Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment for The

STAGE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT FOR THE PROPOSED NORTH GLENGARRY REGIONAL WATER SUPPLY PROJECT CLASS EA VARIOUS LOTS GEOGRAPHIC TOWNSHIPS OF KENYON AND CHARLOTTENBURG FORMER COUNTY OF GLENGARRY AND GEOGRAPHIC TOWNSHIP OF CORNWALL FORMER COUNTY OF STORMONT NOW IN THE TOWNSHIPS OF NORTH AND SOUTH GLENGARRY CURRENT UNITED COUNTIES OF STORMONT, DUNDAS AND GLENGARRY

PAST RECOVERY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SERVICES

STAGE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT FOR THE NORTH GLENGARRY REGIONAL WATER SUPPLY PROJECT CLASS EA, VARIOUS LOTS, GEO. TOWNSHIPS OF KENYON AND CHARLOTTENBURG, FORMER COUNTY OF GLENGARRY, AND GEO. TOWNSHIP OF CORNWALL, FORMER COUNTY OF STORMONT, NOW IN THE TOWNSHIPS OF NORTH AND SOUTH GLENGARRY, CURRENT UNITED COUNTIES OF S,D&G

Prepared for: Andre Bourque, P. Eng Project Manager with CH2M HILL Canada Limited 1011 Prince of Wales Drive, Suite 330 Ottawa, Ontario K2C 3W7 Phone: (613) 723-0233 ext.73106 Fax: (613) 723-7489 E-mail: [email protected]

Re: Municipal Class Environmental Assessment, Schedule C (Phase 5)

Prepared by: Stephanie Cleland, M.A. Past Recovery Archaeological Services 4534 Bolingbroke Road, R.R. #3 Maberly, Ontario K0H 2B0 Phone/Fax: 613-268-2426 E-mail: [email protected]

PRAS Project No.: PR12-16

Licencee: Jeff Earl, Licence P031 Principal Past Recovery Archaeological Services

P.I.F. No.: P031-060-2012

Date: February 22, 2013 Original report

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Mr. Andre Bourque, P. Eng., Project Manager with CH2M HILL provided direction, preliminary project mapping, and background information related to this project.

Mr. Robert von Bitter, Data Coordinator, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, provided a current listing of archaeological sites within 1 kilometre of each of the four study areas included in the present assessment.

PROJECT PERSONNEL

Project Manager/Licence Holder Jeff Earl, M.Soc.Sc., (P031)

Historical Research Stephanie Cleland, M.A., (R381)

Site Inspection Jeff Earl Dan Goss

Report Writing Stephanie Cleland Jeff Earl Dan Goss Adam Pollock, M.A., (P336)

Report Review Jeff Earl

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Past Recovery Archaeological Services was retained by CH2M HILL to undertake a Stage 1 archaeological assessment as part of the North Glengarry Regional Water Supply Project Class Environmental Assessment. The assessment included four spatially discrete study areas: three potential tank sites in Maxville located in Part Lots 6 through 11, Concession 17 and Part Lot 7, Concession 18, in the Geographic Township of Kenyon; two potential pump station sites and three alternative transmission main crossing routes in Martintown located in Part Lot 27, Concession 1 N.S.R.R. (North Side Raisin River) and Part Lot 26, Concession 1 S.S.R.R. (South Side Raisin River), in the geographic Township of Charlottenburg; a transmission main route along the unopened portion of the Cashion Road right-of-way lying between Part Lot 26, Second or Third Range S.S.R.R., Part Lots 1 and 2, Concession 3 I.L. (Indian Lands) and Part Lot 2, Concession 4 I.L. in the geographic Township of Charlottenburg; and, a watermain route option along a former concession road between Part Lots 1 through 6 and A through D, Concessions 2 and 3, and within Part Lots 4 and 5, Concession 3, in the geographic Township of Cornwall, and Part Lots 15 and 16, Concession I.L., in the geographic Township of Charlottenburg. The first three study areas lay within the boundaries of the historical County of Glengarry, while the fourth lay within the boundaries of the historical County of Stormont. All four study areas are presently located within the Townships of North and South Glengarry, in the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry.

The purpose of the Stage 1 assessment was to assess the archaeological potential of the four study areas and present recommendations for the mitigation of any significant known or potential archaeological resources. To this end, preliminary historical and archaeological research was conducted, a list of known cultural heritage resources within the study area was compiled, historical mapping and aerial photographs were consulted, and an environmental profile of the study area was generated. In addition, iii

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

visual inspections of the study areas were undertaken on August 10, 2012 and February 21, 2013, in order to augment the archaeological potential evaluation.

The results of the Stage 1 archaeological assessment form the basis for the following recommendations:

1) Should the proposed water supply project involve impacts (soil disturbances or other alterations) to the portions of the four study areas determined to exhibit archaeological potential (see Maps 35 to 39), a Stage 2 archaeological assessment will be required prior to the initiation of development-related activities. It should be noted that impacts include all aspects of the proposed development, including temporary access roads, staging/lay down areas, connecting watermains/pipes, and any other works. Portions of the four study areas identified as exhibiting archaeological potential include:

 Maxville Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations A, B, and C;  Martintown Transmission Main Crossing Alternatives A and B; and,  the Transmission Main Route along the un-opened portion of the Cashion Road ROW.

2) Any future Stage 2 archaeological assessment(s) should be undertaken by a licensed consultant archaeologist, in accordance with the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011). This would involve having any of the Maxville Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations that have been determined to exhibit archaeological potential ploughed, weathered by rain, and assessed by means of a pedestrian survey at 5 metre intervals. Should ploughing of these areas not be viable, the Stage 2 assessment would be conducted by means of a shovel test pit survey at 5 metre intervals. Portions of the any of the proposed transmission main routes in Martintown or along the unopened portion of the Cashion Road ROW identified as exhibiting archaeological

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

potential would be assessed by means of a shovel test pit survey conducted at 5 metre intervals.

3) If development-related impacts are proposed in lands lying immediately adjacent (i.e. within 5 metres) to the historical cemetery identified immediately to the south of Potential Tank Site Alternative Location A in Maxville (see Map 35), following the completion of the Stage 2 archaeological assessment, a Stage 3 assessment will be required in accordance with the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011). The purpose of this assessment would be to confirm the presence or absence of unmarked graves beyond the currently marked cemetery limits, to ensure no graves will be disturbed. This work should involve the mechanical removal of topsoil with heavy equipment (i.e. Gradall or backhoe) under the supervision of a licensed consultant archaeologist, followed by shovel shining of the exposed surface and an inspection of the subsoil for grave shafts;

4) Should the proposed water supply project require impacts (soil disturbance or other alterations) to areas lying outside of the four study areas included in this assessment (see Maps 1, 3, 5, 7 and 8), the initiation of development-related activities should be preceded by archaeological assessment undertaken by a licensed consultant archaeologist, in accordance with the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011). It should be noted that impacts include all aspects of the proposed development, including temporary access roads, staging/lay down areas, connecting watermains/pipes, and any other works.

The reader is referred to Section 4.0 below to ensure compliance with the Ontario Heritage Act as it may relate to this project.

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No.

Acknowledgments ii Project Personnel ii Executive Summary iii List of Images viii List of Maps x List of Tables xii

1.0 Introduction 1

2.0 Project Context 3 2.1 Development Context 3 2.2 Access Permission and Limitations 4

3.0 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment 5 3.1 Historical Context 5 3.1.1 Previous Historical Research 5 3.1.2 Regional Pre-contact Cultural Overview 5 3.1.3 Regional Post-contact Cultural Overview 9 3.1.4 Property-Specific History 15 3.2 Archaeological Context 27 3.2.1 Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites 28 3.2.2 Previous Archaeological Research 28 3.2.3 Identified Local Cultural Heritage Resources 30 3.2.4 Heritage Plaques/Monuments 31 3.2.5 Cemeteries 32 3.2.6 Local Environment 33 3.2.7 Site Inspection 36 3.3 Archaeological Potential 41 3.3.1 Determination of Archaeological Potential 41 3.3.2 Stage 1 Recommendations 48

4.0 Advice on Compliance with Legislation 50

5.0 Limitations and Closure 51

6.0 References 52

7.0 Images 65

8.0 Maps 85 vi

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page No.

Appendix 1: Photographic Catalogue 103 Appendix 2: Glossary of Archaeological Terms 106

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Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

LIST OF IMAGES

Image No. Page No.

1 Post card showing the grist mill and covered bridge at Martintown in 65 1908, looking north-west 2 Post card showing Kings Road in Martintown looking west from the 65 bridge, 1908 3 View showing Kings Road in Martintown looking east towards the 66 covered bridge, c.1900 4 View of the Martintown Potential Pump Station Site West showing the 66 former Martintown Community Centre in 2010, looking north-west 5 View of the Martintown Potential Pump Station Site East showing the 67 former Martintown fire hall in 2010, looking west 6 View of north end of Maxville Alternative Location A from Carr Street 67 East, looking south-east 7 View of the central portion of Maxville Alternative Location A from 68 County Road No. 22, looking west 8 View of the south end of the Maxville Alternative Location A from County 68 Road No. 22, looking south towards the Maxville Cemetery 9 View of the central portion of the Maxville Alternative Location A from the 69 corner of County Road 22 and Main Street, looking north-east 10 View of the central portion of the Maxville Alternative Location A from 69 County Road No. 22 showing the historic residence within the study area, looking north 11 View of the central portion of the Maxville Alternative Location A from 70 County Road No. 22 showing the historic residence excluded from the study area, looking north-west 12 View of the Maxville Cemetery from County Road No. 20, looking east 70 13 View of the west end of the Maxville Alternative Location B from Fair 71 Street, looking east with a catch basin in the foreground 14 View of the east end of the Maxville Alternative Location B from Fair 71 Street, looking south-west across the library parking lot 15 View of the north end of the Maxville Alternative Location C from George 72 Street, looking south-west 16 View of the central portion and north end of the Maxville Alternative 72 Location C from County Road No. 20, looking west 17 View of the south end of the Maxville Alternative Location C from County 73 Road No. 20, looking west 18 View of the Martintown Potential Pump Station Site East from the new 73 Community Centre parking lot showing the adjacent residential structures and the recent disturbance, looking south-east

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Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

LIST OF IMAGES (Continued)

Image No. Page No.

19 View of the Martintown Potential Pump Station Site East from the new 74 Community Centre parking lot showing the recent disturbance, looking south 20 View of the Martintown Potential Pump Station Site West showing the 74 site of the former Community Centre with the recreational courts in the background, looking west 21 View of the Martintown Potential Pump Station Site West showing the 75 site of the former Community Centre, looking north-north-west 22 View of the Raisin River north shoreline in the vicinity of Crossing 75 Alternatives A and B, looking south-west across the permanently wet area 23 View of the Raisin River south shoreline in the vicinity of Crossing 76 Alternative B from the north side of the river, looking south-west 24 View of the north side of the Kings Road Bridge showing recent 76 disturbance, looking south-south-west 25 View of the south side of the Kings Road Bridge from the Martintown 77 Grist Mill showing recent disturbance, looking south-west 26 View of the Martintown Mill and the Raisin River, looking north-east 77 27 View along Cashion Road from Street Road, looking south-east 78 28 View along the central portion of Cashion Road from within the 78 Summerstown Swamp, looking north-west towards the higher ridge across the north end of the road 29 View along the southern section of Cashion Road from the edge of 79 Summerstown Swamp, looking south-west 30 View of the wooded section of Summerstown Swamp along the southern 79 part of Cashion Road, looking south-west 31 View of the residence at No. 6079 Cashion Road, looking north-east 80 32 View of a residence at the corner of Cashion Road and Glen Road, looking 80 north-west 33 View of the west end of Tollgate Road immediately east of the intersection 81 with McConnell Avenue, looking north-west 34 View of the approximate location of the proposed watermain route option 81 alignment from Tollgate Road, through the Highway 401 ROW, to Service Road, looking south 35 View of the west end of Service Road, looking east 82 36 View of the central section of Service Road, looking south-west 82 37 View of the east end of Service Road, looking north-east 83 38 View of the intersection of Boundary Road and Glen Road, looking south-east 83 39 View of Glen Road towards the east end of the proposed watermain route 84 option alignment, looking east ix

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

LIST OF MAPS

Map No. Page No.

1 Locations of the four study areas 85 2 Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville 86 3 Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville 87 4 Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown 88 5 Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown 89 6 Location of the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road 90 7 Location of the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road 91 8 Location of the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route Option 92 9 Segment of the 1862 H. F. Walling map of the Counties of Stormont, 93 Dundas, and Glengarry showing the Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville 10 Segment of the 1879 H. Belden map of Kenyon Township showing the 94 Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville 11 Segment of a pre-1946 topographic map showing the Potential Tank Site 95 Alternative Locations in Maxville 12 Segment of a 1946 aerial photograph showing the Potential Tank Site 96 Alternative Locations in Maxville 13 Segment of the 1862 H. F. Walling map of Martintown showing showing 97 Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives 14 Segment of the 1879 H. Belden map of Martintown showing Potential 98 Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives 15 Goad’s Fire Insurance Plan of Martintown, 1885, showing Crossing 99 Alternative C 16 Segment of a 1937 topographic map showing Potential Pump Station Sites 100 and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown 17 Segment of a 1946 aerial photograph showing Potential Pump Station Sites 101 and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown 18 Segment of a 1953 topographic map showing Potential Pump Station Sites 102 and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown 19 Segment of a 1969 aerial photograph showing Potential Pump Station Sites 103 and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown 20 Segment of the 1862 H. F. Walling map of the Counties of Stormont, 104 Dundas, and Glengarry showing the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road 21 Segment of the 1879 H. Belden map of Charlottenburg Township showing 105 the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road 22 Segment of a 1937 topographic map showing the Transmission Main Route 106 on Cashion Road

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

LIST OF MAPS (Continued)

Map No. Page No.

23 Segments of 1946 aerial photographs showing the Transmission Main Route 107 on Cashion Road 24 Segment of a 1953 topographic map showing the Transmission Main Route 108 on Cashion Road 25 Segment of the 1862 H. F. Walling map of the Counties of Stormont, 109 Dundas, and Glengarry showing the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route Option 26 Segments of the 1879 H. Belden maps of Cornwall and Charlottenburg 110 Townships showing the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route Option 27 Segment of a 1937 topographic map showing the Tollgate Road/Service 111 Road Transmission Main Route Option 28 Segments of 1957 aerial photographs showing the Tollgate Road/Service 112 Road Transmission Main Route Option 29 Segment of a 1957 topographic map showing the Tollgate Road/Service 113 Road Transmission Main Route Option 30 Segment of a physiographic map of eastern Ontario showing the locations 114 of the four study areas 31 Locations and directions of photographs taken during the property 115 inspection at the Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville and used in this report 32 Locations and directions of photographs taken during the property 116 inspection at the Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown and used in this report 33 Locations and directions of photographs taken during the property 117 inspection at the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road and used in this report 34 Locations and directions of photographs taken during the property 118 inspection at the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route Option and used in this report 35 Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville showing 119 archaeological potential 36 Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown 120 showing archaeological potential 37 Location of the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road showing 121 archaeological potential 38 Location of the west portion of the Tollgate Road/Service Road 122 Transmission Main Route Option showing archaeological potential

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

LIST OF MAPS (Continued)

Map No. Page No.

39 Location of the east portion of the Tollgate Road/Service Road 123 Transmission Main Route Option showing archaeological potential

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Page No.

1 Listing of Registered Archaeological Sites within a 1 km Radius of the 28 Centre of the Study Area 2 Inventory of the Documentary Record 38

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Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Past Recovery Archaeological Services was retained by CH2M HILL to undertake a Stage 1 archaeological assessment of aspects of the proposed North Glengarry Regional Water Supply Project Environmental Assessment Study. This involved the examination of four separate study areas along the proposed pipeline route (Map 1). Study Area 1 was located in Maxville and consisted of three alternate sites for an elevated water storage tank totalling approximately 100 acres or 40.8 ha, including Part Lots 6 through 11, Concession 17 and Part Lot 7, Concession 18 in the geographic Township of Kenyon (Maps 2 and 3). Study Area 2 was located in Martintown and consisted of two alternate sites for a water booster pumping station totalling less than one hectare and three alternate locations for the transmission watermain to cross the Raisin River on Part Lot 27, Concession 1 N.S.R.R. (North Side Raisin River) and Part Lot 26, Concession 1 S.S.R.R. (South Side Raisin River) in the geographic Township of Charlottenburg (Maps 4 and 5). Study Area 3 consisted of a two kilometre un-opened section of Cashion Road between Glen Road and Street Road flanked by Part Lot 26, Second or Third Range S.S.R.R., Part Lots 1 and 2, Concession 3 I.L. (Indian Lands) and Part Lot 2, Concession 4 I.L. in the geographic Township of Charlottenburg (Maps 6 and 7). Study Area 4 consisted of a 4.6 kilometre corridor watermain route option located along a former concession road allowance between Part Lots 1 through 6 and A through D, Concessions 2 and 3, and within Part Lots 4 and 5, Concession 3, in the geographic Township of Cornwall and Part Lots 15 and 16, Concession 3 I.L., in the geographic Township of Charlottenburg (Map 8). The first three study areas lay within the boundaries of the historical County of Glengarry, while the fourth lay within the boundaries of the historical County of Stormont.

The objectives of the present Stage 1 archaeological assessment were as follows:

 To provide information about each study area’s geography, history, previous archaeological fieldwork, and current land condition;  To evaluate each study area’s archaeological potential; and,  To recommend appropriate strategies for Stage 2 archaeological assessment in the event further assessment is warranted.

This report presents the results of the Stage 1 assessment and is divided into eight sections. Section 2.0 provides general project information in order to set the archaeological assessment in the context of the proposed development. This is followed by the Stage 1 assessment (Section 3.0) which includes a brief review of relevant previous archaeological and historical research undertaken, an outline of the pre- contact and historic sequences of occupation in the vicinity and a detailed account of the property history. Also within this section is a summary of the property inspection, a discussion of the local environment, a listing of past archaeological research and known

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

cultural resources in the vicinity, a determination of the archaeological potential of the study area in terms of pre-contact and historic period cultural resources and Stage 1 recommendations. Following Section 3.0 is advice on compliance with archaeological legislation, (Section 4.0), a statement of limitations and closure regarding this project (Section 5.0), and all references consulted during the background research and cited in this report (Section 6.0). The final sections of the report (Sections 7.0 and 8.0) contain all of the referenced images and maps. A catalogue of photographs taken within each study area follows as Appendix 1. Finally, a glossary of archaeological terms is included as Appendix 2.

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

2.0 PROJECT CONTEXT

This section of the report provides the context for the archaeological work undertaken, including a description of the study area, the related legislation or directives triggering the assessment, any additional development-related information, as well as confirmation of permission to access the study area for the purposes of the assessment.

2.1 Development Context

The Glengarry Regional Water Supply Project (GRWSP) is a regional capital infrastructure project spearheaded by the Township of North Glengarry, but also involving the Township of South Glengarry and the City of Cornwall. The project is aimed at addressing water quantity and quality challenges in the villages of Maxville and Alexandria, and will involve installing a watermain and related pumping and storage infrastructure to take treated drinking water from the City of Cornwall into Maxville and Alexandria. The pipe will be designed in such a way as to ensure that communities lying along the proposed route, including Glendale, Martintown, Apple Hill, and Dominionville would be able to connect in the future.

This archaeological assessment has been triggered by a Municipal Class Environmental Assessment (MCEA), Part II: Municipal Water and Wastewater Projects, and has been identified as a ‘Schedule C’ activity, and as such is required to complete all five phases of the Class EA process (Municipal Engineers Association 2000). Phases 1 and 2 of the MCEA were completed in 2002 and 2007 (at that point the project was named ‘the Maxville Water Supply Project’). Phases 3 and 4 of the EA have subsequently been undertaken and, in 2010, an Environmental Study Report (ESR) was completed as part of an EA amendment. The MCEA is currently in Phase 5 (implementation of the project) and is in the pre-approval stage.

