil below.
The total number of artifacts found in the four test pits excavated along Crossing Alternative A was 144, with artifact concentrations becoming higher towards the river as the thickness of the ash layer increased (Figures 64 and 65). The majority (120) of the artifacts were found in this deposit. Apart from some of the objects found in the buried topsoil layer which dated to the twentieth century or similar items introduced into the ash deposit from this layer during the enlarging of the test pits (eg. the electric door bell - #101, the black plastic covered strapping - #100 or the machine made beverage bottle glass - #096), all of the artifacts dated to the mid-nineteenth century. Ceramic tableware sherds were almost all refined white earthenware, with decoration styles including blue transfer printing, late palette monochrome and polychrome painting, banding and edging. One sherd of blue edged pearlware, one sherd of plain porcelain and two pieces of Jackfield-like refined coloured earthenware were also recovered. Identifiable vessel shapes included bowls, plates and a saucer, though most sherds were very small. All of the seven clay smoking pipe fragments were found in the ash deposit; unfortunately none bore a datable maker's mark. One bowl fragment (#099) did have part of an embossed motif which probably dated to between the early 1840s and the early 1850s (Bradley 2000:113). Of the structural nails, two machine cut and two wrought examples were found in the buried topsoil and five machine cut and seven wrought examples were found in the ash. Other structural items included window glass, mortar fragments, small pieces of red slate and small pieces of red brick. The only personal item found was a copper-alloy button (#152). The remainder of the artifacts included mammal and bird bones (mostly calcined), eggshell, a wrought iron clamp (#088), ferrous scrap metal, ferrous metal wire, a sherd from a mould blown wine or beer bottle (#146) and several pieces of melted glass. Many of the items recovered, as might be expected from being found within an ash deposit, had been heavily burnt. A complete list of the artifacts can be found in Appendix 2.
Archaeological resources were also found along Crossing Alternative B. Positive test pits were encountered between 35m and 77.5m north of the east end of the McCaw
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Street right-of-way, all within the unopened Andrew Street right-of-way (see Figure 61). From the initial positive test pit (N35E00) to test pit N55E00 the soil stratigraphy consisted of 18cm to 25cm of dark brown loamy sand topsoil with pebbles over a grey/brown clay subsoil. Several of the test pits close to the McCaw Street right-of-way exhibited signs of disturbance, containing modern construction materials and recent garbage, none of which was collected. To the north of test pit N55E00, however, a silty grey ash and charcoal layer similar to that noted at Crossing Alternative A began to appear. The toposil in this area (Lot 1) varied between 15cm and 30cm in thickness, while the ash layer (Lot 2) gradually increased in thickness from south to north, reaching over 55cm in test pit N75W02.5 (Figures 66 to 68). This and adjacent test pits corresponded to the edge of a treed terrace along the south bank of the river; thereafter the terrain dropped several metres down to the level of the water. No positive test pits were encountered between the terrace edge and the water; the topsoil in this area was much damper and had a higher clay content, and no ash layer was present. As stated above, test pit intensification was undertaken to determine the extent of the ash deposit, which was found to span the entire width of the road allowance across the northern edge of the terrace (a distance of approximately 20m north-south), though it appeared to thin somewhat towards the east and west edges. All the test pits with the ash layer yielded artifacts, some contained within the topsoil but the majority found within the ash deposit itself. The subsoil both within and below the terrace consisted of grey/brown clay.
A total of 806 artifacts were collected from the 43 positive test pits within Crossing Alternative B, more than half recovered from the ash and charcoal layer (Figures 69 to 73). Only 27 items were found in test pits that did not contain the buried ash deposit. The artifacts again generally increased in number as the depth of the ash increased towards the edge of the terrace, with single digit counts being noted where the ash thinned out and disappeared. As at Crossing Alternative A, apart from certain obvious twentieth century items likely introduced from the upper topsoil layer (eg. the wire nails - #599 and #623, the machine made bottle glass - #612 and #615, and the electrical fuse - #574), all of the artifacts recovered from the ash deposit dated to the mid- nineteenth century. Most of those found in the topsoil also dated to this period.
Ceramic tableware sherds were again almost all refined white earthenware, with decoration styles including transfer printing (blue, black, brown, green or red), sponging (blue or red and green), stamping (green), late palette monochrome and polychrome painting, moulding, banding, slipping and edging (blue or green). One sherd of possible creamware, three sherds of possible pearlware, one sherd of bone china, a piece from a coarse stoneware lid, six fragments of coarse red earthenware, one sherd of Rockingham-glazed refined coloured earthenware and eight pieces of Jackfield-like refined coloured earthenware (likely from teapots) were also recovered. Identifiable vessel shapes included bowls, a handle, plates, soup plates, tea cups and a
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saucer, though most sherds were very small. The majority of the 43 clay smoking pipe fragments were found in the ash deposit. Three stem fragments had impressed maker's marks - two (#270 and #383) being manufactured by W. White of Glasgow (1805-1955) and one (#004) by Duncan McDougall & Co. of Glasgow (1847-1967; Bradley 2000:117). Unfortunately the date range for both was too wide to be of much use in determining a more precise date for the ash deposit. Of the structural nails, 94 machine cut, five cut and hand-finished and 37 wrought examples were found, together with eight more modern wire and two spiral examples. Other structural items included window glass, mortar fragments, small pieces of red slate, small pieces of red brick, ceramic drain tile and part of a ferrous metal pipe. Personal items consisted of a metal button (#059) impressed “[TR]EBLE GILT / STANDARD COLOR” on the reverse, a slate pencil (#050), scissor blades (#319 and #508) and a pocket knife (#477).
The remainder of the artifacts included mammal and bird bones (mostly calcined), eggshell, mollusc shell, ferrous scrap metal, mould blown wine bottle sherds, the spout from a cast iron kettle (#005), wrought horseshoe nails, mould blown container glass, a ferrous metal chain link, clinker, part of a fluted tumbler (#483), glass stemware (#445), coal, oil lamp chimney, part of a ferrous metal rod, several unidentified ferrous metal objects and several pieces of melted glass. Many of the items recovered, as with those recovered from Crossing Alternative A, had been heavily burnt. A few more recent items (a milk glass sherd, a small piece of vitrified white earthenware, part of a leather ball – #448, a solarized patent medicine bottle sherd embossed “…OZONE” – #192 , the wire and spiral nails mentioned above, and machine made bottle glass) were found in the topsoil layer. A complete list of the artifacts can be found in Appendix 2.
Cashion Road Study Area
The fieldwork on Cashion Road was completed in one day (see Figure 47). Testing began at the north end of this study area, and, as stated above, involved the excavation of a single line of test pits southwards within the right-of-way. The northern end consisted of a gently falling ridge with farm fields to either side and some exposed bedrock as the elevation decreased. The soil stratigraphy for the test pits excavated in this area consisted of 10cm to 20cm of dark brown sandy loam topsoil with some clay content, as well as inclusions of pebbles and cobbles, above tan/orange clay subsoil (Figure 74). The central low-lying section consisted of wetland (the Summerstown Swamp) flanked by permanently wet forest to the south. The soil stratigraphy for this area consisted of 15cm to 20cm of black loamy clay and muck followed by mottled red/orange/grey clay subsoil (Figure 75). Tests pits 15 metres north and 30 metres south of the marsh tended to have standing water in them before subsoil was reached. A double row of test pits was added along the edges of the wetland and around the creek further to the south. The southern section of the corridor was flanked by drier woodland and then open fields and farmhouses at the southern end. The soil
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stratigraphy for this area consisted of 8cm to 15cm of brown sandy loam topsoil with some clay content followed by tan/orange clay subsoil (Figure 76).
No archaeological resources were discovered in along the Cashion Road corridor.
4.3 Analysis and Conclusions
Maxville Study Area
The Stage 2 archaeological assessment did not reveal any pre-Contact or historic archaeological resources in this study area. No further archaeological assessment is required.
Martintown Study Area
The Stage 2 archaeological assessment along Crossing Alternative A and Crossing Alternative B did not reveal any pre-Contact or historic archaeological resources to the north of the Raisin River. No further archaeological assessment is required in this section of either corridor. This also applies to all of Crossing Alternative C which was determined in the Stage 1 report to have no archaeological potential.
The Stage 2 archaeological assessment in this study area did, however, find potentially significant historic archaeological resources to the south of the Raisin River. The ash and charcoal layer discovered in test pits along on both Crossing Alternative A and Crossing Alternative B contained exclusively mid-nineteenth century artifacts dating from the 1830s to the 1850s (apart from a few items likely introduced from the topsoil during test pit expansion). As it was found in both locations it was likely a secondary deposit and not directly associated with a nearby structure or occupation surface. It is probable that the ash deposit was placed in these areas to either build up the bank next to the river for flood control purposes or for road construction as both locations were within unopened road allowances. In either case, this deposit seems to have been the result of a mid-nineteenth century public works project. The origin of the ash is unknown, though the appearance of structural debris and burnt artifacts suggests that it was clean-up from a large fire rather than household or factory waste, and that the fire occurred prior to 1860.
The concentrations of mid-nineteenth century artifacts associated with the ash deposits indicates that these areas may have cultural heritage value or interest under Standard 2.2.1c (MTCS 2011:22), requiring Stage 3 archaeological assessment to verify and define their nature and extent (Figure 77).
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Cashion Road Study Area
The Stage 2 archaeological assessment did not reveal any pre-Contact or historic archaeological resources in this study area. No further archaeological assessment is required.
4.4 Stage 2 Recommendations
The report forms the basis for the following recommendations:
1) No further archaeological assessment is required in either the Maxville or Cashion Road study areas as currently defined (see Figures 2 and 4). 2) No further archaeological assessment is required along Crossing Alternative A or Crossing Alternative B to the north of the Raisin River in the Martintown study area (see Figure 77). 3) Should either Crossing Alternative A or Crossing Alternative B in the Martintown study area be selected as the preferred route for the pipeline a Stage 3 archaeological assessment is required to the south of the Raisin River where archaeological resources were found, to determine whether these resources have cultural heritage value or interest (see Figure 77). This would involve the excavation of one metre square units on a five metre grid across the area of positive test pits.
And to reiterate from the findings of the Stage 1 report (Cleland 2013):
4) No further archaeological assessment is required for the Potential Pump Station Site West, Potential Pump Station Site East and Crossing Alternative C in Martintown and Tollgate Road /Service Road Transmission Main Route Option study areas, as defined in the Stage 1 report (Cleland 2013).
The reader is also referred to Section 5.0 below to ensure compliance with the Ontario Heritage Act as it may relate to this project.
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5.0 ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION
In order to ensure compliance with the Ontario Heritage Act, the reader is advised of the following:
1) This report is submitted to the Minister of Tourism, Culture and Sport as a condition of licensing in accordance with Part VI of the Ontario Heritage Act, R.S.O. 1990, c 0.18. The report is reviewed to ensure that it complies with the standards and guidelines that are issued by the Minister, and that the archaeological fieldwork and report recommendations ensure the conservation, protection and preservation of the cultural heritage of Ontario. When all matters relating to archaeological sites within the project area of a development proposal have been addressed to the satisfaction of the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, a letter will be issued by the ministry stating that there are no further concerns with regard to alterations to archaeological sites by the proposed development.
2) It is an offence under Sections 48 and 69 of the Ontario Heritage Act for any party other than a licensed archaeologist to make any alteration to a known archaeological site or to remove any artifact or other physical evidence of past human use or activity from the site, until such time as a licensed archaeologist has completed archaeological fieldwork on the site, submitted a report to the Minister stating that the site has no further cultural heritage value or interest, and the report has been filed in the Ontario Public Register of Archaeological Reports referred to in Section 65.1 of the Ontario Heritage Act.
3) Should previously undocumented archaeological resources be discovered, they may be a new archaeological site and therefore subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The proponent or person discovering the archaeological resources must cease alteration of the site immediately and engage a licensed consultant archaeologist to carry out archaeological fieldwork, in compliance with Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act.
4) The Cemeteries Act, R.S.O. 1990 c. C.4 and the Funeral, Burial and Cremation Services Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, c.33 (when proclaimed in force) require that any person discovering human remains must notify the police or coroner and the Registrar of Cemeteries at the Ministry of Consumer Services.
5) Archaeological sites recommended for further archaeological fieldwork or protection remain subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act and may not be altered, or have artifacts removed from them, except by a person holding an archaeological licence.
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6.0 LIMITATIONS AND CLOSURE
Past Recovery Archaeological Services has prepared this report in a manner consistent with that level of care and skill ordinarily exercised by members of the archaeological profession currently practicing under similar conditions in the jurisdiction in which the services are provided, subject to the time limits and physical constraints applicable to this report. No other warranty, expressed or implied, is made.
This report has been prepared for the specific site, design objective, developments and purpose prescribed in the client proposal and subsequent agreed upon changes to the contract. The factual data, interpretations and recommendations pertain to a specific project as described in this report and are not applicable to any other project or site location.
Unless otherwise stated, the suggestions, recommendations and opinions given in this report are intended only for the guidance of the client in the design of the specific project.
Special risks occur whenever archaeological investigations are applied to identify subsurface conditions and even a comprehensive investigation, sample and testing program may fail to detect all or certain archaeological resources. The sampling strategies in this study comply with those identified in the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport’s Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (2011).
The documentation related to this archaeological assessment will be curated by Past Recovery Archaeological Services until such a time that arrangements for their ultimate transfer to an approved and suitable repository can be made to the satisfaction of the project owner(s), the Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport and any other legitimate interest group.
We trust that this report meets your current needs. If you have any questions of if we may be of further assistance, please do not hesitate to contact the undersigned.
Jeff Earl Principal Past Recovery Archaeological Services
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7.0 REFERENCES
Adams, Nicholas 1988 An Archaeological Assessment of the Proposed ‘Montreal Loop’ Gas Pipeline in Osnabruck and Cornwall Townships, Ontario. Report prepared by the Cataraqui Archaeological Research Foundation, on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 1989 A Cultural Resources Evaluation of the Proposed Cornwall Loop (MLV 147 to MLV 147 + 13.9km) in Charlottenburg Township, Ontario. Report prepared by Adams Heritage Consultants, on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 1999 An Archaeological Assessment of the Proposed Wood Pole Transmission Structures St. Lawrence TS, 1st Concession, 2nd Range, Stormont Ontario. Report prepared by Adams Heritage Consultants, on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 2003 The Arbor Ridge Site: A Study in Settlement Dynamics and Population Movement at the eastern end of Lake Ontario. Unpublished Master of Arts thesis, University of Leicester, England.
Andeerson, Marlyss 1988 Archaeological Testing of BgFr-3, The Osnabruck Meter Station Site, Osnabruck Township, Stormont County, Ontario. Report prepared by the Cataraqui Archaeological Research Foundation, on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.
Anonymous 1929 “In the White Church then Into Maxville – Part two of the Story of Prebyterianism in the Indian Lands of Glengarry.” Ottawa Citizen, Saturday February 16, Ottawa. 1935 “Coming of Railroad Gave Impetus to Development Town of Maxville.” The Evening Citizen, Saturday January 19, 1935, Ottawa.
Archives of Ontario 2009 Early Districts and Counties, 1788-1899. Accessed online at: http:// www.archives.gov.on.ca/english/on-line-exhibits/maps/ontario-districts.aspx.
Archaeological Services Inc. 1988 Phase 1 Report. An Archaeological Resource Assessment for the Casselman II Lemieux Project. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.
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Barnett, P. J. 1992 Quaternary Geology of Ontario. In Geology of Ontario. Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 4, Part 2, p. 1011-1088.
