Jacques Cartier Did Find a Passage and Gathered a Great Deal of Information About the Resources, Land and People of North America

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SOCIAL 7 CHAPTER 2 Name______

THE FRENCH IN NORTH AMERCIA

Read pages 30-35 and answer the following questions

1. Colony is a ______that is controlled by another country. The earliest colonists in Canada came from ______. (2)

2. Empires are ______of ______controlled by a single country, sometimes called the Home Country. (2)

3. Define Imperialism (1) ______

Please copy the diagram of Imperialism from pg. 31. (9)

4. Why did the imperial countries of Europe want to expand their empires to North America? Please explain each reason. (8)

1.______2.______3.______4.______

5. In 1534 the King of France sent a French sea captain named ______to find a passage through ______to Asia. (2)

Read page 36-41 and answer the following questions

Jacques Cartier did find a passage and gathered a great deal of information about the resources, land and people of North America.

6, Who were the first Europeans to come to the New World? Why did they come? (2) ______

7, Who was Jacques Cartier? (1) ______

8, What were some of the advantages and disadvantages to the Europeans of their coming to the New World? What were some of the advantages and disadvantages to Aboriginal groups of the European exploration? (8)

European Advantages______European Disadvantages______AboriginalAdvantages______Aboriginal Disadvantages______

9. Why did King Francois send Cartier to the New World? (4) ______

10, Who was Donnacona? What happened to him? (2) ______

11. What Aboriginal customs and habits did Cartier notice? (4)

______

12. What hardships did Cartier and his men endure in their first winter in Canada? How did they survive? (3) ______

13. Why was France so interested in claiming new lands? (4)

______

14. Is Cartier a hero or a villain? Explain (2)

______

15. Is Donnacona a hero or a villain? Explain. (2) ______

16. What did the Europeans learn from their contact with Aboriginal people? (4) ______

17. How did the Aboriginal peoples change as a result of European contact? (4)

______

18. In the early 1600’s French King Louis XII, decided that France should build a colony in North America. Then they would have access to the large supply of furs. Louis also wanted to be the most powerful ruler in Europe. They would call this colony ______. (1)

19. The King granted a trade ______to a group of merchants. (1)

20. Define monopoly: (1) ______

21. List three important facts about Samuel de Champlain. (3)

1.______2.______3.______

Read pages 42-46 and answer the following questions

22. The Coureurs de Bois were a unique group of adventurers. The term in English means ______. They roamed around the country learning the ______and ______of many of the different groups so they could join them and fit in. Often they would learn how the build ______and their main interest was______. (5)

23. In 1663 King Louis XIV took control of the colony from the merchants. He set up a ______to govern the colony. (1)

24. The Sovereign Council was made up of 3 appointed key people. Copy the diagram from page 46. (2)

25. List three roles of each key player. (9)

Governor 1.______2.______3.______

Intendant 1.______2.______3.______

Bishop 1.______2.______3. ______

Read pages 47-50 and answer the following questions

26. List 5 main points about the Catholic Church in New France. (5)

1. ______2. ______3. ______4. ______5. ______

27. Define Jesuits (1) ______

28. List four roles of the women in New France? (4)

1.______2.______3.______4. ______

29. What was the economy in New France like? (2)

1.______2.______

30. Draw what the Seigneurial System looked like. (5)

31. Who were the Habitant? (1) ______

Courier de Bois Skit Assignment Chapter Two Social Studies Seven Name: ______Date: ______Class: ______

Courier de Bois Skit Assignment

1. Read the textbook pages 42-44 carefully. 2. Imagine that you are a young French man who is eager to come to Canada – to New France to help settle the country and have a great adventure along the way. Keep in mind that many of these men were between the ages of 15-30 years if age and were typically single and ready to risk everything they had – including their lives to accomplish the goal of promoting a profitable fur trade. The idea of becoming rich was perhaps as exciting as their quest for adventure. Choose one of the following scenes to act out in your group for the benefit of the class.

A. Act out the scene of a young man explaining to his family that he wants to travel without them to a new country with an explorer he barely knows and to seek possible fortune. Have him outline the pros and cons of the experience for his family so that they may come to understand his decision.

