Tenaya Lodge Explorer Cabins Special-status Bat Surveys

Project # 3540-03

Prepared for:

Blair, Church & Flynn Consulting Engineers 451 Clovis Avenue, Suite 200 Clovis, CA 93612

Prepared by:

H. T. Harvey & Associates

July 2015

7815 N Palm Avenue, Suite 310  Fresno, CA 93711  Ph: 559.476.3160  F: 559.476.3170

Table of Contents

Section 1.0 Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Site Conditions ...... 4 1.2 Bat Species of Potential Occurrence ...... 4 Section 2.0 Methods ...... 7 2.1 Roost Surveys ...... 7 2.2 Acoustic Monitoring ...... 7 2.3 Acoustic Analysis ...... 8 Section 3.0 Results ...... 10 3.1 Roost Surveys ...... 10 3.2 Acoustic Analysis ...... 10 Section 4.0 Discussion...... 11 4.1 Roost Surveys ...... 11 4.2 Acoustic Surveys ...... 11 4.3 Potential Effects ...... 12 4.4 Recommendations ...... 12 Section 5.0 Conclusions ...... 13 Section 6.0 References ...... 14

Figures

Figure 1. Vicinity Map ...... 2 Figure 2. Survey Area ...... 3

Table

Table 1. Conservation Status and Roosting Habitat of Bat Species Found in the Tenaya Lodge Explorer Cabins Project Site Region ...... 4

Appendix

Appendix A. Song Meter SM2 BAT Detectors Deployed on the Tenaya Explorer Cabins Project Site ..... A-1

Preparers

Brian Boroski, Ph.D., Vice President, Principal Amy Sparks, J.D., Senior Regulatory Specialist Susan V. Christopher, Ph.D., Senior Wildlife Ecologist, Project Manager Dave S. Johnston, Ph.D., Associate Ecologist Meredith Jantzen, M.S., Wildlife Ecologist Theresa Brickley, M.S., Field Biologist Cissy Fu, GIS Specialist James Merk, M.A., Technical Editor

Tenaya Lodge Explorer Cabins H. T. Harvey & Associates i Special-status Bat Surveys 14 July 2015

Section 1.0 Introduction

This report summarizes the methods and findings of special-status bat surveys conducted on the Tenaya Lodge Explorer Cabins Project (Project) site. These surveys were completed to gather background information for the Project environmental impact report and in accordance with recommendations in the Tenaya Lodge Explorer Cabins Biotic Report (H. T. Harvey & Associates 2014) to detect special-status bat species that could occur on the Project site. The results of these surveys are intended to support compliance with the California Environmental Quality Act and other applicable regulations. In addition to documenting the presence of special-status species on the site, we sought to identify trees with a high potential for having maternity roosts and perform follow-up surveys through acoustic monitoring and roost emergence surveys.

The Project involves constructing a high-end camping facility consisting of approximately 24 acres in the community of Fish Camp, Mariposa County, California. The Project site lies on the western slope of the central Sierra Nevada, approximately 2.8 miles south of the southern entrance to Yosemite National Park and 12.6 miles north of Oakhurst (Figure 1). Its elevation ranges from 4970 to 5050 feet above sea level. The site is bounded to the south by Tenaya Lodge at Yosemite, a resort operated by Delaware North Companies Parks & Resorts; to the west by State Route (SR) 41; and to the north and east by private property. The Sierra National Forest surrounds the community of Fish Camp.

Proposed construction includes 54 prefabricated cabins, a clubhouse, a swimming pool, 88 paved parking areas and roads, and campfire pits (Figure 2). The cabins would each be approximately 500 square feet and equipped with sanitary sewer, potable water, electricity, telephone, data, and cable television or equivalent service. The clubhouse would serve as a multi-use building overlooking Big Rainier Creek on the eastern boundary of the Project site. A large deck and swimming pool would be located just outside the clubhouse. Site access would be provided by the existing single-lane dirt road from SR 41, which would be improved as a two-lane paved entrance road. Single-lane paved roads would provide access to clustered cabin parking areas off the main access road. Undeveloped areas would be maintained around the cabins to enhance the forest experience. Up to four campfire locations would be strategically placed at gathering areas and by the clubhouse. The site plan (Figure 2) is designed to avoid wetlands, meadows, a pond, rock formations, and significant vegetation to the extent practicable, and it incorporates existing roads and clearings. The Project also includes a meadow crossing consisting of pedestrian bridge access to the Tenaya Lodge and a utility line.