The 2010 ESR (entitled “North Glengarry and South Glengarry Regional Water Supply Environmental Study Report, January 2010, The Thompson Rosemount Group) recommended the Cornwall connection (Alternative B1-2) as the preferred alternative regional water supply source for the communities of Maxville and Alexandria, and, in the future, other communities in North and South Glengarry. The preferred alternative includes the construction of:

 Watermains and a primary valve-metering station chamber in Cornwall;  A transmission watermain from Cornwall to Maxville;  A booster station near Martintown;  A distribution system, storage, treatment, and pumping station in Maxville;  A transmission watermain from the County Road 43/20 intersection to Alexandria; and,

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

 Pumping station upgrades at the Alexandria Water Treatment Plant.

While the preferred alternative for the overall project has been selected and the project is currently in the implementation phase (wherein the design of the preferred solution is being undertaken), several pre-design studies have not yet been completed. In order to meet requirements under the MCEA process and the Ontario Environmental Assessment Act, EA amendments were required for the Martintown booster pumping station, the Maxville storage, treatment, booster pumping station and distribution systems, and any locations where the transmission main route will pass outside existing municipal road allowances (as determined during the design phase of the EA). The completion of an archaeological assessment was a requirement under this process.

Past Recovery Archaeological Services was retained to complete a Stage 1 archaeological assessment of four study areas (see Map 1):

1. the Maxville Elevated Water Storage Tank Sites (three alternative sites) (see Maps 2 and 3); 2. the Martintown Water Booster Pumping Station Sites (two alternative sites) and Transmission Main Crossing Alternative Routes (three alternative routes across the Raisin River) (see Maps 4 and 5); 3. the Transmission Main Route along the unopened portion of the Cashion Road right-of-way (ROW) (see Maps 6 and 7); and, 4. the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route Option (see Map 8).

The locations and boundaries of all four study areas and each of the alternative sites/routes within them were provided to PRAS on mapping supplied by the project planners (see Maps 2, 4 and 6) 1. These maps were used by PRAS staff to determine the limits of the areas of investigation in the field, using visible lot boundaries and other fixed landmarks as reference points.

2.2 Access Permission and Limitations

Permission to access the study area and complete all aspects of cultural heritage resource assessment activities, including photography, was granted by the project proponent on behalf of the municipalities. Permissions extended only to publicly- accessible rights-of-way (ROW) or municipally-owned lands.

1 A map showing the location and alignment of the fourth study area, the Tollgate Road/Service Road Maine Route Option was supplied in an early draft form and is not reproduced in this report. 4

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

3.0 STAGE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

3.1 Historical Context

This section of the report includes an overview of human settlement in the region with the intention of providing a context for the evaluation of known and potential archaeological sites, as well as a review of property-specific detailed archival research presenting a record of land use history.

3.1.1 Previous Historical Research

General histories of the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry consulted in the preparation of this report include Belden (1879), Harkness (1946), Marin & Marin (1982) and Pringle (1980). Rhodes Grant (1974 and 1976) has written a general history of the founding of Martintown to the beginning of World War II.

3.1.2 Regional Pre-contact Cultural Overview

It should be noted that our understanding of the pre-contact sequence of human activity in the area is very incomplete, stemming from a lack of systematic archaeological surveys in the region, as well as from the destruction of archaeological sites caused by development prior to legislated requirements for archaeological assessments to be completed. It is possible, however, to provide a general outline of pre-contact occupation in the region based on archaeological, historical and environmental research conducted in eastern Ontario.

The earliest human occupation of southern Ontario began approximately 11,000 years ago with the arrival of small groups of hunter-gatherers referred to by archaeologists as Palaeo-Indians (Ellis and Deller 1990:39). These groups gradually moved northward as the glacial ice of the last Ice Age retreated and the water levels of the meltwater-fed glacial lakes increased. While very little is known about their lifestyle; it is likely that Palaeo-Indian groups travelled widely, relying on the seasonal migration of caribou as well as small animals and wild plants for subsistence in a sub-arctic environment. They produced a variety of distinctive stone tools including fluted projectile points, scrapers, burins and gravers. Most archaeological evidence for the Palaeo-Indian period has been found in south-western and south-central Ontario at sites located on the former shorelines of glacial Lake Algonquin. First Nations settlement of eastern Ontario was late in comparison to these other parts of the province as a result of the high water levels of the St. Lawrence Marine Embayment of the post-glacial Champlain Sea (Hough 1958:204). The St. Lawrence Valley remained very much on the fringe of the portions of the province occupied by Palaeo-Indian colonizers. The earliest reported

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

finds in the general area are late Paleo-Indian non-fluted lanceolate points from Akwesasne at Thompson Island down river from Cornwall.

During the succeeding Archaic period (c.7000 to 1000 B.C.), the environment of southern Ontario approached modern conditions and more land became available for occupation as water levels in the glacial lakes dropped (Ellis, Kenyon, and Spence 1990:69). Populations continued to follow a mobile hunter-gatherer subsistence strategy, although there appears to have been a greater reliance on fishing and gathered food (e.g. plants and nuts) and more diversity between regional groups. The tool kit also became increasingly diversified, reflecting an adaptation to environmental conditions similar to those of today. This included the presence of adzes, gouges and other ground stone tools believed to have been used for heavy woodworking activities such as the construction of dug-out canoes, grinding stones for processing nuts and seeds, specialized fishing gear including net sinkers and plummets and a general reduction in the size of projectile points. The middle and late portions of the Archaic period saw the development of trading networks spanning the Great Lakes, and by 6,000 years ago copper was being mined in the Upper Great Lakes and traded into southern Ontario. There is increasing evidence of ceremonialism and elaborate burial practices and a wide variety of non-utilitarian items such as gorgets, pipes and ‘birdstones’ were being manufactured.

More extensive First Nation settlement of eastern Ontario began during the Archaic period, sometime between 5,500 and 4,500 B.C. (Kennedy 1970:61; Ellis, Kenyon and Spence 1990:93). Artifacts from Archaic sites in eastern Ontario suggest a close relationship to the Laurentian Archaic stage peoples of New York State. Laurentian peoples occupied the Canadian biotic province transition zone between the deciduous forests to the south and the boreal forests to the north. The Laurentian Archaic artifact complex contains large, broad bladed, chipped stone and ground slate projectile points, and heavy ground stone tools. This stage is also known for the extensive use of cold- hammered copper tools including “bevelled spear points, bracelets, pendants, axes, fishhooks, and knives” (Kennedy 1970:59). The first significant evidence for occupation of the St. Lawrence Valley appears at this time. Dailey and Wright (1955a, 1955b) identified a number of Laurentian or Middle Archaic sites in the vicinity if Cornwall. Late Archaic sites have also been identified at Jessups Falls and in the Pendleton area along the South Nation River (Watson 1982; Daechsel 1980).

The introduction of ceramics to Ontario marked the beginning of the Woodland period (c.1000 B.C. to A.D. 1550). Local populations continued to participate in extensive trade networks that, at their zenith at circa A.D. 200, spanned much of North America and included the movement of conch shell, fossilized shark teeth, mica, copper and silver. Social structure appears to have become increasingly complex, with some status differentiation evident in burials. It was in the Middle Woodland period (c.300 B.C. to

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

A.D. 900) that distinctive trends or ‘traditions’ evolved in different parts of Ontario for the first time. The Middle Woodland tradition found in eastern and south-central Ontario has become known as ‘Point Peninsula’ (Spence, Pihl and Murphy 1990:157). Investigations of sites with occupations dating to this time period have allowed archaeologists to develop a better picture of the seasonal round followed in order to exploit a variety of resources within a home territory. Through the late fall and winter, small groups would occupy an inland ‘family’ hunting area. In the spring, these dispersed families would congregate at specific lakeshore sites to fish, hunt in the surrounding forest and socialize. This gathering would last through to the late summer when large quantities of food would be stored up for the approaching winter.

Towards the end of the Woodland period (circa A.D. 800) domesticated plants were introduced in areas to the south of the Canadian Shield. Initially only a minor addition to the diet, the cultivation of corn, beans, squash, sunflowers and tobacco gained economic importance for late Woodland peoples. Along with this shift in subsistence, settlements located adjacent to corn fields began to take on greater permanency as sites with easily tillable farmland became more important. Eventually, semi-permanent and permanent villages were built, many of which were surrounded by palisades, evidence of growing hostilities between neighbouring groups.

The proliferation of Woodland period sites suggests an increase in the population of eastern Ontario, with the general study area falling within a very active region for First Nation populations through this period. A number of Middle Woodland sites, attributed to what archaeologists have labelled the Point Peninsula complex, have been identified in this part of eastern Ontario, with Ault Park near Cornwall, being one of the most significant in eastern Ontario (Fox 1990:183-186). Other local archaeological sites with occupations dating from this time period include the Long Sault Island Mounds (Ritchie and Dragoo 1960), and the Malcolm Site (BgFp-2) (Daily and Wright 1955). Slightly further afield, significant Middle Woodland components have been found at the Leamy Lake sites (Laliberté 2000) and at a recently discovered site in Vincent Massey Park which also contains Late Archaic material (Jacquie Fisher, personal communication 2011). Fragments of an early ceramic vessel were recovered from the Deep River Site (CaGi-1) on the Quebec side of the Ottawa River across from Chalk River (Mitchell 1963). The Meath Sites (BkGg 1-10), located on Mud Lake in the Muskrat River Basin south of Pembroke, have yielded a range of occupations from the Archaic through to Middle Woodland (Robertson and Croft 1971, 1973, 1974, 1975; Croft 1986). The Wilbur Lake sites on the Bonnechere River near Eganville are centered around the Kant Site (BjGg-1), which is primarily related to aspects of the Middle Woodland period, although they also contain elements spanning the Late Archaic to Late Woodland periods (Mitchell 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991; Pendergast 1957). Middle Woodland sites have been noted in the South Nation Drainage Basin and along the

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Ottawa River including the north-west part of Ottawa at Marshall’s and Sawdust Bays (Daechsel 1980, 1981).

There appears to have been a hiatus in the occupation of the St. Lawrence Valley through the early stages of the Late Woodland period. By the end of the period, however, a considerable population belonging to what archaeologists refer to as the St. Lawrence Iroquois had become established in the region. Settlement clusters have been identified near the Spencerville/Prescott area, and lying just north of Lake St. Francis (sometimes identified as the ‘Cornwall cluster’; see Adams 2003:43), with a large number reported for Jefferson County in New York State and further east into Quebec. The ‘Cornwall cluster’ of villages includes Summerstown Station (BgFp-1), Glenbrook (BgFp-5), Berry (BgFo-3), and MacDougald (BgFp-36). In addition to these village sites, numerous special purpose camps (i.e. fishing camps along tributaries of the St. Lawrence River) have been found in the area2, including the Salem (BgFp-4), Gray’s Creek (BgFp-6), Cooper (BgFp-16), Casgrain Hill (BgFp-20), Sugarbush (BgFp-21), Salem Suburb (BgFp-22), Mice Mucking Hollow (BgFp-24), Kaneb Road (BgFp-27), Big Boulder Camp (BgFp-28), Track (BgFp-29), and Home Property (BgFp-34) sites. The material culture and settlement patterns of the fourteenth and fifteenth century St. Lawrence Iroquoian sites are directly related to the Iroquoian-speaking groups that Jacques Cartier and his crew encountered in 1535 at Stadacona (Quebec City) and Hochelaga (Montreal Island) (Jamieson 1990:386). Following Cartier’s initial voyages, subsequent journeys by Europeans found only abandoned settlements along the St. Lawrence River. High mortality from the European diseases introduced by Cartier and continued conflict with their neighbours probably accounts for the disappearance of the St. Lawrence Iroquois. At this time, there was a significant increase of St. Lawrence Iroquoian ceramic vessel types on Huron sites, and segments of the St. Lawrence Iroquois population may have relocated to the north and west either as captives or refugees (J. Wright 1966:70-71; Sutton 1990:54). Mohawk oral tradition suggests that some of the people from the Hochelaga area joined the Mohawks.

The portions of eastern Ontario lying within the Ottawa River watershed, including the South Nation River, appear to have seen continued use by groups retaining a hunter and gatherer-based subsistence strategy, in some cases incorporating limited horticulture. The hunter/gatherers of this region are primarily regarded as having been Algonkian-speaking populations practicing lifeways with roots in the Archaic period. The origins of these groups and the nature of their relationships with their neighbours remains a matter of debate, which has been hampered by the low intensity of archaeological investigation in the area.

2 The majority of these sites were found through the work of a local amateur archaeologist and were recorded in the 1960s as part of the Archaeological Survey of Canada. While these sites have subsequently been entered into the provincial Archaeological Sites Database, limited information has been published, and information on their location is incomplete. 8

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The population shifts of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries were certainly in part a result of the disruption of traditional trade and exchange patterns among all First Nations peoples brought about by the arrival of the French, Dutch and British along the Atlantic seaboard. Control of the lucrative St. Lawrence River trade became a source of contention between neighbouring peoples as the benefits of trading with the Europeans became apparent. While prolonged occupation of the region may have been avoided as a result of hostilities between Iroquoian speaking populations to the south and Algonquin populations to the north, at least the northern reaches of the South Nation River basin were undoubtedly used as hunting territories by the Algonquin at this time. There is virtually no archaeological evidence for contact between Europeans and First Nations populations in this area during this time period, suggesting that the region remained largely abandoned and that any remaining Native groups may have deliberately avoided the newcomers.

3.1.3 Regional Post-contact Cultural Overview

The first European to venture deeper into what would become southern Ontario was Étienne de Brûlé, who was entrusted by Samuel de Champlain in 1610 to strengthen relations between the French and First Nations and to learn their language and customs. Other Europeans were subsequently sent by the French to train as interpreters, many of whom became coureurs de bois (Gervais 2004:182). Champlain himself made two trips into Ontario, initially in 1613 and again in 1615. At this time he travelled from the Ottawa River up the Mississippi River to the south-east shore of Mississippi Lake and then overland along an Indian trail to the Rideau River. He and other French explorers and missionaries travelling in the region in the early seventeenth century encountered groups of people speaking different dialects of an Algonquian language, including the Matouweskarini along the Madawaska River to the west, the Kichespirini at Morrison Island, the Otaguottouemin along the Ottawa River northwest of Morrison Island, the Onontchataronon in the Gananoque River basin to the southwest, and the Weskarini in the Petite Nation River basin to the north (Pendergast 1999; Trigger 1976). These loosely aligned bands subsisted by hunting, fishing and gathering, and undertook limited horticulture. While Champlain made note of the South Nation River during his 1613 visit to the area, it is difficult to determine what use, if any, was made of the river by the early French traders and missionaries that followed him. At least some travel on the river system during the 17th and early 18th centuries was likely.

The first centuries of contact between First Nations peoples and Europeans contributed to a period of significant change in the region. The endemic warfare of the age and severe smallpox epidemics in 1623-24 and again between 1634 and 1640 brought about drastic population decline among all First Nations peoples in southern Ontario, particularly the Huron, who had become an important ‘middle man’ in the French fur trade (Hessel 1993:63-65). Following the dispersal of the Huron from the present

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Simcoe County area by the League of Five Nations in 1649, these Iroquoian groups from the later New York State area began to make tentative attempts to settle the northern shore of Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River.

In 1673, Fort Frontenac was established at the present site of Kingston, and another fort was constructed at La Presentation (Ogdensburg, New York) in 1700. These forts were erected both to solidify control of the fur trade and to enhance their ties with local Native populations. The French also encouraged the establishment of indigenous villages near their settlements to create closer alliances. This policy had some success; however Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) traders cultivated ties with both the French on the St. Lawrence and the British in the Mohawk Valley, and eventually Oswego, to ensure that they had competing markets for furs. Akwesasne, part of the Haudenosaunee hunting grounds for over a century and a half, became their permanent settlement towards the middle of the eighteenth century. With the Royal Proclamation of 1763 the British acquired all French possessions in North America. The terms of the Proclamation, which included rules for the purchase of Indian land, were communicated to the Mohawk settlement by the Imperial Indian Department and at the Niagara Congress in 1764.

Settlement in the St. Lawrence Valley area was not actively encouraged by the British colonial government until the late eighteenth century. With the end of the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783), an exodus of United Empire Loyalists and disbanded soldiers moving north across the St. Lawrence required the acquisition and settling of new lands. In response, the British Government sought to acquire the rights to lands along the north shore of the St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario through hurried negotiations with their Mississauga military allies, who were assumed, erroneously, to be the only Native peoples inhabiting eastern Ontario.3 Captain William Redford Crawford, who enjoyed the trust of the Mississauga chiefs living in the Bay of Quinte region, negotiated on behalf of the British government. In the so-called ‘Crawford Purchase,’ the Mississauga were cajoled into giving up Native title to most of eastern Ontario, including what would become the counties of Stormont, Dundas, Glengarry, Prescott, Russell, Leeds, Grenville and Prince Edward, as well as the front townships of Frontenac, Lennox, Addington and Hastings and much of what is now the City of Ottawa (Lockwood 1996:24). There were numerous problems with this transaction as it ignored other Native groups’ rights to some of the lands it purported to cover, crucial documents were missing and the extent of compensations was never clear. Nevertheless Major Samuel Holland, Surveyor General for Canada, began laying out these lands in 1784, with such haste that the newly established townships were assigned numbers instead of names. The westernmost surveyed township (Elizabethtown) was

3 At this time, there was a significant Algonquin presence in eastern Ontario and Mohawk Reserves had been established at Tyendinaga near Desoronto and at St. Regis near Cornwall. 10

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originally called Township No. 8, while the easternmost (Charlottenburg) was Township No. 1 (Leavitt 1879:17). Euro-Canadian settlement along the north bank of the St. Lawrence River and the eastern end of Lake Ontario began in earnest about his time.

A government store was constructed in 1784 to anchor the planned settlement of New Johnstown (later Cornwall) which was to become the district headquarters, and settlers who had been moved from Quebec to populate the village subsequently began the work of clearing the forests (Harkness 1946:45). Cornwall soon boasted a canal, the Hodge Mill and various military buildings. The town was also noted for its early textile industry (Belden 1879). Arriving at the village, Loyalists drew settlement lots in the district, with each soldier receiving a grant of 100 acres fronting on the St. Lawrence River and an additional 200 acres further inland in the same township. Officers were entitled to much larger grants based on their rank, and the children of Loyalists also obtained free land. As a result, the entire river frontage within the Townships of Charlottenburg, Cornwall, Osnabruck, Williamsburg and Matilda was settled almost simultaneously.

In 1788, Sir Guy Carleton, the Governor General of Quebec, established four administrative districts for Upper Canada and associated land boards to facilitate settlement. Territory along the St. Lawrence at the eastern end of the later Province of Ontario was initially made part of the Lunenburg or Eastern District with New Johnstown as the district town. This included the later counties of Dundas, Glengarry, Ontario, Prescott, Russell, Stormont, Carleton, Grenville and Leeds. Carleton, Grenville and Leeds became the Johnstown District in 1792, and Prescott and Russell the Ottawa District in 1816. Dundas, Glengarry and Stormont became the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry in 1849. The most easterly county in Ontario, Glengarry County fronts on the St. Lawrence River and Lake St. Francis to the southeast, the Quebec counties of Soulanges and Vendreuil to the east, Prescott County to the north and Stormont County to the west. Historic Glengarry County comprised two of the original eight Royal Townships of Upper Canada: Lancaster and Charlottenburg. Each of these townships was then subdivided to create the four townships which defined the county until recently (Archives of Ontario 2009). Kenyon Township was created from Charlottenburg in 1798.