B. You are Etienne Brule who is thought to have been like a son to Samuel de Champlain. Act out the scene in which Samuel comes to Etienne and asks him to consider a cultural exchange with the Wendat people. Be sure to spell out the benefits of this idea and the risks.

C. Pierre Radisson and his brother-in-law, the Sieur des Groseilliers are instrumental in their accomplishments as Coureurs de Bois. It is because of their work that the Hudson Bay Company was founded. Act out the accomplishment that these two men achieved.

D. An idea of your own…..please talk the teacher about your idea for a skit that ties into this theme.

**Be aware of when this assignment is due: ______****Review the skit rubric upon which your group will be graded. ASK questions!!!!!!

Performance Rubric for Coureurs de Bois Skit http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/faculty/hirota/skits_rubric.htm

Group members: ______

Non- Excellent Good Competent Developing Existent 4 3 2 1 0 CONTENT • There is accurate and rich use of facts that give support to the important theme and ideas of the topic.

• The story of the skit is interesting and makes rational sense in furthering one's understanding of the important themes being applied.

PERFORMANCE • All students have important performance parts in conveying the

concepts and information.

• Dialogue supports the plot and advances the audience's understanding of important themes and ideas.

• The actors interacted with the audience by making eye contact,

physical movements, and gesturing.

• The audience could easily see and hear the skit.

CREATIVE EFFORT • Rich use of visual and/or audio props enhanced the presentation and interest in the performance and supported the themes of the skit.

Name: ______Date: ______Class: _____ Jacques Cartier: New Land for the French King

Introduction

Jacques Cartier Born 1491, died 1557

Jacques Cartier went to Canada three times, in 1534, 1535 and 1541. He is credited with being the first European discoverer of the St. Lawrence River and the first European to make a map of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. He gave Canada its name, after he mistook the Mohawk word for village (kana:ta') as the name of the whole land.

Canada -- a Mistake! We owe the name of our country to a misunderstanding. When Jacques Cartier heard the Iroquoian word "kanata", which means town or village, he thought it was the name used for the country. The name began appearing on European maps.

Another Mistake! Jacques Cartier Jacques Cartier also made a mistake with naming Sept-Iles (Seven- Islands). There are actually only 6 islands; the seventh was really a Copyright/Source jutting peninsula.

Want to Trade? According to Cartier, the Mi'kmaq loved to trade. His accounts say the Native people "showed a marvelously great pleasure in possessing and obtaining these iron wares and other commodities, dancing and going

Early Life

Cartier was a French sailor, map-maker and explorer. He was born in the town of St. Malo, France, in 1491. He married in 1520, but had no children. Not very much else is known about his life, except for his voyages to Canada.

St. Malo, April 1534

Source: Mr. Colin McCartney, Rocky View School Division Transportation :Ships from the time of Cabot and Cartier

Cartier had visited the New World before his famous explorations. He sailed in small, crowded ships called caravels and galleons. One of the caravels he took on his first voyage was about 24 metres long and carried 31 men. It was very uncomfortable and unhealthy on these ships.

First Voyage

April 20, 1534 - September 5, 1534

Cartier went to Canada in 1534 with two ships and 61 men to look for a way to Asia. In the course of this search, he explored what later became known as Newfoundland, the Magdalen Islands, Prince Edward Island and the Gaspé Peninsula. While at Prince Edward Island, he traded with the Mi'kmaq. This was the first act of trade between the French and First Nations people.

Cartier explored what are now known as The King Commands You Newfoundland, the In 1534, the King of France, François I Magdalen Islands, sent Cartier to "discover certain islands Prince Edward Island and lands where it is said there is a large and the Gaspé amount of gold and other riches to be Peninsula on his first found." voyage in 1534 Copyright/Source Dufour, Pierre and Michelle Guitard. Jacques Cartier raising Passages: A Treasure Trove of North American Exploration. Ottawa: a cross in Canada prior National Library of Canada, 1992, p. 11. to returning to France Copyright/Source

Wanted for Kidnapping -- Jacques Cartier! Jacques Cartier kidnapped two of Chief Donnacona's sons, Domagaya and Taignoagny, and set sail for France. Used to fresh air and wide, open spaces, just imagine how they must have felt about the horrors below deck.