Tenaya Lodge Explorer Cabins H. T. Harvey & Associates 1 Special-status Bat Surveys 14 July 2015

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Figure 1: Vicinity Map Special-status Bat Surveys for Tenaya Lodge Explorer Cabins (3540-03) July 2015 LEGEND Project Site Boundary Site Plan Batlogger Detector Location Roost Survey Location

Fish Camp Song Meter Bat Detector Location

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Figure 2: Survey Area Special-status Bat Surveys for Tenaya Lodge Explorer Cabins (3540-03) July 2015

1.1 Site Conditions

The Project site is dominated by lower montane coniferous forest with cleared patches from previous disturbance. It is bordered by wetlands, including a wet meadow at the south end of the parcel, Big Rainier Creek, and a 1-acre permanent freshwater pond at the northwestern end of the parcel. Nine habitat types are present on the site: lower montane coniferous forest, alder/white fir/incense cedar riparian complex, willow shrub riparian/wetland, aspen forested wetland, wet meadow, freshwater pond, perennial stream, intermittent stream, and drainage channel (H. T. Harvey & Associates 2014). All habitat types except lower montane coniferous forest (15.50 acres) could be considered sensitive natural communities, waters of the United States, or both. Approximately 8.73 acres of potential jurisdictional waters (6.51 acres of wetlands and 2.22 acres of other waters) were identified on the Project site (H. T. Harvey & Associates 2014).

1.2 Bat Species of Potential Occurrence

We compiled a list of 17 special-status bat species with a potential to occur on the Project site based on known species occurring in Yosemite National Park (NPS 2015); the state of California (CDFW 2015a) has designated four of these species (pallid bat [Antrozous pallidus], western red bat [Lasiurus blossevillii], spotted bat [Euderma maculatum], and California mastiff bat [Eumops perotis californicus]) as species of special concern and one species, the Townsend’s big-eared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii), as a candidate threatened species (Table 1). No federally listed or proposed listed species of bats occur in the area.

Table 1. Conservation Status and Roosting Habitat of Bat Species Found in the Tenaya Lodge Explorer Cabins Project Site Region

Status Western Bat Species1 Federal2 State3 Working Group Roosting Habitat4 Big brown bat None None Low priority Crevices, cavities, cavernous Eptesicus fuscus habitats, frequently uses buildings

California mastiff None Species of special High priority Crevices and cavities of cliffs bat concern Eumops perotis californicus

California myotis None None Low priority Crevices and cavities, frequently Myotis uses buildings californicus

Canyon bat None None Low priority Rocky crevices Parastrellus hesperus

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Status Western Bat Species1 Federal2 State3 Working Group Roosting Habitat4 Fringed myotis None None High priority Tree crevices and cavities, Myotis sometimes uses buildings thysanodes

Hoary bat None None Medium priority Foliage roosting mostly in coniferous Lasiurus cinereus trees

Little brown bat None None Medium priority Tree crevices and cavities, Myotis lucifugus sometimes uses buildings

Long-eared None None Medium priority Tree bark crevices and cavities, myotis sometimes uses buildings Myotis evotis

Long-legged None None High priority Mostly crevices, cavities, sometimes myotis uses buildings Myotis volans

Mexican free- None None Low priority Rocky crevices, cavities, cavernous tailed bat habitats, frequently uses buildings Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana

Pallid bat None Species of special High priority Tree or rocky crevices, cavities, Antrozous concern frequently uses buildings pallidus