Bazely, Susan 1999 Wood House BgFq-10 Relocation Stage 1 & 2 Archaeological Assessment of the Wood House Property & Lamoureaux Park, Cornwall, Ontario. Report prepared by the Cataraqui Archaeological Research Foundation, on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.
Belden, H. & Co. 1879 Illustrated Historical Atlas of the Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry, Ontario. Toronto, On.
Bowring, Ian 2006 Main Street Glengarry County 1905-2005. A publication of the Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Historical Society, written to accompany the museum exhibit of the same name. Accessed online at: http://www.library.cornwall. on.ca/New_DP/docs/Glengarry.pdf
Boyle, David 1891 “The Southwold Earthworks.” Annual Archaeological Report for Ontario, 1890. Toronto, Ontario 1902 “The Yellow Point Mound.” Annual Archaeological Report for Ontario for 1901:11-12. Toronto, Ontairo. 1906 Annual Archaeological Report for Ontario for 1905. Toronto Ontario 1907 “Pottery.” Annual Archaeological Report for Ontario for 1906: 15-18. Toronto, Ontario.
Bradley, Charles S. 2000 “Smoking Pipes for the Archaeologist.” Studies in Material Culture Research, Ed. K. Karklins. Pennsylvania: The Society for Historical Archaeology, pp. 104- 133.
Carter, J. Smith 1905 The Story of Dundas From 1784-1904. St. Lawrence News Publishing House, Iroquois.
Chapman, L.J. and D.F. Putnam 1984 The Physiography of Southern Ontario. 3rd edition. Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 2. Toronto, Ministry of Natural Resources.
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Clark, T.E. 1905 “The report of the Council of Ottawa Field Naturalists Club for the year ending March 1904.” In The Ottawa Naturalist. 19(10):10-11, Ottawa.
Cleland, Stephanie 2012 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment for the North Glengarry Regional Water Supply Project Class EA, Various Lots, Geographic Townships of Kenyon and Charlottenburg, now in the Townships of North and South Glengarry, Former County of Glengarry, Current United Counties of Stormont, Dundas, and Glengarry. Report prepared by Past Recovery Archaeological Services, on file, Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Toronto.
Croft, D.J.A 1986 Untitled Field Notes on the McLaren Site. On file, Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.
Daechsel, Hugh 1980a An Archaeological Evaluation of the South Nation River Drainage Basin. Report prepared for the South Nation River Conservation Authority, Berwick, Ontario. 1980b Archaeological Evaluation of Proposed Watermain Routes to Alfred, Prescott County, Ontario. Report prepared by the Cataraqui Archaeological Research Foundation, on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 1988a A Heritage and Archaeological Study of the Proposed Water Transmission Lines for Eamers Corners and St. Andrew’s West, Cornwall Township, Ontario. Report prepared by the Cataraqui Archaeological Research Foundation, on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 1988b An Archaeological Assessment of Proposed Gas Pipelines in Matilda Township, Dundas County, Ontario. Report prepared by the Cataraqui Archaeological Research Foundation, on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 1989 An Archaeological Assessment of Selected Locations of Facilities Associated with the Proposed Sewage and Water Transmission Lines, Crysler, Finch Township, Ontario. Report prepared by the Cataraqui Archaeological Research Foundation, on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 1990 Phase 1 Study of the Heritage Resources of the Village of St. Albert, Cambridge Township, Prescott-Russell County, Ontario. Report prepared by the Cataraqui Archaeological Research Foundation, on file Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture, and Sport, Toronto. 1991 Archaeological Monitoring Parlow Site, BfFt-4, Matilda Township, Dundas County, Ontario. Report prepared by the Cataraqui Archaeological Research Foundation, on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.
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Daechsel, Hugh and Phillip Wright 1999 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment South Stormont Water Supply Project, Ingleside and Long Sault, Former Townships of Cornwall and Osnabruck, Stormont County. Report prepared by Heritage Quest Inc., on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture, and Sport Toronto.
Dailey, R.C. and J.V. Wright 1955a “The Malcolm Site; a late stage of the Middle Point Peninsula Culture in Eastern Ontario.” In Transactions of the Royal Canadian Institute, Vol. 31, Part 1, Toronto.
Dailey, R.C. and J.V. Wright (Continued) 1955b An Archaeological Survey in the St. Lawrence Valley. Report on file, Archaeological Survey of Canada, Canadian Museum of Civilization, Ottawa.
Doroszenko, Dena 1994 “Archaeological Investigation of Ontario Heritage Foundation Properties” In Fifth Annual Archaeological Report Ontario. Toronto, Ontario Heritage Foundation, pp 3-7. 1995 “Archaeological Investigation of Ontario Heritage Foundation Properties” In Sixth Annual Archaeological Report Ontario. Toronto, Ontario Heritage Foundation, pp 1-4.
Doroszenko, Dena (ed.) and Heather Henderson 1998 1993 Archaeological excavations of the Hired-Man’s House, Bethune- Thompson Property (OHF), Williamstown, Ontario. Excavation Report for the Ontario Heritage Foundation.
Earl , Jeff 1990 Archaeological Monitoring of a Gas Trench Excavation Bethune-Thompson House, (BgFp-39), Williamstown, Ontario. Report prepared by Heritage Quest Inc for the Ontario Heritage Foundation.
Earl, Jeff and Brenda Kennett 2000 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of theLafleche Gravel Pit, Part Lot 6, Concession IX, Township of North Stormont (Former Township of Roxborough) United Counties of Stormont, Dundas & Glengarry. Report prepared by Heritage Quest, on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture, and Sport, Toronto.
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Ellis, Christopher J. and Brian Deller 1990 “Paleo-Indians.” In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Ed. Chris Ellis and Neal Ferris. London: Occasional Publications of the London Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society, pp. 37-63.
Ellis, Christopher J., Ian Kenyon and Michael Spence 1990 “The Archaic.” In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Ed. Chris Ellis and Neal Ferris. London: Occasional Publications of the London Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society, pp. 65-124.
Emerson, J.N. 1956 Understanding Iroquoian Pottery in Ontario. Ontario Archaeological Society, Publication No. 3.
Fox, William 1990 “The Middle Woodland to Late Woodland Transition”. In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to AD 1650. Ed. Chris J. Ellis and Neal Ferris. Occasional Publications of the London Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society, Number 5, pp. 171-188.
Gervais, G. 2004 “Champlain and Ontario (1603-35)”. In Champlain: The Birth of French America. Ed. R. Litalien and D. Vaugeois, pp. 180-190. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s Press.
Glengarry County 2010 Community Information. Accessed online at: http://www.glengarrycounty. ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=637Itemid=17.
Glengarry Historical Society 2012 Historical Information. Accessed online at: http://www. glengarryhistoricalsociety.com/GHS/Glengarry_History.html
Gorrell, G. A., T. W. Fletcher, and R. D. Trotter 1982 Sand and Gravel Assessment of Glengarry County, United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry. Ontario Geological Survey. Map P2508. Scale 1:50,000.
Gourlay, Robert and S.R. Mealing 1822 Statistical Account of Upper Canada No. 75. 1974, reprint. McGill-Queen’s University Press.
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Grant, Rhodes 1974 The Story of Martintown. Self Published. 1976 Horse and Buggy Days in Martintown. Harpell’s Press.
Gwyn, Q. H. J. and H. Lohse 1973 Quaternary Geology of the Alexandria Area, Southern Ontario. Ontario Division of Mines. Preliminary Map P0906, Geological Series. Scale 1:50,000.
Harkness, John Graham 1946 Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry A History 1784-1945. Mutual Press, Ottawa.
Henry, M 2010a Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Proposed Cornwall Solar Farm A. Part Lots 5 & 6, Concession 5 I.L., Geographic Township of Charlottenburg, County of Glengarry. Report prepared by AMICK Consultant’s Limited, on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 2010b Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Proposed Cornwall Solar Farm B. Part Lot 7, Concession 5 I.L., Geographic Township of Charlottenburg, County of Glengarry. Report prepared by AMICK Consultant’s Limited, on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.
Hessel, P. 1993 The Algonkin Nation: The Algonkins of the Ottawa Valley, A Historical Outline. Arnprior: Kichesippi Books.
Hoskins, P and T. Stilling 2010 Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment Glendale Solar Project. Township of South Glengarry, United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry. Report prepared by Archaeological Research Associates Limited, on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 2011a Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment Glendale Solar Project. Township of South Glengarry, United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry. Report prepared by Archaeological Research Associates Limited, on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 2011b Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment Glendale Solar Project – Additional Lands. Township of South Glengarry, United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry. Report prepared by Archaeological Research Associates Limited, on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.
Hough, J.L. 1958 Geology of the Great Lakes. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
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Jamieson, Bruce 1980 Archaeological Survey of Grenville County. Unpublished licence report, on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 1982 The Steward Site: A Study in St. Lawrence Iroquoian Chronology. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, Department of Anthropology, McGill University. 1990
Keatley, J.O. and France Desjardins 1990 Stage I Archaeological Assessment of the Proposed Village of Moose Creek, Roxborough Twp., Ontario Sewage Lagoon and Outfall Sewer. Report prepared by Ontario Archaeological Consulting Services, on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 1991 Stage II Archaeological Assessment of the Proposed Village of Moose Creek, Roxborough Twp., Ontario Sewage Lagoon and Outfall Sewer. Report prepared by Ontario Archaeological Consulting Services, on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.
Kennedy, Clive 1970 The Upper Ottawa Valley. Pembroke: Renfrew County Council.
Kennett, Brenda 1992a Phase 1 Study of the Heritage Resources for the Proposed Water Works Project, Moose Creek, Roxborough Township, Stormont County. Report prepared by the Cataraqui Archaeological Research Foundation, on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 1992b Phase 2 Studyof the Heritage Resources for the Proposed Water Works Project, Moose Creek, Roxborough Township, Stormont County. Report prepared by the Cataraqui Archaeological Research Foundation, on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 2000 Stage 1 and 2 Arcaheological Assessment of the McLeod Quarry 3 Site, Lot 6, Concession IV, Township of Cornwall (Now Township of South Stormont), United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry. Report prepared by Heritage Quest Inc., on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 2001 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of the Proposed Three Nations Bridge Crossing North Channel Bridge Replacement Between Cornwall and Cornwall Island, Cornwall. Report prepared by Heritage Quest Inc., on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.
Laliberté, M. 2000 Synthèse des recherches archéologiques dans le Parc du Lac Leamy 1993-1999. Écomusée de Hull, Gatineau, Quebec.
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Lankan, Dane 2010 A Brief History of Glengarry. Accessed online at: http://www. glengarryhistoricalsociety.com/GHS/Glengarry_History.html
Last, Joseph 1994 “Military Sites Archaeology, Parks Canada, Ontario Region: 1994” In Sixth Annual Archaeological Report, Ontario. Toronto, Ontario Heritage Foundation, pp8-13.
Leachman, Douglas and F. deLaguna 1949 “An Archaeological Survey of the North Bank of the St. Lawrence River Between Cornwall and Cardinal, Ontario, June 19 to July 11, 1947.” In National Museum of Canada Bulletin, No. 113:23-28, Ottawa.
Leavitt, T.W.H. 1879 History of Leeds and Grenville, Ontario, from 1749 to 1879. Brockville:Recorder Press.
Lockwood, Glenn J. 1996 The Rear of Leeds & Lansdowne: The Making of Community on the Gananoque River Frontier 1796-1996. The Corporation of the Township of Rear of Leeds and Lansdowne, Lyndhurst, Ontario.
MacGillivray, Royce and Ewan Ross 1979 A History of Glengarry. Belleville: Mika Publishing Company.
Marin, Clive and Frances Marin 1982 Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry 1945-1978. Mika Publishing Co. , Belleville.
Martintown Grist Mill 2012 History of the Martintown Grist Mill. Accessed online at: http://www. martintownmill.org
Matthews, B.C. and N.R. Richards 1954 Soil Survey of Stormont County. Report No. 20 of the Ontario Soil Survey. Experimental Farms Service, Dominion Department of Agriculture and the Ontario Agricultural College.
Mathews, B. C., N. R. Richards, and R. E. Wicklund 1957 Soil Survey of Glengarry County. Report No. 24 of the Ontario Soil Survey. Prepared jointly by the Experimental Farms Service of the Canada Department of Agriculture and the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph.
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Mayer, Robert G. 1987 Archaeological Mitigation at the Martintown Grist Mill (BgFq-3) Charlottenburgh Township, Glengarry County, Ontario. Report prepared by Mayer, Pihl, Poulton Associates Incorporated, on file Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.
Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport) (MTCS) 2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists. Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Toronto.
Mitchell, B.M. 1963 “The Occurrence of Overall Corded Pottery in the Upper Ottawa Valley.” American Antiquity, 29(1):114-115 1987 “Archaeology of the Petawawa River: The Second Site at Montgomery Lake.” Michigan Archaeologist, Vol. 15(1-2), pp 1-53. 1988 Untitled Report on Field Work Relating to the Wilbur Lake Sites. Report on file, Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Tourism, Toronto. 1989 Untitled Report on Field Work Relating to the Wilbur Lake Sites. Report on file, Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 1990 “Vinette-1: A Review of Origin and Development.” The Ottawa Archaeologist, 17(2):9-13. 1991 Untitled Report on Field Work Relating to the Wilbur Lake Sites. Report on file, Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.
Municipal Engineers Association 2000 Municipal Class Environmental Assessment, Replaces the Class EAs for Municipal Road Projects, and Water and Wastewater Projects. Mississauga, Ontario. (Amended 2007)
Northeastern Archaeological Associated Limited 2011 Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the Penn Energy – South Glengarry, St. Lawrence 1 Solar Project, Lots 40, 41 and 41A, Judge’s Plan 107, South Glengarry Township, Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry, Ontario. Report, on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Ontario.
North Glengarry Community Economic Development Group 2000 A Walk Around Maxville’s Northeast Side. Pamphlet produced by Tourism North Glengarry. Accessed online at: http://maxvillechamber.ca/ESW/Files/ north_east_tour.pdf
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Pendergast, James F. 1957 Report on the Kant Site, BjGh-1. Report on file, Archives of the Canadian Museum of Civilization, Gatineau. 1962 “The Crystal Rock Site: Early Onondage-Oneida Site in Eastern Ontario.” In Pennsylvania Archaeologist 32(1):21-34. 1964 The Brophy Point Site. Unpublished report on file Archaeological Survey of Canada, Hull. 1966 Three Prehistoric Iroquois Components in Eastern Ontario: The Salem, Grays Creek and Beckstead Sites. National Museum of Canada, Bulletin 208, Ottawa. 1973 The Roebuck Prehistoric Village Site Rim Sherds – An Attribute Analysis. National Museum of Man, Mercury Series No. 8. Archaeological Survey of Canada, National Museums of Canada, Ottawa. 1981a The Glenbrook Village Site: A Late St. Lawrence Iroquoian Component in Glengarry County, Ontario. National Museum of Man, Mercury Series, Archaeological Survey of Canada, No. 100. 1981b Potential Pre-historic Archaeological Sites in The Ontario Hydro Eastern Ontario Route Stage Study Area. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 1984 The Beckstead Site – 1977. National Museum of Man, Mercury Series No. 123, Archaeological Survey of Canada, Natioanl Museums of Canada, Ottawa. 1999 The Ottawa River Algonquin Bands in a St. Lawrence Iroquoian Context. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 23 (1&2):63-136.
Pihl, R.H. 1996 Archaeological Investigations at the Ault Park Site (Bg-Fr-1), Stormont County, Ontario. Manuscript in possession of the author.