In France, the young men were taken to a little seaport called St. Malo. It was September 1534. They spent the winter in a boarding house. When they realized that the Europeans were seeking gold, the brothers began to tell stories about the Kingdom of Saguenay where gold lay about like pebbles on a beach. They promised to show Cartier the place if he would take them home…

Their clever idea worked. In the spring, the young men boarded Cartier's ship for a return trip. They were back with their father by September 9, 1535.

Source: Mr. Colin McCartney, Rocky View School Division Page 2 Second Voyage May 19, 1535 - July 16, 1536

The king of France, François I, sent Cartier back to Canada with three ships and 110 men. Cartier built a house and fort at Stadacona (where Quebec City is today). He then went down the St. Lawrence River to the Iroquois village of Hochelaga on what is now called Montreal Island.

Because of the ice, he had to stay in Canada for the winter. Many of his crew died of scurvy, a disease that is caused by a diet without vegetables and fruit. Finally, the Iroquois showed them how to make white cedar tea to cure it. Map of Hochelaga, the Iroquois Going Mountain-climbing? village which became Montréal, Don't Forget to Pack Your drawn in 1556. Cartier is shown Amour! being welcomed into the village Visiting the town of Hochelaga, in the lower-left corner Cartier and his men were taken up Copyright/Source the steep hill he later named Mount Royal. Some of his men were

dressed in full fighting armour and tired themselves out on the climb Jacques Cartier at up the mountain. When it came time for the trip down, the Hochelaga (Montréal) Hochelagans generously picked them up and carried the heavy men Copyright/Source on their shoulders to Cartier's boats.

Strange Animals In 1535, Cartier travelled up the Moisie River and noted strange white fish with heads like greyhounds. He had probably seen St. Lawrence belugas.

Wanted for Kidnapping - Again! It had been a harsh winter. Cartier's men would have all died of scurvy had it not been for Chief Donnacona's cure of tea made from the cedar tree. Now it was time to return to France, but Cartier had nothing important to bring home. He decided to kidnap the chief, who would be able to tell him more about the land of gold.

Cartier invited Chief Donnacona to a goodbye party. The party was really a trap. The Iroquois were suspicious and refused to enter the fort. Cartier's men seized the chief, his two sons, 3 leaders and a young girl.

In France, Chief Donnacona met King François I. As his two sons had done on their previous visit, he also told stories of gold and riches. But, by the time Cartier was ready to return in 1541, all the Native people he had captured, except the girl, had died.

Third Voyage May 23, 1541 - September 1542

The third voyage was not just a voyage of exploration. François I wanted Cartier to help start a new colony. He left in 1541 with five ships and 1500 people.

The winter was very hard. The local Iroquois were not friendly and they had many problems with food and scurvy. The Iroquois killed 35 men. In June 1542, Cartier returned to France with the survivors.

No Longer Welcome Still interested in the promised gold and treasures, Cartier returned to Stadacona in 1541. Naturally, the Iroquois expected to see their chief and people with Cartier. When asked where they were, Cartier replied that they had liked it so much in France that they didn't wish to return. The Native people were not fooled. Any time one of Cartier's men strayed too far from the fort he was killed. After a hard and hungry winter, they packed up and went back to France.

After

Cartier did not travel to Canada again. He settled in his home town of St. Malo, France and became a successful and respected businessman. He died in 1557 at the age of 66.

Cartier failed to find anything that seemed interesting or useful to the people at the time. This was one reason there was no serious exploration in Canada for another 80 years.

Worthless Rock On his third voyage, Cartier collected some rocks that he thought contained diamonds and gold, but they turned out to be worthless.

Go Fish! The cod and whales that Cartier reported, when he returned, were true moneymakers. A whaler who sailed to Labrador and Newfoundland could harpoon enough whales to become rich in a single trip.