Silver-haired bat None None Medium priority Tree crevices and cavities, usually Lasionycteris from exfoliating bark noctivagans

Small-footed None None Medium priority Tree or rocky crevices, cavities myotis Myotis ciliolabrum

Spotted bat None Species of special High priority Crevices and cavities of cliffs Euderma concern maculatum

Townsend’s big- None Candidate High priority Cavernous roosting habitat, mines, eared bat threatened caves, hollowed out trees with Corynorhinus bowls and buildings townsendii

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Status Western Bat Species1 Federal2 State3 Working Group Roosting Habitat4 Western red bat None Species of special High priority Foliage roosting mostly in deciduous Lasiurus blossevillii concern trees

Yuma myotis None None Low priority Crevices, cavities, cavernous Myotis habitats, frequently uses buildings yumanensis 1 Source: NPS 2015 2 Includes listed or proposed listed bat species under the federal Endangered Species Act, US Fish and Wildlife Service 3 Includes listed or proposed listed bat species under the California Endangered Species Act, California Department of Fish and Wildlife 4 Source: CDFW 2015b

Potential roosting habitat on the Project site exists primarily for tree cavity- and foliage-roosting bats. The pallid bat roosts in tree cavities and crevices, and the western red bat roosts primarily in tree foliage, often located along the edge of open foraging areas (CDFW 2015b). Therefore, roosting habitat for these two special-status species could be affected by Project construction. Roosting habitat (e.g., caves, mines, hollow trees, cliffs, and buildings) for other bat species of special concern does not occur on the Project site. A small amount of foraging habitat for bats including species of special concern will likely be reduced and degraded; however, this is not expected to affect local bat populations including the pallid bat and western red bat that are expected to occur on the Project site.

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Section 2.0 Methods

To assess the presence of special-status bat species, we conducted acoustic monitoring throughout the Project site. We also inspected trees in the Project site plan (Figure 2) and performed two roost emergence surveys to determine if any special-status bats were roosting on site.

2.1 Roost Surveys

During a site evaluation on 27 May 2015, H. T. Harvey & Associates bat biologists Meredith Jantzen and Theresa Brickley examined trees in the site plan (Figure 2) for maternity roost potential habitat (e.g., natural tree cavities, broken limbs with hollowed out ends, entrance holes, crevasses, and loose bark). Snags and trees greater than or equal to 20 inches in diameter at breast height had previously been surveyed for the presence of cavities (H. T. Harvey & Associates 2014). We used these existing data to focus our evaluation and also assessed smaller trees. We identified several potential roosts with exfoliating bark and natural cavities. For trees identified as having high roost potential, we conducted follow-up surveys using acoustic monitoring and/or night surveys for emergence events. For the trees we determined to have the highest roosting potential, we returned 30 minutes before sunset and conducted a roost emergence survey on 27 May from approximately 19:30 to 21:00 and on 28 May from approximately 19:30 to 21:15. We watched suspected roost trees from a fixed location and used Armasight PVS-7 Gen 3+ night vision goggles to determine whether any bats emerged from those structures. Additionally, the moon was fairly bright on 28 May and provided good visibility along the edge of the clearing for our unaided eyes.

2.2 Acoustic Monitoring

Bats use echolocation calls to detect prey and obstacles as they navigate across landscapes. Although a given species may demonstrate some degree of plasticity in its calls, acoustic parameters, such as call shape, duration, and minimum frequencies, may be used to identify species (Fenton et al. 1995). Therefore, acoustic surveys may be used to determine the presence of a variety of bat species.

Bat detectors are receivers that allow recorded signals to be viewed and analyzed (Parsons et al. 2000). Today, two primary technologies exist for recording and analyzing bat calls: zero-crossing and full spectrum. The technology for viewing zero-crossing recordings is well developed; it is easy to quickly view and place species labels on thousands of calls at a time. Full spectrum technology provides more detail about specific call characteristics, which can sometimes be critical for identifying species with similar call parameters (Fenton 2000). Therefore, to assess bat activity in different areas of the Project site, we used Batloggers (Elekon AG, Luzern, Switzerland), which are detectors with full spectrum recording technology, and Song Meters (Song Meter SM2 BAT recorders) (Wildlife Acoustics, Inc., Concord, Massachusetts, United States), which record compressed files that can be converted to either zero-crossing or full spectrum files.