Pringle, J.F. 1980 Lunenburgh or The Old Eastern District: Its Settlement and Early Progress With Personal Recollections of the Town of Cornwall from 1824. Department of Agriculture. Publisher unknown.
Ritchie W. A. and D. Dragoo 1960 The Eastern Dispersal of Adena. New York State Museum and Science Service, Bulletin 379.
Robertson, D.S. and Croft D.J.A. 1971 Untitled field notes relating to the Mud Lake Sites. Report on file, Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 1973 Untitled field notes relating to the Mud Lake Sites. Report on file, Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.
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Robertson, D.S. and Croft D.J.A. (Continued) 1974 Untitled field notes relating to the Mud Lake Sites. Report on file, Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 1975 Untitled field notes relating to the Mud Lake Sites. Report on file, Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.
Rowe, J.S. 1977 Forest Regions of Canada. Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, Forestry Branch, Bulletin 123, Ottawa.
Scott, Glen 1979 A Forgotten Cemetery In the Indian Lands of Glengarry. Accessed online at: http://glengarry.tripod.com/LS/beech.html
Smith, W.H. 1846 Smith’s Canadian Gazetteer: Comprising Statistical and General Information Respecting all Parts of the Upper Province, or Canada West. Toronto: H. & W. Rowsell. 1851 Canada: Past, Present and Future. Being a Historical, Geographical, Geological, and Statistical Account of Canada West. Thomas Maclear, Toronto.
South Glengarry History n.d. History. Accessed online at: http://www.southglengarry.com/0history.htm
Spence, M., R. Pihl, and C. Murphy 1990 “Cultural Complexes of the Early and Middle Woodland Periods.” In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Ed. Chris Ellis and Neal Ferris. London: Occasional Publications of the London Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society, pp 65-124.
St. Raphael’s Ruins 2012 About the Ruins. Accessed online at: http://www.saintraphaelsruins.com/
Sutton, R. 1990 Hidden Amidst the Hills: Middle and Late Iroquoian Occupations in the Middle Trent Valley. Occasional Papers in Northeastern Archaeology No. 3. Dundas: Copetown Press.
Trigger, Bruce.G. 1976 The Children of Aataensic: A History of the Huron People to 1660. 2 Volumes. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
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Watson, Gordon 1982 “Prehistoric Peoples of the Rideau Waterway”. In Archaeological Historical Symposium, Rideau Ferry, Ontario. F.C.L. Wyght, editor. Ministry of Culture, Toronto.
Wintemberg, W.J. 1914 “On Archaeological Work in Ontario and Quebec.” In, Summary Report of the Geological Survey, Department of Mines for the Calendar Year 1912. PP 502- 503, Ottawa. 1936 Roebuck Prehistoric Village Site, Grenville County, Ontario. National Museum of Canada, Bulletin 83, Ottawa.
Wright, J. 1966 The Ontario Iroquois Tradition. National Museum of Canada, Bulletin No. 210.
Wright, Phillip J. 1999 Roxborough Land Fill (Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of Proposed Landfill Site, Lots 16, 17, 18, Concession 10, Township of North Stormont, United Counties of Stormont, Dundas & Glengarry. Report prepared by Mount McGovern Co. Ltd., on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Ontario.
PRIMARY DOCUMENTS:
National Air Photo Library (NAPL):
1946 A10344-139 Maxville 1946 A10369-99 Martintown 1946 A10369-352 Cashion Road 1946 A10245-356 Cashion Road 1969 A19486-38 Martintown
Library and Archives Canada (LAC):
National Map Collection (NMC):
1862 Map of the Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry. H.F. Walling. NMC 21998 1885 Fire Insurance Plan of Martintown. C. E. Goad Co. NMC 9543
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8.0 ILLUSTRATIONS (Maps and Images)
Figure 1. Locations of the three study areas. Study areas highlighted in black. (1:50,000 NTS map sheets 31G/02 - Cornwall and 31G/07 - Alexandria)
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Figure 2. Location of the selected Tank Site at Maxville. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)
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Figure 3. Locations of Crossing Alternative A and Crossing Alternative B at Martintown. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)
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Figure 4. Location of the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)
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Figure 5. Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville. (Map supplied by CH2M HILL)
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Figure 6. Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)
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Figure 7. Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown. (Map supplied by CH2M HILL)
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Figure 8. Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)
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Figure 9. Location of the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route Option . (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)
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Figure 10. Segment of the 1862 H. F. Walling map of the Counties of Stormont, Dundas, and Glengarry showing the Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville. (LAC NMC 21998)
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Figure 11. Segment of the 1879 H. Belden map of Kenyon Township showing the Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville. (Belden 1879:42-43)
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Figure 12. Segment of a pre-1946 topographic map showing the Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville. (Early edition one-inch-to-one-mile NTS map sheet 31G/07 - Alexandria)
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Figure 13. Segment of a 1946 aerial photograph showing the Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville. (NAPL A10344-139)
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Figure 14. Segment of the 1862 H. F. Walling map of Martintown showing Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives. (LAC NMC 21998)
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Figure 15. Segment of the 1879 H. Belden map of Martintown showing Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives. (Belden 1879:49)
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Figure 16. Goad’s Fire Insurance Plan of Martintown, 1885, showing Crossing Alternative C. (LAC NMC 9543)
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Figure 17. Segment of a 1937 topographic map showing Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown. (Early edition one-inch-to-one-mile NTS map sheet 31G/02 - Cornwall)
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Figure 18. Segment of a 1946 aerial photograph showing Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown. (NAPL A10369-99)
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Figure 19. Segment of a 1953 topographic map showing Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown. (Early edition 1:50,000 NTS map sheet 31G/02 - Cornwall)
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Figure 20. Segment of a 1969 aerial photograph showing Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown. (NAPL A19486-38)
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Figure 21. Segment of the 1862 H. F. Walling map of the Counties of Stormont, Dundas, and Glengarry showing the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road. (LAC NMC 21998)
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Figure 22. Segment of the 1879 H. Belden map of Charlottenburg Township showing the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road. (Belden 1879:46-47)
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Figure 23. Segment of a 1937 topographic map showing the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road. (Early edition one-inch-to-one-mile NTS map sheet 31G/02 - Cornwall)
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Figure 24. Segments of 1946 aerial photographs showing the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road. (NAPL A10245-356 & A10369-352)
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Figure 25. Segment of a 1953 topographic map showing the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road. (Early edition 1:50,000 NTS map sheet 31G/02 - Cornwall)
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Figure 26. Segment of a physiographic map of eastern Ontario showing the locations of the three study areas. Study areas highlighted in white. (Chapman and Putnam 1984:Map M2227)
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Figure 27. Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville showing archaeological potential. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)
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Figure 28. Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown showing archaeological potential. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)
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Figure 29. Location of the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road showing archaeological potential. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)
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Figure 30. Location of the west portion of the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route Option showing archaeological potential. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)
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Figure 31. Location of the east portion of the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route Option showing archaeological potential. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)
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Figure 32. Crew testing the manicured lawn behind the Community Centre in the Martintown study area, north of the Raisin River, facing west. (PR12-28D005)
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Figure 33. Selected Tank Site study area in Maxville showing testing methodology. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)
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Figure 34. Locations and directions of photographs taken during the Stage 2 testing at the Selected Tank Site in Maxville and used in this report. Numbers refer to images in the report. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)
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Figure 35. Maxville study area from the southeast corner, facing southwest. (PR12-28D046)
Figure 36. Maxville study area from the centre of the field, facing south. (PR12-28D041)
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Figure 37. Maxville study area from the southeast corner, facing west. (PR12-28D047)
Figure 38. Maxville study area from the northeast corner of the proposed access road, facing southwest. (PR12-28D035)
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Figure 39. Crossing Alternative A and Crossing Alternative B study areas in Martintown showing testing methodology. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)
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Figure 40. Locations and directions of photographs taken during the Stage 2 testing at Crossing Alternative A and Crossing Alternative B in Martintown and used in this report. Numbers refer to images in the report. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)
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Figure 41. Martintown study area, north of the Raisin River, northeast corner showing the disturbed area next to the Community Centre, facing southwest. (PR12-28D003)
Figure 42. Martintown study area, north of the Raisin River, showing the groomed lawn to the rear of the Community Centre, facing south. (PR12-28D010)
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Figure 43. Martintown study area, north of the Raisin River, showing the permanently wet area along Crossing Alternative A, facing southeast. (PR12-28D012)
Figure 44. Martintown study area, north of the Raisin River, showing the cultivated field along Crossing Alternative A, facing southwest. (PR12-28D014)
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Figure 45. Martintown study area, south of the Raisin River, Crossing Alternative A north of the Nine Mile Road right-of-way, facing southeast. (PR12-28D062)
Figure 46. Martintown study area, south of the Raisin River, Crossing Alternative B from the north end of the line below the shallow terrace, facing south. (PR12-28D025)
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Figure 47. Cashion Road study area showing testing methodology. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)
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Figure 48. Locations and directions of photographs taken during the Stage 2 testing along the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road and used in this report. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)
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Figure 49. Cashion Road Study area next to cultivated fields at the north end, facing north. (PR12-28D075)
Figure 50. Cashion Road Study area next to cultivated fields at the north end, facing south. (PR12-28D073)
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Figure 51. Cashion Road study area looking towards the Summerstown Swamp at the centre of study area, facing south. (PR12-28D087)
Figure 52. Cashion Road study area south of the Summerstown Swamp showing the forest growing in wet soil, facing south. (PR12-28D088)
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Figure 53. Cashion Road study area showing Cooper's Drain, facing east. (PR12-28D097)
Figure 54. Cashion Road study area showing the wooded area south of the Summerstown Swamp, facing north. (PR12-28D099)
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Figure 55. Cashion Road study area next to cultivated fields and lawns at the south end, facing north. (PR12-28D105)
Figure 56. Maxville study area, test pit near the northern edge, facing south. (PR12-28D040)
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Figure 57. Maxville study area, test pit near the centre, facing north. (PR12-28D043)
Figure 58. Maxville study area, test pit near County Road 22 showing disturbance, facing west. (PR12-28D038)
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Figure 59. Martintown study area, north of the Raisin River, test pit in the groomed lawn to the rear of the Community Centre, facing north. (PR12-28D006)
Figure 60. Martintown study area, north of the Raisin River, test pit in the cultivated field along Crossing Alternative A, facing north. (PR12-28D013)
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Figure 61. Martintown study area, south of the Raisin River, distribution of positive test pits. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)
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Figure 62. Martintown study area, south of the Raisin River, Crossing Alternative A, Test pit N10E00 showing ash layer, facing north. (PR12-28D059)
Figure 63. Martintown study area, south of the Raisin River, Crossing Alternative A, Test pit N15E00 showing ash layer, facing north. (PR12-28D056)
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Figure 64. Martintown study area, Crossing A: sample ceramic artifacts. a: plain refined white earthenware plate, TP N15E00:3 (#154); b: blue transfer printed refined white earthenware bowl, TP N15E00:3 (#153); c: banded refined white earthenware hollowware, TP N05E00:3 (#081); d: burnt banded refined white earthenware hollowware, TP N10E00:2 (#093); e: burnt polychrome painted refined white earthenware plate, TP N15E00:3 (#164); f: plain pearlware bowl, TP N10E00:3 (#122); g: polychrome painted refined white earthenware hollowware, TP N15E00:3 (#165); h: edged refined white earthenware flatware, TP N10E00:3 (#123); i: banded refined white earthenware hollowware, TP N15E00:3 (#166); j: Jackfield-like refined red earthenware hollowware, TP N10E00:3 (#120); k: porcelain saucer, TP N10E00:3 (#125)
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Figure 65. Martintown study area, Crossing A: sample miscellaneous artifacts. a: ferrous machine cut nail, TP N00E00:3 (#097); b: ferrous wrought nail, TP N15E00:3 (#135); c: copper- alloy button, TP N15E00:3 (#152); d: red slate roofing fragment, TP N15E00:3 (#151); e: white clay smoking pipe stem, TP N10E00:3 (#110); f: white clay smoking pipe bowl with an embossed design, TP N00E00:3 (#099); g: window pane glass, TP N10E00:2 (#094)
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Figure 66. Martintown study area, south of the Raisin River, Crossing Alternative B, test pit showing ash layer, facing north. (PR12-28D030)
Figure 67. Martintown study area, south of the Raisin River, Crossing Alternative B, test pit showing ash layer, facing south. (PR12-28D029)
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Figure 68. Martintown study area, south of the Raisin River, Crossing Alternative B, test pit showing ash layer, facing west. (PR12-28D070)
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Figure 69. Martintown study area, Crossing B, Lot 1: sample ceramic artifacts. a: glazed coarse red earthenware hollowware, TP N62.5E00:1 (#306); b: coarse red earthenware tile, TP N67E00:1 (#242); c: slipped refined red earthenware hollowware, TP N65W02.5:1 (#531); d: brown glazed refined red earthenware hollowware, TP N62.5E05:1 (#604); e: Jackfield-like refined coloured earthenware hollowware, TP N65W02.5:1 (#530); f: black transfer printed refined white earthenware hollowware, TP N70W05:1 (#364); g: brown transfer printed refined white earthenware plate, TP N62.5W02.5:1 (#036); h: plain refined white earthenware bowl base/foot sherd, TP N72.5W10:1 (#311); i: burnt banded refined white earthenware hollowware, TP N65W02.5:1 (#535); j: blue edged refined white earthenware square hollowware, TP N60E02.5:1 (#044); k: polychrome painted refined white earthenware hollowware, TP N65:1E00 (#251); l: polychrome painted refined white earthenware tableware, TP N60E02.5:1 (#043); m: blue sponged refined white earthenware hollowware, TP N75W10:1 (#315)
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Figure 70. Martintown study area, Crossing B, Lot 1: sample miscellaneous artifacts. a: ferrous metal possible handle or bottle opener, TP N60W02.5:1 (#012); b: wrought nail, TP N65W02.5:1 (#522); c: wrought horseshoe nail, TP N75W05:1 (#340); d: cut nail with wrought head, TP N65:1E00 (#225); e: burnt white clay smoking pipe stem fragment, TP N57.5E02.5:1 (#021); f: vertically fluted white clay smoking pipe bowl fragment, TP N57.5W02.5:1 (#647); g: fluted white clay smoking pipe bowl fragment, TP N67.5W02.5:1 (#470); h: mould blown dark olive coloured glass bottle base sherd, TP N62.5E02.5:1 (#563); i: green tinted glass container sherd decorated with moulded lines on the exterior, TP N65W02.5:1 (#537); j: colourless glass possible stemware fragment, TP N67.5W05:1 (#445); k: mould blown green tinted glass shoulder sherd, TP N70W02.5:1 (#415)
