DOCSLIB.ORG

Facts About Washington's Bats

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Facts About Washington's Bats Bats Bats are highly beneficial to people, and the advantages of having them around far outweigh any problems you might have with them. As predators of night-flying insects (including mosqui toes!), bats play a role in preserving the natural balance of your property or neighborhood. Although swallows and other bird species consume large numbers of flying insects, they generally feed only in daylight. When night falls, bats take over: a nursing female little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) may consume her body weight in insects each night during the summer. Contrary to some widely held views, bats are not blind and do not become entangled in peoples’ hair. If a flying bat comes close to your head, it’s probably because it is hunting insects that have been attracted Figure 1. Big brown bat by your body heat. Less than one bat in 20,000 has rabies, and no (Photo by Ty Smedes) Washington bats feed on blood. More than 15 species of bats live in Washington, from the common little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) to the rare Townsend’s big-eared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii). Head to tail, bats range in length from the 2.5-inch-long canyon bat (Parastrellus hesperus), to the 6-inch long hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus). The hoary bat has a body approximately the size of a house sparrow and a wingspan of 17 inches. The species most often seen flying around human habitat include the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus), Yuma myotis (Myotis yumanen sis), big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus, Fig. 1), pallid bat (Antrozous pallidus), and California myotis (Myotis californicus). Facts about Washington’s Bats Food and Feeding Behavior • Washington bat species eat vast quantities of night-flying Bats are the only Figure 2. insects, including moths, beetles, mosquitoes, termites, true flying mammals and they and flies. belong to the mammalian order Chiroptera, which means • Most bats hunt in flight or hang from a perch and wait “hand-wing.” The bones in a for a passing insect to fly or walk within range. bat’s wing work like those of the human arm and hand, but The pallid bat captures crickets, grasshoppers, spiders, bat finger bones are greatly • elongated and connected by a scorpions, and other prey on trees or on the ground. double membrane of skin to • Bats locate flying insects primarily by using a radar system form the wing. known as “echolocation.” The bat emits high-pitched (Oregon Department of Fish and sound waves that bounce back to the bat when they strike Wildlife.) a flying insect. A bat locates prey by interpreting the reflected sounds. • Bats often capture insects when flying by scooping them into their tail or wing membranes, and then putting the insects into their mouth (Fig. 3). This results in the erratic flight most people are familiar with when they observe bats feeding in the evening. • Bats will fly 1/2 to 6 miles from their roost to a feeding site, using temporary roost sites there until returning to their main roost. Hibernation Sites • To cope with winter Figure 3. Bats often capture insects when flying by scooping them into their tail or conditions, most bats use a wing membranes, and then putting the insects into their mouth. hibernation site, called a (Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife.) “hibernaculum.” (See “Bats in the Winter.”) • Hibernation sites include cavities in large trees, caves, mine shafts, tunnels, old wells, and attics. • The hibernaculum protects the bats from predators, light, noise, and other disturbances. Temperatures in the hiber naculum must be cool enough to allow bats to maintain a low body temperature but not freeze; humidity must be high and constant enough to prev ent bats from dehydrating. • Bats hibernate alone or in groups, and enter hibernation sites in late September or October. Nursery Sites • Most Washington bats breed during late fall or winter at their hibernation site. Females store sperm until the following spring, when fertilization takes place after the females rouse from hibernation. • The young, called “pups,” are born and raised in nursery colonies occupied only by breed ing females and their young. • Males roost alone or in small groups during this time, leaving the warm roosts and optimal feeding grounds to females. • Attics are often used as nursery sites because they maintain the warm temperatures, from 85 to 104 degrees F needed for raising young; the heat actually speeds the development of bat pups, both during fetal development and after birth. • Most bat species produce one pup in May, June, or July; the specific dates depend on the species, locality, and weather. • In the nursery, the young remain with their mothers and suckle frequently. • Pups are unable to fly for about a month, and are left in the nursery when the mother hunts. • Female bats may return to the exact location where they were born year after year. Mortality and Longevity • Bats have few predators. Hawks, owls, house cats, and raccoons occasionally prey upon them. • Heavy storms kill bats during migrations, and long winters can kill even more of them. • Through habitat alteration, commercial pesticide use, and control practices, humans are a main source of mortality among bats. Exposure to pesticides kills bats either directly through exposure, or indirectly through ingestion of sprayed insects. • For their size, bats are the world’s longest-lived mammals. The big brown bat has been recorded to live 19 years in the wild. The record for a little brown bat is 33 