Scottish Highlanders made up a large segment of the Glengarry County population. Many had initially emigrated to the Mohawk Valley in New York, but were displaced after the Revolutionary War. Others arrived directly from Scotland, 500 settling at St. Raphael in 17864 and hundreds more immigrating in the 1790s and 1800s (Glengarry

4 St. Raphael is situated on the 7th concession back from the St. Lawrence River, Charlottenburg Township, where a large stone church was built by the Gaelic-speaking Catholic Highlanders who had settled in the easternmost county of Upper Canada (St. Raphael’s Ruins 2012). 11

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Historical Society 2012; Bowering 2006:3). Another early community developed around a stone church built in 1786 in the nearby Scottish settlement of St. Andrews along the banks of the Raisin River (Northeastern Archaeological Associates Limited 2011:4).

Following the war of 1812, several projects were begun to fortify eastern Ontario, including the construction of the Rideau and Grenville Canals, which employed many Glengarry men during the first half of the 19th century (MacGillivray and Ross 1979:303). The area around Williamstown became popular among veterans of the North-West Company, a fur trading syndicate that operated between 1779 and 1821 (Glengarry Historical Society Website). Development of the county was also aided by its position on the direct route between Toronto and Montreal. This ensured that travellers would be passing through at all times of the year and led to improved roads in the area (MacGillivray and Ross 1979:283).

The Grand Trunk Railway linking Brockville to Montreal was constructed in 1855 with a stop in Lancaster and a year later was expanded to Toronto. The Canada Atlantic Railway was completed in 1882 linking Montreal and Ottawa, passing through what would become Maxville. This railway amalgamated with the Grand Trunk in 1914, which in turn became part of the Canadian National Railway in 1923. The Canadian Pacific Railway Co. constructed a line through the county to the south of the Canada Atlantic in 1888. The Glengarry and Stormont Railway Co. constructed a line between Cornwall and Soulanges in 1914, which was taken over by Canadian Pacific the following year. This line included a total of 19 stations across the county, connecting Cornwall with the main Canadian Pacific line. These advancements in the county’s transportation routes opened up the townships of North Glengarry to markets in Ottawa, Montreal and the United States (Bowering 2006:6).

Population decline among the Scottish population before World War I was counter- balanced by a wave of migration from neighbouring Quebec, where there were severe land shortages, which led to an increased French-Canadian population in Glengarry County (Bowering 2006:7). Historical maps of the county show the intensification of rural settlement that occurred through the late nineteenth century, as most of the land in the four townships came to be settled and the original lots were subdivided.

Still part of the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry, Glengarry County was divided into North Glengarry and South Glengarry in 1998. In general, the population has changed little over the last century, ranging from 22,447 in 1892 to 19,270 in 1976 and 23,515 in 2006 (MacGillivray and Ross 1979:2; Glengarry County 2010).

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Kenyon Township

Historically, the Township of Kenyon was bounded on the north by the Township of Caledonia, on the east by the Township of Lochiel, on the south by the Township of Charlottenburg and on the west by the Township of Roxborough. Created in 1798, the township was named after the Welsh Chief Justice of England at the time of settlement, Lord Kenyon (Bowering 2006:4).

The settlement history of this township is similar to that of other townships in Glengarry County. The south-east portion was settled by numerous members of the McMillan clan, while the McGregor, McDonald, McLeod, McTavish, McRae, McDiarmid, McIntosh, McNaughton, McKay, McDougall and other Highland as well as many Lowland families were also present. The population of Kenyon Township was more dense than in other rural districts given the quality of the agricultural lands and the quantity of lumber available (Belden 1979:13).

Charlottenburg Township

Historically, the Township of Charlottenburg was bounded on the north by the Township of Kenyon, on the northwest by the Township of Lochiel, on the east by the Township of Lancaster and on the west by the Township of Cornwall. It was named after Charlotte of Macklenburg-Strelitz, Queen Consort of King George III (Bowering 2006:3; Harkness 1946:45).

Gourlay and Mealing’s Statistical Account of Upper Canada, originally published in 1822, indicates that the Township of Charlottenburg was settled in 1784 by soldiers of the Kings Royal Regiment of New York, consisting primarily of Scots. As of 1818 the population was approximately 2,500 people residing in 500 houses. Other notable buildings of the period included a stone Presbyterian Church, three Presbyterian meeting houses, a stone Catholic Church, a Catholic meeting house, 12 schools, 12 stores, 18 taverns, four grist mills, six saw mills and a carding mill (Gourlay and Mealing 1822:277). Fur traders of the North-West Company also settled here during the late 18th and early 19th centuries (Lankan 2010).

French-Canadian immigrants from Quebec moved into the area at the start of the 19th century, when the agricultural, forestry and potash industries were dominant in the county. By the mid-19th century over 6,500 acres of land within the township were under cultivation, and the township boasted three sawmills and a population over 2,500 (Smith 1846:113). Further commercial prosperity came to Charlottenburg in 1855 with the opening of a Grand Trunk Railway Station at Camerontown. The main historic thoroughfare until this time was the Matilda Road, which ran north from Matilda Township along the St. Lawrence River and was graded and planked in 1852

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(MacGillivray and Ross 1979). As the 1800s came to an end, the township had become famous for its cheese making and for buggy manufacture (Lankan 2010).

Cornwall Township

Historically, the Township of Cornwall was bounded on the north by the Township of Roxborough, on the west by the Township of Osnabruck, on the south by the St. Lawrence River, on the east by the Township of Charlottenburg, and on the northeast by the Township of Kenyon. It was named after Prince Frederick, son of King George III, whose title was Duke of Cornwall (Bowering 2006:4).

Permanent Euro-Canadian settlement of Cornwall Township dates to 1784 when Lt. Col. Sir John Johnson and the First Battalion King’s Royal Regiment of New York along with members of the 84th Royal Highland Regiment established New Johnstown. Census records from 1784 show 215 men, 87 women, and 214 children in Cornwall Township, although only 99 of these were settled on their allotted land grants and a certain proportion of the total may have subsequently moved to land in adjacent townships (Cornwall LACAC n.d.).

The town plot for Cornwall was surveyed in 1785, but a survey undertaken by Wm. Chewett in 1792 provided the earliest official plan of the town to survive. This map lists 40 land owners in the settlement as well as a school, a church, and a doctor. Three years later, the erection of the district court house established Cornwall as the principal town in the township of Stormont, Dundas, and Glengarry. Also significant in the early development of Cornwall was the arrival of the Rev. John Strachan in 1803 and his establishment of the Cornwall Grammar School in 1807. With Strachan's presence, Cornwall became a centre of learning and political influence where many members of the Family Compact were trained.

Given its strategic location, Cornwall played an important role during the War of 1812, serving as a garrison town and a communications and supply depot (Carter-Edwards n.d.). The construction of the Cornwall Canal provided the town with an immense source of water power which, combined with an abundant local labour force and the nearby market of Montreal, meant that Cornwall quickly became the industrial leader in Canada West. When the canal was completed in 1845, local entrepreneurs immediately began petitioning the government Board of Works to survey and auction off canal lots and water rights (Senior 1984:224). By 1847 Cornwall was a thriving community of 1,647 with numerous services, trades people, and commercial establishments.

The Walling map of 1862 shows the nine square mile town plot surrounded by the developing township. This map provides the first depiction of the industrial

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development taking place within the town. The mills of Cornwall continued to grow and prosper through a deep economic depression that affected the rest of the country in the 1870s. This growth is reflected in the population of the town, which was 2,033 in 1871, but by 1881 had more than doubled to 4,468 (Cornwall LACAC n.d.). The next available plan, Belden’s 1879 map of the township, shows the continued growth of Cornwall and intensification of agriculture in the surrounding township. The City continued to prosper through the early decades of the twentieth century, including during the Great Depression, however in the post Second World War period, overseas competition began to have an impact on the mills. Many closed in the 1950s (Cornwall LACAC n.d.). In 1954, construction began on the St. Lawrence Seaway and the associated power project that created the R. H. Saunders Generating Station just west of Cornwall. The Three Nations Bridge (Seaway International Bridge) also dates to this period, opening in 1962.

3.1.4 Property-Specific History

A complete review of the property history for each of the lots within the four study areas is beyond the scope of the present undertaking. The following discussion will focus on the main developments of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, particularly as they relate to the archaeological potential of each area. Each of the three sites will be discussed separately. Information was principally drawn from a series of historical maps, in particular H.F. Walling’s 1862 plan of Glengarry and Stormont Counties and H. Belden’s 1879 maps of Kenyon, Charlottenburg, and Cornwall Townships. Other nineteenth and twentieth century maps, fire insurance plans and aerial photographs were also consulted on a limited basis.

Area 1 - Maxville Elevated Water Storage Tank Sites

The three alternative locations for the Maxville Elevated Water Storage Tank are all found within the Village of Maxville on Part Lots 6 through 11, Concession 17 and Part Lot 7, Concession 18, in the geographic Township of Kenyon.

The settlement that was to become Maxville had its beginnings as four farms situated at the intersection of what are now Marlborough, Main and Mechanic Streets (North Glengarry Community Economic Development Group 2000). The town was relatively late to develop in comparison with most of the other settled areas in the Glengarry County. From 1847 to 1852 the first post office in this area was called Macs Corners, then Macsville, after the large number of Scots living in the vicinity (Glengarry Historical Society 2012). Post master John McEwan renamed the settlement Maxville when the railway arrived in 1882. With this development and the construction of a new railway station, Maxville soon became the business centre for the district, and was incorporated as a village separate from Kenyon Township in 1892 (Harkness 1946:275).

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By 1905 Maxville had a population of 800 (Bowering 2006:33). Although the downtown core of Maxville was ravaged by fire multiple times between 1910 and 19405, it was rebuilt each time and changed very little.

The earliest available information comes from an 1862 map of Glengarry County produced by H.F. Walling (Map 9), which provides an overview of the settlement of the Maxville area at that time. The map shows the names of several structures and/or occupants, including two members of the McRae family on Lot 6, Concession 17, each with their own homestead, the home of John McEwen and a church along the east side of present day Main Street on Lot 8, Concession 17, P. McDougall residing on Lot 11, Concession 17, and although no one was listed on Lot 7, Concession 18, a D. Robertson is shown on Lot 8, Concession 18. The future County Roads Nos. 20 and 22 were present by this time.

Illustrated Historical Atlas of Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry, Ontario, published in 1879 by H. Belden & Co., contains several maps of interest to the present study area. The map of Kenyon Township shows the names of the owners/occupants of the lots, as well as the locations of farmsteads. It is worth noting, however, that these historical atlases were sold by subscription, and for this reason the absence of names and/or structures from individual lots does not constitute evidence that the lot was not settled at the time of the making of the maps. In addition, as with any of the other historical maps reproduced in this report, not all structures erected at the time would have been illustrated on the maps, and a variety of sheds and special purpose buildings (eg. barns, outhouses, smokehouses, etc.) may also have been present.

The map of the township for the present study area shows owners/occupants in association with each of the lots (Map 10). John McRae is depicted residing on both Lots 5 and 6, Concession 17, and two buildings are illustrated within Lot 6 along the south side of the present day County Road No. 22. John McEwen is listed in association with both lots 7 and 8, Concession 17, though no structures are depicted on Lot 7 at this time. Unlike Lot 7, multiple buildings are illustrated on Lot 8, including a church, a cemetery and another dwelling along the east side of the present Main Street at the intersection with the present County Road No. 22, as well as a cluster of buildings at the intersection of Main and Mechanic Streets. It is important to note that as the church is shown to the north of the cemetery, and the Potential Tank Site Alternative Location ‘A’ study area abuts the cemetery, the footprint of the old church may fall within it. The house at the intersection of Main Street and County Road No. 22 and the westernmost of the two McRae dwellings also fall within this study area. Donald McDougall is listed on both Lots 9 and 10, Concession 17. His home appears to be situated on Lot 9 on the west side of Main Street, slightly north of the church. At the northern end of the lot, on

5 Fires destroyed parts of downtown Maxville in 1910, 1914, 1921, 1935 and 1940 (Bowering 2006:33). 16

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the south side of Mechanic Street, two other buildings are depicted and are noted as belonging to A. and D. McDougall. No other buildings are shown on Lot 10. Peter McDougall is listed as owning both Lots 11 and 12, Concession 17, although no structures appear on Lot 11, and the McDougall homestead is located on Lot 12. At this time both Lots 7 and 8, Concession 18, were owned by Mrs. A. Robertson, but the house was located on Lot 8.

Historic land records categorize some of the lots in the study area as “formerly Indian Lands”. These lands, also known as the Nutfield Tract, were a 3.2 kilometre wide corridor running north from the St. Lawrence River to the height of land (or the 21st Concession) along the northern border of the county. The lands are believed to have been a First Nations passage from the St. Lawrence River to the Ottawa River and, as they were not part of the original Loyalist land grants, the First Nations at St. Regis were given hunting and gathering rights on this 30,690 acre plot under Treaty No. 57. This land was, in theory, intended to appease the Mohawk group after they had been displaced from the north shore of the St. Lawrence River from land earmarked by the government for the United Empire Loyalists. While the land was set aside, however, no formal deed or grant was given, and the Mohawks in turn found it unsuitable for hunting or settlement. Accordingly, they began leasing the land to settlers instead, with rents paid going to St. Regis. In 1809, the Indian Lands were resurveyed by Jeremiah McCarthy (MacGillivray and Ross 1979:24-26). The passage of the Municipal Act of 1847 ended Mohawk claims to the land and by 1852 the government had assumed control, with many lots subsequently granted to former tenants and squatters (Bowering 2006:4 and 5).

This probably explains why the Land Registry Abstract Index (LRAI) for the Village of Maxville area began relatively late, and does not record the awarding of Crown patents for any of the seven lots included in this study area. All of the lots apart from Lot 7, Concession 18, are noted as being “formerly Indian Lands”. The Village of Maxville was not formally divided into town lots until 1892, as shown on Plan 39 in the land registry office. The subdivision included parts of Lots 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12, Concession 17, and parts of Lots 7 to 12, Concession 18. All of the land transactions for these lots post- date this plan, and thus probably only refer to the remaining portions. The town lots were later extended into Lot 7, Concession 17.

In 1898, when John McEwen, the previous property owner of Lots 6 and 7, Concession 17, died, the entire lot was left to Alexander McEwen (LRAI 194). In 1909 Alexander sold a portion of the lot to Andrew T. Morrow (LRAI 644), while other parts of the lots remained in the McEwen family until the latter half of the 20th century. John McEwen had also owned Lot 8, Concession 17, which he left to his wife Janet after his death in 1898 (LRAI 194). Janet deeded part of the property to Elizabeth Morrison in 1899 (LRAI

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207). The remainder was sold to Alexander McEwen in 1903 (LRAI 383). Portions of this lot remained in the McEwen family until at least 1946. By the time of the earliest land registry instruments, Lot 9, Concession 17, had already been subdivided into smaller subsections. In 1900 Donald McDougall and his wife deeded at least a portion of the property to Duncan McTavish (LRAI 241). Another portion remained in the McDougall family until 1921, when Thomas McDougall sold it to Dan Kennedy and George Reid (LRAI 1118 and 1156). Between 1895 and 1901 Donald McDougall and his wife subdivided Lot 10, Concession 17, and sold two portions to John Smillie and Duncan Robertson (LRAI 64 and 305); a third parcel was acquired by Duncan McKinnon (LRAI 229). In 1894 Duncan McDougall and his wife deeded the entirety of Lot 11, Concession 17, to Alex McDougall (LRAI 22). In 1899, Duncan Robertson and his wife deeded two parts of Lot 7, Concession 18, to John Cass and Mary Kennedy respectively (LRAI 224 and 231). They deeded part of the lot to Donald McRae in 1903 (LRAI 390).

The Kenyon Agricultural Society (KAS) Fair Grounds moved to their present location at the end of Fair Street in 1907. The old site, located on the east side of Peter Street, was along the northern border of the Potential Tank Site Alternative Location A study area. The new property began with only five acres bought from A.D. McRae, but slowly expanded over time. In 1948 KAS jointly sponsored the first Glengarry Highland games with the Williamstown Agricultural Society, which has been held on the property each subsequent year (North Glengarry Community Economic Development Group 2000).

An early topographic map, pre-dating 19466 (Map 11), clearly illustrates all three of the Maxville elevated water storage tank sites. Within Potential Tank Site Alternative Location A three structures are depicted along the north side of County Road No. 22 near the intersection with Main Street South. At the southern edge of this study area the boundaries of the Maxville cemetery are shown along the west side of County Road No. 20, although by this time the church illustrated on the Belden map had disappeared (see Section 3.2.5). The two former McRae houses along the south side of County Road No. 22 had also disappeared. Much of the area to the north of County Road No. 22 is denoted as a gravel pit, though this appears to have been mostly confined to Lot 5. A road connects County Road No. 22 to Carr Street East along the east side of Lot 6. A second cemetery is indicated to the north of Carr Street East just north of the limits of Potential Tank Site Alternative Location A. There is also a structure depicted within this second cemetery, possibly indicating a church. Very little is shown within the study area for Potential Tank Site Alternative Location B. Fair Street is only depicted as running between Robert and Marlborough Streets at this time and did continue towards the fair grounds. There is anecdotal evidence to suggest that Fair Street was not

6 This topographic map appears to pre-date the 1946 aerial photograph based on the presence or absence of dated structures. 18

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extended towards the fairground property until much later when better access to the grounds was required.7 At least one structure is shown at the end of Highland Drive in the vicinity of the present fair grounds, but it appears to be outside of the study area boundaries. The parcel associated with Potential Tank Site Alternative Location C appears to be mostly vacant farmland at this time; however there is a designation indicating a sawmill connected with various larger buildings just to the north of the study area limits. A residence is shown along the west side of Main Street, as well as a number of structures in the vicinity of Catherine Street, Church Street, and George Street – all of which appear to be outside of the study area limits.

Aerial photography of the study area dating from 1946 (Map 12) shows that the earlier rural pattern of settlement still prevailed in the majority of the area. The downtown core of the village appears much the same as it does today. The Grand Trunk railway line, Mechanic Streets East and West, as well as County Roads No. 20 and No. 22 are all clearly visible. Within the Potential Tank Site Alternative Location A study area there were now only two residential structures and associated outbuildings along the north side of County Road No. 22 near the intersection with Main Street South. The structure closest to the intersection that appeared on the earlier topographic map facing Main Street is no longer visible. The cemetery along the southern border of the study area is barely visible. The fair grounds are shown adjacent to the Potential Tank Site Alternative Location B study area. There are a number of residential structures along the north side of Fair Street, but the south side remains vacant; by this time Fair Street had been extended all the way to the fair grounds. The Potential Tank Site Alternative Location C study area appears mostly as farm lands, although adjacent properties show residential structures along Main Street, Catherine Street, Spring Street and George Street. A farm complex is visible along the west side of County Road No. 20, the same farm depicted on the Belden map (see Map 10). Although most of the complex falls outside of the study area, there is some disturbance associated with it in the field to the south-west.

The Maxville and District Sports Complex, erected on the north side of Fair Street, officially opened in 1978. The complex was enlarged in 1991 with the construction of the Glengarry Sports Hall of Fame building on the south side of the road adjacent to Potential Tank Site Alternative Location B (North Glengarry Community Economic Development Group 2000).

7 A tourism pamphlet about the Village of Maxville published by Tourism North Glengarry (North Glengarry Community Economic Development Group 2000) provides a date of 1967 for the expansion of Fair Street; however the full length of the road is clearly visible in an aerial photograph dating to 1946, indicating that the construction likely predates this time. 19

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Area 2 - Martintown Water Booster Pumping Station Sites and Transmission Main Route Options

The two alternative pumping station sites and three transmission route options are located within the Village of Martintown on Part Lot 27, Concession 1 N.S.R.R. (North Side Raisin River) and Part Lot 26, Concession 1 S.S.R.R. (South Side Raisin River), in the geographic Township of Charlottenburg.