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To determine which bat species were present, we deployed seven Song Meters throughout the Project site from 27 May through 3 June 2015 (Figure 2). We programmed them according to the default settings provided in the Song Meter instruction manual. The Song Meters were scheduled to record from sunset to sunrise based on the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinates that we manually set for each detector. To maximize the number of calls recorded, we attached microphones to 32-foot-long cables and secured them to T-posts positioned approximately 3 feet off the ground, at a slight angle. We deployed Song Meters throughout the site, concentrating on areas with large trees located within the Project footprint. We positioned microphones a minimum of 6 feet from large tree trunks to avoid sound attenuation (Patriquin et al. 2003). The Song Meter deployed at the southern end of the site plan (Figure 2) was set to stereo mode, so two microphones and cables were connected to that unit. Thus, two locations are displayed (Song Meter Bat Detector Locations 9A and 9B) (Figure 2).

In addition, we deployed Song Meters near the base of trees determined to have high roost potential and examined the temporal patterns in the call data to determine whether there was evidence of an emergence event (e.g., a high number of calls from one species recorded around sunset).

During the first roost survey, on 27 May, we used a handheld Batlogger from approximately 19:30 to 21:30 to determine when individual bats flew by and which species were present. We held the Batlogger stationary while we watched for emergence events at Roost Survey Location 1 (Batlogger Detector Location 2), but following the survey, we also recorded calls at the edge of the pond and meadow crossing areas (Batlogger Detector Locations 1 and 3, respectively) (Figure 2). The Batlogger data were analyzed in conjunction with the Song Meter data to determine species presence on the site.

In total, we recorded at 12 locations on the Project site, including two trees with potential roosting habitat (Song Meter Bat Detector Locations 5 and 7) (Figure 2). Song Meters were moved from Location 1 (between the pond and Big Rainier Creek) and Location 8 (adjacent to wet meadow habitat) to these two trees for one night (28–29 May), and then moved back to their original locations for the remainder of the period. The pond and meadow appeared to provide good foraging habitat. This approach totaled six nights of recording bat calls at Song Meter Bat Detector Locations 1 and 8 and, with the exception of the two suspected roost trees described above, seven nights at the remaining Song Meter locations (Figure 2) (Appendix A).

2.3 Acoustic Analysis

Song Meter data were analyzed as full spectrum .wav files in callViewer, v.18.0 (Skowronski and Fenton 2008), and as zero-crossing files in AnaLook, v.3.9c (Titley Electronics [Corben 2011], Ballina, NSW, Australia). As a time-saving measure, we converted all Song Meter calls to both types of files. This step allowed us to move quickly through easily identifiable calls in AnaLook and mark other files for a second analysis in full spectrum.

Bat calls typically are identified to species through a series of measurements that may yield a unique species profile (e.g., maximum and minimum frequency, measured in kilohertz, and call duration, measured in

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milliseconds). Of the five special-status species that potentially could occur on the Project site, three (spotted bat, California mastiff bat, and Townsend’s big-eared bat) have call characteristics that make their calls easily distinguishable from other bat species in the area. Two (pallid bat and western red bat) have call characteristics that often overlap with those of other local species (Humboldt State University Bat Lab 2011).

To determine the presence of special-status species, we first searched for easily identifiable call sequences from spotted bat, California mastiff bat, and Townsend’s big-eared bat. Next, we scanned all recorded call files and identified files with long sequences of ls recorded with a high signal-to-noise ratio in the frequency range of pallid bat and western red bat. Strong sequences with a high number of calls optimize the ability to measure identifying call characteristics. We marked strong call files and converted these to full spectrum, which were then examined in more detail. After we identified a sequence as a species of special concern, we no longer searched for call sequences from that species.