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Figure 71. Martintown study area, Crossing B, Lot 2: sample ceramic artifacts. a: blue transfer printed refined white earthenware teacup, TP N65E02.5:2 (#554); b: burnt blue edged refined white earthenware, TP N70W05:2 (#337); c: slipped refined white earthenware hollowware, TP N65W05:2 (#515); d: plain refined white earthenware flatware, TP N60:2E00 (#219); e: slipped refined white earthenware hollowware, TP N77.5W05:2 (#338); f: polychrome painted refined white earthenware hollowware, TP N77.5W05:2 (#339); g: polychrome painted and moulded refined white earthenware hollowware. TP N60E00:2 (#219); h: polychrome painted refined white earthenware hollowware, TP N62.5W05:2 (#597); i: Jackfield-like refined coloured earthenware teapot or coffee pot, TP N65E02.5:2 (#552)
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Figure 72. Martintown study area, Crossing B, Lot 2: sample nails. a: wrought nail, TP N65E00:2 (#258); b: machine cut nail, TP N65:2E00 (#256); c: wrought nail, TP N65E00:2 (#261); d: machine cut nail, TP N62.5E05:2 (#624)
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Figure 73. Martintown study area, Crossing B, Lot 2: sample miscellaneous artifacts. a: composite pocket knife, TP N67.5W02.5:2 (#477); b: ribbed white clay smoking pipe bowl, TP N62.5E05:2 (#648); c: burnt plain white clay smoking pipe bowl, TP N65W02.5:2 (#513); d: white clay smoking pipe stem manufactured by W. White of Glasgow 1805-1955 (Bradley 2000:117), TP N72.5W02.5:2 (#383); e: window pane glass, TP N62.5E02.5:2 (#630); f: colourless mould blown container glass, TP N62.5E05:2 (#613)
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Figure 74. Cashion Road study area, test pit in the northern section, facing west. (PR12-28D078)
Figure 75. Cashion Road study area, test pit in the central area south of the Summerstown Swamp, facing west. (PR12-28D092)
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Figure 76. Cashion Road study area, test pit in the southern area, facing north. (PR12-28D101)
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Figure 77. Martintown study area showing areas requiring Stage 3 archaeological assessment if route is selected. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)
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APPENDIX 1: Photographic Catalogue
Camera: Panasonic DMC-TS3
Catalogue No. Description Date Phot. Dir
PR12-28D001 Martintown- at community centre Nov 7 2012 DG E PR12-28D002 Martintown- at community centre Nov 7 2012 DG E PR12-28D003 Martintown- at community centre Nov 7 2012 DG W PR12-28D004 Martintown- at community centre Nov 7 2012 DG W PR12-28D005 Martintown- on groomed lawn at community centre Nov 7 2012 DG E PR12-28D006 Martintown- test pit on groomed lawn Nov 7 2012 DG N PR12-28D007 Martintown- test pit on groomed lawn Nov 7 2012 DG N PR12-28D008 Martintown- test pit on groomed lawn Nov 7 2012 DG N PR12-28D009 Martintown- on groomed lawn at community centre Nov 7 2012 DG W PR12-28D010 Martintown- on groomed lawn at community centre Nov 7 2012 DG S PR12-28D011 Martintown- marshland north of the river Nov 7 2012 DG S PR12-28D012 Martintown- marshland north of the river Nov 7 2012 DG S PR12-28D013 Martintown- test pit on farm field Nov 7 2012 DG N PR12-28D014 Martintown- farm field west of marshland Nov 7 2012 DG W PR12-28D015 Martintown- farm field west of marshland Nov 7 2012 DG S PR12-28D016 Martintown- farm field west of marshland Nov 7 2012 DG S PR12-28D017 Martintown- farm field west of marshland Nov 7 2012 DG E PR12-28D018 Martintown- farm field west of marshland Nov 7 2012 DG E PR12-28D019 Martintown- road easement at end of crossing B Nov 7 2012 DG S PR12-28D020 Martintown- road easement at end of crossing B Nov 7 2012 DG S PR12-28D021 Martintown- crossing B south of the river Nov 7 2012 DG N PR12-28D022 Martintown- crossing B south of the river Nov 7 2012 DG N PR12-28D023 Martintown- test pit crossing B Nov 7 2012 DG W PR12-28D024 Martintown- test pit crossing B Nov 7 2012 DG W PR12-28D025 Martintown- crossing B south of the river, ash pits Nov 7 2012 DG N PR12-28D026 Martintown- crossing B south of the river Nov 7 2012 DG N PR12-28D027 Martintown- test pit crossing B Nov 7 2012 DG S PR12-28D028 Martintown- test pit crossing B Nov 7 2012 DG S PR12-28D029 Martintown- test pit crossing B Nov 7 2012 DG S PR12-28D030 Martintown- test pit crossing B Nov 7 2012 DG N PR12-28D031 Martintown- test pit crossing B Nov 7 2012 DG N PR12-28D032 Martintown- test pit crossing B Nov 7 2012 DG N PR12-28D033 Martintown- test pit crossing B Nov 7 2012 DG N PR12-28D034 Martintown- test pit crossing B Nov 7 2012 DG N PR12-28D035 Maxville- from NE corner Nov 8 2012 DG W PR12-28D036 Maxville- from NE corner Nov 8 2012 DG S PR12-28D037 Maxville- test pit NE corner Nov 8 2012 DG W PR12-28D038 Maxville- test pit NE corner Nov 8 2012 DG W PR12-28D039 Maxville- test pit NE corner Nov 8 2012 DG N PR12-28D040 Maxville- test pit NE corner Nov 8 2012 DG S PR12-28D041 Maxville- centre of SA Nov 8 2012 DG SW PR12-28D042 Maxville- centre of SA Nov 8 2012 DG E PR12-28D043 Maxville- test pit centre Nov 8 2012 DG N
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Catalogue No. Description Date Phot. Dir
PR12-28D044 Maxville- test pit centre Nov 8 2012 DG N PR12-28D045 Maxville- test pit centre Nov 8 2012 DG N PR12-28D046 Maxville- SE corner Nov 8 2012 DG W PR12-28D047 Maxville- SE corner Nov 8 2012 DG NW PR12-28D048 Maxville- SE corner Nov 8 2012 DG N PR12-28D049 Maxville- SE corner Nov 8 2012 DG S PR12-28D050 Maxville- SE corner Nov 8 2012 DG S PR12-28D051 Maxville- SE corner Nov 8 2012 DG W PR12-28D052 Maxville- test pit SW corner Nov 8 2012 DG N PR12-28D053 Maxville- test pit SW corner Nov 8 2012 DG N PR12-28D054 Martintown- test pit crossing A Nov 8 2012 DG N PR12-28D055 Martintown- test pit crossing A Nov 8 2012 DG N PR12-28D056 Martintown- test pit crossing A Nov 8 2012 DG N PR12-28D057 Martintown- test pit crossing A Nov 8 2012 DG S PR12-28D058 Martintown- test pit crossing A Nov 8 2012 DG N PR12-28D059 Martintown- test pit crossing A Nov 8 2012 DG N PR12-28D060 Martintown- test pit crossing A Nov 8 2012 DG N PR12-28D061 Martintown- test pit crossing A Nov 8 2012 DG N PR12-28D062 Martintown- crossing A south of the river Nov 8 2012 DG S PR12-28D063 Martintown- crossing A south of the river Nov 8 2012 DG W PR12-28D064 Martintown- crossing A south of the river Nov 8 2012 DG W PR12-28D065 Martintown- crossing A south of the river Nov 8 2012 DG N PR12-28D066 Martintown- crossing A south of the river Nov 8 2012 DG N PR12-28D067 Martintown- test pit crossing B Nov 8 2012 DG N PR12-28D068 Martintown- test pit crossing B Nov 8 2012 DG N PR12-28D069 Martintown- test pit crossing B Nov 8 2012 DG N PR12-28D070 Martintown- test pit crossing B Nov 8 2012 DG N PR12-28D071 Martintown- test pit crossing B Nov 8 2012 DG N PR12-28D072 Cashion Road- north end of SA Nov 19 2012 DG S PR12-28D073 Cashion Road- north end of SA Nov 19 2012 DG S PR12-28D074 Cashion Road- north end of SA Nov 19 2012 DG N PR12-28D075 Cashion Road- north end of SA Nov 19 2012 DG N PR12-28D076 Cashion Road- test pit north end of SA Nov 19 2012 DG N PR12-28D077 Cashion Road- test pit north end of SA Nov 19 2012 DG N PR12-28D078 Cashion Road- test pit north end of SA Nov 19 2012 DG N PR12-28D079 Cashion Road- test pit north end of SA Nov 19 2012 DG N PR12-28D080 Cashion Road- south of north end of SA Nov 19 2012 DG N PR12-28D081 Cashion Road- south of north end of SA Nov 19 2012 DG S PR12-28D082 Cashion Road- south of north end of SA Nov 19 2012 DG N PR12-28D083 Cashion Road- test pit south of north end of SA Nov 19 2012 DG N PR12-28D084 Cashion Road- test pit south of north end of SA Nov 19 2012 DG N PR12-28D085 Cashion Road- south of marshland Nov 19 2012 DG N PR12-28D086 Cashion Road- south of marshland Nov 19 2012 DG S PR12-28D087 Cashion Road- south of marshland Nov 19 2012 DG N PR12-28D088 Cashion Road- south of marshland Nov 19 2012 DG S PR12-28D089 Cashion Road- test pit south of marshland Nov 19 2012 DG N PR12-28D090 Cashion Road- test pit south of marshland Nov 19 2012 DG N PR12-28D091 Cashion Road- test pit south of marshland Nov 19 2012 DG N PR12-28D092 Cashion Road- test pit south of marshland Nov 19 2012 DG N
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Catalogue No. Description Date Phot. Dir
PR12-28D093 Cashion Road- test pit centre of centre of SA Nov 19 2012 DG N PR12-28D094 Cashion Road- test pit centre of centre of SA Nov 19 2012 DG N PR12-28D095 Cashion Road- centre of centre of SA Nov 19 2012 DG S PR12-28D096 Cashion Road- centre of centre of SA Nov 19 2012 DG N PR12-28D097 Cashion Road- creek south end of centre of SA Nov 19 2012 DG E PR12-28D098 Cashion Road- creek south end of centre of SA Nov 19 2012 DG W PR12-28D099 Cashion Road- north end of south of SA Nov 19 2012 DG S PR12-28D100 Cashion Road- north end of south of SA Nov 19 2012 DG N PR12-28D101 Cashion Road- test pit south end of SA Nov 19 2012 DG N PR12-28D102 Cashion Road- test pit south end of SA Nov 19 2012 DG N PR12-28D103 Cashion Road- centre of south end of SA Nov 19 2012 DG S PR12-28D104 Cashion Road- centre of south end of SA Nov 19 2012 DG N PR12-28D105 Cashion Road- south end of SA Nov 19 2012 DG S PR12-28D106 Cashion Road- south end of SA Nov 19 2012 DG S
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APPENDIX 2: Artifact Inventory
125 Inv. Site Test Pit Lt. # Material Class Group Object Datable Attribute Ware A Comments
099 A N00E00 3 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Marked Bowl Unidentifiable pipe bowl fragment, embossed "G" bordered by a diamond, Masonic motif, could be part of the Prince of Wales plumes from early 1840s-early 1850s (Bradley 2000) 101 A N00E00 3 1 Composite Architectural Electrical Unidentifiable 20th Century stainless steel doorbell 100 A N00E00 3 1 Composite Unassigned Miscellaneous Material Strapping 20th Century black plastic covered metal, same material as connector in #101 097 A N00E00 3 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial with machine made head, 5.5cm 098 A N00E00 3 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial with wrought head, 11.5cm in length 102 A N00E00 3 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable green tint, small sherd 083 A N05E00 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware RWE, plain RWE small sherd 082 A N05E00 2 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable green tint 084 A N05E00 2 1 Mortar Architectural Construction Materials Unidentifiable Unidentifiable tan mortar 075 A N05E00 3 1 Mortar Architectural Construction Materials Unidentifiable Unidentifiable medium piece of tan mortar 080 A N05E00 3 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, edged RWE rim sherd, scalloped edge, moulded, green 081 A N05E00 3 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, banded RWE B one vessel, brown band around base?/foot-ring? 079 A N05E00 3 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware RWE, plain RWE small sherd 074 A N05E00 3 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Plain Bowl Unidentifiable partial 076 A N05E00 3 1 Charcoal Unidentified Unidentifiable Unidentifiable Unidentifiable charcoal 077 A N05E00 3 2 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought partial 078 A N05E00 3 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought complete, 5cm length 090 A N10E00 2 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Bird Bone Burnt B calcined bird bone, possibly fragment of proximal end of a humerus 089 A N10E00 2 1 Brick Architectural Construction Materials Wall Finishing Unidentifiable B burnt brick with possible plaster on a surface 093 A N10E00 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, banded RWE B black and blue horizontal bands, possibly a bowl 092 A N10E00 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, painted RWE B blue painted petals on outer surface, heavily burnt, small sherd, possibly from a teacup? 091 A N10E00 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Unidentifiable Unidentifiable RWE, plain RWE very small sherd 085 A N10E00 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut B complete, 3.7cm length 086 A N10E00 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought B partial with wrought head, 6.8cm length 087 A N10E00 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought B shank 088 A N10E00 2 1 Ferrous Unassigned Miscellaneous Hardware Unidentifiable Wrought B wrought clamp for a cylindrical object 094 A N10E00 2 4 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable green tint 095 A N10E00 2 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable patination, very thin sherd 096 A N10E00 2 1 Glass Foodways Glass Beverage Containers Beverage Bottle Machine Made amber colour bottle sherd, probably from a beer bottle 113 A N10E00 3 5 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Bird Bone Burnt B calcined fragments, one may have gnaw marks 112 A N10E00 3 3 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Mammal Bone Burnt B heavily calcined 114 A N10E00 3 2 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Unsorted Bone Burnt B small fragments, calcined 117 A N10E00 3 1 Shell Faunal/Floral Other Organic Eggshell Unidentifiable small eggshell fragment 118 A N10E00 3 1 Brick Architectural Construction Materials Construction Block Coarse Red Earthenware CEW small brick fragment 122 A N10E00 3 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Bowl Pearlware, plain PWE B part of bowl foot-ring 121 A N10E00 3 3 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware Pearlware, plain PWE B heavily burnt with ash concretions covering each fragment 123 A N10E00 3 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, edged RWE blue scallop edged rim sherd 124 A N10E00 3 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, edged RWE blue straight edged rim sherd 120 A N10E00 3 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware Fine EW - Jackfield RCE B Jackfield style 127 A N10E00 3 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware Pearlware, edged PWE B heavily burnt, black band along rim, black stem and green leaves, late palette 125 A N10E00 3 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Saucer Porcelain POR B slightly burnt rim sherd 126 A N10E00 3 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Unidentifiable RWE, plain RWE B small fragments 110 A N10E00 3 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Plain Stem Unidentifiable small fragment 110 A N10E00 3 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Plain Stem Unidentifiable B heavily burnt stem fragment with ash burnt onto the entire stem, part of bowl attached 116 A N10E00 3 1 Charcoal Unidentified Unidentifiable Unidentifiable Unidentifiable B very small fragment 107 A N10E00 3 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought partial with wrought head, 5cm length
Inv. Site Test Pit Lt. # Material Class Group Object Datable Attribute Ware A Comments
108 A N10E00 3 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought shank 109 A N10E00 3 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought complete large wrought nail, 11.5cm length 128 A N10E00 3 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable B slightly melted, green tint 115 A N10E00 3 1 Mortar Architectural Construction Materials Wall Finishing Unidentifiable very light, 119 A N10E00 3 1 Slate Architectural Construction Materials Unidentifiable Unidentifiable tiling or roofing, red in colour 104 A N15E00 2 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Mammal Bone Burnt B mammal rib fragment 103 A N15E00 2 3 Ferrous Unassigned Miscellaneous Material Scrap Metal Ferrous various fragments 105 A N15E00 2 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable colourless, small sherd 106 A N15E00 2 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable green tint, very thin 142 A N15E00 3 4 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Bird Bone Burnt B calcined 145 A N15E00 3 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Bird Bone Burnt B slightly calcined, mix of brown and white 141 A N15E00 3 5 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Mammal Bone Burnt B calcined, various fragments 144 A N15E00 3 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Mammal Bone Burnt B large brown fragment 140 A N15E00 3 5 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Unsorted Bone Burnt B calcined, small fragments 143 A N15E00 3 1 Shell Faunal/Floral Other Organic Eggshell Unidentifiable small fragment 153 A N15E00 3 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Bowl RWE, blue transfer RWE B slightly burnt bowl rim/foot sherd, very porous, interior with floral blue transfer print 163 A N15E00 3 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Bowl RWE, polychrome RWE B foot sherd, green on interior 156 A N15E00 3 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware Pearlware or RWE UWE blue edged with moulded designs, small sherd, possibly pearlware 168 A N15E00 3 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, plain RWE B flat burnt sherd 166 A N15E00 3 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, banded RWE rim sherd, medium brown band under rim on exterior surface 157 A N15E00 3 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, edged RWE B small blue edged sherd 158 A N15E00 3 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, moulded RWE B moulded design with painted blue band on the rim 155 A N15E00 3 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, painted RWE B very porous, small sherd with red painted band and petal 159 A N15E00 3 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, painted RWE blue painted designs on interior surface of sherd 160 A N15E00 3 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, painted RWE rim sherd, painted blue band on rim 161 A N15E00 3 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, painted RWE B blue painted designs on exterior surface 167 A N15E00 3 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, painted RWE B heavily burnt sherd with ash concretions, blue painted design on outer surface 169 A N15E00 3 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE B heavily burnt, black on interior surface 170 A N15E00 3 3 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE B multiple vessels, differing tint due to being burnt 165 A N15E00 3 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, polychrome RWE rim sherd, thin black band on interior rim, blue and black designs on interior 154 A N15E00 3 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Plate RWE, plain RWE B slight blue tinge, foot sherd, some blue dots in the glaze 162 A N15E00 3 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Plate RWE, polychrome RWE B rim sherd, thin black band on rim, green and blue designs on interior 164 A N15E00 3 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Plate RWE, polychrome RWE B burnt rim sherd, slightly blue due to burn damage and green on interior, mended 137 A N15E00 3 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Marked Bowl Unidentifiable "T" embossed with a border, marked bowl fragment 138 A N15E00 3 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Plain Stem Unidentifiable B small fragment, grey due to burning 139 A N15E00 3 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Plain Stem Unidentifiable B small fragment, burned with ash concretions on the pipe stem 152 A N15E00 3 1 Copper-alloy Clothing Fasteners Button Copper Alloy flattened circular fastener 129 A N15E00 3 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial with square head, 3.5cm length 130 A N15E00 3 2 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut shanks 131 A N15E00 3 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut B partial, heavily corroded, 3.5cm length 132 A N15E00 3 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Unidentifiable B partial, heavily corroded, possibly wrought or wire 135 A N15E00 3 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought partial, 10cm length 134 A N15E00 3 2 Ferrous Unassigned Miscellaneous Material Scrap Metal Ferrous two fragments, one with lots of rust 133 A N15E00 3 2 Ferrous Unassigned Miscellaneous Material Wire Ferrous two fragments 147 A N15E00 3 2 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable green tint