The town of Martintown was founded on land from which Mohawks had been displaced by the British Crown in 1784. The Land Registry Abstract Indices for the Martintown lots indicate that the Crown patent for Lot 26, Concession 1 S.S.R.R. was awarded to Donald McDonell in 1804, and that the Crown patent for the 57 acres making up Lot 27, Concession 1 N.S.R.R. was awarded to Malcolm McMartin in 1806. McMartin, a native of Perthshire Scotland and a New York Loyalist, was attracted by the available waterpower afforded by a series of rapids along the Raisin River in this location. Between 1801 and 1803 he dammed the river at the head of the rapids about 183 metres south of the present bend, and built a sawmill, a planing mill, a carding mill and an ashery on the west side and a wooden flour and grist mill and a little later a store on the east side. The early dam was made in three sections from large timbers, which were raised and lowered by hand with a chain and windless to control the water levels in the head pond (Martintown Grist Mill 2012). The small village that developed was appropriately originally called McMartin’s Mills. Other United Empire Loyalists and Scottish Highland crofters, tradesmen and shopkeepers were also attracted to the Raisin River area (Mayer 1987: 3). The flour and grist mill was replaced in 1847 by a stone mill erected by McMartin’s son, Alexander (Grant 1974:42).

The 1851 census for Martintown indicates that the village included a Presbyterian church, a free common school, a grist mill, two tailors, a sawmill, a tavern, six shoemaker’s shops, five blacksmith shops, four weavers, two coopers, a carpenter, two wagon makers, two tanners, six stores and asheries, two saddlers, one cabinet maker, a physician and a female school teacher (Martintown Grist Mill 2012). Less than a year later, W.H. Smith describes Martintown as having a population of about 300, as well as carding and fulling mills, a distillery, a post office and two churches (Smith 1851:386).

After Alexander McMartin’s sudden death in 1853, the grist mill, now owned by his widow Mary Carlyle and his brother Duncan McMartin, was operated by a manager, possibly Samuel Clingen, until it was leased for a ten year period between 1860 and 1870 by William Sylvester (Mayer 1987:6). Through a succession of owners and millers the Martintown mill served the community as a custom mill. Local residents and farmers would bring their grain to the mill to be ground into flour, typical orders involving a bushel at a time of wheat, corn, buckwheat, oats and malt (Martintown Grist Mill 2012).

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In 1861 severe spring floods washed out the original bridge and dam. William Sylvester rebuilt the dam in concrete, topped by a white pine and shingle roofed covered bridge, which stood until 1936 (Martintown Grist Mill 2012) (Image 1). The current dam was built in 1987 to the north of the bridge (Martintown Grist Mill 2012).

The 1862 map of Glengarry County produced by H.F. Walling provides an overview of the settlement history of the Martintown area at that time (Map 13). The map shows the grist mill, sawmill and the bridge at the location of Crossing Alternative C. Nothing is depicted at either of the other two river crossing alternative sites, with no roads shown north of the present Kings Road. At the Potential Pump Station Site West location, although names do appear on the map they are all associated with buildings on the east side of Nine Mile Road, which interestingly appears to have continued north to the Raisin River. The Potential Pump Station Site East location is well north of the buildings shown along the east side of the present County Road No. 20.

As with Maxville, the Illustrated Historical Atlas of Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry, Ontario, contains two maps of interest to the present study area (Belden 1879). The plan of the Township of Charlottenburg shows the names of the owners/occupants of the lots surrounding Martintown, as well as the locations of farmsteads. This map shows that the population in the village and surrounding area had expanded greatly by this time. In addition, a more detailed plan of the Village of Martintown was included (Map 14). While this map shows the layout of the streets and town lots, as well as a few prominent buildings, it fails to provide any details of the private residences within the village. Conroy’s Hotel is illustrated along the north side of Dundas Street, as well as three churches, a post office and a school house. The name of John McArthur Jr. is noted on Lot 27, Concession 1 N.S.R.R. The southern portion of this irregularly shaped lot had been divided into 11 town lots by this time. The widest portion of the Raisin River, which marks the southern boundary of Lot 27, is also labelled “Mill Pond”, forming the headwaters for the waterpower to the mills. James Rayside is shown as owning the land between the south shore of the Raisin River and the north side of Dundas Street (now Kings Road). At the intersection of Nine Mile Road and Dundas Street there is a small subdivision shown with 44 town lots and three roads (McCann Street, Gordon Street and Mary Street), although this is not necessarily indicative that the lots had been sold and residences erected. To the south of Dundas Street D. McMartin is shown as residing on seven acres, James Rayside is shown on 12.5 acres, F.A. McMartin is shown on a lot, and the St. Andrews’s Church property is also depicted. All of these fall outside of the current study area. Adjacent to the location of the bridge, the McMartin Mill complex is depicted on Town Lot 17, and the post office is also shown. This plan had clearly been copied from Plan No. 20 in the county land registry office, dating to 1868, indicating that all of the village lots depicted had been formally surveyed by that time.

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An 1885 fire insurance plan (Map 15) shows the location for Crossing Alternative C. The grist mill is illustrated at the intersection of Kings Road (shown as Dundas Street) and North Branch Road (now County Road No. 20). The plan specifies that the mill contained four runs of stones and a smut machine, and was powered by both water and a sixty horsepower wood burning steam engine located in a shed immediately adjacent to the south side of the building (Mayer 1987:7). On the opposite bank, J. and A. Smith’s saw and shingle mill is also shown. The bridge is described as wooden and covered. In the downtown core of the village, multiple general stores, a hotel, carriage makers and a cabinet maker are illustrated. Unfortunately this and a later version of the plan fail to show either of the potential pump station sites, or the other river crossing alternatives. Two photographs illustrate Kings Road and/or the covered bridge associated with Crossing Alternative C in the early twentieth century (Images 2 and 3).

A topographic map dating to 1937 (Map 16) shows the development of Martintown at this time. There are numerous residences and businesses along Kings Road, County Road No. 20, McMartin Street and Nine Mile Road. This last road did not extend north of Kings Road at this time, nor did Andrew Street; McCaw Street had yet to be constructed. Nothing of note is shown in the location of the Potential Pump Station Site West, nor at Crossing Alternative A apart from a house set back from the river. A sawmill is shown within Crossing Alternative B along County Road No. 20. Two other buildings are also illustrated near the location of Potential Pump Station Site East, though neither lie within the study area footprint. The grist mill is shown at the location of Crossing Alternative C as well as several other buildings. A blacksmith shop is also shown at the northern end of Nine Mile Road.

An aerial photograph dating to 1946 (Map 17) shows a farm complex or residence immediately south of the location of Potential Pump Station Site West. Nothing appears within Potential Pump Station Site East, but there are adjacent buildings along the west side of County Road No. 20, both to the north and south. A home is visible near to the location of Crossing Alternative A along the south side of the Raisin River. At Crossing Alternative C little appears to have changed in the vicinity of the mills and bridge; similarly no changes can be observed at Crossing Alternative B.

A topographic map dating to 1953 (Map 18) illustrates the extent to which the town had expanded by this time. Nine Mile Road had been continued north to the Raisin River where two buildings are shown near the location of Crossing Alternative A. A school had been constructed at Potential Pump Station Site West. The sawmill at Crossing Alternative B is no longer shown, but there are still two buildings along the west side of County Road No. 20 that are likely adjacent to the footprint for Potential Pump Station Site East. The grist mill is still shown at Crossing Alternative C.

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Although an aerial photograph dating to 1969 (Map 19) is of poorer quality, it is still possible to make out the school within Potential Pump Station Site West. The lands associated with Potential Pump Station Site East appear vacant, and little had changed at any of the Raisin River crossing alternative locations, although there does appear to be more development along the south shore.

The school at Potential Pump Station Site West appears to have become the Martintown Community Centre in the late twentieth century; it was recently demolished (Image 4). A fire hall was constructed at Potential Pump Station Site East in the last quarter of the twentieth century (Image 5). It was also recently demolished.

Area 3 - Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road

The lands in this study area are comprised of the Cashion Road ROW between Part Lot 26, Second or Third Range S.S.R.R., Part Lots 1 and 2, Concession 3 I.L. (Indian Lands) and Part Lot 2, Concession 4 I.L., in the geographic Township of Charlottenburg. Cashion Road is situated north-east of the City of Cornwall. It runs south from the community of Cashion Glen and is located to the south of the south branch of the Raisin River. Three out of the four lots included in this study area are denoted as “Indian Lands Reservation” on land registry documents. As discussed above, much of this area might have been settled at an earlier time, but the Crown patents were not released until after 1852 when the government reclaimed the land.

Land registry documents indicate that the Crown patent for Lot 26, Second or Third Range, S.S.R.R. was awarded to John Grant in 1802. Although the property was subdivided into two lots shortly thereafter, both parcels remained in the Grant family until 1851 when James and William Cashion took possession of the southern 30 acres (LRAI 153). Other families residing on the property in the 19th and 20th centuries included the Conroys, the McDonalds and the Dows.

The Crown patent for Lot 1, Concession 3 I.L. was awarded to Alexander McDougall in 1855. The property was shortly thereafter divided into multiple lots, but remained in the McDougall family until the second half of the 20th century. The Crown patent for Lot 2, Concession 3 I.L. was granted to Roderick MacLennan in 1856. Roderick sold the lot to Angus MacLennan in 1863 (LRAI 1326), who in turn sold it to Roderick R. MacLennan in 1873 (LRAI 213). In 1907 the entire lot was purchased by John McDougall (LRAI 2283), who deeded it to Laurie McLaren in 1937, several years after the McLaren family had begun leasing the property (LRAI 3717 and 3578). Margaret McLaren, who had acquired the property through a quit claim deed in 1950, sold the property the following year to William Cooper (LRAI 4247 and 4272). The property remained in the possession of the Cooper family 1971, when the lot was subdivided with multiple parcels being sold.

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The Crown patent for the part of Lot 2, Concession 4 I.L. to the south of the branch of the Raisin River crossing the lot was awarded to Alexander Grant in 1857 and the section to the north to James Burton the following year. Grant sold his portion to Donald MacDonell in 1858, who kept the property only until 1861 when he sold it to Kenneth McLennan (LRAI 716 and 1077). McLennan and his wife sold the property to Andrew Hodge, who had previously been leasing the land, in 1871 (LRAI 135). Michael Hawn and his wife, who appear to have acquired the James Burton parcel, sold it to John and Michael Conroy in 1881 (LRAI 549). John Dow purchased two portions of the property from members of the Conroy family in 1897 (LRAI 1795 and 1796). Thereafter the parcels were cycled through a number of other families, including the Esplins, Kyers and Segins, up to the mid-twentieth century.

The 1862 Walling map of Glengarry County (Map 20) shows the development in the Cashion Road area by that time. The residences of Mrs. A Grant and J. Grant are illustrated along the south side of Street Road on Lot 26, Second or Third Range, S.S.R.R. Another home, this one belonging to A.P. McDougall, appears set back from Glen Road on Lot 1, Concession 3, together with another McDougall residence further to the east. The home of R. McLennon is illustrated at the corner of Cashion and Glen Roads on Lot 2, Concession 3, and one other structure is shown along the north side of Street Road on Lot 2, Concession 4, belonging to a member of the Grant family. It is interesting to note that this section of Cashion Road had been opened by 1862.

The Belden plan of Charlottenburg Township shows the Cashion Road study area in 1879 (Map 21). On Lot 1, Concession 3, Alex P. MacDougall is shown as owning the entire lot, and there are three buildings illustrated, all in proximity to the intersection of Cashion Road and Glen Road. One of these structures appears within a smaller subdivided lot exactly at the above mentioned intersection, though no additional name is attributed to it. James Dow is depicted as owning the entirety of Lot 26, Second or Third Range, S.S.R.R. There is a structure illustrated south of Street Road, as well as one at the north end of the lot, on the north shore of the south branch of the Raisin River. This second structure is listed as belonging to “JC”, likely a reference to J. Cashion who owned an adjacent lot. Lot 2, Concession 4, is shown as being the property of the estate of Andrew Hodge (the former Grant residence), with a homestead on the north side of Street Road. A second structure is depicted on the lot, north of the south side of the Raisin River, and is attributed to Michael Hawn. On Lot 2, Concession 3, Roderick R. McLennan is illustrated as owning the entire lot, and a structure is shown at the intersection of Cashion Road and Glen Road, the same farm formerly owned by his father shown on the Walling map.

A topographic map dating to 1937 (Map 22) provides additional insight into settlement development in the area. At the north end of the study area, three homes are illustrated on the east side of Cashion Road at the intersection with Street Road. In the central

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portion the Canadian Pacific Railway line is shown, as is a bridge traversing the creek known as Cooper’s Drain that runs through the Summerstown Swamp. As stated above, the railway was completed through this area originally for the Glengarry and Stormont Railway Co. in 1914. At the south end of the study area, at the intersection with Glen Road, only two residences are depicted, one on each lot. Two of the structures shown on the Belden map had been removed by this time.

An aerial photograph dating to 1946 (Map 23) also shows the study area. At the north end two homes and associated outbuildings are visible set back from Street Road to the east of Cashion Road, indicating that one of the structures shown on the 1937 map had been removed. A new farm or outbuildings, however, had been constructed to the south of Street Road on Lot 2, Concession 4. The southern end of the study area remained unchanged. No changes appear to have been made by the time the 1953 topographic map was published, though in this case all of the larger barns were also shown (Map 24). All of the historical structures appear to have been set back far enough from the road to be outside of the current study area. Cashion Road appears to have remained open though the mid-20th century. The Canadian Pacific Railway tracks were removed after 1992.

Area 4 - Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route Option

The lands in this study area are comprised of portions of the Tollgate Road, McConnell Avenue, Hwy 401, Service Road, Boundary Road, and Glen Road ROWs, running a total of 4.6 kilometres along a former concession road allowance between Part Lots 1 through 6 and A through D, Concessions 2 and 3, and within Part Lots 4 and 5, Concession 3, in the geographic Township of Cornwall and Part Lots 15 and 16, Concession 3 I.L. (Indian Lands), in the geographic Township of Charlottenburg.

Land registry documents indicate that the Crown patents for many of the affected lots were granted in the late 1790s to a number of United Empire Loyalist families and soldiers. The two most prominent land holders were the Grays and the Andersons. Captain Samuel Anderson received the patent for five of the lots containing the proposed watermain route option, including Lots 1 and 2 on Concession 2 and 3 and Lot 5 Concession 3. A historical plaque bearing his name was erected on the north side of Montreal Road, immediately east of Dunbar Avenue, in Cornwall. The plaque’s text reads: ‘Captain Samuel Anderson 1736-1836. This property formed part of the extensive lands granted to Capt. Samuel Anderson, U.E.L., one of the first persons to settle on the site of Cornwall. Born in New England of Irish parents, he served with the British forces during the Seven Years War. At the outbreak of the American Revolution Anderson was imprisoned by the rebels after he had refused a commission in the Continental Army. He escaped in 1776 and was appointed a captain in the 1st Battalion K.R.R.N.Y (King's Royal Regiment of New

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York). He became a justice of the peace for this area in 1785 and later served as the first judge of the Eastern District.’8

Some of the lots initially granted to Anderson were sold off in the early 19th century and other properties were left to children and grandchildren of the family patriarch. Portions of Anderson’s holdings remained in their possession until as late as 1890, when land registry documents indicate that Alexander Anderson sold the last portion - the east half of Lot 2 Concession 3.

Members of the Gray family also received Crown patents for a number of the lots containing the proposed watermain route option. Elizabeth Gray was granted patents to three lots and Robert Gray four lots from Lots B-D Concessions 2 and 3. All of the Gray property appears to have been sold out of the family by 1825, with some properties being sold by a lawyer and others passed on to the children of neighbours. Other prominent families that owned properties in the study area included the Camerons, McCuens, MacDonalds, and McDonells.

Interestingly, the preliminary examination of the land registry abstract index conducted for the affected lots revealed a sale of a portion of the southeast corner of the west half of Lot 3, Concession 2 to Trustees of School Section No. 7 for fifty dollars in 1887, indicating that a school was erected in this location. Given the distance of this parcel from the proposed transmission watermain route option, however, the presence of a historical school does not impact the archaeological potential of the study corridor.

An examination of the 1862 Walling map of Cornwall and Charlottenburg Townships provided a glimpse into the intensification of settlement in this area through the first half of the nineteenth century (Map 25). While the quality of the copy of the Walling map available at the time of the assessment was poor, a small number of farmsteads could be seen fronting on the road between the 2nd and 3rd Concessions. Unfortunately, none of the names associated with these farms were legible. Interestingly, Lot 5, in the 2nd Concession was shown as a ‘Clergy Lot’, with a structure shown fronting on the 1st Concession road. Significantly, the map illustrates that the South Branch of the Raisin River and the 1st Concession road were focal points for settlement.

The 1879 H. Belden & Co. map of Cornwall and Charlottenburg Townships provides additional details concerning the development of settlement in this area during the latter half of the 19th century (Map 26). The situation appears little changed from the time of the 1862 Walling map, with a small number of structures, likely farmsteads, fronting on the 2nd Concession road. No structures are shown on the relevant lots in Charlottenburg Township. An examination of the 1937 topographic map shows nearly identical conditions, although a branch of the Canada Pacific Railway had been built

8 Historical plaque erected by the Ontario Archaeological and Historic Sites Board. 26

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through the 2nd Concession, crossing Boundary Road just south of the 2nd Concession Road (Map 27). This was part of the same line observed crossing Cashion Road, constructed in 1914 by the Glengarry & Stormont Railway Company. The map also provides additional environmental information, with the majority of the 2nd Concession road corridor lying within a location labelled as wooded areas bordering wetlands. The presence of four small bridges or culverts in the central portion of the roadway suggests that a considerable amount of effort had been made to overcome the wet conditions prevalent in the area. Moreover, a significant portion of the eastern half of the roadway is illustrated with dashed lines, suggesting it may only have been passable seasonally or was unmaintained.

A 1957 aerial photograph shows recent development in the vicinity of the intersection of Tollgate Road and McConnell Avenue, with small collections of buildings present on the northwest, northeast, and southeast corners of the intersection (Map 28). Otherwise the corridor appears largely unchanged, with two farmsteads shown lying to the north of the 2nd Concession road in Lots 2 and 3. These farms correspond to the structures illustrated on the 1879 H. Belden & Co. map, which are labelled with the names ‘A. Anderson’ and ‘J. McB. McDonald’ (see Map 26). A significant portion of the land bordering the 2nd Concession does not appear to have been under active cultivation at the time, likely owning to the poor drainage conditions of this area. The entire length of the 2nd Concession had been gravelled by this point. These conditions are reflected on a 1957 topographic map, although a farm is shown to the south of the 2nd Concession in Lot 1 whereas the aerial photograph from the same year shows no structures, suggesting that the farm may have been demolished that year (Map 29).

Finally, recent high resolution satellite imagery shows industrial development concentrated around the intersection of Tollgate Road and McConnell Avenue (see Map 8). Highway 401, constructed through this area in the early 1960s, crosses through a significant portion of the former alignment of the 2nd Concession. Service Road, constructed immediately to the north of the 401 ROW, follows the remainder of the former alignment of the 2nd Concession. A small number of residential lots have been severed and developed along the Service Road frontage. Recent disturbance associated with development is visible on either side of the former CPR rail line at the intersection of Service Road and Boundary Road. In addition, the alignment of the west end of Glen Road has been recently altered to modify its intersection with Boundary Road.

3.2 Archaeological Context

This section describes the environmental and archaeological context of the study area which, combined with the historical context outlined above, provides the necessary information to assess the archaeological potential of the study area.

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3.2.1 Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites

The primary source for information regarding known archaeological sites in Ontario is the Archaeological Sites Database maintained by the Ontario by the Ministry of Tourism, Culture, and Sport (MTCS). The database largely consists of archaeological sites discovered by professional archaeologists conducting archaeological assessments required by legislated processes under land use development planning (mostly since the late 1980s). A request for a search of the Database for all registered sites located within a one kilometre radius was made on August 3, 2012. Notification from the Archaeological Data Coordinator was received on August 8, 2012 that two archaeological sites have previously been recorded within one kilometre of the present study areas. The results of the database search are presented below in Table 1.