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Section 3.0 Results

3.1 Roost Surveys

Three trees with a high potential for having bat roost sites were observed: one snag during the first survey (Roost Survey Location 1) and two live trees with cavities during the second survey (Roost Survey Locations 2 and 3) (Figure 2). Bats were observed foraging in the survey areas but no individuals were observed emerging from the suspected roost trees. Likewise, none of the Song Meter units recorded call data with temporal patterns that would indicate emergence from a nearby roost site.

3.2 Acoustic Analysis

A total of 2691 call sequences from the Song Meter units over seven nights and 151 .wav files with the handheld Batlogger on the first night of roost emergence surveys.

Two special-status species were recorded, the California mastiff bat and pallid bat. No call sequences that suggested spotted bat, Townsend’s big-eared bat, or western red bat occurred on the Project site were recorded; however, absence is challenging to confirm for some species, such as the Townsend’s big-eared bat, because their calls are low intensity and thus difficult to record. Many of the recorded files contained calls from bat species with no conservation status; therefore, we did not attempt to identify these species because that task was outside of the stated objective for this Project.

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Section 4.0 Discussion

4.1 Roost Surveys

No maternity or day roosts were detected on the Project site during our two roost emergence surveys or acoustic surveys. However, potential roosting habitat is present for both the pallid and western red bat. When roosting in coniferous forests, the pallid bat tends to roost in tall, large snags and trees located in mature stands (Baker et al. 2008), but this bat can also use relatively short, small snags when structures (e.g., loose bark and cavities) are present (Johnston and Gworek 2006). Western red bat males can be found in mixed conifer forests throughout the Sierra Nevada in summer months (Johnston and Whitford 2009), where they forage through open areas and habitat edges and roost primarily in trees adjacent to streams (CDFW 2015b). No breeding habitat occurs on the Project site because western red bats raise young at low elevations in well-developed riparian habitat in the Central Valley and in central and south coastal California valley floors (Pierson et al. 2000). Project site tree removal is not expected to affect a maternity colony of pallid bats or female western red bats raising young. However, individuals of either or both species could potentially roost on the site at a later date. Potential roosting habitat (i.e., cliffs and cavernous habitat) required for the other bat species of special concern does not occur on the Project site.

4.2 Acoustic Surveys

Two special-status bat species were confirmed on site through acoustic surveys, the California mastiff bat and pallid bat. Although we recorded California mastiff bat, no roosting habitat (i.e., crevices in high cliffs) for this species occurs on, or in the vicinity of, the Project site. No calls from spotted bats were recorded, and no roosting habitat for this species occurs on or near the site, but this species may infrequently visit or commute through the site.

Western red bat was not confirmed on the site, but males of this species are widespread throughout the Sierra Nevada and we expect them to occur at least occasionally on the site to forage and roost. Western red bats undertake short-distance migrations between summer and winter habitats from March through May and from September through October, and like other foliage-roosting bats, they do not occur in the Sierra Nevada during winter (Johnston and Whitford 2009).

No acoustic files for Townsend’s big-eared bat were recorded on the site; however, the species may still forage infrequently on the Project site. Townsend’s big-eared bats are considered whispering bats (bats that echolocate at low intensity). Therefore, the effective recording range of the microphone is much lower for this bat species compared to other species, and its calls are more rarely detected. One study that used both acoustic detectors and mist-netting to inventory bats recorded no calls from Townsend’s big-eared bat at 57 site locations, but captured ten individuals (O’Farrell and Gannon 1999). Although the possibility that individuals of this species

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forage on the Project site cannot be ruled out, no potential roosting habitat occurs on, or in the near vicinity of, the Project site; and therefore, this species is not expected to forage regularly on the site.