Inv. Site Test Pit Lt. # Material Class Group Object Datable Attribute Ware A Comments
146 A N15E00 3 1 Glass Foodways Glass Beverage Containers Beverage Bottle Mould blown dark olive coloured bottle base sherd, possibly a liquor or wine bottle 148 A N15E00 3 5 Glass Unidentified Unidentifiable Unidentifiable Unidentifiable B green tint, melted sherds, possibly window pane glass 149 A N15E00 3 2 Glass Unidentified Unidentifiable Unidentifiable Unidentifiable B colourless, melted sherds 150 A N15E00 3 1 Glass Unidentified Unidentifiable Unidentifiable Unidentifiable B amber sherd, melted 136 A N15E00 3 5 Mortar Architectural Construction Materials Wall Finishing Unidentifiable large and small pieces of tan mortar 151 A N15E00 3 2 Slate Architectural Construction Materials Unidentifiable Unidentifiable B possibly slate tile or roofing fragments, red in colour, slightly burnt 173 B N35E00 1 Brick Architectural Metal Containers Construction Block Coarse Red Earthenware CEW small delaminated fragment 174 B N35E00 1 Ceramic Foodways Unidentifiable Unidentifiable RWE, plain RWE very small sherd 172 B N35E00 2 Mortar Architectural Construction Materials Wall Finishing Unidentifiable 2 small fragments 178 B N37.5E00 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wire complete, 10.7cm length 179 B N37.5E00 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wire complete, 6.8cm length 184 B N40E00 1 Ceramic Foodways Unidentifiable Unidentifiable RWE, painted RWE small rim sherd, thin red band painted near rim 183 B N40E00 2 Ceramic Foodways Unidentifiable Unidentifiable RWE, plain RWE two small fragments 181 B N40E00 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Marked Bowl Unidentifiable vertical fluting, two beaded vertical lines 180 B N40E00 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial with machine made head, 9.4cm length 182 B N40E00 1 Mortar Architectural Construction Materials Wall Finishing Unidentifiable small fragment of white mortar 185 B N42.5E00 1 Brick Architectural Construction Materials Construction Block Coarse Red Earthenware CEW small fragment 206 B N45E00 1 Brick Architectural Construction Materials Construction Block Coarse Red Earthenware CEW dark red fragment 207 B N45E00 1 Brick Architectural Construction Materials Construction Block Coarse Red Earthenware CEW light red fragment 205 B N45E00 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial with machine made head 210 B N45E00 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable thick aqua tinted sherd 211 B N45E00 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable thin green tinted sherd 212 B N45E00 2 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable colourless sherds 208 B N45E00 3 Glass Foodways Glass Storage Containers Bottle Mould blown olive colour sherds, one with seam, likely a liquor or wine bottle, likely one vessel (2 pieces mend) 209 B N45E00 1 Glass Unidentified Unid. Glass Containers Unid. Bottle/Cont. Glass Milk Glass small sherd 176 B N47.5E00 1 Clinker Fuel Cooking/Heating Unidentifiable Unidentifiable small red/tan fragment 177 B N47.5E00 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable green tint 175 B N50E00 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wire partial with machine made head, 3.7cm length 171 B N57.5E00 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE B small sherd 024 B N57.5E02.5 1 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Bird Bone Burnt B part of vertebrae 019 B N57.5E02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware Fine EW - Jackfield RCE B body sherd, burnt 022 B N57.5E02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tea Cup RWE, plain RWE rim sherd 020 B N57.5E02.5 1 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Marked Bowl Unidentifiable small piece, embossed decoration on exterior surface 021 B N57.5E02.5 1 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Plain Stem Unidentifiable B partial oval stem, burnt 025 B N57.5E02.5 1 1 Ferrous Architectural Construction Materials Plumbing Item(s) Cast partial pipe, end portion, with lip 023 B N57.5E02.5 1 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought partial, rosehead 026 B N57.5E02.5 1 1 Ferrous Unidentified Unidentifiable Unidentifiable Unidentifiable thin piece of ferrous, bent in semi-circular cross- section 071 B N57.5W02.5 1 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Mammal Bone Burnt B calcined 073 B N57.5W02.5 1 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Marked Bowl Unidentifiable partial, with ribbing 072 B N57.5W02.5 1 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Plain Bowl Unidentifiable partial 070 B N57.5W02.5 1 2 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial 062 B N57.5W05 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware RWE, painted RWE small sherd, tiny bit of green painting on one side 061 B N57.5W05 1 1 Mortar Architectural Construction Materials Unidentifiable Unidentifiable small piece of tan mortar 060 B N57.5W05 1 1 Shell Faunal/Floral Shell Mollusc Shell Unidentifiable small piece 058 B N57.5W05 2 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Mammal Bone Burnt B calcined 059 B N57.5W05 2 1 Metal Clothing Fasteners Button Unidentifiable impressed "...RBLE GILT / STANDARD COLOR" on reverse, solid button with loop shank, 1.8cm diameter 056 B N57.5W07.5 1 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Mammal Bone Burnt B calcined 051 B N57.5W07.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, blue transfer RWE partial blue clouds print 052 B N57.5W07.5 1 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware RWE, plain RWE small sherds, multiple vessels
Inv. Site Test Pit Lt. # Material Class Group Object Datable Attribute Ware A Comments
055 B N57.5W07.5 1 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought partial 054 B N57.5W07.5 1 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable uncoloured 053 B N57.5W07.5 1 1 Glass Unidentified Unidentifiable Unidentifiable Unidentifiable uncoloured glass, small piece 057 B N57.5W07.5 1 1 Shell Faunal/Floral Other Organic Eggshell Unidentifiable small piece 647 B N57.5W2.5 1 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Marked Bowl Unidentifiable raised ribbing and fluting 646 B N57.5W2.5 1 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Plain Bowl Unidentifiable 648 B N57.5W2.5 1 2 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut varying in length 186 B N60E00 1 1 Glass Foodways Unid. Glass Containers Unid. Bottle/Cont. Glass Mould blown amber body sherd 222 B N60E00 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, blue transfer RWE B slightly burnt giving the glaze a greyish colour, transfer print pattern on both surfaces 217 B N60E00 2 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, plain RWE B 2 medium sherds 218 B N60E00 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, painted RWE B thin black band on exterior surface, rim sherd with the thin upper rim broken off 219 B N60E00 2 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, polychrome RWE light blue flower with black and red middle, black stem, rim sherd, pieces mend 220 B N60E00 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, polychrome RWE rim sherd, black stem and green leaves indicating late palette 221 B N60E00 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Plate RWE, polychrome RWE large foot sherd, forest green leaves with black stem, late palette 216 B N60E00 2 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Plain Bowl Unidentifiable B undecorated pipe bowl fragment 213 B N60E00 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut shank 214 B N60E00 2 1 Ferrous Unassigned Miscellaneous Material Scrap Metal Ferrous possibly from a metal can 215 B N60E00 2 1 Ferrous Unassigned Miscellaneous Material Unidentifiable Ferrous metal ring shaped object, 2cm diameter, possible machinery related 046 B N60E02.5 1 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Mammal Bone Burnt B calcined 048 B N60E02.5 1 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Mammal Bone Burnt B small piece, badly burned 040 B N60E02.5 1 3 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, plain RWE small sherds, multiple vessels 041 B N60E02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, plain RWE B burnt 042 B N60E02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, plain RWE one vessel, two parts to a foot-ring, from a possible saucer 044 B N60E02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, edged RWE corner piece from a square hollowware vessel, blue, moulded edge, feathered, painted design on interior, made to resemble a leaf? 043 B N60E02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, polychrome RWE small sherd, green, black and red floral pattern on exterior surface 047 B N60E02.5 1 1 Ceramic Unidentified Unidentifiable Unidentifiable CEW, red unglazed CEW small piece, delaminated on one side 037 B N60E02.5 1 7 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable uncoloured 038 B N60E02.5 1 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable slight blue tint 039 B N60E02.5 1 1 Glass Foodways Glass Beverage Containers Bottle Mould blown B dark olive green, slightly melted 049 B N60E02.5 1 1 Mortar Architectural Construction Materials Unidentifiable Unidentifiable with lots of small inclusions (gravel etc.) 050 B N60E02.5 1 1 Slate Activities Writing Slate Pencil Unidentifiable partial, rectangular cross-section 045 B N60E02.5 1 1 Wood Unidentified Unidentifiable Unidentifiable Unidentifiable small piece of wood/bark 013 B N60W02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE small sherds, two vessels? 015 B N60W02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware RWE, blue transfer RWE small body sherd, blue transfer on one side 014 B N60W02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tea Cup RWE, plain RWE rim sherd 011 B N60W02.5 1 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought complete, 7cm length, rosehead 012 B N60W02.5 1 1 Ferrous Unidentified Unidentifiable Unidentifiable Unidentifiable partial something, bottle opener? handle? 010 B N60W02.5 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, painted RWE small piece, blue painting (petals) on exterior surface 009 B N60W02.5 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought complete, 8cm length, rosehead 003 B N60W05 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware Fine EW - Jackfield RCE small piece 002 B N60W05 1 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut with handmade head partial 001 B N60W05 1 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable slight blue tint 016 B N60W05 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware RWE, other transfer RWE small sherd, brown squiggly transfer print on interior surface 018 B N60W05 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware RWE, painted RWE B small piece, appears to be blue painted, but it is burnt
Inv. Site Test Pit Lt. # Material Class Group Object Datable Attribute Ware A Comments
017 B N60W05 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware RWE, sponged/stamped RWE green stamping on one surface 008 B N60W07.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware RWE, plain RWE small piece, delaminated on one side 005 B N60W07.5 1 1 Ferrous Foodways Metal Cookingware Kettle Cast spout portion, heavy 006 B N60W07.5 1 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable uncoloured 007 B N60W07.5 1 1 Glass Foodways Glass Storage Containers Unidentifiable Unidentifiable small piece of uncoloured glass from a bottle/storage container. Moulded pattern on one side 004 B N60W07.5 2 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Marked Stem McDougall (Duncan & Co.), "MC...." impressed on one side/ "...GOW" on other Glasgow side, partial 300 B N62.5E00 1 2 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Mammal Bone Unidentifiable large metapodial from an ungulate likely a horse or cow, some cut and rot marks but likely not related to butchering 304 B N62.5E00 1 2 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Unsorted Bone Burnt B small calcined fragments 305 B N62.5E00 1 1 Ceramic Architectural Construction Materials Drain Pipe/Tile Coarse Red Earthenware CEW small fragment 308 B N62.5E00 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, polychrome RWE foot/base sherd, green and red decoration on interior surface 310 B N62.5E00 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Handles/Pulls RWE, moulded RWE B moulded teapot handle sherd 309 B N62.5E00 1 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE B slightly burnt sherd, multiple vessels 307 B N62.5E00 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, polychrome RWE B light green and black stem on exterior surface, late palette, small sherd 306 B N62.5E00 1 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Utilitarian Ware Hollowware CEW, red glazed CEW brown glaze on one surface, one vessel mended, light red fabric 301 B N62.5E00 1 1 Coal Fuel Cooking/Heating Unidentifiable Unidentifiable B burnt coal 295 B N62.5E00 1 2 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut B partials with machine made heads 296 B N62.5E00 1 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut B shank, slightly bent 298 B N62.5E00 1 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut B partial with hand-made head 299 B N62.5E00 1 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut complete with machine made head, 5cm length 297 B N62.5E00 1 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought rusted shank 302 B N62.5E00 1 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable large sherd, green tint 303 B N62.5E00 1 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable B colourless, melted 286 B N62.5E00 2 7 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Mammal Bone Burnt B calcined fragments 287 B N62.5E00 2 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Shell Shell Unidentifiable thin shell, possibly from a mussel 293 B N62.5E00 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, other transfer RWE B black transfer print floral design on interior surface of rim sherd, scalloped rim 292 B N62.5E00 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE B small burnt sherd 290 B N62.5E00 2 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, polychrome RWE rim sherd with red band under rim on interior surface, exterior surface has green leaves and black stem, late palette 294 B N62.5E00 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, slipware RWE rim sherd with two dark brown bands near rim and reddish brown band 0.3cm below on exterior surface 291 B N62.5E00 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, sponged/stamped RWE B slightly burnt, light green and light red tight sponged pattern on exterior surface 283 B N62.5E00 2 1 Ferrous Activities Stable/Barn Horseshoe Nail Wrought complete, 6cm length 284 B N62.5E00 2 1 Ferrous Unassigned Miscellaneous Material Scrap Metal Ferrous small piece of metal, could have been strapping? 281 B N62.5E00 2 1 Galvanized Architectural Nails Nail Cut B partial with machine made head, split Metal 282 B N62.5E00 2 1 Galvanized Architectural Nails Nail Wrought B complete, split at the head, 9cm length Metal 288 B N62.5E00 2 7 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable green tint 289 B N62.5E00 2 1 Glass Unidentified Unidentifiable Unidentifiable Unidentifiable B heavily melted glass, green tint 285 B N62.5E00 2 1 Mortar Architectural Construction Materials Wall Finishing Unidentifiable B plaster covered dark grey mortar 564 B N62.5E02.5 1 2 Ceramic Architectural Construction Materials Construction Block Coarse Red Earthenware CEW fragments 566 B N62.5E02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, edged RWE blue edged, scalloped rim, feathered 568 B N62.5E02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, other transfer RWE B black transfer on interior surface, grapevine design 572 B N62.5E02.5 1 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE B small sherd 573 B N62.5E02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE small sherd
Inv. Site Test Pit Lt. # Material Class Group Object Datable Attribute Ware A Comments