Jackson, Lawrence. Newfoundland and Labrador. Markham, Ont.: Fitzhenry & Whiteside, 1998, 1995, p. 24. Samuel Purchas's 1625 map with illustrations of the early whaling industry Copyright/Source

Source: Mr. Colin McCartney, Rocky View School Division page 4

Whalebone, from the upper jaw of certain whales, was used to stiffen women's corsets. Corsets were undergarments that shaped the upper body. The first corsets were reinforced with wood, then whalebone and metal. No matter what they were made of, they weren't very comfortable! At least the wood and whalebone didn't rust!

The name Montreal comes from Mount Royal, the mountain Cartier named for the King of France.

Samuel de Champlain 1567-1635

Samuel de Champlain (c. 1567 – 25 December 1635) was a French geographer, draftsman, explorer and founder of Quebec City earning him the nickname "Father of New France". He was also integral in opening North America up to French trade, especially the fur trade. His influence is still felt in the presence of French Canadians in Quebec, where he did most of his exploring. Champlain's pattern was to spend several months or years exploring North America and then to head back to France to raise more funds for further explorations. •

Early travels

That he was born in Brouage, France is reported in the title of his 1603 book but much of Champlain's early life is unknown: it is speculated by some that his mother was a Huguenot. He arrived on his first trip to North America March 15, 1603, a member of a fur-trading expedition. Although he had no official assignment on the voyage, he created a map of the St. Lawrence River and after his return to France on September 20, wrote an account published as Des Sauvages: ou voyage de Samuel Champlain, de Brouages, faite en la France nouvelle l'an 1603 ("Of Savages: or travels of Samuel Champlain, of Brouages, made in New France the year 1603").[1]

Instructed by Henry IV to make a report on his further discoveries, Champlain joined another expedition to New France led by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Monts in the spring of 1604. He helped found the Saint Croix Island settlement, which was abandoned the following spring, when the settlers moved across the Bay of Fundy to found the Habitation at Port-Royal—sited with Champlain's assistance—, where Champlain lived until 1607 while he explored the Atlantic coast.

In 1605 and 1606, Champlain explored the land that is now Chatham, Cape Cod as a prospective settlement but small skirmishes with the resident Monomoyick Indians dissuaded him from the idea. He named the area Port Fortune.

Founding of Quebec City

On July 3, 1608, Champlain landed at the "point of Quebec" and set about fortifying the area against attack by building three main buildings (each two stories tall) and also a moat 15 feet (5 m) wide. This was to become the city of Quebec. Fortifying Quebec City (which he referred to as his "Habitation") became one of his passions, which he embarked on periodically for the rest of his life.

The first winter was difficult for the colonists. Of the twenty-eight people who stayed for the winter only eight survived, [citation needed] most having died of scurvy and some of smallpox and some of the extreme cold weather.

Relations and War with Natives

During the summer of 1608, Champlain attempted to form better relations with the local First Nations. He made alliances with the Wyandot that the French called Huron and with Algonquins to the north of the St. Lawrence River, promising to help them in their war against the Iroquois. Champlain set off with nine French soldiers and 300 natives in order to explore the Rivière des Iroquois (now Richelieu River) when he subsequently mapped Lake Champlain. Having had no encounters with the Iroquois at this point many of the men headed back, leaving Champlain with only two Frenchmen and sixty natives.

On July 29 at Ticonderoga (now Crown Point, New York), Champlain and his party encountered a group of Iroquois. A battle began the next day. Two hundred Iroquois advanced on Champlain's position as a native guide pointed out the three Iroquois chiefs. Champlain fired his arquebus and killed two of them with one shot. The Iroquois turned and fled. This was to set the tone for French-Iroquois relations for the next one hundred years.

After his victory, he returned to France in an unsuccessful attempt, with the Sieur de Monts, to renew their fur trade monopoly. They did, however, form a society with some Rouen merchants, in which Quebec would become an exclusive warehouse for their fur trade and, in return, the Rouen merchants would support the settlement. Champlain returned to Quebec on April 8, 1610.

Securing New France

During the summer of 1611, he traveled to the area which is now Montreal where he cleared the land and built a wall "to see how it would last during the winter." Then, in order to increase his prestige among the natives, he shot the Lachine Rapids with them, a feat that had been done only once before by a European.