No registered archaeological sites are located within the boundaries of the present study areas.

Table 1. Listing of Registered Archaeological Sites within a 1 km Radius of the Centre of the Study Area.

Site Name Borden Cultural Site Type Date Range Status Number Affiliation

(none given) BgFp-46 Euro-Canadian farmstead Second half of the - 19th century Martintown BgFq-3 Euro-Canadian grist mill Mid-19th to - Grist Mill present

3.2.2 Previous Archaeological Research

The earliest report of an archaeological site being located in the general area dates to the mid- 19th century. Two Iroquoian sites in Augusta and Edwardsburgh Townships were noted in the annual Smithsonian Report for 1865. Several additional sites were reported in the late 19th century and early 20th century by David Boyle (1891, 1902, 1906, 1907), J. Smith Carter (1905) and Henri Marc Ami (Clark 1905) in the Spencerville, Black Creek and Casselman areas. The first systematic investigations were conducted in 1912, 1914, and 1933 by Harlin Smith and W.J. Wintemberg – this included initial excavations at the Roebuck Site in Augusta Township. Tom Lee and Richard McNeish are also reported to have surveyed the Casselman area in 1952 but there is limited information on this project.

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A number of artifacts collected from within the Nutfield Tract or Indian Lands in Glengarry County were donated to the provincial museum (now the Royal Ontario Museum) in 1898 by a Dr. D. McDiarmid (AARO 1898:10,12). The donated collection (listed with accession numbers) included a cutting or scraping tool of soft stone (17,108), a stone axe of schistose slate (17,109), a small stone axe (17,110), a small stone adze (17,111), a slate gouge (17,112), a stone gouge “degraded to use as an axe” (17,113), a soapstone pipe (17,114), and a broken clay pipe (17,161). No additional information regarding these artifacts is available.

In anticipation of the construction of the St. Lawrence Seaway, the National Museum of Man (precursor to the Canadian Museum of Civilization) sponsored a survey of the St. Lawrence Valley in 1947 (Leachman and de Laguna 1949). This investigation was followed up with a survey by James V. Wright and Robert Dailey of the University of Toronto in 1954 (Dailey and Wright 1955a), which in turn led to excavations at the Malcolm Site (Dailey and Wright 1955b) and at Ault Park (Emerson 1956), both Middle Woodland occupations. Robert Pihl (1996) has more recently collated the results of these various early investigations.

Beginning around this time, David Gogo was active in the Lake St. Francis area where he identified a large number of sites. Gogo’s work was followed by that of James Pendergast and J.V. Wright (1962, 1964, 1966, 1973, 1984), which focused on the St. Lawrence Iroquoian occupation of the Upper St. Lawrence Valley. This resulted in the excavation of a number of previously reported sites (for example the Beckstead Site) and the identification of new sites at Jessup’s Falls and Casselman. Bruce Jamieson (1980, 1982) has also conducted survey and excavation in this area, while Hugh Daechsel (1980) has provided an overview of the archaeological resources of the South Nation drainage basin.

Most of the recent archaeological work in the region has been undertaken through cultural resource management studies. A brief description of some of this work is provided below.9

 An archaeological assessment focussed on determining the potential for pre- contact First Nations archaeological sites in the Ontario Hydro Eastern Ontario Route Stage study area (Pendergast 1981);  A survey of a hydro transmission corridor between Cornwall and Ottawa (Mayer, Pihl and Poulton Inc. 1988);  An assessment of the St. Lawrence TS and Lunenburg Junction (Adams Heritage 1999);

9 Given that archaeological assessment work in the region is on-going, this list is necessarily incomplete. 29

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 A review of TransCanada Pipeline corridors in Charlottenburg, Osnabruck and Cornwall Townships (Adams 1988, 1989);  An examination of the Eamers Corners/St. Andrews West area (Daechsel 1988);  Salvage excavations of an early to mid-nineteenth century historic site at the Osnabruck Meter Station (Andeerson 1988);  Investigations at the original site of the Wood House museum just north of the now closed Domtar Paper Mill in Cornwall and its new location in Lamoureux Park (Bazely 1999);  Stage 1 investigations of the South Stormont Water Supply Project at Ingleside and Long Sault (Daechsel and Wright 1999);  Stage 1 and 2 assessments of the McLeod Quarry 3 site, just north of the City of Cornwall (Kennett 2000);  A Stage 1 assessment of the proposed Three Nations Bridge Crossing between Cornwall and Cornwall Island (Kennett 2001);  An assessment of the Lafleche Gravel Pit in Roxborough Township (Earl & Kennett 2000);  Multiple studies in the Moose Creek area for both the local water and sewer works as well as for the Roxborough Landfill (Keatley and Desjardins 1990, 1991; Kennett 1992a, 1992b; Wright 1999);  Water projects in Alfred (Daechsel 1980b), Crysler (Daechsel 1988a, 1989), St. Albert (Daechsel 1990), Vars (Daechsel 1988b), and Fournier (Daechsel 1991);  A Stage 1 review of the Casselman-Lemieux project (ASI 1988);  Two Stage 1 assessments for the Proposed Cornwall Solar Farm (Henry 2010a, 2010b);  Multiple Stage 1 and 2 assessments for the Glendale Solar Project in the Township of South Glengarry (Hoskins & Stilling 2010, 2011a, 2011b);  A Stage 1 and 2 assessment of the former Courtaulds Canada Inc. rayon mill in Part of Lot 4, Concession 1, in the geographic township of Cornwall (Central Archaeology Group 2010).

In addition, the Ontario Heritage Foundation has overseen work at the Bethune- Thompson House in Williamstown (Doroszenko 1994, 1995; Doroszenko & Henderson 1998, Earl 1990) while Parks Canada has excavated at Sir John Johnson’s home also in Williamstown (Last 1994) and at the Glen Cairn Site in the Lake St. Francis area (Brian Ross, personal communication 1999). Finally, Save Ontario Shipwrecks has been involved in a number of projects examining wrecks in the St. Lawrence River and the Cornwall Canal, as well as the sites of several of the submerged villages.

3.2.3 Identified Local Cultural Heritage Resources

The recognition or designation of cultural heritage resources (here referring only to built heritage features and cultural heritage landscapes) may provide valuable insight 30

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into aspects of local heritage, whether identified at a local, provincial, national, or international level. Some of these cultural heritage resources may be associated with significant archaeological features or deposits. Accordingly, the Stage 1 archaeological assessment included the compilation of a list of cultural heritage resources that have previously been identified within or immediately adjacent to the current study areas. The following sources were consulted:

 Federal Heritage Buildings Review Office online Directory of Heritage Designations (http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/progs/beefp-fhbro/index.aspx);  Canada’s Historic Places website (http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/home- accueil.aspx);  Ontario Heritage Properties Database (http://www.hpd.mcl.gov.on.ca/scripts/ hpdsearch/english/default.asp); and,  Ministry of Tourism, Culture, and Sport’s List of Heritage Conservation Districts (http://www.mtc.gov.on.ca/en/heritage/heritage_conserving_list.shtml).

No previously identified local cultural heritage resources were found to be located within or immediately adjacent to any of the potential tank or pump sites or alternative transmission route alignments included in the four study areas. Given the heritage plaque at the Martintown Grist Mill, however, this structure clearly has heritage value (see Section 3.2.4).

3.2.4 Heritage Plaques/Monuments

A search of several listings of plaques and monuments was undertaken, given that these markers typically indicate some level of heritage recognition. The following sources were consulted:

 The Ontario Heritage Trust Online Plaque Guide (http://www.heritagetrust.on.ca/Resources-and-Learning/Online-Plaque- Guide.aspx);  An extensive listing of Ontario’s Heritage Plaques maintained by Alan Brown (http://www.ontarioplaques.com/); and,  An extensive listing of historical plaques of Ontario maintained by Wayne Cook (http://www.waynecook.com/historiclist.html).

This research resulted in the identification of a single heritage plaque associated with a property lying immediately adjacent to Crossing Alternative C in Martintown. The plaque was put up by the Ontario Heritage Foundation (now the Ontario Heritage Trust) and the Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Recreation (now the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport) at the Martintown Grist Mill. The mill has been protected with a heritage easement.

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3.2.5 Cemeteries

The background archival research has revealed that a single cemetery established in the nineteenth century is located within or immediately adjacent to the Maxville Elevated Water Storage Tank Sites study area. The cemetery is identified as the ‘Maxville Cemetery’, and is located on the east side of County Road No. 20, approximately 145 metres south of County Road No. 22, in Lot 8, Concession 17, geographic Township of Kenyon. A Presbyterian Church appears on the lot, just to the south of Potential Tank Site Alternative Location A, on the 1862 Walling map of Glengarry County (see Map 9). The name ‘John McEwen’ appears in association with the northern portion of the lot, lying to the north of the current alignment of County Road No. 22. The church and cemetery also appear on the lot, again in association with the name ‘John McEwen’, on the 1879 Belden map of Kenyon Township (see Map 10). A pre-1946 topographic map of the Maxville area shows the location of the cemetery, with a small bounded area located in what is now the northern portion of the existing cemetery, lying adjacent to the current alignment of County Road No. 20 (see Map 11). No church is shown on this map, suggesting that it had been demolished or removed prior to this time. The resolution of a 1946 aerial photograph of the area is not sufficient to clearly delineate the boundaries of the cemetery at that time (see Map 12). Transcriptions of a number of the grave markers in the cemetery that are listed online (eg. http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~clifford/Glengarry.htm) provide a range of dates between 1841 and 2001. Currently, the cemetery property is maintained by the Maxville Cemetery Board. The site is listed with the Cemeteries Branch of the Ministry of Consumer Services with the number 03963.

The background archival research also revealed that the Presbyterian Church and cemetery described above were preceded by the ‘Beech Ridge Church’ or ‘Beech Cemetery’, built circa 1815 by Protestant Scottish settlers of three different denominations: Presbyterian, Congregationalist, and Baptist (Scott 1979). This church is reported to have been built on Lot 9, Concession 17, across the road from the south-west corner of the present Maxville Cemetery. This area is currently occupied by a farm machinery dealership. A burial vault is reported to have been located just to the north of the church site. A cemetery associated with the church (and possibly pre-dating its construction) was located on the south side of Concession Road 7, at the intersection of Lots 12 and 13, Concession 17. By the 1820s a decision was made to build a new church across the road on a lot offered by John McEwen (Anonymous n.d. in http://www.maxvilleunitedchurch.ca/muc_website_003.htm). The new church, a frame building, was reportedly built by the members of the Beech Church (though it was subsequently deeded to the Church of Scotland) and opened in 1826 (Anonymous 1926). Following the schism in the Church of Scotland in 1843/44, the congregation of the frame church divided and a new congregation formed in the 19th Concession in connection with the Canadian Presbyterian Church. Between 1844 and 1875, the older

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frame church was reportedly used only as a mission station. Sometime in the 1860s, however, the church was remodelled and painted white, and was thereafter referred to as the ‘White Church’ (Anonymous 1935). The growth of the Presbyterian congregation eventually led to the need for the construction of a new church in Maxville, reportedly built between 1879 and 1881/2. The building site was on the farm of Donald McDougall and is the site of the present United Church (which was constructed in 1926).

3.2.6 Local Environment

The region in which the four study areas are located is underlain by limestones of Ordovician age, belonging to the Lindsay and Bobcaygeon Formations of the Simcoe Group. These bedrock formations have been overlain by more recent glacial materials deposited during the Pleistocene Epoch, specifically during the Late Wisconsinan or last glacial substage, which began approximately 23,000 years before present (Barnett 1992). During the final retreat of the Wisconsinan Ice Sheet, glacial lake waters in the Lake Ontario basin expanded to fill the Ottawa River valley, almost as far north as Ottawa. Following the uncovering of the St. Lawrence River valley approximately 11,700 to 11,500 years ago, water levels dropped in the Lake Ontario basin and allowed seawater to inundate the Ottawa and upper St. Lawrence River valley areas (which had been depressed by the weight of the glacial ice), creating a large body that has been named the Champlain Sea. During this time, sediments such as clay and fine sand were deposited on the sea bottom. The action of waves built bars of sand and gravel along the sea shores. With the retreat of the Champlain Sea and the re-emergence of the till plain after 10,000 years before present, water laid sediments eroded from elevated areas (Mathews and Richards 1954:24-26). The surficial deposits in this area have been separated into a number of physiographic subdivisions on the basis of landform and geological materials.

Physiographic mapping of southern Ontario produced in 1984 (at a scale of 1:250,000) shows the four subject properties sitting within two distinct physiographic regions: the Maxville Elevated Water Storage Tank Sites and the western end of the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route are located within the Glengarry Till Plain, while the Martintown Water Booster Pumping Station Sites and Transmission Main Route Options, the eastern end of the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route, and the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road are located within the Lancaster Flats (Chapman and Putnam 1984). The Glengarry Till Plain is a region of low relief forming the drainage divide between the St. Lawrence and the Ottawa rivers. The surface is undulating to rolling, consisting of long morainic ridges and a few well- formed drumlins together with intervening clay flats and swamps. Mapping included in the “Physiography of Southern Ontario” shows the Maxville study area as lying astride sand plains (foreshore and basinal deposits) and beaches (littoral deposits)

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associated with the Champlain Sea (Map 30) (Chapman and Putnam 1984:Map M2227). The Lancaster Flats is characterized by the flat topography of water-lain deposits (ranging from clay to very fine sand) which cover the underlying till plain, leaving only the stony crests of a few drumlins and ridges.

More detailed surficial geological mapping of the region (produced at a scale of 1:50,000) shows the Maxville Elevated Water Storage Tank Sites as being located within an area of coarse-textured glaciomarine deposits made up of foreshore and basinal deposits and littoral deposits (Gwyn and Lohse 1973: Map P0906; Gorrell et al. 1982: Map P2508; Terasmae and Mott 1965: Map 1175A). The Martintown Water Booster Pumping Station Sites and Transmission Main Route Options are located within a deposit of stone-poor, sandy silt to silty sand-textured till, though the north-western portion of Crossing Alternatives A and B sits on fine-textured glaciomarine deposits of silt and clay, minor sand and gravel. The Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road crosses through several distinct surficial geological deposits, including (travelling south to north) a deposit of stone-poor, sandy silt to silty sand-textured till followed by more recent organic deposits associated with the Summerstown Swamp. This area is bordered to the north by another deposit of stone-poor, sandy silt to silty sand-textured till. The extreme northern portion of the Cashion Road allowance sits within coarse- textured glaciomarine (deltaic) deposits of sand, gravel, minor silt, and clay. The Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route is dominated by a till deposit of stone-poor, sandy silt to silty sand-textured till on Paleozoic terrain. However, the western end of this route option passes through a beach gravel deposit created by the Champlain Sea, lying along the former Tollgate Road allowance. Champlain Sea beach deposits in this area tend to be relatively small in extent and are scattered throughout the surrounding till-covered Paleozoic terrain. The western portion of this route option also passes through a coarse-textured foreshore and basinal glaciomarine deposit consisting of sand and gravel with minor amounts of silt and clay. Finally, the eastern end of this route option passes through an organic deposit of peat, muck, and marl, presently occupied by a portion of the Summerstown Swamp.

Detailed soils mapping of the region shows that the soils of the study area generally correspond to the distribution of the parent materials described above (Matthews et al. 1957: Soils Map; Matthews and Richards 1954:Soils Map). Specifically, the Maxville Elevated Water Storage Tank Sites straddle three distinct soil types, including in the north Rubicon sandy loam, a ground water podzol developed over water-laid coarse sands with imperfect drainage characteristics The central portion lies over Kars gravelly sandy loam, a grey-brown podzolic developed over unstratified water-laid gravels with good drainage characteristics. Also present is Matilda loam, a brown forest soil developed over medium to very limey medium textured till with imperfect drainage characteristics. The Martintown Water Booster Pumping Station Sites and Transmission Main Route Options are spread across three identified soil types,

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including North Gower clay loam, a dark grey gleysolic that developed over a water- laid fine grey clay (with a distribution corresponding to the clay plains); Eamer loam, a Brown Forest loam with good drainage characteristics (with a distribution corresponding to the till plains); and Bottom Lands, which are areas of recent alluvium accumulation that have been identified in low-lying areas bordering the Raisin River. While the Bottom Lands soils tend to be relatively level, drainage characteristics are variable, depending on the type of sediments that have accumulated. Finally, the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road straddles four distinct soil types, including Eamer loam, a Brown Forest loam with good drainage characteristics and a distribution corresponding to the till plains; Muck, an organic soil developed over deep organic deposits underlain by sand, silt, or clay, which corresponds to the Summerstown Swamp; Bottom Lands, areas of recent alluvium accumulation that have been identified in low-lying areas bordering Cooper’s Drain, a tributary of the South Raisin River; and Marionville silty loam, a dark grey gleysolic developed over water-laid silt over clay with poor drainage characteristics. Soils of the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route are dominated by Eamer loam, a brown forest soil that has formed on the till deposits lying over Paleozoic terrain. These soils have good drainage characteristics. In contrast, soils that formed over the foreshore and basinal deposits of the Champlain Sea have been identified as Allendale sandy loams, dark grey gleysolics, with poor drainage characteristics caused by the underlying lacustrine sediments. Finally, the soils that have formed over the organic deposits associated with the Summerstown Swamp include both Belmeade muck and Muck, both with very poor drainage characteristics, presenting significant limitations for agriculture.

The topography of the four study areas is variable (Ontario Basic Mapping web application), with the Maxville Elevated Water Storage Tank Sites being situated within an area that slopes gently down from the southeast to the northwest, from an elevation of 115 metres to a low of 100 metres amsl. The Martintown Water Booster Pumping Station Sites and Transmission Main Route Options are situated on both the east and west banks of the Raisin River, which cuts through a relatively level plain lying at approximately 60 metres amsl. Both the east and west river banks slope gently down to reach 55 metres amsl, the approximate level of the Raisin River. Finally, the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road stretches over a relatively level plain lying at approximately 60 metres amsl, which is crossed by an extension of the Summerstown Swamp, which occupies the central portion of the Cashion Road ROW. The swamp is found within a low-lying area with elevations between 55 metres and 60 metres amsl. The Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route is relatively level, with topographic highs of 65 metres at both the eastern and western extents, and lows of 60 metres amsl associated with the topographical depression containing this portion of the Summerstown Swamp.

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The four study areas lie within the Upper St. Lawrence sub-region of the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Forest Region, a region characterized by a mix of coniferous and deciduous tree species. The upland forest of this region is comprised of sugar maple, beech, yellow birch, red maple, and hemlock, as well as white, red and jack pine which concentrate in areas with sandier soils. There are also smaller amounts of white spruce, balsam fir, aspen, white birch, red oak, and basswood. Rather common are hardwood and mixed wood swamps in which cedars, tamaracks, black spruce, black ash, red maple and elm thrive. Much less common are butternut, burr oak, white ash and red cherry (Rowe 1977). Most of the study corridor was cleared of original forest cover during the nineteenth century through both lumbering and agriculture.

Three of the four study areas, the Martintown Water Booster Pumping Station Sites and Transmission Main Route Options, the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route Option, and the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road are situated within the Raisin River watershed. The headwaters of the main branch of the Raisin River originate in an organic-rich bog as Dixon Creek, near Lunenburg. Two large tributaries, the north and south branches of the Raisin, rise near Monkland and Long Sault, respectively. The Raisin River drains into the St. Lawrence east of Cornwall, at Lancaster. The Martintown Water Booster Pumping Station Sites and Transmission Main Route Options are located just east of the meeting of the north and south branches of the Raisin River. In addition, several partially channelized un-named tributaries of the Raisin empty into it at Martintown, and Crossing Alternative A passes through a Provincially Significant Wetland associated with the river floodplain. Both the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road and the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route pass through portions of the Summerstown Swamp, a Provincially Significant Wetland. The alignment, following the Cashion Road ROW, passes over a partially channelized tributary of the Raisin River, known as Cooper’s Drain, one of several small streams cutting through the Summerstown Swamp. The Maxville Elevated Water Storage Tank Sites study area is located within the South Nation River watershed. The South Nation River rises from headwaters north of Brockville and flows off to the northeast for 175 kilometres, empting into the Ottawa River near Plantagenet. This study area is drained by several channelized tributaries of the West Branch of the Scotch River, including the Cumming Drain.