569 B N62.5E02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, polychrome RWE B black band around rim and red decorations on interior surface 570 B N62.5E02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, polychrome RWE green, purple, black stem, late palette 571 B N62.5E02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, polychrome RWE green and red decoration on interior 567 B N62.5E02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, sponged/stamped RWE B tight sponged on interior surface 565 B N62.5E02.5 1 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Marked Bowl Unidentifiable remnant of fluting at edge opposite the rim of bowl fragment 556 B N62.5E02.5 1 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut complete, 3.3cm length 557 B N62.5E02.5 1 2 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought partials 558 B N62.5E02.5 1 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought shank 559 B N62.5E02.5 1 1 Ferrous Unassigned Miscellaneous Material Scrap Metal Ferrous folded fragment 560 B N62.5E02.5 1 2 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable green tint 561 B N62.5E02.5 1 2 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable colourless 563 B N62.5E02.5 1 1 Glass Foodways Glass Beverage Containers Beverage Bottle Mould blown sherd where the base begins on the bottle, dark olive coloured, likely a wine bottle 562 B N62.5E02.5 1 1 Glass Furnishings Lighting Devices Oil Lamp Unidentifiable B colourless, slightly melted 629 B N62.5E02.5 2 8 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Unidentifiable Burnt B calcined fragments 632 B N62.5E02.5 2 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Other Organic Eggshell Unidentifiable small fragment 638 B N62.5E02.5 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, edged RWE blue scalloped rim feathered moulded 639 B N62.5E02.5 2 3 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE B multiple vessels 640 B N62.5E02.5 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE small sherd 641 B N62.5E02.5 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, polychrome RWE B pink and green decoration 637 B N62.5E02.5 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Plate RWE, edged RWE B blue scalloped rim feathered moulded 635 B N62.5E02.5 2 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Marked Bowl Unidentifiable B a series of raised vertical facets 636 B N62.5E02.5 2 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Marked Bowl Unidentifiable B series of raised ribbing 634 B N62.5E02.5 2 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Plain Stem Unidentifiable B fragment 631 B N62.5E02.5 2 3 Charcoal Unidentified Unidentifiable Sample Unidentifiable B sample 643 B N62.5E02.5 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut B cut with hand-made head 644 B N62.5E02.5 2 3 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut B varying in length 645 B N62.5E02.5 2 4 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut B rusted unidentifiable head, varying in length 642 B N62.5E02.5 2 2 Ferrous Unassigned Miscellaneous Material Scrap Metal Ferrous 630 B N62.5E02.5 2 5 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable colourless 633 B N62.5E02.5 2 2 Glass Foodways Glass Beverage Containers Beverage Bottle Mould blown olive green tint, one vessel 603 B N62.5E05 1 2 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Unsorted Bone Burnt calcined fragments 608 B N62.5E05 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, plain RWE small sherd 607 B N62.5E05 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE rim sherd 605 B N62.5E05 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Utilitarian Ware Hollowware CEW, red glazed CEW dark brown glaze 604 B N62.5E05 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Utilitarian Ware Hollowware Fine EW - Rockingham RCE dark brown glaze, red fabric 606 B N62.5E05 1 1 Ceramic Unidentified Unidentifiable Unidentifiable VWE, plain VWE small sherd 599 B N62.5E05 1 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wire complete, 4.3cm length 600 B N62.5E05 1 1 Ferrous Unassigned Miscellaneous Material Scrap Metal Ferrous folded edge, may a fragment of a metal can 601 B N62.5E05 1 5 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable green tint, one sherd is misted due to degradation 602 B N62.5E05 1 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable colourless 609 B N62.5E05 2 3 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Unidentifiable Burnt B calcined bone 618 B N62.5E05 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, polychrome RWE B red and blue decoration, red dots over top of glaze 619 B N62.5E05 2 3 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE B burnt fragments, multiple vessels 620 B N62.5E05 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE small sherd 621 B N62.5E05 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Utilitarian Ware Hollowware Coarse Red Earthenware CEW B possible remnants of a brown glaze 617 B N62.5E05 2 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Marked Bowl Unidentifiable B raised ribbing 610 B N62.5E05 2 1 Charcoal Unidentified Unidentifiable Sample Unidentifiable sample 624 B N62.5E05 2 7 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut varying in length, some burnt 626 B N62.5E05 2 2 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial, varying in length 625 B N62.5E05 2 4 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut with handmade head varying in length 623 B N62.5E05 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wire 3.5cm length 622 B N62.5E05 2 2 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought varying in length
Inv. Site Test Pit Lt. # Material Class Group Object Datable Attribute Ware A Comments
628 B N62.5E05 2 1 Ferrous Unassigned Miscellaneous Material Rod Ferrous 5.5 x 1.2cm 627 B N62.5E05 2 1 Ferrous Unassigned Miscellaneous Material Scrap Metal Ferrous 3.5 x 0.5cm 611 B N62.5E05 2 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable colourless 612 B N62.5E05 2 1 Glass Foodways Glass Beverage Containers Beverage Bottle Machine Made olive green tint, small fragment 615 B N62.5E05 2 1 Glass Unidentified Unid. Glass Containers Unidentifiable Machine Made colourless 613 B N62.5E05 2 1 Glass Unidentified Unid. Glass Containers Unidentifiable Mould blown slight blur tint 614 B N62.5E05 2 1 Glass Unidentified Unid. Glass Containers Unidentifiable Mould blown colourless 616 B N62.5E05 2 1 Slate Architectural Construction Materials Roofing Material Unidentifiable B red coloured slate with burnt areas could also be tiling 035 B N62.5W02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE small sherd 036 B N62.5W02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Plate RWE, other transfer RWE partial brown transfer printed Royal Arms mark on base, brown floral transfer on interior surface 034 B N62.5W02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware RWE, plain RWE small sherd 033 B N62.5W02.5 1 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial 031 B N62.5W02.5 1 2 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable uncoloured 032 B N62.5W02.5 1 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable blue tint 028 B N62.5W02.5 2 3 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Unidentifiable Burnt B calcined, small pieces 029 B N62.5W02.5 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Saucer RWE, blue transfer RWE B rim sherd, blue floral transfer on interior surface 027 B N62.5W02.5 2 2 Charcoal Unidentified Unidentifiable Unidentifiable Unidentifiable B two pieces, burnt wood 030 B N62.5W02.5 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought complete, 5cm length, rosehead 593 B N62.5W05 2 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Unsorted Bone Burnt B calcined, small fragment 598 B N62.5W05 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, painted RWE rim sherd, black band near rim on interior surface 595 B N62.5W05 2 5 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE B multiple vessels, 2 rim sherds 596 B N62.5W05 2 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE B mended base/foot sherd, ash concretions 597 B N62.5W05 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, polychrome RWE B blue, yellow painted decoration on exterior surface, slightly delaminated due to being burnt 594 B N62.5W05 2 2 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Plain Bowl Unidentifiable multiple bowls 591 B N62.5W05 2 2 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial, machine made head 592 B N62.5W05 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial very rusted 069 B N62.5W07.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware RWE, plain RWE B small sherd, burnt 068 B N62.5W07.5 1 1 Ferrous Activities Stable/Barn Horseshoe Nail Wrought partial 067 B N62.5W07.5 1 1 Glass Unidentified Unidentifiable Unidentifiable Unidentifiable uncoloured, small piece 065 B N62.5W07.5 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, polychrome RWE green and red painting (banding) on interior surface 064 B N62.5W07.5 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tableware RWE, plain RWE small sherd 066 B N62.5W07.5 2 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Plain Stem Unidentifiable segment, 5cm length 063 B N62.5W07.5 2 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable uncoloured 230 B N65E00 1 3 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Unsorted Bone Burnt B small fragments, calcined 231 B N65E00 1 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Unsorted Bone Unidentifiable small fragment, possibly a rib 233 B N65E00 1 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Other Organic Eggshell Unidentifiable one small fragment 240 B N65E00 1 2 Brick Architectural Construction Materials Construction Block Coarse Red Earthenware CEW brick fragments 241 B N65E00 1 1 Ceramic Architectural Construction Materials Drain Pipe/Tile Coarse Red Earthenware CEW red fragment 242 B N65E00 1 2 Ceramic Architectural Construction Materials Drain Pipe/Tile Coarse Red Earthenware CEW yellow red fragments 249 B N65E00 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Bowl RWE, plain RWE B slightly burnt, partial base/foot sherd 250 B N65E00 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, painted RWE B blue decoration on one surface of sherd 247 B N65E00 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE B large sherd, ash stains 251 B N65E00 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, polychrome RWE black/blue/green decoration on interior surface 244 B N65E00 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, slipware RWE yellow slip with a brown band 245 B N65E00 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Plate RWE, edged RWE partial moulded feathered lines on sherd 246 B N65E00 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Plate RWE, plain RWE B plain rim sherd, may have been scalloped but burnt 243 B N65E00 1 7 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Unidentifiable RWE, plain RWE multiple vessels, small sherds 234 B N65E00 1 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Plain Stem Unidentifiable undecorated stem fragment 248 B N65E00 1 1 Ceramic Unidentified Unidentifiable Unidentifiable Unidentifiable B refined white earthenware, possibly decorated but severely burnt, very small sherd 223 B N65E00 1 2 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut complete, 4cm length, one rusted one without rust 224 B N65E00 1 2 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partials with machine made heads 225 B N65E00 1 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial with wrought head
Inv. Site Test Pit Lt. # Material Class Group Object Datable Attribute Ware A Comments
227 B N65E00 1 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Spiral complete, 5.3cm length 226 B N65E00 1 3 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought shanks, 1 large, 2 bent 228 B N65E00 1 1 Ferrous Unassigned Miscellaneous Hardware Chain Link Wire slightly bent open link, 5.4cm length 2cm width 229 B N65E00 1 1 Ferrous Unassigned Miscellaneous Material Scrap Metal Ferrous thin metal folded into a cylindrical shape 238 B N65E00 1 9 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable multiple thickness colourless 239 B N65E00 1 2 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable thin, green tint
235 B N65E00 1 1 Glass Foodways Unid. Glass Containers Unid. Bottle/Cont. Glass Machine Made olive coloured, remnant of glue from label, likely a wine or other beverage bottle 237 B N65E00 1 2 Glass Foodways Unid. Glass Containers Unid. Bottle/Cont. Glass Machine Made multiple vessels, colourless glass 236 B N65E00 1 1 Glass Furnishings Lighting Devices Oil Lamp Unidentifiable lamp glass 232 B N65E00 1 2 Shell Faunal/Floral Shell Shell Unidentifiable 2 fragments, possibly mussel shells 266 B N65E00 2 2 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Unsorted Bone Burnt B small dark brown fragments 267 B N65E00 2 11 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Unsorted Bone Burnt B small calcined bone fragments 268 B N65E00 2 2 Bone Faunal/Floral Other Organic Eggshell Unidentifiable small fragments 272 B N65E00 2 2 Brick Architectural Construction Materials Construction Block Coarse Red Earthenware CEW small fragments 280 B N65E00 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, edged RWE B large scalloped rim sherd, blue edged, feather moulded lines 278 B N65E00 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, other transfer RWE green transfer print base/foot sherd 279 B N65E00 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, painted RWE B small rim sherd, blue decoration on one surface 276 B N65E00 2 3 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE B multiple vessels, 2 pieces mend into a base/foot sherd 277 B N65E00 2 4 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE multiple vessels, one small rim sherd, some sherds with ash concretions 275 B N65E00 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tea Pot/Coffee Pot Fine EW - Jackfield RCE B teapot spout sherd, Jackfield style 269 B N65E00 2 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Glazed Mouth Unidentifiable B yellow/brown glaze on mouthpiece, finished end is very burnt 270 B N65E00 2 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Marked Stem W.White, Glasgow "GLASGOW/W WHITE", impressed, 1805-1955 (Bradley 2000), pipe stem fragment with the bowl broken off at one end 271 B N65E00 2 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Plain Bowl Unidentifiable bowl rim fragment, undecorated 263 B N65E00 2 1 Ferrous Activities Stable/Barn Horseshoe Nail Ferrous small horseshoe nail, 3cm length 252 B N65E00 2 2 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut B medium partials with machine made heads, one is very rusted 253 B N65E00 2 2 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut complete, 3cm length 254 B N65E00 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut small partial with machine made head 255 B N65E00 2 2 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut small shanks 256 B N65E00 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial, 6.5 length, machine made head, bent, large 257 B N65E00 2 2 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought shanks, one with the tip intact 258 B N65E00 2 2 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought B partials with wrought head 259 B N65E00 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought partial, very rusted, part of wrought head still intact, 6.5cm length 260 B N65E00 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought B partial no head, 8.5cm length 261 B N65E00 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought B complete, part of wrought head has corroded off, 9.5cm length, bent 262 B N65E00 2 2 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought B complete with wrought heads, 4cm length 265 B N65E00 2 2 Ferrous Unassigned Miscellaneous Material Scrap Metal Ferrous rusted fragments 264 B N65E00 2 2 Galvanized Unassigned Miscellaneous Material Scrap Metal Ferrous rectangular piece is folded on two edges Metal 273 B N65E00 2 4 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable greenish tint 274 B N65E00 2 2 Glass Unidentified Unid. Glass Containers Unid. Bottle/Cont. Glass Unidentifiable B melted colourless glass, one bottle rim sherd 541 B N65E02.5 1 2 Brick Architectural Construction Materials Construction Block Coarse Red Earthenware CEW fragments 542 B N65E02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, polychrome RWE B black, green decoration on exterior, late palette 547 B N65E02.5 2 2 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Unsorted Bone Burnt B calcined 549 B N65E02.5 2 2 Ceramic Architectural Construction Materials Construction Block Coarse Red Earthenware CEW small fragments 553 B N65E02.5 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, edged RWE B scalloped, blue edged, feathered
Inv. Site Test Pit Lt. # Material Class Group Object Datable Attribute Ware A Comments