That fall he returned once again to France to secure a future for his venture in the New World. Having lost the support of the merchants in 1610, he wrote a note to Louis XIII to ask him to intervene on his behalf. On October 8, 1612, Louis XIII named Charles de Bourbon, comte de Soissons his lieutenant-general in New France. Soissons died almost immediately, and was succeeded in the office by Henry II, Prince of Condé. Champlain was given the title of lieutenant and received the power to exercise command in the lieutenant-general's name, to appoint "such captains and lieutenants as shall be expedient," to "commission officers for administration of justice and maintenance of police authority, regulations and ordinances," to make treaties and carry out wars with the natives, and to restrain merchants who did not belong to the society. His duties included finding the easiest way to China and the Indies, as well as to find and exploit mines of precious metals in the area.

Exploration of New France

On March 29, 1613, he arrived back in New France and proclaimed his new royal commission. Champlain set out on May 27 to continue his exploration of the Huron country and in hopes of finding the "northern sea" he had heard about (probably Hudson Bay). He traveled the Ottawa River, later giving the first description of this area. It was in June that he met with Tessouat, the Algonkian chief of Allumette Island, and offered to build the tribe a fort if they were to move from the area they occupied, with its poor soil, to the locality of the Lachine Rapids.

By August 26 Champlain was back in Saint-Malo. There he wrote an account of his life from 1604 to 1612 and his journey up the Ottawa river, his Voyages[2] and published another map of New France. In 1614 he formed the "Compagnie des Marchands de Rouen et de Saint-Malo" and "Compagnie de Champlain", which bound the Rouen and Saint-Malo merchants for eleven years. He returned to New France in the spring of 1615 with four Recollects in order to further religious life in the new colony. The Roman Catholic Church would be given en seigneurie large and valuable tracts of land estimated at nearly 30% of all the lands granted by the French Crown in New France. [3]

Champlain continued to work to improve relations with the natives promising to help them in their struggles against the Iroquois. With his native guides he explored further up the Ottawa River and reached Lake Nipissing. He then followed the French River until he reached the fresh- water sea he called Lac Attigouautau (now Lake Huron).

In 1615, Champlain was escorted through the Peterborough area by a group of Hurons. He used the ancient portage between Chemong Lake and Little Lake (now Chemong Road); stayed for a short period of time in Bridgenorth area.

Military Expedition

On September 1, at Cahiagué (on Lake Simcoe), he started a military expedition. The party passed Lake Ontario at its eastern tip where they hid their canoes and continued their journey by land. They followed the Oneida River until they found themselves at an Iroquois fort. Pressured by the Hurons to attack prematurely, the assault failed. Champlain was wounded twice in the leg by arrows, one in his knee. The attack lasted three hours until they were forced to flee.

Although he didn't want to, the Hurons insisted that Champlain spend the winter with them. During his stay he set off with them in their great deer hunt, during which he became lost and was forced to wander for three days living off game and sleeping under trees until he met up with a band of Indians by chance. He spent the rest of the winter learning "their country, their manners, customs, modes of life". On May 22, 1616 he left the Huron country and was back in Quebec on July 11 before heading back to France on July 20.

Improving Administration in New France

Champlain returned to New France in 1620 and was to spend the rest of his life focusing on administration of the country rather than exploration.

Champlain spent the winter building Fort Saint-Louis on top of Cap Diamant. By mid-May he learned that the fur trade had been handed over to another company led by the Caen brothers. After some tense negotiations, it was decided to merge the two companies under the direction of the Caens. Champlain continued to work on relations with the Indians and managed to impose a chief on them of his choice. He also managed to create a peace treaty with the Iroquois tribes.

Champlain continued to work on improving his fortification around what became Quebec City, laying the first stone on May 6, 1624. On August 15 he once again returned to France where he was encouraged to continue his work as well as to continue to look for a passage to China. At the time, most of the European powers believed that North America included a passage or land to China. By July 5th he was back at Quebec and continued expanding the city.