3.2.7 Property Inspection

In order to gain first-hand knowledge of the geography, topography, and current conditions of the four study areas to inform an evaluation of archaeological potential, a preliminary property inspection was undertaken on August 10, 2012 and February 21, 2013. The property inspection was conducted according to the archaeological fieldwork standards outlined in Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (Ministry of Tourism and Culture 2011). Weather and lighting conditions varied over the course of

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day, from clear skies to overcast with brief periods of light rain. These conditions permitted visibility of land features and the identification and documentation of features influencing archaeological potential.

The property inspection consisted of a “wind-shield” survey of those portions of the study areas that were visible from public rights-of-way (ROW), as no permissions to access private properties had been sought. Digital photographs were taken of each area at intervals sufficient to maximize the possible coverage available. All identified cultural heritage features were visually inspected and photographed from the closest public ROW. Field conditions and features influencing archaeological potential were documented with digital photographs. The complete photographic catalogue is included as Appendix 1 and the locations and orientations of all photographs used in this report are shown in Maps 31 to 34. As per the Terms and Conditions for Archaeological Licences in Ontario, curation of all field notes, photographs, and maps generated during the Stage 1 archaeological assessment is being provided by Past Recovery Archaeological Services pending the identification of a suitable repository. An inventory of the records generated by the assessment is provided below in Table 2.

Area 1 - Maxville Elevated Water Storage Tank Sites (Map 31)

Potential Tank Site Alternative Location A

The terrain at Potential Tank Site Alternative Location A consists mostly of open former farm fields which have become recently overgrown with grass (Images 6 to 8). The topography rises gently from north to south, peaking towards the centre of the property and then falling slightly towards the southern end of the area to the south of County Road No. 22, which runs east-west through the parcel. A mixture of mature and immature trees line former field boundaries, with a large stand to the south-east of the property and many to the west forming a boundary with the town lots. Four structures lie within the boundaries of Site Alternative Location A. One of these, a veterinary clinic on the southern side of the County Road No. 22/Main Street South intersection, has clearly been constructed in the last few years. The other three lie to the north of County Road No. 22, facing the right-of-way. The initial structure, just east of the County Road No. 22/Main Street South intersection, is a historic farmhouse, the same structure shown on the 1862 Walling map (Images 9 and 10; see Map 9). Next to it further east is a second residence, built after 1879 as it is not depicted on the Belden map (Image 11; see Map 10). The third structure, further yet to the east, is a recent Bell communications building with an accompanying communications tower. The last three properties all have surrounding tree growth. Immediately to the south of Potential Tank Site Alternative Location A along County Road No. 20 is the Maxville Cemetery (Image 12).

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Table 2. Inventory of the Documentary Record.

Type of Document Description Number of Records Location

Photographs Digital photographs 134 photographs On PRAS computer documenting the Stage 1 network – file PR12-16 property inspection Maps Printed study area maps 3 maps PRAS office – file PR12-16 with notations added

Potential Tank Site Alternative Location B

The terrain at Potential Tank Site Alternative Location B consists of open grassed field, apart from the north-east corner which has been asphalted as a parking area for the adjacent sports hall of fame building and arena (Images 13 and 14). The topography is flat with a wooded area to the south and an isolated tree towards the south-east corner. Evidence of utility disturbance can been seen in the form of drainage catch basins (see Image 13), perhaps related to the use of the area for overflow parking during events at the arena.

Potential Tank Site Alternative Location C

The terrain at Potential Tank Site Alternative Location C consists mostly of open, cultivated farm fields apart from the north-eastern arm which has become recently overgrown with grass (Images 15 to 17). The topography falls gently from east to west, and contains a few small trees along some of the property boundaries. At the north end next to the MacEwen Petroleum facility it borders a heavily wooded area. This study area surrounds a historic farm constructed between 1862 and 1879, fronting on County Road No. 20 but set well back from the road (see Maps 9 and 10). A transmission line running from a sub-station next to County Road No. 20 cuts east-west across the northern corner of the property (see Image 16).

Area 2 - Martintown Water Booster Pumping Station Sites and Transmission Main Route Options (Map 32)

Potential Pump Station Site East

The study area at Potential Pump Station Site East is completely open, having been recently disturbed by the removal of the village fire station (Images 18 and 19; see Image 5). The gravel driveway in front of the former station remains, but the ground to the west is very uneven, though it is now grass covered. The recently constructed parking area for the new Community Centre abuts the northern edge of the

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disturbance, and likely extends over part of the former fire station foot-print. The terrain is otherwise fairly level.

Potential Pump Station Site West

The study area at Potential Pump Station Site West has been recently disturbed by the removal of the Martintown Community Centre (Images 20 and 21; see Image 4). This location has been landscaped and grassed and is much more even than Potential Pump Station Site East, though both the Community Centre and fire hall were likely removed at the same time. The topography is fairly level after a slight dip from Nine Mile Road. A remnant asphalted pathway extends for a short distance into the area from the south- east corner, and part of the former Community Centre parking lot has been preserved to the north. Sports facilities still stand further to the west (see Image 20).

Crossing Alternative A

Crossing Alternative A on the south bank of the Raisin River is confined to the Nine Mile Road ROW, though north of McCaw Street this is little more than an earth driveway. The south shoreline has been partially landscaped by the owners of the adjacent residence. The north shore of the river in this area has been relatively unaltered, with the proposed corridor crossing through a cultivated field on a rise in topography before continuing east into a lower, permanently wet area associated with several streams and a former river channel (Image 22). To the east of this, the corridor crosses maintained lawn associated with the new fire hall and Community Centre.

Crossing Alternative B

Crossing Alternative B on the south bank of the Raisin River extends north from McCaw Street through an unopened ROW next to a landscaped lawn maintained by the owners of the adjacent residence (Image 23). The topography slopes down to the river and is overgrown with scrub. The north shore of the river in this area has been relatively unaltered, with the proposed corridor extending through rough terrain at the eastern edge of the permanently wet area noted above with Crossing Alternative A before crossing maintained lawn associated with the new fire hall and Community Centre (see Image 22).

Crossing Alternative C

Crossing Alternative C follows the Kings Road ROW across the Raisin River on the present bridge. The bridge has recently been renewed, and the edges of the river lined with concrete walls (Images 24 and 25). The terrain around the abutments has also been landscaped, and includes several buried utility lines (see Image 24). The historic

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Martintown Mill is situated on the south-east side of the bridge (Image 26). It also has recently been restored.

Area 3 - Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road (Map 33)

The study area portion of Cashion Road consists of a narrow, unmaintained gravel and earth road with numerous large pot-holes. The northern end at Street Road is tree-lined and fairly level, with cultivated fields on either side (Image 27). Further to the south the elevation drops, passing over several areas of exposed bedrock down towards the wetland known as Summerstown Swamp (Image 28). The former Canadian Pacific Railway line crosses Cashion Road towards the southern edge of the open part of the wetland area. The road ROW then enters a wooded area, much of which appears to be permanently wet and includes the creek known as Cooper’s Drain (Image 30). Having crossed the creek, Cashion Road then rises slightly and is soon bordered once again by farm fields with trees along field boundaries until it reaches Glen Road. The north end of the study area ROW is flanked by two farms, both set well back from Cashion Road. That to the east is historic, appearing on both the Walling and Belden maps (see Maps 20 and 21). That to the west only consists of barns at present, the original farmhouse having been located across the road. The south end of the study area ROW is also flanked by two farms, both set much closer to the road and both appearing on the Walling and Belden maps, indicating construction by 1862 (Images 31 and 32).

Area 4 - Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route Option (Map 34)

The draft alignment mapping and description of the Tollgate Road/Service Road transmission main route option provided by the project planner indicate that the entire length of the corridor will be contained within the ROWs of Tollgate Road East, Highway 401, Service Road, Boundary Road, and Glen Road (see Map 8). The ‘wind- shield’ survey of these roadways revealed that the western end of the proposed corridor (the Tollgate Road East ROW) is paved over a built-up crushed limestone gravel base (Image 33). The lands lying adjacent to the roadbed have clearly been deeply and intensively disturbed by the construction of gas stations and associated landscaping. To the east of the gas station properties, the paved section of Tollgate Road gives way to a gravel road passing through the area of a wetland shown clearly on the 1957 aerial photograph. At this point, the proposed watermain route option alignment turns to the north and crosses the width of the Highway 401 ROW, which includes an additional lane associated with the eastbound onramp off of McConnell Avenue. The entire width of the 401 ROW has obviously been clearly and intensively disturbed during the construction of the highway (Image 34). Disturbances include not only the roadbeds, but deep ditching and associated landscaping. These disturbances extend to meet disturbances associated with the construction of Service Road on the north side of the 401, with a shallow ditch between the two ROWs. Owing to the poor drainage

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conditions that prevail in this area, both the 401 and Service Road have been constructed on elevated beds of gravel. Deep ditches have been excavated on either side of the Service Road ROW in poorly-drained areas between McConnell Avenue and Boundary Road (Images 35, 36, and 37). A ditch on the north side of the ROW runs nearly the entire length of the study area. With the exception of a single active farm, a small number of residential properties, a Cornwall Insulation Co. business at 2510 Service Road, and a Malyon Excavation Ltd. work yard at 2050 Boundary Road, the remainder of the lands bordering the north side of Service Road ROW consist of scrub brush woodlots. A vacant lot adjacent to 2510 Service Road, the former CPR rail line and Highway 401 has recently been built up with truckloads of fill, raising this formerly low-lying portion of Summerstown Swamp. The entire width of the Boundary Road ROW has obviously been deeply and intensively disturbed by road construction, with a built up road bed of crushed gravel and deep ditches on either side of a wide gravel shoulder (Image 38). The 1937 topographic map and 1957 aerial photograph show this area was formerly low-lying and wet, being part of Summerstown Swamp (see Maps 27 and 28). These conditions are identical over the course of the proposed watermain route option alignment along Glen Road to the eastern end of the study corridor in the vicinity of the CSI Logistics yard at 18060 Glen Road (Image 39). Lands lying adjacent to the north side of the Glen Road ROW are currently wooded, likely having been allowed to revert to bush owing to poor drainage conditions. A large field to the north of 18060 Glen Road has been stripped of topsoil and is currently the site of a large fill dump.

3.3 Archaeological Potential

3.3.1 Determination of Archaeological Potential

A number of factors are used to determine archaeological site potential. For pre-contact sites criteria are principally focused on physiographic features such as the distance from the nearest source of water and the nature of that water body, areas of elevated topography including features such as ridges, knolls and eskers, and the types of soils found within the area being assessed. For historic sites, the assessment of archaeological site potential is more reliant on historical research (land registry records, census and assessment rolls, etc.), cartographic and aerial photographic evidence and the inspection of the study area for possible above ground remains or other evidence of a demolished historical structure. Also considered in determining archaeological potential are known archaeological sites within or in the vicinity of the study area.

Archaeological assessment standards established by MTCS (Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists, 2011) establish minimum distances to be tested from features indicating archaeological potential. Areas that are considered to have pre-contact site potential and therefore require testing include lands within 300 metres of water sources,

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wetlands or elevated features in the landscape including former river scarps. Areas of historic archaeological site potential requiring testing include locations within 300 metres of sites of early Euro-Canadian settlement and 100 metres from historic transportation corridors. Further, areas within 300 metres of registered archaeological sites, designated heritage buildings or structures/ locations of local historical significance are considered to have archaeological potential and require testing. These guidelines were refined and applied to the study area after the research and site inspection described above. The archaeological potential evaluations made for each of the study areas is presented below.

Area 1 - Maxville Elevated Water Storage Tank Sites (Map 35)

The potential tank sites (A, B, and C) in Maxville exhibit several characteristics that indicate potential for the presence of archaeological resources associated with pre- contact First Nations settlement and/or land uses. Specifically:

 Large portions of the potential tank sites are located within 300 metres of secondary water sources, including a tributary drainage network made up of seasonal streams and (now) partially to wholly channelized water courses;  The study area is situated along the northern edge of an elevated bedrock plain and the potential tank sites lie across beach deposits associated with the Champlain Sea;  The study area is situated in an area of elevated topography (between till plains to the south and sand and clay plains to the north) with adequate soil and drainage characteristics to support pre-contact First Nations settlement and land- uses;  While no pre-contact First Nations archaeological sites have been registered with the Ontario Archaeological Sites Database in or within 300 metres of the study area, several pre-contact artifacts have been reported from within the Nutfield Tract or Indian Lands in Glengarry County.

The study area also exhibits several characteristics that indicate potential for the presence of archaeological resources associated with historical Euro-Canadian settlement and/or land uses. Specifically:

 Large portions of the study area are located within 300 metres of early Euro- Canadian settlement, including a former church and cemetery located immediately to the south of Potential Tank Site Alternative Location A, as well as a number of farmsteads and residences visible on historical mapping consulted during the preparation of this report;  Portions of the study area lie within 100 metres of early historic transportation routes (as visible on 19th century mapping consulted during the preparation of

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

this report), including County Road No. 20, County Road No. 22 and Mechanic Street E/Carr Street E.

The background research and property inspection undertaken for the Stage 1 archaeological assessment have also indicated that portions of the three potential tank sites have been disturbed (subject to extensive and deep land alterations that have severely damaged the integrity of any archaeological resources). Specifically:

 A portion of the County Road No. 22 ROW passing east to west through the southern portion of Potential Tank Site Alternative Location A has been the subject of extensive disturbance through road and ditch construction (between the excavated ditches);  The footprints of existing structures, including a Bell Canada utility building and antenna/tower within Potential Tank Site Alternative Location A have been extensively disturbed;  The presence of a storm sewer line and paved asphalt parking lot indicate extensive disturbance of parts of the northern portion of Potential Tank Site Alternative Location B;

Area 2 - Martintown Water Booster Pumping Station Sites and Transmission Main Route Options (Map 36)

The potential Martintown Water Booster Pumping Station Sites (east and west sides of the Raisin River) and the Transmission Main Route Options (A, B, and C) exhibit several characteristics that indicate potential for the presence of archaeological resources associated with pre-contact First Nations settlement and/or land uses. Specifically:

 All of the Martintown study area is located within 300 metres of a primary water source, the Raisin River;  Large portions of the Martintown study area lie within 300 metres of secondary water sources, including a drainage network made up of a wetland associated with the floodplain of the Raisin River, seasonal streams and (now) partially to wholly channelized water courses that drain into the Raisin;  The Raisin River would have been a significant pre-contact transportation corridor;  The south-eastern and south-western portions of the study area (including portions of each of the three crossing alternatives) include a slightly elevated till plain lying on either side of the clay plain through which the Raisin River has cut its channel;  Large portions of the study area contain adequate soil and drainage characteristics to support pre-contact First Nations settlement and land-uses;

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

 The presence of the Martintown Grist Mill, other mills and the associated dam on the Raisin River in Martintown suggests that a falls or rapids was in this location prior to the introduction of artificial water controls. This feature(s) may have necessitated a portage route, and therefore portage-related archaeological resources may be located within the surrounding area;  The presence of a falls and/or rapids along this stretch of the Raisin River prior to the introduction of artificial water controls would have presented attractive conditions for pre-contact First Nations groups to exploit spring-spawning fish. Therefore fishing-related archaeological resources may be located within the surrounding area;  While no pre-contact First Nations archaeological sites have been registered with the Ontario Archaeological Sites Database in or within 300 metres of the study area, several pre-contact artifacts have been reported from within the Nutfield Tract or Indian Lands in Glengarry County.

 The study area is entirely located within 300 metres of the historical core of the community of Martintown;  Large portions of the study area lie within 100 metres of early historic transportation routes, including County Road No. 20, County Road No. 18, Nine Mile Road (the former location of Gordon Street), and McCaw (formerly McCann) Street;  Crossing Alternatives ‘A’ and ‘B’ pass through the location of a sawmill and/or foundry/blacksmith that first appear on a 1937 topographic map;  Large portions of the study area are located within 300 metres of a previously registered Historic period Euro-Canadian archaeological site, the Martintown Grist Mill (BgFq-3);  The Martintown Grist Mill, which has previously been recognized as a cultural heritage resource of local and provincial significance, lies adjacent to Crossing Alternative C.

The background research and property inspection undertaken for the Stage 1 archaeological assessment have also indicated that both Potential Pump Station Sites East and West and Crossing Alternative C have been disturbed (subject to extensive and deep land alterations that have severely damaged the integrity of any archaeological resources) or contain low-lying permanently wet soils (areas of no archaeological potential). Specifically:

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

 Potential Pump Station Site West was formerly the location of the Martintown Community Centre (recently demolished) and recent satellite imagery shows the area as having been extensively graded;  Potential Pump Station Site East was formerly the location of a firehall (recently demolished) and recent satellite imagery, verified during the site visit, shows the area as having been extensively graded;  The entire length of Crossing Alternative C is to be contained within the previously disturbed portions of the ROWs of County Road No. 20 and Kings Road/County Road No. 18 (including the elevated bridge over the Raisin River);  The portions of Crossing Alternatives A and B lying within the footprints and parking lot for the new Community Centre and fire hall have been extensively disturbed;  The portions of Crossing Alternatives A and B lying within the wetland associated with the Raisin River floodplain are low-lying and permanently wet;  The portions of Crossing Alternatives A and B lying within the previously disturbed portions of the McCaw Street, Nine Mile Road, and Kings Road/County Road No. 18 ROWs exhibit no archaeological potential.

Area 3 –Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road (Map 37)

The Transmission Main Route along the un-opened portion of the Cashion Road ROW exhibits several characteristics that indicate potential for the presence of archaeological resources associated with pre-contact First Nations settlement and/or land uses. Specifically:

 The majority of the study area lies within 300 metres of secondary water sources, including the Summerstown Swamp and a drainage network made up of (now) partially channelized streams (including Cooper’s Drain) that are tributaries of the South Raisin River;  The study area includes portions of slightly elevated till plains lying on either side of the peat and muck deposits associated with the Summerstown Swamp and south of the clay plain through which the South Raisin River has cut its channel;  Portions of the study area contain adequate soil and drainage characteristics to support pre-contact First Nations settlement and land-uses;  While no pre-contact First Nations archaeological sites have been registered with the Ontario Archaeological Sites Database in or within 300 metres of the study area, several pre-contact artifacts have been reported from within the Nutfield Tract or Indian Lands in Glengarry County;  Pendergast (1981:90-91, 97-98, Map 16) had previously identified the south-facing slope of the elevated till plain running parallel to the Summerstown Swamp as having potential for Terminal Woodland period settlement (specifically St.

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

Lawrence Iroquoian agricultural villages) on the basis of environmental criteria: that this area lies near the headwaters of small streams remote from major waterways on till ridges and hills, on south and north facing slopes and on small sandy knolls.

 The northern and southern portions of the study area are located within 300 metres of early Euro-Canadian settlement, as indicated by the historical maps consulted during the preparation of this report;  Given that the Cashion Road ROW is shown as an open road on the 1862 Walling and 1879 Belden maps of Charlottenburg Township, the entire study area (currently an un-opened road allowance) should be considered an early historic transportation route, although it is unlikely the road was ever more than a minimally-improved cart path.