555 B N65E02.5 2 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE B multiple vessels, one has moulded edge on exterior 554 B N65E02.5 2 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tea Cup RWE, blue transfer RWE B blue transfer pattern on both surfaces following the rim, vase on a pedestal on exterior surface 552 B N65E02.5 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tea Pot/Coffee Pot Fine EW - Jackfield RCE Jackfield style, small sherd 551 B N65E02.5 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Utilitarian Ware Hollowware CEW, red glazed CEW B brown glaze on interior 548 B N65E02.5 2 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Marked Bowl Unidentifiable small fragment, moulded 543 B N65E02.5 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial, medium, machine made head 544 B N65E02.5 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought complete, 6.2cm length 546 B N65E02.5 2 1 Glass Unidentified Unid. Glass Containers Unid. Bottle/Cont. Glass Unidentifiable olive green, thin glass, curved 545 B N65E02.5 2 1 Glass Unidentified Unidentifiable Unidentifiable Unidentifiable B melted green tint glass, thin, likely window pane 550 B N65E02.5 2 1 Slate Architectural Construction Materials Roofing Material Unidentifiable B red coloured slate with burnt areas, could also be tiling 529 B N65W02.5 1 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Mammal Bone Burnt B calcined rib 536 B N65W02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, blue transfer RWE blue transfer on exterior of rim sherd 537 B N65W02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, blue transfer RWE blue transfer on one surface, other surface delaminated 538 B N65W02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, plain RWE B small sherd 532 B N65W02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, sponged/stamped RWE tight blue sponged pattern on one surface 531 B N65W02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware Fine Earthenware RCE brown slip, moulded beaded line on exterior surface under rim, horizontal orange band at broken edge 535 B N65W02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, banded RWE B rim sherd, 4 thin horizontal brown bands 1 thick light blue band at bottom on exterior 539 B N65W02.5 1 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE B small sherds, one is more burnt 540 B N65W02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE B delaminated rim sherd 533 B N65W02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, polychrome RWE B blue, green decoration on one surface 534 B N65W02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, polychrome RWE red, blue decoration on exterior surface 530 B N65W02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tea Pot/Coffee Pot Fine EW - Jackfield RCE Jackfield style body sherd 521 B N65W02.5 1 2 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial, machine made head 522 B N65W02.5 1 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought complete, 7cm length 523 B N65W02.5 1 1 Ferrous Unassigned Miscellaneous Material Scrap Metal Ferrous finished edge 524 B N65W02.5 1 1 Ferrous Unassigned Miscellaneous Material Scrap Metal Ferrous bent edges forming a graduated groove 525 B N65W02.5 1 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable green tint 526 B N65W02.5 1 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable green tint, patinated 527 B N65W02.5 1 1 Glass Foodways Unid. Glass Containers Unid. Bottle/Cont. Glass Mould blown patinated, moulded lines and pattern on exterior, green tint 528 B N65W02.5 1 1 Glass Foodways Unid. Glass Containers Unid. Bottle/Cont. Glass Mould blown colourless with impressed diamond designs on exterior 509 B N65W02.5 2 3 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Unsorted Bone Burnt B small fragments, calcined 510 B N65W02.5 2 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Unsorted Bone Burnt B dark brown 511 B N65W02.5 2 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Other Organic Eggshell Unidentifiable small fragment 514 B N65W02.5 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE B rim sherd 512 B N65W02.5 2 2 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Plain Bowl Unidentifiable same pipe bowl 513 B N65W02.5 2 2 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Plain Bowl Unidentifiable B mended, seam on outer surface, near vertical midline of bowl 507 B N65W02.5 2 6 Ferrous Unassigned Miscellaneous Material Strapping Ferrous B one folded piece, others are small fragments 508 B N65W02.5 2 1 Ferrous Unassigned Miscellaneous Material Unidentifiable Ferrous possible scissor blade 517 B N65W05 1 1 Brick Architectural Construction Materials Construction Block Coarse Red Earthenware CEW fragment 519 B N65W05 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Bowl RWE, painted RWE B small blue decoration on interior of base/foot sherd 520 B N65W05 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE B small sherd 515 B N65W05 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, slipware RWE B cat's eye and two horizontal brown bands showing, mends with #518 518 B N65W05 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, slipware RWE B three horizontal brown bands showing on exterior, mends with #515 516 B N65W05 1 2 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial, machine made heads 578 B N65W07.5 1 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial, machine made head
Inv. Site Test Pit Lt. # Material Class Group Object Datable Attribute Ware A Comments
579 B N65W07.5 1 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable green tint 577 B N65W10 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, blue transfer RWE B light blue transfer print, tree or plant decoration 575 B N65W10 2 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Plain Bowl Unidentifiable B rim fragment 574 B N65W10 2 1 Composite Architectural Electrical Fuse 20th Century Koito 1157 12v27/8 W, car bulb fuse 576 B N65W10 2 1 Mortar Architectural Construction Materials Construction Block Coarse Red Earthenware CEW fragment 189 B N67.5E00 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Bird Bone Burnt B calcined 198 B N67.5E00 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, blue transfer RWE 1 rim sherd with both surfaces decorated and one larger creased sherd 197 B N67.5E00 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, edged RWE blue straight edged sherd 194 B N67.5E00 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, plain RWE B large fragment 200 B N67.5E00 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, sponged/stamped RWE large sherd, tight blue sponged pattern on both surfaces 199 B N67.5E00 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware Unidentifiable B burnt, exterior with blue decoration 202 B N67.5E00 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tea Pot/Coffee Pot Fine EW - Jackfield RCE Jackfield style glaze 201 B N67.5E00 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Unidentifiable RWE, polychrome RWE thin red band near rim, light green shape 203 B N67.5E00 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Utilitarian Ware Hollowware CEW, red unglazed CEW light yellow glaze on one surface of sherd 204 B N67.5E00 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Utilitarian Ware Lid Coarse Stoneware CSW B heavily burnt crock pot lid sherd 195 B N67.5E00 2 Ceramic Foodways Unidentifiable Unidentifiable RWE, plain RWE B 2 small fragments 196 B N67.5E00 4 Ceramic Foodways Unidentifiable Unidentifiable RWE, plain RWE 4 small fragments 187 B N67.5E00 2 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought shanks, small corroded 188 B N67.5E00 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought shank, 4.4cm 190 B N67.5E00 3 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable green tint, very thin 191 B N67.5E00 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable colourless 192 B N67.5E00 1 Glass Medical/ Pharmaceutical Containers Patent Bottle Solarized/manganese "...OZONE/...ON & CO/ONT...", embossed, Hygiene small sherd 193 B N67.5E00 1 Shell Faunal/Floral Shell Shell Unidentifiable small fragment 468 B N67.5W02.5 1 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Bird Bone Burnt B calcined 474 B N67.5W02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, blue transfer RWE light blue transfer pattern on both surfaces 471 B N67.5W02.5 1 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, plain RWE B small sherds 472 B N67.5W02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE B delaminated surfaces due to being burnt 473 B N67.5W02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, polychrome RWE B red, green, decoration with black stem, late palette 475 B N67.5W02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Lid Fine EW - Jackfield RCE B teapot lid, Jackfield style 469 B N67.5W02.5 1 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Plain Bowl Unidentifiable B vertical fluted fragment 470 B N67.5W02.5 1 2 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Plain Bowl Unidentifiable B faint vertical fluting on both pieces, same decoration style possibly same vessel 465 B N67.5W02.5 1 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial with machine made head 466 B N67.5W02.5 1 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial with hand-made head 467 B N67.5W02.5 1 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought complete, 5cm length 485 B N67.5W02.5 2 5 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Mammal Bone Burnt B calcined fragments 486 B N67.5W02.5 2 1 Brick Architectural Construction Materials Construction Block Coarse Red Earthenware CEW fragment 490 B N67.5W02.5 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, plain RWE B rim sherd, burnt 493 B N67.5W02.5 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, plain RWE B delaminated 495 B N67.5W02.5 2 3 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware Pearlware or RWE UWE B multiple vessels, slightly burnt, bluish 487 B N67.5W02.5 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, moulded RWE B moulded with a painted green band on exterior under rim 491 B N67.5W02.5 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, painted RWE painted brown band near rim, small sherd 492 B N67.5W02.5 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE B delaminated 494 B N67.5W02.5 2 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE B multiple vessels, burnt with glaze 488 B N67.5W02.5 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, sponged/stamped RWE B loose sponged pattern on exterior surface 489 B N67.5W02.5 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Plate, Soup RWE, edged RWE B blue edged on interior surface, feathered 477 B N67.5W02.5 2 1 Composite Personal Personal Items Pocket Knife Unidentifiable mostly metal handle, degraded engraved pattern in bone portion, tool remnants 484 B N67.5W02.5 2 1 Dentition Faunal/Floral Bone Mammal Bone Unidentifiable molars, herbivorous teeth that look almost omnivorous, most likely pig 476 B N67.5W02.5 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut complete with hand-made head, 5.5cm length
Inv. Site Test Pit Lt. # Material Class Group Object Datable Attribute Ware A Comments
478 B N67.5W02.5 2 3 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable aqua tinted 479 B N67.5W02.5 2 2 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable green tinted, one almost colourless 483 B N67.5W02.5 2 1 Glass Foodways Glass Tableware Tumbler, Fluted Pressed colourless, remnants of fluting 480 B N67.5W02.5 2 2 Glass Foodways Unid. Glass Containers Unid. Bottle/Cont. Glass Unidentifiable B melted olive coloured glass, pieces mend 482 B N67.5W02.5 2 1 Glass Foodways Unid. Glass Containers Unid. Bottle/Cont. Glass Unidentifiable B melted heavy glass, possibly a tumbler? 481 B N67.5W02.5 2 1 Glass Furnishings Lighting Devices Lamp Mould blown aqua coloured glass, smooth interior surface and semi honeycombed exterior surface, patinated, lamp glass 446 B N67.5W05 1 3 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Unsorted Bone Burnt B calcined, most likely mammal 453 B N67.5W05 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, polychrome RWE black and green decoration on one surface, late palette 451 B N67.5W05 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, blue transfer RWE rim sherd, blue transfer on both surfaces and rim 450 B N67.5W05 1 3 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE multiple vessels, one base/foot sherd 452 B N67.5W05 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, polychrome RWE B blue green decoration on interior 447 B N67.5W05 1 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Marked Bowl Unidentifiable "T D", embossed, fragment has a seam between letters 438 B N67.5W05 1 2 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial medium nail, machine made head 439 B N67.5W05 1 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial small nail, machine made head 440 B N67.5W05 1 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut shank 442 B N67.5W05 1 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wire complete roofing/lath nail, 4cm length 441 B N67.5W05 1 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought complete, 6cm length 444 B N67.5W05 1 3 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable three different levels of green tint 445 B N67.5W05 1 1 Glass Foodways Glass Tableware Stemware Unidentifiable colourless cylindrical sherd, probably part of a stem 448 B N67.5W05 1 1 Leather Unidentified Unidentifiable Unidentifiable Unidentifiable white leather with some red paint on one surface, possibly a ball of some sort (i.e. volleyball?) 449 B N67.5W05 1 1 Other Unidentified Unidentifiable Unidentifiable Unidentifiable feldspar 443 B N67.5W05 1 1 Steel Architectural Nails Nail Spiral complete spiral nail, 9.2cm length 457 B N67.5W05 2 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Mammal Bone Burnt B fragment 464 B N67.5W05 2 3 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, plain RWE B one sherd with a curved groove, others burnt 460 B N67.5W05 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, polychrome RWE green and black decoration on one surface, late palette 461 B N67.5W05 2 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE B burnt sherds look grey and dull 462 B N67.5W05 2 7 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE come with ash concretions, small sherds 463 B N67.5W05 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE B delaminated sherd 454 B N67.5W05 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut complete with hand-made head, 6.7cm length 455 B N67.5W05 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut shank 456 B N67.5W05 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought partial 458 B N67.5W05 2 3 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable green tint 459 B N67.5W05 2 1 Glass Unidentified Unid. Glass Containers Unid. Bottle/Cont. Glass Unidentifiable small, green tint, curved 501 B N67.5W07.5 1 1 Brick Architectural Construction Materials Construction Block Coarse Red Earthenware CEW fragment 503 B N67.5W07.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, blue transfer RWE light blue transfer on one surface 505 B N67.5W07.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, blue transfer RWE B delaminated rim sherd, possibly scalloped, transfer print on one surface 502 B N67.5W07.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, plain RWE B delaminated 506 B N67.5W07.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, blue transfer RWE small sherd, transfer pattern on one surface 504 B N67.5W07.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, sponged/stamped RWE B loose sponged, light blue 496 B N67.5W07.5 1 2 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial, medium with machine made head 497 B N67.5W07.5 1 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut B partial, small with machine made head 498 B N67.5W07.5 1 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut shank 499 B N67.5W07.5 1 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial, hand-made head, small 500 B N67.5W07.5 1 2 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable green tint 583 B N67.5W07.5 2 3 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Unsorted Bone Burnt B calcined 586 B N67.5W07.5 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware Creamware or RWE XWE small rim sherd 589 B N67.5W07.5 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, blue transfer RWE B transfer pattern on interior surface of base sherd 588 B N67.5W07.5 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, edged RWE B straight edged, blue band along rim, feathered 590 B N67.5W07.5 2 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, plain RWE B multiple vessels, one fragment burnt grey, other is bent edge of base 587 B N67.5W07.5 2 3 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware Fine Earthenware RCE yellow glaze on interior, brown and textured white
Inv. Site Test Pit Lt. # Material Class Group Object Datable Attribute Ware A Comments
and brown band on exterior, 1 vessel 584 B N67.5W07.5 2 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Marked Bowl Unidentifiable B bottom has some vertical fluting 585 B N67.5W07.5 2 2 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Plain Bowl Unidentifiable B small fragment, likely one vessel 580 B N67.5W07.5 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial, machine made head 581 B N67.5W07.5 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought partial 582 B N67.5W07.5 2 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable green tint 416 B N70W02.5 1 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Bird Bone Burnt B calcined, likely fragment from synsacrum 417 B N70W02.5 1 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Bird Bone Unidentifiable small joint fragment, likely proximal ulna 421 B N70W02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, painted RWE B heavily burnt rim sherd, band painted onto rim and interior surface 420 B N70W02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Unidentifiable RWE, plain RWE small sherd possibly a foot sherd or rim sherd 418 B N70W02.5 1 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Plain Bowl Unidentifiable small fragment 419 B N70W02.5 1 1 Clinker Fuel Cooking/Heating Unidentifiable Unidentifiable B red and black fragment 411 B N70W02.5 1 2 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut shanks 412 B N70W02.5 1 2 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partials with machine made head 413 B N70W02.5 1 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wire complete, 7cm length 414 B N70W02.5 1 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable small sherd, colourless 415 B N70W02.5 1 1 Glass Foodways Unid. Glass Containers Unid. Bottle/Cont. Glass Mould blown green tint, small sherd, probably shoulder sherd 426 B N70W02.5 2 3 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Mammal Bone Burnt B 2 calcined pieces, 1 slightly burnt 427 B N70W02.5 2 1 Brick Architectural Construction Materials Construction Block Coarse Red Earthenware CEW fragment 428 B N70W02.5 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Tea Pot/Coffee Pot Fine EW - Jackfield RCE B base/foot sherd, heavily burnt, Jackfield style decoration 422 B N70W02.5 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial with machine made head, 423 B N70W02.5 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut small shank 425 B N70W02.5 2 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable B small slightly melted sherd 424 B N70W02.5 2 1 Mortar Architectural Construction Materials Wall Finishing Unidentifiable tan piece 363 B N70W05 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, other transfer RWE B black transfer on interior surface of small rim sherd 364 B N70W05 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, other transfer RWE B black transfer floral design on exterior surface 362 B N70W05 1 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE B small burnt fragments 360 B N70W05 1 1 Clinker Fuel Cooking/Heating Unidentifiable Unidentifiable small striated fragment 357 B N70W05 1 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut B complete with machine made head, 7cm length 358 B N70W05 1 3 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut B shanks, various sizes 359 B N70W05 1 1 Ferrous Unassigned Miscellaneous Material Scrap Metal Ferrous small fragment 361 B N70W05 1 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable B small green tinted sherd, melted and bent 372 B N70W05 2 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Bird Bone Burnt B peripheral skeleton fragment 373 B N70W05 2 3 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Mammal Bone Burnt B 1 vertebrae fragment, 2 small fragments, calcined 371 B N70W05 2 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Shell Shell Burnt B small calcined fragment 377 B N70W05 2 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, edged RWE B both rim sherds scalloped with feathered rims, large pieces heavily burnt with light blue edge, small fragment with dark blue edge 376 B N70W05 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, slipware RWE B one surface with a yellow slip and blue transfer on other surface, slightly burnt 375 B N70W05 2 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE B heavily burnt fragments, likely one vessel 374 B N70W05 2 1 Clinker Fuel Cooking/Heating Unidentifiable Unidentifiable B clinker with mortar incorporated 369 B N70W05 2 1 Ferrous Activities Stable/Barn Horseshoe Nail Ferrous small horseshoe nail 365 B N70W05 2 3 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partials with machine made head, 2 medium and 1 large 366 B N70W05 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut shank 367 B N70W05 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought complete with demolished head 370 B N70W05 2 1 Ferrous Unassigned Miscellaneous Material Scrap Metal Ferrous B small rectangular fragment 368 B N70W05 2 1 Galvanized Architectural Nails Nail Wire complete, 3cm length, diamond textured top of head Metal 436 B N70W07.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware Bone China, other decor. POR blue transfer pattern on interior and exterior 437 B N70W07.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, other transfer RWE small base/foot sherd with red transfer pattern on interior surface, only slightly porous