years. Viewing Washington’s Bats The safest way to view and enjoy bats is to watch them in action. Bats are fascinating flyers, zigging and zagging about as they chase and eat insects. Little brown bats and Yuma bats prefer to hunt over water. Big brown bats are often seen hunting along the margins of wooded areas, or silhouetted against the lighter sky as they twist and turn high above the tree canopy. It’s also fun to watch bats drink, which they usually do first thing after leaving their day roost. They scoop up mouthfuls of water with their lower jaws as they fly over lakes, streams, ponds, or water troughs. Most bats do not come out to eat or drink in heavy rain or when the air temperature remains below 50 degrees F. To view bats, follow these tips: Choose a warm summer evening and a place where you can sit and view the place where bats will emerge from a roost site or have been spotted in the air. When waiting for bats to emerge from a roost site, such as an attic or bat house, remain still and quiet, and listen for the squeaks or clicks that many species make before emerging. Some species of bats begin their night flights 20 to 30 minutes before dark—the common big brown bat may be out foraging earlier. The rare canyon bat from the arid regions of Washington emerges before the sun goes down, and has been seen foraging with violet-green swallows. Other species don’t emerge until after dark. The best places to see bats in flight are where night-flying insects abound, such as next to a stream, lake, or pond, over a meadow or large lawn, along a forest edge, or around bright streetlights or porch lights. With the aid of an inexpensive, commercial bat detector, listen for the echolocation calls bats make when navigating and locating prey. Bats in the Winter With few flying insects available to them during winter in Washington, bats survive by hibernating, migrating to regions where insects are available, or a combination of these strategies. During hibernation, metabolic activities are greatly reduced—a bat’s normal body temperature of around 100 degrees F is reduced to just one or two degrees higher than that of the hibernaculum, and their heart rate slows to only one beat every four or five seconds. A hibernating bat can thus survive on only a few grams of stored fat during the five- to six-month hibernation period. Banding studies indicate that little brown bats will migrate 120 miles between hibernacula and summer roosts, and, if undisturbed, they occupy the same site year after year. They select areas in the hibernaculum where there is high humidity (70–95 percent), and the temperature is 34 to 41 degrees F. Still, there are some species, such as the big brown bat, that can hibernate in relatively exposed situations in buildings where there is considerable fluctuation in temperature. Hibernation lasts until April or early May, but in coastal regions bats may arouse in late winter—little brown bats have been found feeding in the Puget Sound region in mid-March. It is important not to disturb hibernating bats. If a bat rouses early from hibernation, it must use its fat reserves to increase its body tempera ture. A single disturbance probably costs a bat as much energy as it would normally expend in two to three weeks hibernating. Thus, if disturbed multiple times, hibernating bats may starve to death before spring. It is important not to disturb roosting bats at any time of the year. In the spring, disturbing a maternity colony when flightless young are pres ent may cause young bats to be dropped to their deaths, or abandoned, by panicked females. Because some bats hibernate in buildings during the winter months, batproof a building only when you are sure no bats are hibernating in it. If bats are found hibernating inside after October 15, they should be left alone until early spring (prior to the birthing period in May) after the weather has warmed enough for insects to be out regularly.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Do Not Disturb Hibernating Bats Or Nursery Colonies Debbie C
    Part 2-Conservation, Management, Ethics: Buecher-Do Not Disturb Bats 43 Section A-Identifying and Protecting Cave Resources Do Not Disturb Hibernating Bats or Nursery Colonies Debbie C. Buecher In the United States, caving has increased in popularity during the last three decades. Unfortunately, human visitation in caves, even by the most conscientious cavers, gradually leaves negative impacts. Because we love our caves there is increasing awareness among the caving community toward performing ongoing restoration or building secure gates to maintain the integrity of caves we visit. However, we must consider the negative implications that our restoration efforts may have on the cave organisms adapted to this unique environment. Roosting Sites and Nursery Colonies Bats are extremely intolerant of human intrusion into their roosting sites (Mann and others 2002, Tuttle 1979) and roost disturbance over time can negatively impact population size (Mohr 1972). (See bat sensitivity, page 40.) Some people mistakenly believe that bats can use any cave or portion of a cave as their daily roosting area. Unfortunately this is not the case (Kunz 1982). Bats choose sites because ofa constrained range of tolerant temperature and humidity requirements-conditions that help insure their survival (McNab 1982). There are two extremely critical times in a bat's life when the roosting site is particularly important, during reproduction and during hibernation (Twente 1955). The location where female bats give birth and rear their young is called a maternity roost. For most temperate bat species that use caves, mating occurs in the fall, the bats then hibernatc until late spring, Figure t.