4.3 Potential Effects

The Project site has plentiful edge habitat which likely acts as shelter for aerial insects, particularly on windy nights (Verboom and Huitema 1997). Although artificial lighting on the Project site after construction may attract insects and increase foraging habitat, it is also possible that tree removal will result in decreased shelter for insects and therefore lowered concentrations of insects on the site as a whole, making it less attractive for foraging compared to surrounding forest areas. Additionally, the pallid bat is particularly susceptible to noise disturbance while foraging because they often forage by listening for prey crawling through leaf litter, rather than echolocating (Chiu et al. 2008). Night-time noise from cars and campers once the Project site is operational may lead to avoidance of the site by this species. Removal of trees may also result in loss of potential roost habitat for pallid bats and male western red bats on the Project site. However, due to the abundance of rich roosting and foraging habitat in the surrounding area, we do not expect that Project construction will negatively impact bat populations on a local or regional level.

4.4 Recommendations

The Project site is composed primarily of young, healthy trees with little decay and few cracks or crevices that could support roosting bats. However, because trees would be removed and the results of our acoustic analysis indicate the presence of bats on the site, we recommend conducting preconstruction roost surveys before trees are removed. Bats are known to switch between tree roosts in a local area (Willis and Brigham 2004), and considerable time will pass between our roost surveys and tree removal for the Project. Therefore, potential roost sites may be occupied by bats at the time of construction. An additional survey in compliance with mitigation measures BIO-5a and BIO-5b outlined in the Project Biotic Report (H. T. Harvey & Associates 2014) should be conducted closer to the construction period. If any roost sites are detected, a disturbance-free buffer of 300 feet shall be flagged and not be removed until a bat biologist has determined that the roost site is no longer in use. If buffer areas cannot be avoided, tree removal in the site plan must occur during fall (after the maternity season [ending August 31] and before bats begin hibernating or migrating [October 15]). Construction activities during that time would not have adverse impacts on maternity roosts because young bats would be independent from their mothers and flying. In addition, day roosts could be identified because bats would still be emerging nightly to forage. In this period, a bat biologist who has received authorization under a Memorandum of Understanding with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife shall conduct passive eviction by opening the roosting cavity to allow air flow, placing a one-way door on the entrance(s) to the roost, or disturbing the roost using a high-frequency broadcasting device. The bat biologist shall continue monitoring the roost with acoustic surveys to ensure that no bats are in the roosts before the trees are removed.

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Section 5.0 Conclusions

Two special-status species, the California mastiff bat and pallid bat, were detected foraging or commuting on the Project site. Although not detected on the site, two other special-status species, western red bat and Townsend’s big-eared bat, may occur infrequently on the Project. No spotted bats were detected, and given the lack of nearby cliff habitat, the species is not expected to forage or commute on the Project site.

No active maternity or day roosts were identified on the site. However, because individuals switch between tree roosting sites, we recommend that roost emergence surveys be conducted before tree removal begins per mitigation measures BIO-5a and BIO-5b outlined in the Project Biotic Report (H. T. Harvey & Associates 2014). With the implementation of those measures, any effect on special-status bat species would be minimized.

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Section 6.0 References

Baker, M. D., M. J. Lacki, G. A. Falxa, P. L. Droppelman, R. A. Slack, and S. A. Slankard. 2008. Habitat use of pallid bats in coniferous forests of northern California. Northwest Science 82:269–275.

[CDFW] California Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2015a. Special Animals List. July. .

[CDFW] California Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2015b. California Wildlife Habitat Relationships Life History Accounts and Range Maps. Accessed 8 July 2015.

Chiu, C., W. Xian, and C. F. Moss. 2008. Flying in silence: Echolocating bats cease vocalizing to avoid sonar jamming. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105(35):13116-13121.

Fenton, M. B. 2000. Choosing the “correct” bat detector. Acta Chiropterologica 2:215–224.

Fenton, M. B., D. Audet, M. K. Obrist, and J. Rydell. 1995. Signal strength, timing, and self-deafening: the evolution of echolocation in bats. Paleobiology 21:229–242.

H. T. Harvey & Associates. 2014. Tenaya Lodge Explorer Cabins Biotic Report. December. Fresno, California. Prepared for Blair, Church & Flynn, Clovis, California.