Things weren't to continue well for Champlain and his small village. Supplies were low during the summer of 1628 and English merchants had pillaged Cap Tourmente in early July. On July 10, Champlain received a summons from the Kirke brothers, English merchants. Champlain refused to deal with them and in response the English cut off supplies from going to the city. By the spring of 1629 supplies were dangerously low and Champlain was forced to send people to Gaspé to conserve rations. On July 19, the Kirke brothers arrived and Champlain was forced to negotiate the terms of the cities' capitulation. By October 29, Champlain found himself in London.

A member of the Compagnie des Cent-Associés, from 1629 to 1635 Champlain was commander in New France "in the absence of my Lord the Cardinal de Richelieu". [2] During the next several years Champlain wrote Voyages de la Nouvelle France dedicated to Cardinal Richelieu as well as Traitté de la marine et du devoir d’un bon marinier. It wasn't until the Treaty of Saint-Germain- en-Laye in 1632 that Quebec was given back to France and on March 1, 1633 Champlain reclaimed his role as commander of New France on behalf of Richelieu.

Champlain returned to Quebec on May 22, 1633 after an absence of four years. On August 18, 1634 he send a report to Richelieu stating that he had rebuilt on the ruins of Quebec, enlarged its fortifications, constructed another habitation 15 leagues upstream, as well as another one at Trois-Rivières. He had also begun an offensive against the Iroquois Indians stating he wanted them wiped out or "brought to reason".

Illness and Death By October of 1635 Champlain was stricken with paralysis. He died December 25, 1635 childless. He was buried temporarily in an unmarked grave while construction was finished on the chapel of Monsieur le Gouverneur. Unfortunately, it was destroyed by fire in 1640 and immediately rebuilt but nothing is known of it after 1640 although after 1674 it no longer existed. As such the exact burial site of Champlain is unknown.

However, Jesuit records tell us he died in the hands of his friend Charles Lallemant who also heard his last confession, a reassuring point for a Catholic of the period.

There is no authentic portrait of Champlain. Paintings of Champlain have been shown to be actually of Michel Particelli d’Émery. The only surviving picture we have is an engraving of a battle at Lake Champlain in 1609, but the facial features are too vague to make out.

Champlain remains, to this day, a prominent historical figure in many parts of Ontario, Quebec, New York, and Vermont. There are two communities in New York named Champlain as well as a township in Ontario. There is also Lake Champlain, Champlain Valley, The Champlain Trail Lakes, and Champlain Sea, a glacial sea which disappeared 6000 years before Champlain was born.

Notes on Chapter 2 Interactions with the First Nations

Habitants - were the farmers of New France

The habitants learnt many skills from the First Nations culture - to line their winter coats and mittens with fur and to make boots out of moose hides to keep warm during the long cold winters.

French and Wendat were allies

British and the Haudenosaunee were allies

The French settlers were afraid of the Haudenosaunee and ask that France sent military support. The king sent 1500 soldiers.

Catholic Church in New France

Most people in France were Catholic.

Priests, nuns and missionaries who went to New France helped build the colony.

Colonists support the Church by donating a portion of their income, called a tithe.

The most important goal of the Catholic Church was to spread the Catholic faith.

Missionaries kept journals of their travels. A series of journals called Jesuit Relations were written by a special order of missionaries Jesuits.

Populating the Colony

Aside from nuns few French women were interested in coming to New France.

The king had a solution: Between 1665 – 1673 he sent about 900 single young women and girls to New France to become wives. Some of the women were orphans. Others were poor. If they married king gave each couple and ox, a cow, two pigs, two chickens, some salt beef and a purse of money These women were known as the king’s daughters.

Women of New France

Family was the centre of daily life in New France.

Women worked with husband in fields

Women cared for homes and children and helped manage the family finances.

Girls in New France were better educated than in France. Daughters of wealthier families went to boarding schools.

Nuns ran the schools and taught the children to read and write and do domestic chores.

Some children sent to towns to learn a trade.

The Economy of New France

Most of the French colonists were farmers.

Social system of New France was based on Seigneurial system.

King gave large tracts of land along the St. Lawrence to nobles called seigneurs.

Each seigneur had to find colonists to settle the land. These colonists called habitants rented land from the seigneur.