Inv. Site Test Pit Lt. # Material Class Group Object Datable Attribute Ware A Comments
435 B N70W07.5 1 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable colourless 433 B N70W07.5 2 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Mammal Bone Burnt B black fragment, possibly sawed 432 B N70W07.5 2 1 Brick Architectural Construction Materials Construction Block Coarse Red Earthenware CEW fragment 434 B N70W07.5 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE B small sherd 429 B N70W07.5 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut complete with machine made head, 2.2cm length 430 B N70W07.5 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought shank 431 B N70W07.5 2 2 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable green tint, thin 388 B N72.5W02.5 1 2 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Unsorted Bone Burnt B cancined fragments 389 B N72.5W02.5 1 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Unsorted Bone Unidentifiable possibly mammal phalange 394 B N72.5W02.5 1 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, plain RWE B small fragments, multiple vessels 396 B N72.5W02.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, other transfer RWE B very small rim sherd with black transfer on both surfaces 395 B N72.5W02.5 1 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE B small fragments, larger more heavily burnt, multiple vessels 393 B N72.5W02.5 1 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Plain Stem Unidentifiable small fragment 386 B N72.5W02.5 1 2 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial with machine made heads 387 B N72.5W02.5 1 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut shank 390 B N72.5W02.5 1 2 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable green tint 391 B N72.5W02.5 1 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable B heavily melted green tinted 392 B N72.5W02.5 1 1 Glass Foodways Unid. Glass Containers Unid. Bottle/Cont. Glass Machine Made colourless body sherd with seam 380 B N72.5W02.5 2 2 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Unsorted Bone Burnt B calcined fragments 384 B N72.5W02.5 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Cup RWE, polychrome RWE B rim sherd with light red band under rim on both surfaces, green and light red floral pattern on exterior, heavily burnt 385 B N72.5W02.5 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Cup RWE, polychrome RWE B slightly burnt rim sherd, light red band under rim on both surfaces, green decoration on interior/exterior, green and red floral decoration on exterior surface 383 B N72.5W02.5 2 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Marked Stem W.White, Glasgow B "GLASGO[W]/...WHITE", impressed, 1805-1955 (Bradley 2000:117), slightly burnt fragment likely W. White but is cut off, mouthpiece 382 B N72.5W02.5 2 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Plain Bowl Unidentifiable pipe bowl fragment with rim 378 B N72.5W02.5 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut complete with hand-made head, 8cm length 379 B N72.5W02.5 2 2 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut rusted shanks 381 B N72.5W02.5 2 1 Glass Unidentified Unidentifiable Unidentifiable Unidentifiable B heavily melted sherd, could have been a window sherd 407 B N72.5W05 1 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Shell Shell Unidentifiable small fragment 408 B N72.5W05 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE B slighty burnt sherd, glaze remains on interior 406 B N72.5W05 1 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable green tint 410 B N72.5W05 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE B large sherd with slight burn marks 409 B N72.5W05 2 1 Glass Unidentified Unidentifiable Unidentifiable Unidentifiable B melted green tint glass, likely window glass 403 B N72.5W07.5 1 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Mammal Bone Burnt B calcined compact bone from a mammal 404 B N72.5W07.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, plain RWE B heavily burnt sherd 405 B N72.5W07.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware Refined White EW RWE B rim sherd with faint red decoration on interior surface 402 B N72.5W07.5 1 2 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable green tint 398 B N72.5W07.5 2 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Bird Bone Burnt B calcined 399 B N72.5W07.5 2 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Mammal Bone Burnt B calcined, fragment probably from a rib 400 B N72.5W07.5 2 3 Bone Faunal/Floral Shell Shell Unidentifiable small fragments 401 B N72.5W07.5 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE B slightly burnt sherd 397 B N72.5W07.5 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial almost complete with wrought head, 8.2cm length 311 B N72.5W10 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Bowl RWE, plain RWE B base/foot sherd with large foot 342 B N75W05 1 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Unsorted Bone Burnt B small fragment, calcined 341 B N75W05 1 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Shell Shell Unidentifiable small fragment 344 B N75W05 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, plain RWE B small sherd 340 B N75W05 1 1 Ferrous Activities Stable/Barn Horseshoe Nail Ferrous complete, 6cm length
Inv. Site Test Pit Lt. # Material Class Group Object Datable Attribute Ware A Comments
343 B N75W05 1 1 Mortar Architectural Construction Materials Wall Finishing Unidentifiable grey, hard, possibly concrete 346 B N75W05 2 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Bird Bone Burnt B calcined 347 B N75W05 2 5 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Mammal Bone Burnt B calcined, 3 curved fragments likely visceral surface of ribs, all fragments are from separate bones 348 B N75W05 2 6 Bone Faunal/Floral Shell Shell Unidentifiable small fragments 352 B N75W05 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Cup RWE, plain RWE base/foot sherd 353 B N75W05 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, painted RWE B body sherd with blue band on exterior surface 354 B N75W05 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, painted RWE B small rim sherd with interior surface all blue 355 B N75W05 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, painted RWE small sherd with red paint on interior surface 356 B N75W05 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, polychrome RWE B rim sherd, brown band on interior near rim, red and green decoration on interior surface, likely a bowl 349 B N75W05 2 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Plain Bowl Unidentifiable small fragment 350 B N75W05 2 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Plain Stem Unidentifiable small fragment 351 B N75W05 2 1 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Plain Stem Unidentifiable B burnt mouth piece with ash concretions 345 B N75W05 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut very rusted shank 324 B N75W07.5 1 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Mammal Bone Sawn sawn on one side of long bone 325 B N75W07.5 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, plain RWE B base/foot sherd, grey due to being burnt 312 B N75W10 1 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Shell Shell Unidentifiable small fragment 316 B N75W10 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, blue transfer RWE B base/foot sherd, blue transfer pattern on interior surface 315 B N75W10 1 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, sponged/stamped RWE B small sherd, decoration on exterior surface 313 B N75W10 1 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable green tint 314 B N75W10 1 1 Glass Unidentified Unid. Glass Containers Unid. Bottle/Cont. Glass Machine Made colourless curved sherd 327 B N75W10 2 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Bird Bone Burnt B partially calcined long bone fragment, likely the proximal end of a humerus 328 B N75W10 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, blue transfer RWE dark blue transfer print pattern on both surfaces, small sherd 322 B N75W10 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, painted RWE thin black band on interior surface near rim and thicker band on exterior near rim 323 B N75W10 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Plate, Soup RWE, banded RWE blue painted band on interior surface near rim and on rim, moulded dimples on brim 320 B N75W10 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Unidentifiable Unidentifiable RWE, plain RWE B small grey coloured sherd 321 B N75W10 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Unidentifiable Unidentifiable RWE, plain RWE B only slightly burnt, mostly white 326 B N75W10 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut partial with machine made head 317 B N75W10 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought shank 319 B N75W10 2 1 Ferrous Domestic Sewing Scissors Ferrous half a scissor, handle broken, whole fragment is bent Activity 318 B N75W10 2 1 Ferrous Unassigned Miscellaneous Material Scrap Metal Ferrous bent open ring 330 B N77.5W05 1 2 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Bird Bone Unidentifiable small fragments of long bones 329 B N77.5W05 1 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Bone Unsorted Bone Burnt B calcined small fragment 331 B N77.5W05 1 1 Bone Faunal/Floral Shell Shell Unidentifiable fragment likely from a mussel 334 B N77.5W05 2 7 Bone Faunal/Floral Shell Shell Unidentifiable varying fragments of multiple shellfish, likely mussels 337 B N77.5W05 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, moulded RWE B scalloped rim sherd with moulded lines extruding from the rim on interior surface 339 B N77.5W05 2 2 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, polychrome RWE B rim sherd, green leaves with blue and red flower on one brank, stems are painted brown, early palette, likely a bowl or cup 338 B N77.5W05 2 1 Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware RWE, slipware RWE B tan slip with remnants of mocha decoration on exterior with a light blue horizontal band under the rim 335 B N77.5W05 2 2 Ceramic Smoking Smoking Pipes White Clay, Plain Bowl Unidentifiable one fragment with the lip of bowl, other fragment may be part of the same pipe may not 332 B N77.5W05 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Cut complete with machine made oval head, 3.8cm length 333 B N77.5W05 2 1 Ferrous Architectural Nails Nail Wrought partial with wrought head, bent
Inv. Site Test Pit Lt. # Material Class Group Object Datable Attribute Ware A Comments
336 B N77.5W05 2 1 Glass Architectural Window Glass Pane Glass Unidentifiable green tint
Key:
# Total POR Porcelain A Alteration PWE Pearlware B Burnt RCE Refined coloured earthenware CEW Coarse earthenware RWE Refined white earthenware Cont. Container Unid. Unidentifiable CSW Coarse stoneware UWE Unidentifiable white earthenware (Pearlware or Refined white earthenware) decor. decoration VWE Vitrified white earthenware EW Earthenware XWE Unidentifiable white earthenware (Creamware or Refined white earthenware) Inv. Inventory Number Lt. Lot
Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services
APPENDIX 3: Glossary of Archaeological Terms
Archaeology: The study of human past, both prehistoric and historic, by excavation of cultural material.
Archaeological Sites: The physical remains of any building, structure, cultural feature, object, human event or activity which, because of the passage of time, are on or below the surface of the land or water.
Archaic: A term used by archaeologists to designate a distinctive cultural period dating between 8000 and 1000 B.C. in eastern North America. The period is divided into Early (8000 to 6000 B.C.), Middle (6000 to 2500 B.C.) and Late (2500 to 1000 B.C.). It is characterized by hunting, gathering and fishing.
Artifact: An object manufactured, modified or used by humans.
B.P.: Before Present. Often used for archaeological dates instead of B.C. or A.D. Present is taken to be 1951, the date from which radiocarbon assays are calculated.
Backdirt: The soil excavated from an archaeological site. It is usually removed by shovel or trowel and then screened to ensure maximum recovery of artifacts.
Chert: A type of silica rich stone often used for making chipped stone tools. A number of chert sources are known from southern Ontario. These sources include outcrops and nodules.
Contact Period: The period of initial contact between Native and European populations. In Ontario, this generally corresponds to the seventeenth and eighteen centuries depending on the specific area. See also Protohistoric.
Cultural Resource / Heritage Resource: Any resource (archaeological, historical, architectural, artifactual, archival) that pertains to the development of our cultural past.
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Cultural Heritage Landscapes: Cultural heritage landscapes are groups of features made by people. The arrangement of features illustrate noteworthy relationships between people and their surrounding environment. They can provide information necessary to preserve, interpret or reinforce the understanding of important historical settings and changes to past patterns of land use. Cultural landscapes include neighbourhoods, townscapes and farmscapes.
Diagnostic: An artifact, decorative technique or feature that is distinctive of a particular culture or time period.
Disturbed: In an archaeological context, this term is used when the cultural deposit of a certain time period has been intruded upon by a later occupation.
Excavation: The uncovering or extraction of cultural remains by digging.
Feature: This term is used to designate modifications to the physical environment by human activity. Archaeological features include the remains of buildings or walls, storage pits, hearths, post moulds and artifact concentrations.
Flake: A thin piece of stone (usually chert, chalcedony, etc.) detached during the manufacture of a chipped stone tool. A flake can also be modified into another artifact form such as a scraper.
Fluted: A lanceolate shaped projectile point with a central channel extending from the base approximately one third of the way up the blade. One of the most diagnostic Palaeo- Indian artifacts.
Historic: Period of written history. In Ontario, the historic period begins with European settlement.
Lithic: Stone. Lithic artifacts would include projectile points, scrapers, ground stone adzes, gun flints, etc.
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Lot: The smallest provenience designation used to locate an artifact or feature.
Midden: An archaeological term for a garbage dump.
Mitigation: To reduce the severity of development impact on an archaeological or other heritage resource through preservation or excavation. The process for minimizing the adverse impacts of an undertaking on identified cultural heritage resources within an affected area of a development project.
Multicomponent: An archaeological site which has seen repeated occupation over a period of time. Ideally, each occupation layer is separated by a sterile soil deposit that accumulated during a period when the site was not occupied. In other cases, later occupations will be directly on top of earlier ones or will even intrude upon them.
Operation: The primary division of an archaeological site serving as part of the provenience system. The operation usually represents a culturally or geographically significant unit within the site area.
Palaeo-Indian: The earliest human occupation of Ontario designated by archaeologists. The period dates between 9000 and 8000 B.C. and is characterized by small mobile groups of hunter-gatherers.
Prehistoric: Before written history. In Ontario, this term is used for the period of Native occupation up until the first contact with European groups.
Profile: The profile is the soil stratigraphy that shows up in the cross-section of an archaeological excavation. Profiles are important in understanding the relationship between different occupations of a site.
Projectile Point: A point used to tip a projectile such as an arrow, spear or harpoon. Projectile points may be made of stone (either chipped or ground), bone, ivory, antler or metal.
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Provenience: Place of origin. In archaeology this refers to the location where an artifact or feature was found. This may be a general location or a very specific horizontal and vertical point.
Salvage: To rescue an archaeological site or heritage resource from development impact through excavation or recording.
Stratigraphy: The sequence of layers in an archaeological site. The stratigraphy usually includes natural soil deposits and cultural deposits.
Sub-operation: A division of an operation unit in the provenience system.
Survey: To examine the extent and nature of a potential site area. Survey may include surface examination of ploughed or eroded areas and sub-surface testing.
Test Pit: A small pit, usually excavated by hand, used to determine the stratigraphy and presence of cultural material. Test pits are often used to survey a property and are usually spaced on a grid system.
Woodland: The most recent major division in the prehistoric sequence of Ontario. The Woodland period dates from 1000 B.C. to A.D. 1550. The period is characterized by the introduction of ceramics and the beginning of agriculture in southern Ontario. The period is further divided into Early (1000 B.C. to A.D. 0), Middle (A.D. 0 to A.D. 900) and Late (A.D. 900 to A.D.1550).
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