Humboldt State University Bat Lab. 2011. Echolocation Call Characteristics of Western US Bats.

Johnston, D. S., and J. Gworek. 2006. Pallid bat (Antrozous pallidus) habitat use in a coniferous forest in northeastern California. Bat Research News 47(4):114.

Johnston, D. S., and S. Whitford. 2009. Seasonal range maps for western red bats (Lasiurus blossevillii) in California and wintering western red bat in red gum eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) leaf litter. Bat Research News 50(4):115.

[NPS] National Park Service. 2015. Bat Species of Yosemite. . Accessed 26 May 2015.

O’Farrell, M. J., and W. L. Gannon. 1999. A comparison of acoustic versus capture techniques for the inventory of bats. Journal of Mammalogy 80(1):24–30.

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Parsons, S., A. M. Boonman, and M. K. Obrist. 2000. Advantages and disadvantages of techniques for transforming and analyzing Chiropteran echolocation calls. Journal of Mammalogy 81:927–938.

Patriquin, K. J., L. K. Hogberg, B. J. Chrusczc, and R. M. R. Barclay. 2003. The influence of habitat structure on the ability to detect ultrasound using bat detectors. Wildlife Society Bulletin 31:475–481.

Pierson, E. D., W. E. Rainey, and C. J. Corben. 2000. Distribution and status of red bats, Lasiurus blossevillii in California. Report to Species Conservation and Recovery Program, Habitat Conservation Planning Branch, California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA.

Skowronski, M. D., and M. B. Fenton. 2008. Model-based automated detection of echolocation calls using the link detector. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 124(1):328–336.

Verboom, B., and H. Huitema. 1997. The importance of linear landscape elements for the pipistrelle Pipistrellus pipistreullus and the serotine bat Eptesicus serotinus. Landscape Ecology 12(2):117-125.

Willis, C. K. R., and R. M. Brigham. 2004. Roost switching, roost sharing and social cohesion: forest-dwelling big-brown bats, Eptesicus fuscus, conform to the fission-fusion model. Animal Behaviour 68:495–505.

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Appendix A. Song Meter SM2 BAT Detectors Deployed on the Tenaya Explorer Cabins Project Site

Song Meter Bat Number of Detector Date Deployed Date Removed Site Deployed Site Description Echolocation Call Location1 Files Recorded

1 27 May 2015 28 May 2015 Habitat On shelf between the freshwater pond and 819 Big Rainier Creek, northern end of Project site 29 May 2015 3 June 2015 2 27 May 2015 3 June 2015 Habitat Clearing, northern tip of site plan 544 3 27 May 2015 3 June 2015 Habitat Lower montane coniferous forest, 77 northwestern edge of site plan 4 27 May 2015 3 June 2015 Habitat Clearing, northern portion of site plan 73 A -

1 5 28 May 2015 29 May 2015 Potential roost Adjacent to tree with cavities, eastern side of 69 site plan 6 27 May 2015 3 June 2015 Habitat Lower montane coniferous forest, central 150 portion of site plan 7 28 May 2015 29 May 2015 Potential roost Adjacent to tree with cavities, near entrance 98 gate from State Route 41 8 27 May 2015 28 May 2015 Habitat West of wet meadow, adjacent to private 807 property road at southeastern end of Project 29 May 2015 3 June 2015 site 9A2 27 May 2015 3 June 2015 Habitat Clearing/lower montane coniferous forest, 20 southern end of site plan

9B2 27 May 2015 3 June 2015 Habitat Clearing/lower montane coniferous forest, 34 southern end of site plan 1 Numbers correspond to those displayed in Figure 2 2 Locations 9A and 9B each represent a microphone connected to the same Song Meter detector. Although the other Song Meter units were deployed with one microphone, the unit at Location 9 had two microphones connected on opposite sides by cables. Despite correct programming, by error, the unit recorded only until 04:39 on 28 May 2015 (not for the entire survey period)