The background research and property inspection undertaken for the Stage 1 archaeological assessment have also indicated that portions of the study area have been disturbed (subject to extensive and deep land alterations that have severely damaged the integrity of any archaeological resources) or contain low-lying permanently wet soils (areas of no archaeological potential). Specifically:

 A utility cable has been installed along the length of the Cashion Road study area, although the extent of this disturbance is likely limited and could not be illustrated on mapping produced for this report;  A railway line built in 1914 passes through the central portion of the study area;  A small bridge first appearing on a 1937 topographic map appears to have been constructed over Cooper’s Drain, although the extent of disturbance associated with this bridge construction is not clear and so could not be mapped;  The central portion of the study area runs through the low-lying and permanently wet Summerstown Swamp and exhibits no archaeological potential.

Area 4 - Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route Option (Map 38 and 39)

The Tollgate Road/Service Road transmission main route option study area exhibits several characteristics that indicate potential for the presence of archaeological resources associated with pre-contact First Nations settlement and/or land uses. Specifically:

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

 The majority of the study area lies within 300 metres of secondary water sources, including the Summerstown Swamp and a drainage network made up of (now) partially channelized streams that are tributaries of the South Raisin River;  The study area includes portions of slightly elevated till deposit on Paleozoic terrain bordering a low-lying, poorly drained area that was historically part of Summerstown Swamp;  A portion of the western end of the study corridor along Tollgate Road East passes through a coarse textured glaciomarine littoral or shoreline deposit;  Portions of the study area contain adequate soil and drainage characteristics to support pre-contact First Nations settlement and land-uses;  While no pre-contact First Nations archaeological sites have been registered with the Ontario Archaeological Sites Database in or within 300 metres of the study area, several pre-contact artifacts have been reported from the surrounding region.

 Portions of the study corridor are located within 300 metres of early Euro- Canadian settlement, as indicated by the historical maps consulted during the preparation of this report;  Given that the majority of the study corridor follows early historic transportation routes, as shown on the 1862 Walling and 1879 Belden maps of Cornwall and Charlottenburg Townships, the entire study area should be considered to be located within 100 metres of an early historic transportation route.

The background research and property inspection undertaken for the Stage 1 archaeological assessment have revealed that virtually the entire length of the study area has been disturbed (subject to extensive and deep land alterations that have severely damaged the integrity of any archaeological resources), with the single exception consisting of an area containing low-lying permanently wet soils (areas of no archaeological potential). Specifically:

 The majority of the proposed watermain transmission route option alignment is to be constructed either under the road surface or along the road shoulder of existing roadways, which would fall within the disturbed portions of the ROWs of Tollgate Road East, Highway 401, Service Road, Boundary Road, and Glen Road;  A short, circa five metre long, section of the proposed watermain alignment is located within a low-lying, permanently wet area lying between the east end of the Tollgate Road East ROW and the Highway 401 ROW.

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

3.3.2 Stage 1 Recommendations

The results of the background research discussed above indicated that portions of the study area exhibit archaeological potential. These findings form the basis for the following recommendations:

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

The reader is also referred to Section 4.0 below to ensure compliance with the Ontario Heritage Act as it may relate to this project.

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

4.0 ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION

In order to ensure compliance with the Ontario Heritage Act, the reader is advised of the following:

1) This report is submitted to the Minister of Tourism, Culture and Sport as a condition of licensing in accordance with Part VI of the Ontario Heritage Act, R.S.O. 1990, c 0.18. The report is reviewed to ensure that it complies with the standards and guidelines that are issued by the Minister, and that the archaeological fieldwork and report recommendations ensure the conservation, protection and preservation of the cultural heritage of Ontario. When all matters relating to archaeological sites within the project area of a development proposal have been addressed to the satisfaction of the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, a letter will be issued by the ministry stating that there are no further concerns with regard to alterations to archaeological sites by the proposed development.

2) It is an offence under Sections 48 and 69 of the Ontario Heritage Act for any party other than a licensed archaeologist to make any alteration to a known archaeological site or to remove any artifact or other physical evidence of past human use or activity from the site, until such time as a licensed archaeologist has completed archaeological fieldwork on the site, submitted a report to the Minister stating that the site has no further cultural heritage value or interest, and the report has been filed in the Ontario Public Register of Archaeological Reports referred to in Section 65.1 of the Ontario Heritage Act.

3) Should previously undocumented archaeological resources be discovered, they may be a new archaeological site and therefore subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The proponent or person discovering the archaeological resources must cease alteration of the site immediately and engage a licensed consultant archaeologist to carry out archaeological fieldwork, in compliance with Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act.

4) The Cemeteries Act, R.S.O. 1990 c. C.4 and the Funeral, Burial and Cremation Services Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, c.33 (when proclaimed in force) require that any person discovering human remains must notify the police or coroner and the Registrar of Cemeteries at the Ministry of Consumer Services.

5) Archaeological sites recommended for further archaeological fieldwork or protection remain subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act and may not be altered, or have artifacts removed from them, except by a person holding an archaeological licence.

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

5.0 LIMITATIONS AND CLOSURE

Past Recovery Archaeological Services has prepared this report in a manner consistent with that level of care and skill ordinarily exercised by members of the archaeological profession currently practicing under similar conditions in the jurisdiction in which the services are provided, subject to the time limits and physical constraints applicable to this report. No other warranty, expressed or implied, is made.

This report has been prepared for the specific site, design objective, developments and purpose prescribed in the client proposal and subsequent agreed upon changes to the contract. The factual data, interpretations and recommendations pertain to a specific project as described in this report and are not applicable to any other project or site location.

Unless otherwise stated, the suggestions, recommendations and opinions given in this report are intended only for the guidance of the client in the design of the specific project.

Special risks occur whenever archaeological investigations are applied to identify subsurface conditions and even a comprehensive investigation, sample and testing program may fail to detect all or certain archaeological resources. The sampling strategies in this study comply with those identified in the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport’s Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (2011).

The documentation related to this archaeological assessment will be curated by Past Recovery Archaeological Services until such a time that arrangements for their ultimate transfer to an approved and suitable repository can be made to the satisfaction of the project owner(s), the Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport and any other legitimate interest group.

We trust that this report meets your current needs. If you have any questions of if we may be of further assistance, please do not hesitate to contact the undersigned.

Jeff Earl Principal Past Recovery Archaeological Services 51

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

6.0 REFERENCES

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Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport) (MTCS) 2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists. Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Toronto.

Mitchell, B.M. 1963 “The Occurrence of Overall Corded Pottery in the Upper Ottawa Valley.” American Antiquity, 29(1):114-115 1987 “Archaeology of the Petawawa River: The Second Site at Montgomery Lake.” Michigan Archaeologist, Vol. 15(1-2), pp 1-53. 1988 Untitled Report on Field Work Relating to the Wilbur Lake Sites. Report on file, Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Tourism, Toronto. 1989 Untitled Report on Field Work Relating to the Wilbur Lake Sites. Report on file, Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 1990 “Vinette-1: A Review of Origin and Development.” The Ottawa Archaeologist, 17(2):9-13. 1991 Untitled Report on Field Work Relating to the Wilbur Lake Sites. Report on file, Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Municipal Engineers Association 2000 Municipal Class Environmental Assessment, Replaces the Class EAs for Municipal Road Projects, and Water and Wastewater Projects. Mississauga, Ontario. (Amended 2007)

Northeastern Archaeological Associated Limited 2011 Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the Penn Energy – South Glengarry, St. Lawrence 1 Solar Project, Lots 40, 41 and 41A, Judge’s Plan 107, South Glengarry Township, Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry, Ontario. Report, on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Ontario.

North Glengarry Community Economic Development Group 2000 A Walk Around Maxville’s Northeast Side. Pamphlet produced by Tourism North Glengarry. Accessed online at: http://maxvillechamber.ca/ESW/Files/north_east_tour.pdf

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

Pendergast, James F. 1957 Report on the Kant Site, BjGh-1. Report on file, Archives of the Canadian Museum of Civilization, Gatineau. 1962 “The Crystal Rock Site: Early Onondage-Oneida Site in Eastern Ontario.” In Pennsylvania Archaeologist 32(1):21-34. 1964 The Brophy Point Site. Unpublished report on file Archaeological Survey of Canada, Hull. 1966 Three Prehistoric Iroquois Components in Eastern Ontario: The Salem, Grays Creek and Beckstead Sites. National Museum of Canada, Bulletin 208, Ottawa. 1973 The Roebuck Prehistoric Village Site Rim Sherds – An Attribute Analysis. National Museum of Man, Mercury Series No. 8. Archaeological Survey of Canada, National Museums of Canada, Ottawa. 1981a The Glenbrook Village Site: A Late St. Lawrence Iroquoian Component in Glengarry County, Ontario. National Museum of Man, Mercury Series, Archaeological Survey of Canada, No. 100. 1981b Potential Pre-historic Archaeological Sites in The Ontario Hydro Eastern Ontario Route Stage Study Area. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 1984 The Beckstead Site – 1977. National Museum of Man, Mercury Series No. 123, Archaeological Survey of Canada, Natioanl Museums of Canada, Ottawa. 1999 The Ottawa River Algonquin Bands in a St. Lawrence Iroquoian Context. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 23 (1&2):63-136.

Pihl, R.H. 1996 Archaeological Investigations at the Ault Park Site (BgFr-1), Stormont County, Ontario. Manuscript in possession of the author.

Pringle, J.F. 1980 Lunenburgh or The Old Eastern District: Its Settlement and Early Progress With Personal Recollections of the Town of Cornwall from 1824. Department of Agriculture. Publisher unknown.

Ritchie W. A. and D. Dragoo 1960 The Eastern Dispersal of Adena. New York State Museum and Science Service, Bulletin 379.

Robertson, D.S. and Croft D.J.A. 1971 Untitled field notes relating to the Mud Lake Sites. Report on file, Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 1973 Untitled field notes relating to the Mud Lake Sites. Report on file, Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

Robertson, D.S. and Croft D.J.A. (Continued) 1974 Untitled field notes relating to the Mud Lake Sites. Report on file, Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 1975 Untitled field notes relating to the Mud Lake Sites. Report on file, Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Rowe, J.S. 1977 Forest Regions of Canada. Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, Forestry Branch, Bulletin 123, Ottawa.

Scott, Glen 1979 A Forgotten Cemetery In the Indian Lands of Glengarry. Accessed online at: http://glengarry.tripod.com/LS/beech.html

Smith, W.H. 1846 Smith’s Canadian Gazetteer: Comprising Statistical and General Information Respecting all Parts of the Upper Province, or Canada West. Toronto: H. & W. Rowsell. 1851 Canada: Past, Present and Future. Being a Historical, Geographical, Geological, and Statistical Account of Canada West. Thomas Maclear, Toronto.

South Glengarry History n.d. History. Accessed online at: http://www.southglengarry.com/0history.htm

Spence, M., R. Pihl, and C. Murphy 1990 “Cultural Complexes of the Early and Middle Woodland Periods.” In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Ed. Chris Ellis and Neal Ferris. London: Occasional Publications of the London Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society, pp 65-124.

St. Raphael’s Ruins 2012 About the Ruins. Accessed online at: http://www.saintraphaelsruins.com/

Sutton, R. 1990 Hidden Amidst the Hills: Middle and Late Iroquoian Occupations in the Middle Trent Valley. Occasional Papers in Northeastern Archaeology No. 3. Dundas: Copetown Press.

Terasmae, J. and R. J. Mott 1965 Surficial Geology, Cornwall, Ontario-Quebec. Geological Survey of Canada Map 1175A. Scale 1:63,360.

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

Trigger, Bruce.G. 1976 The Children of Aataensic: A History of the Huron People to 1660. 2 Volumes. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.

Watson, Gordon 1982 “Prehistoric Peoples of the Rideau Waterway”. In Archaeological Historical Symposium, Rideau Ferry, Ontario. F.C.L. Wyght, editor. Ministry of Culture, Toronto.

Wintemberg, W.J. 1914 “On Archaeological Work in Ontario and Quebec.” In, Summary Report of the Geological Survey, Department of Mines for the Calendar Year 1912. PP 502- 503, Ottawa. 1936 Roebuck Prehistoric Village Site, Grenville County, Ontario. National Museum of Canada, Bulletin 83, Ottawa.

Wright, J. 1966 The Ontario Iroquois Tradition. National Museum of Canada, Bulletin No. 210.

Wright, Phillip J. 1999 Roxborough Land Fill (Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of Proposed Landfill Site, Lots 16, 17, 18, Concession 10, Township of North Stormont, United Counties of Stormont, Dundas & Glengarry. Report prepared by Mount McGovern Co. Ltd., on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Ontario.

PRIMARY DOCUMENTS:

National Air Photo Library (NAPL):

1946 A10344-139 Maxville 1946 A10369-99 Martintown 1946 A10369-352 Cashion Road 1946 A10245-356 Cashion Road 1969 A19486-38 Martintown

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Library and Archives Canada (LAC):

National Map Collection (NMC):

1862 Map of the Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry. H.F. Walling. NMC 21998 1885 Fire Insurance Plan of Martintown. C. E. Goad Co. NMC 9543

City of Cornwall - CornwallMaps-Interactive Mapping (http://maps.cornwall.ca/ mapguide/cornwallmaps.php):

1957 1096-312-13, 14, 15, 16, 17 Cornwall

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7.0 IMAGES

Image 1. Post card showing the grist mill and covered bridge at Martintown in 1908, looking north-west. (Bowering 2006:31)

Image 2. Post card showing Kings Road in Martintown looking west from the bridge, 1908. (Bowering 2006:31) 65

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Image 3. View showing Kings Road in Martintown looking east towards the covered bridge, c.1900. (Bowering 2006:32)

Image 4. View of the Martintown Potential Pump Station Site West showing the former Martintown Community Centre in 2010, looking north-west. (Photograph courtesy of Google Earth) 66

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Image 5. View of the Martintown Potential Pump Station Site East showing the former Martintown fire hall in 2010, looking west. (Photograph courtesy of Google Earth)

Image 6. View of north end of Maxville Alternative Location A from Carr Street East, looking south-east. (PR12-16D001)

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Image 7. View of the central portion of Maxville Alternative Location A from County Road No. 22, looking west. (PR12-16D020)

Image 8. View of the south end of the Maxville Alternative Location A from County Road No. 22, looking south towards the Maxville Cemetery. (PR12-16D027)

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Image 9. View of the central portion of the Maxville Alternative Location A from the corner of County Road 22 and Main Street, looking north-east. (PR12-16D029)

Image 10. View of the central portion of the Maxville Alternative Location A from County Road No. 22 showing the historic residence within the study area, looking north. (PR12-16D031) 69

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Image 11. View of the central portion of the Maxville Alternative Location A from County Road No. 22 showing the historic residence excluded from the study area, looking north-west. (PR12-16D033)

Image 12. View of the Maxville Cemetery from County Road No. 20, looking east. (PR12-16D036)

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Image 13. View of the west end of the Maxville Alternative Location B from Fair Street, looking east with a catch basin in the foreground. (PR12-16D006)

Image 14. View of the east end of the Maxville Alternative Location B from Fair Street, looking south-west across the library parking lot. (PR12-16D010)

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Image 15. View of the north end of the Maxville Alternative Location C from George Street, looking south-west. The study area fields lie beyond the line of rough grass. (PR12-16D011)

Image 16. View of the central portion and north end of the Maxville Alternative Location C from County Road No. 20, looking west. The study area fields lie beyond the hydro infrastructure. (PR12-16D014)

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Image 17. View of the south end of the Maxville Alternative Location C from County Road No. 20, looking west. The study area fields lie beyond the line of rough grass. (PR12-16D034)

Image 18. View of the Martintown Potential Pump Station Site East from the new Community Centre parking lot showing the adjacent residential structures and the recent disturbance, looking south-east. (PR12-16D037)

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Image 19. View of the Martintown Potential Pump Station Site East from the new Community Centre parking lot showing the recent disturbance, looking south. (PR12-16D050)

Image 20. View of the Martintown Potential Pump Station Site West showing the site of the former Community Centre with the recreational courts in the background, looking west. (PR12-16D066)

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Image 21. View of the Martintown Potential Pump Station Site West showing the site of the former Community Centre, looking north-north-west. (PR12-16D068)

Image 22. View of the Raisin River north shoreline in the vicinity of Crossing Alternatives A and B, looking south-west across the permanently wet area. (PR12-16D047) 75

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Image 23. View of the Raisin River south shoreline in the vicinity of Crossing Alternative B from the north side of the river, looking south-west. (PR12-16D043)

Image 24. View of the north side of the Kings Road Bridge showing recent disturbance, looking south-south-west. (PR12-16D054)

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Image 25. View of the south side of the Kings Road Bridge from the Martintown Grist Mill showing recent disturbance, looking south-west. (PR12-16D061)

Image 26. View of the Martintown Mill and the Raisin River, looking north-east. (PR12-16D057)

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Image 27. View along Cashion Road from Street Road, looking south-east. (PR12-16D070)

Image 28. View along the central portion of Cashion Road from within the Summerstown Swamp, looking north-west towards the higher ridge across the north end of the road. (PR12-16D081) 78

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Image 29. View along the southern section of Cashion Road from the edge of Summerstown Swamp, looking south-west. (PR12-16D083)

Image 30. View of the wooded section of Summerstown Swamp along the southern part of Cashion Road, looking south-west. (PR12-16D082)

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Image 31. View of the residence at No. 6079 Cashion Road, looking north-east. (PR12-16D084)

Image 32. View of a residence at the corner of Cashion Road and Glen Road, looking north-west. (PR12-16D085)

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Image 33. View of the west end of Tollgate Road immediately east of the intersection with McConnell Avenue, looking north-west. (PR12-16D132)

Image 34. View of the approximate location of the proposed watermain route option alignment from Tollgate Road, through the Highway 401 ROW, to Service Road, looking south. (PR12-16D126)

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Image 35. View of the west end of Service Road, looking east. (PR12-16D125)

Image 36. View of the central section of Service Road, looking south-west. (PR12- 16D111)

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Image 37. View of the east end of Service Road, looking north-east. (PR12-16D105)

Image 38. View of the intersection of Boundary Road and Glen Road, looking south-east. (PR12-16D096)

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Image 39. View of Glen Road towards the east end of the proposed watermain route option alignment, looking east. (PR12-16D093)

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8.0 MAPS

Map 1. Locations of the four study areas. Study areas highlighted in black. (1:50,000 NTS map sheets 31G/02 - Cornwall and 31G/07 - Alexandria)

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Map 2. Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville. (Map supplied by CH2M HILL)

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Map 3. Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery) 87

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Map 4. Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown. (Map supplied by CH2M HILL)

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Map 5. Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery) 89

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Map 6. Location of the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road. (Map supplied by CH2M HILL) 90

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Map 7. Location of the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

Map 8. Location of the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route Option . (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

Map 9. Segment of the 1862 H. F. Walling map of the Counties of Stormont, Dundas, and Glengarry showing the Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville. (LAC NMC 21998)

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

Map 10. Segment of the 1879 H. Belden map of Kenyon Township showing the Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville. (Belden 1879:42-43)

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

Map 11. Segment of a pre-1946 topographic map showing the Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville. (Early edition one-inch-to-one-mile NTS map sheet 31G/07 - Alexandria)

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

Map 12. Segment of a 1946 aerial photograph showing the Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville. (NAPL A10344-139)

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Map 13. Segment of the 1862 H. F. Walling map of Martintown showing showing Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives. (LAC NMC 21998)

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

Map 14. Segment of the 1879 H. Belden map of Martintown showing Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives. (Belden 1879:49)

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

Map 15. Goad’s Fire Insurance Plan of Martintown, 1885, showing Crossing Alternative C. (LAC NMC 9543)

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

Map 16. Segment of a 1937 topographic map showing Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown. (Early edition one-inch-to-one-mile NTS map sheet 31G/02 - Cornwall)

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Map 17. Segment of a 1946 aerial photograph showing Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown. (NAPL A10369-99)

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Map 18. Segment of a 1953 topographic map showing Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown. (Early edition 1:50,000 NTS map sheet 31G/02 - Cornwall)

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Map 19. Segment of a 1969 aerial photograph showing Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown. (NAPL A19486-38)

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Map 20. Segment of the 1862 H. F. Walling map of the Counties of Stormont, Dundas, and Glengarry showing the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road. (LAC NMC 21998)

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Map 21. Segment of the 1879 H. Belden map of Charlottenburg Township showing the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road. (Belden 1879:46-47)

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Map 22. Segment of a 1937 topographic map showing the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road. (Early edition one-inch-to-one-mile NTS map sheet 31G/02 - Cornwall)

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Map 23. Segments of 1946 aerial photographs showing the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road. (NAPL A10245-356 & A10369-352)

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Map 24. Segment of a 1953 topographic map showing the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road. (Early edition 1:50,000 NTS map sheet 31G/02 - Cornwall)

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Map 25. Segment of the 1862 H. F. Walling map of the Counties of Stormont, Dundas, and Glengarry showing the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route Option. (LAC NMC 21998)

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Map 26. Segments of the 1879 H. Belden maps of Cornwall and Charlottenburg Townships showing the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route Option. (Belden 1879:18-19, 46-47)

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Map 27. Segment of a 1937 topographic map showing the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route Option. (Early edition one-inch-to-one-mile NTS map sheet 31G/02 - Cornwall)

111

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Map 28. Segments of 1957 aerial photographs showing the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route Option. (City of Cornwall 1096-312:13-17)

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Map 29. Segment of a 1957 topographic map showing the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route Option. (Early edition 1:50,000 NTS map sheet 31G/02 - Cornwall)

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Map 30. Segment of a physiographic map of eastern Ontario showing the locations of the four study areas. Study areas highlighted in white. (Chapman and Putnam 1984:Map M2227)

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Map 31. Locations and directions of photographs taken during the property inspection at the Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville and used in this report. Numbers refer to images in the report. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)

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Map 32. Locations and directions of photographs taken during the property inspection at the Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown and used in this report. Numbers refer to images in the report. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)

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Map 33. Locations and directions of photographs taken during the property inspection at the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road and used in this report. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)

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Map 34. Locations and directions of photographs taken during the property inspection at the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route Option and used in this report. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)

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Map 35. Potential Tank Site Alternative Locations in Maxville showing archaeological potential. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)

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Map 36. Potential Pump Station Sites and Crossing Alternatives in Martintown showing archaeological potential. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)

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Map 37. Location of the Transmission Main Route on Cashion Road showing archaeological potential. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery) 121

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Map 38. Location of the west portion of the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route Option showing archaeological potential. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery)

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Map 39. Location of the east portion of the Tollgate Road/Service Road Transmission Main Route Option showing archaeological potential. (Base: 2008-2009 DRAPE satellite imagery) 123

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APPENDIX 1: Photographic Catalogue

Camera: Panasonic Lumix DMC-TS3

Catalogue No. Description Date Phot. Dir.

PR12-16D001 View of the north end of Maxville Alternative Location ‘A’ from 10/08/12 JE SE Carr Street East PR12-16D002 View of the north end of Maxville Alternative Location ‘A’ from 10/08/12 JE E Carr Street East PR12-16D003 View of the north end of Maxville Alternative Location ‘A’ from 10/08/12 JE S Carr Street East PR12-16D004 View of the eastern edge of the Maxville Alternative Location 10/08/12 JE S ‘A’ from Carr Street East PR12-16D005 View of the west end of the Maxville Alternative Location ‘B’ 10/08/12 JE SSE from Fair Street PR12-16D006 View of the west end of the Maxville Alternative Location ‘B’ 10/08/12 JE SE from Fair Street PR12-16D007 View of the west end of the Maxville Alternative Location ‘B’ 10/08/12 JE E looking along Fair Street PR12-16D008 View of the east end of the Maxville Alternative Location ‘B’ 10/08/12 JE W looking along Fair Street PR12-16D009 View of the east end of the Maxville Alternative Location ‘B’ 10/08/12 JE S from Fair Street PR12-16D010 View of the east end of the Maxville Alternative Location ‘B’ 10/08/12 JE SW from Fair Street PR12-16D011 View of the north end of the Maxville Alternative Location ‘C’ 10/08/12 JE SW from George Street PR12-16D012 View of the north end of the Maxville Alternative Location ‘C’ 10/08/12 JE S from George Street PR12-16D013 View of the north end of the Maxville Alternative Location ‘C’ 10/08/12 JE SE from George Street PR12-16D014 View of the central portion of the Maxville Alternative Location 10/08/12 JE W ‘C’ from Main Street PR12-16D015 View of the central portion of the Maxville Alternative Location 10/08/12 JE W ‘C’ from Main Street PR12-16D016 View of the south end of the Maxville Alternative Location ‘A’ 10/08/12 JE NE from Main Street, showing the veterinary clinic PR12-16D017 View of the south end of the Maxville Alternative Location ‘A’ 10/08/12 JE E from Main Street, showing the adjacent cemetery PR12-16D018 View of the south end of the Maxville Alternative Location ‘A’ 10/08/12 JE N from Main Street, showing the veterinary clinic PR12-16D019 View of the eastern edge of the Maxville Alternative Location ‘A’ 10/08/12 JE NW from County Road 22 PR12-16D020 View of the central portion of the Maxville Alternative Location 10/08/12 JE W ‘A’ from County Road 22 PR12-16D021 View of the central portion of the Maxville Alternative Location 10/08/12 JE SW ‘A’, looking along County Road 22 PR12-16D022 View of the south end of the Maxville Alternative Location ‘A’, 10/08/12 JE SW from County Road 22 PR12-16D023 View of the central portion of the Maxville Alternative Location 10/08/12 JE NW ‘A’, from County Road 22 PR12-16D024 View of the Bell Canada structure in the central portion of the 10/08/12 JE NW Maxville Alternative Location ‘A’, from County Road 22

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Catalogue No. Description Date Phot. Dir.

PR12-16D025 View of the central portion of the Maxville Alternative Location 10/08/12 JE W ‘A’, from County Road 22, showing a residential structure PR12-16D026 View of the south end of the Maxville Alternative Location ‘A’, 10/08/12 JE S from County Road 22 PR12-16D027 View of the south end of the Maxville Alternative Location ‘A’, 10/08/12 JE S from County Road 22 PR12-16D028 View of the central portion of the Maxville Alternative Location 10/08/12 JE NW ‘A’, from County Road 22, showing an outbuilding/garage PR12-16D029 View of the central portion of the Maxville Alternative Location 10/08/12 JE NE ‘A’, from the corner of County Road 22 and Main Street PR12-16D030 View of the central portion of the Maxville Alternative Location 10/08/12 JE E ‘A’, from the corner of County Road 22 and Main Street PR12-16D031 View of the central portion of the Maxville Alternative Location 10/08/12 JE N ‘A’, from County Road 22, showing a residential structure PR12-16D032 View of the central portion of the Maxville Alternative Location 10/08/12 JE NW ‘A’, from County Road 22, showing a residential structure PR12-16D033 View of the central portion of the Maxville Alternative Location 10/08/12 JE NW ‘A’. from County Road 22, showing a residential structure PR12-16D034 View of the south end of the Maxville Alternative Location ‘C’ 10/08/12 JE W from Main Street PR12-16D035 View of the south end of the Maxville Alternative Location ‘C’ 10/08/12 JE W from Main Street PR12-16D036 View of the Maxville Cemetery from Main Street 10/08/12 JE E PR12-16D037 View of the Martintown East Pump Location, showing adjacent 10/08/12 JE SE residential structures PR12-16D038 View of the Raisin River shoreline at the Martintown East Pump 10/08/12 JE SW Location PR12-16D039 View of the Raisin River shoreline and adjacent lands at the 10/08/12 JE W Martintown East Pump Location PR12-16D040 View of the Martintown East Pump Location 10/08/12 JE E PR12-16D041 View of the Raisin River north shoreline at the Martintown East 10/08/12 JE W Pump Location PR12-16D042 View of the Raisin River south shoreline at the Martintown East 10/08/12 JE W Pump Location PR12-16D043 View of the Raisin River north shoreline at the Martintown East 10/08/12 JE SW Pump Location PR12-16D044 View of the Raisin River south shoreline at the Martintown East 10/08/12 JE SW Pump Location PR12-16D045 View of the Raisin River north shoreline at the Martintown East 10/08/12 JE W Pump Location PR12-16D046 View of the unnamed tributary of the Raisin River, at the 10/08/12 JE W Martintown East Pump Location PR12-16D047 View of the Raisin River north shoreline at the Martintown East 10/08/12 JE SW Pump Location PR12-16D048 View of the Martintown East Pump Location 10/08/12 JE E PR12-16D049 View of the Martintown East Pump Location 10/08/12 JE SE PR12-16D050 View of the Martintown East Pump Location 10/08/12 JE S PR12-16D051 View of the Martintown Mill from the corner of Kings Road and 10/08/12 JE S County Road 20 PR12-16D052 View of the Martintown Mill and the bridge from the corner of 10/08/12 JE SW Kings Road and County Road 20 PR12-16D053 View of the north side of the bridge from the corner of Kings 10/08/12 JE SW Road and County Road 20 PR12-16D054 View of the north side of the bridge 10/08/12 JE SSW

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Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment North Glengarry Regional Water Supply EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services

Catalogue No. Description Date Phot. Dir.

PR12-16D055 View of the bridge over the Raisin River along Kings Road 10/08/12 JE S PR12-16D056 View of the north side of the bridge 10/08/12 JE E PR12-16D057 View of the Martintown Mill and the Raisin River 10/08/12 JE NE PR12-16D058 View of the Martintown Mill and the Raisin River 10/08/12 JE NE PR12-16D059 View of the Raisin River at the Martintown Mill 10/08/12 JE SE PR12-16D060 View of the Ontario Heritage Foundation Plaque at the 10/08/12 JE SE Martintown Mill PR12-16D061 View of the south side of the bridge from the Martintown Mill 10/08/12 JE SW PR12-16D062 View of the filled in arched opening in the wall for the penstock 10/08/12 JE E at the Martintown Mill PR12-16D063 View of the Raisin River shoreline from the Martintown Mill 10/08/12 JE W PR12-16D064 View of the Raisin River and the bridge from the Martintown 10/08/12 JE NW Mill PR12-16D065 View of the Martintown West Pump Location 10/08/12 JE SE PR12-16D066 View of the Martintown West Pump Location, showing the 10/08/12 JE W recreational courts in the background PR12-16D067 View of the Martintown West Pump Location, showing the 10/08/12 JE NW baseball diamond in the background PR12-16D068 View of the Martintown West Pump Location 10/08/12 JE NNW PR12-16D069 View north-west along Nine Mile Road, towards the Raisin 10/08/12 JE NW River PR12-16D070 View along Cashion Road from Street Road 10/08/12 JE SE PR12-16D071 View along Street Road at Cashion Road 10/08/12 JE S PR12-16D072 View along Street Road at Cashion Road 10/08/12 JE E PR12-16D073 View along Cashion Road towards the intersection with Street 10/08/12 JE NW Road PR12-16D074 View of the buried cable marker along Cashion Road 10/08/12 JE NW PR12-16D075 View along Cashion Road 10/08/12 JE NW PR12-16D076 View of the bend in Cashion Road 10/08/12 JE SW PR12-16D077 View along Cashion Road 10/08/12 JE SE PR12-16D078 View of the Summerstown Swamp west of Cashion Road 10/08/12 JE SW PR12-16D079 View of the old rail line through the Summerstown Swamp 10/08/12 JE NE PR12-16D080 View of the old rail line through the Summerstown Swamp 10/08/12 JE SW PR12-16D081 View along the central portion of Cashion Road 10/08/12 JE NW PR12-16D082 View of the Summerstown Swamp at the southern end of Cashion 10/08/12 JE SW PR12-16D083 View along the south end of Cashion Road 10/08/12 JE SW PR12-16D084 View of the residential structure at No. 6079 Cashion Road 10/08/12 JE NE PR12-16D085 View of a residential structure at the corner of Cashion Road 10/08/12 JE NW and Glen Road PR12-16D086 View of the south end of Cashion Road 10/08/12 JE NW PR12-16D087 View of the southeast end of the Martintown Grist Mill 10/08/12 JE NW PR12-16D088 View of Glen Road east of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG S PR12-16D089 View of Glen Road east of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG W PR12-16D090 View of Glen Road east of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG NW PR12-16D091 View of Glen Road east of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG NW PR12-16D092 View of Glen Road east of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG NE PR12-16D093 View of Glen Road east of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG E PR12-16D094 View of Glen Road east of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG SE PR12-16D095 View from Boundary Road north of Glen Road 17/02/13 DG N PR12-16D096 View from Boundary Road north of Glen Road 17/02/13 DG E PR12-16D097 View from Boundary Road north of Glen Road 17/02/13 DG S PR12-16D098 View from Boundary Road north of Glen Road 17/02/13 DG W PR12-16D099 View from 100m east of end of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG W PR12-16D100 View from 100m east of end of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG N

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Catalogue No. Description Date Phot. Dir.

PR12-16D101 View from 100m east of end of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG E PR12-16D102 View from 100m east of end of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG S PR12-16D103 View from 600m east of end of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG W PR12-16D104 View from 600m east of end of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG N PR12-16D105 View from 600m east of end of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG E PR12-16D106 View from 600m east of end of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG S PR12-16D107 View from 1200m east of end of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG W PR12-16D108 View from 1200m east of end of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG N PR12-16D109 View from 1200m east of end of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG E PR12-16D110 View from 1200m east of end of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG S PR12-16D111 View from 1800m east of end of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG W PR12-16D112 View from 1800m east of end of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG N PR12-16D113 View from 1800m east of end of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG E PR12-16D114 View from 1800m east of end of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG S PR12-16D115 View from 2400m east of end of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG W PR12-16D116 View from 2400m east of end of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG N PR12-16D117 View from 2400m east of end of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG E PR12-16D118 View from 2400m east of end of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG S PR12-16D119 View from 3000m east of end of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG W PR12-16D120 View from 3000m east of end of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG N PR12-16D121 View from 3000m east of end of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG E PR12-16D122 View from 3000m east of end of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG S PR12-16D123 View from 3400m east of end of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG W PR12-16D124 View from 3400m east of end of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG N PR12-16D125 View from 3400m east of end of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG E PR12-16D126 View from 3400m east of end of Boundary Road 17/02/13 DG S PR12-16D127 View from west end of Service Road 17/02/13 DG NW PR12-16D128 View from west end of Service Road 17/02/13 DG E PR12-16D129 View from west end of Service Road 17/02/13 DG S PR12-16D130 View from west end of Service Road 17/02/13 DG W PR12-16D131 View from east of McConnell Avenue on Tollgate Road 17/02/13 DG NE PR12-16D132 View from east of McConnell Avenue on Tollgate Road 17/02/13 DG E PR12-16D133 View from east of McConnell Avenue on Tollgate Road 17/02/13 DG S PR12-16D134 View from east of McConnell Avenue on Tollgate Road 17/02/13 DG W

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APPENDIX 2: Glossary of Archaeological Terms

Archaeology: The study of human past, both prehistoric and historic, by excavation of cultural material.

Archaeological Sites: The physical remains of any building, structure, cultural feature, object, human event or activity which, because of the passage of time, are on or below the surface of the land or water.

Archaic: A term used by archaeologists to designate a distinctive cultural period dating between 8000 and 1000 B.C. in eastern North America. The period is divided into Early (8000 to 6000 B.C.), Middle (6000 to 2500 B.C.) and Late (2500 to 1000 B.C.). It is characterized by hunting, gathering and fishing.

Artifact: An object manufactured, modified or used by humans.

B.P.: Before Present. Often used for archaeological dates instead of B.C. or A.D. Present is taken to be 1951, the date from which radiocarbon assays are calculated.

Backdirt: The soil excavated from an archaeological site. It is usually removed by shovel or trowel and then screened to ensure maximum recovery of artifacts.

Chert: A type of silica rich stone often used for making chipped stone tools. A number of chert sources are known from southern Ontario. These sources include outcrops and nodules.

Contact Period: The period of initial contact between Native and European populations. In Ontario, this generally corresponds to the seventeenth and eighteen centuries depending on the specific area. See also Protohistoric.

Cultural Resource / Heritage Resource: Any resource (archaeological, historical, architectural, artifactual, archival) that pertains to the development of our cultural past.

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Cultural Heritage Landscapes: Cultural heritage landscapes are groups of features made by people. The arrangement of features illustrate noteworthy relationships between people and their surrounding environment. They can provide information necessary to preserve, interpret or reinforce the understanding of important historical settings and changes to past patterns of land use. Cultural landscapes include neighbourhoods, townscapes and farmscapes.

Diagnostic: An artifact, decorative technique or feature that is distinctive of a particular culture or time period.

Disturbed: In an archaeological context, this term is used when the cultural deposit of a certain time period has been intruded upon by a later occupation.

Excavation: The uncovering or extraction of cultural remains by digging.

Feature: This term is used to designate modifications to the physical environment by human activity. Archaeological features include the remains of buildings or walls, storage pits, hearths, post moulds and artifact concentrations.

Flake: A thin piece of stone (usually chert, chalcedony, etc.) detached during the manufacture of a chipped stone tool. A flake can also be modified into another artifact form such as a scraper.

Fluted: A lanceolate shaped projectile point with a central channel extending from the base approximately one third of the way up the blade. One of the most diagnostic Palaeo- Indian artifacts.

Historic: Period of written history. In Ontario, the historic period begins with European settlement.

Lithic: Stone. Lithic artifacts would include projectile points, scrapers, ground stone adzes, gun flints, etc.

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Lot: The smallest provenience designation used to locate an artifact or feature.

Midden: An archaeological term for a garbage dump.

Mitigation: To reduce the severity of development impact on an archaeological or other heritage resource through preservation or excavation. The process for minimizing the adverse impacts of an undertaking on identified cultural heritage resources within an affected area of a development project.

Multicomponent: An archaeological site which has seen repeated occupation over a period of time. Ideally, each occupation layer is separated by a sterile soil deposit that accumulated during a period when the site was not occupied. In other cases, later occupations will be directly on top of earlier ones or will even intrude upon them.

Operation: The primary division of an archaeological site serving as part of the provenience system. The operation usually represents a culturally or geographically significant unit within the site area.

Palaeo-Indian: The earliest human occupation of Ontario designated by archaeologists. The period dates between 9000 and 8000 B.C. and is characterized by small mobile groups of hunter-gatherers.

Prehistoric: Before written history. In Ontario, this term is used for the period of Native occupation up until the first contact with European groups.

Profile: The profile is the soil stratigraphy that shows up in the cross-section of an archaeological excavation. Profiles are important in understanding the relationship between different occupations of a site.

Projectile Point: A point used to tip a projectile such as an arrow, spear or harpoon. Projectile points may be made of stone (either chipped or ground), bone, ivory, antler or metal.

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Provenience: Place of origin. In archaeology this refers to the location where an artifact or feature was found. This may be a general location or a very specific horizontal and vertical point.

Salvage: To rescue an archaeological site or heritage resource from development impact through excavation or recording.

Stratigraphy: The sequence of layers in an archaeological site. The stratigraphy usually includes natural soil deposits and cultural deposits.

Sub-operation: A division of an operation unit in the provenience system.

Survey: To examine the extent and nature of a potential site area. Survey may include surface examination of ploughed or eroded areas and sub-surface testing.

Test Pit: A small pit, usually excavated by hand, used to determine the stratigraphy and presence of cultural material. Test pits are often used to survey a property and are usually spaced on a grid system.

Woodland: The most recent major division in the prehistoric sequence of Ontario. The Woodland period dates from 1000 B.C. to A.D. 1550. The period is characterized by the introduction of ceramics and the beginning of agriculture in southern Ontario. The period is further divided into Early (1000 B.C. to A.D. 0), Middle (A.D. 0 to A.D. 900) and Late (A.D. 900 to A.D.1550).

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