    [Show full text]
  • Our Legacy of Caring, Scholarship, and Scientific Discovery
    Our Legacy of Caring, Scholarship, and Scientific Discovery Duke Lemur Center EST. 1966, DUKE UNIVERSITY The Duke Lemur Center An extraordinary place exists in the heart of Duke Forest: an 80-acre campus of buildings and forested animal enclosures bustling with students, scientists, and visitors from around the world. They are drawn to this place to see, learn about, and explore the animals that call this place home: a colony of more than 200 of the most endangered mammals on Earth—lemurs. A world leader in the study, care, and protection of lemurs, the Duke Lemur Center (DLC) was established in 1966 on the campus of Duke University in Durham, NC. For over 50 years, the DLC has brought together scientists, conservation biologists, and educators to understand and protect these extraordinary primates and make new and exciting discoveries through interdisciplinary non-invasive research. The DLC works tirelessly not just in Durham but also in in Madagascar, the only place on Earth where lemurs exist in the wild. We’re proud to work with the organizations and people of Madagascar to create opportunities for positive change, and to play a leading role in preventing the island’s legendary population of endemic and endangered national treasures from being lost forever. “To look at the Duke Lemur Center today, you would never know it was once an unknown part of the Duke University campus. Today it’s a thriving hub of learning where Duke students and alumni, scientists, and animal lovers of all ages from around the world explore the importance of lemurs, scientific discovery, and conservation.
    [Show full text]
  • Nine Species of Bats, Each Relying on Specific Summer and Winter Habitats
    Species Guide to Vermont Bats • Vermont has nine species of bats, each relying on specific summer and winter habitats. • Six species hibernate in caves and mines during the winter (cave bats). • During the summer, two species primarily roost in structures (house bats), • And four roost in trees and rocky outcrops (forest bats). • Three species migrate south to warmer climates for the winter and roost in trees during the summer (migratory bats). • This guide is designed to help familiarize you with the physical characteristics of each species. • Bats should only be handled by trained professionals with gloves. • For more information, contact a bat biologist at the Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department or go to www.vtfishandwildlife.com Vermont’s Nine Species of Bats Cave Bats Migratory Tree Bats Eastern small-footed bat Silver-haired bat State Threatened Big brown bat Northern long-eared bat Indiana bat Federally Threatened State Endangered J Chenger Federally and State J Kiser Endangered J Kiser Hoary bat Little brown bat Tri-colored bat Eastern red bat State State Endangered Endangered Bat Anatomy Dr. J. Scott Altenbach http://jhupressblog.com House Bats Big brown bat Little brown bat These are the two bat species that are most commonly found in Vermont buildings. The little brown bat is state endangered, so care must be used to safely exclude unwanted bats from buildings. Follow the best management practices found at www.vtfishandwildlife.com/wildlife_bats.cfm House Bats Big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus Big thick muzzle Weight 13-25 g Total Length (with Tail) 106 – 127 mm Long silky Wingspan 32 – 35 cm fur Forearm 45 – 48 mm Description • Long, glossy brown fur • Belly paler than back • Black wings • Big thick muzzle • Keeled calcar Similar Species Little brown bat is much Commonly found in houses smaller & lacks keeled calcar.
    [Show full text]
  • Owls and Bats That Live in Indiana As Well As Introduce You to Characteristics of Owls and Bats and Their Basic Lifestyles
    Owls & Bats Pre-Visit Packet The activities in this pre-visit packet have been designed to help you and your students prepare for your upcoming What Goes “Bump” in the Night? program at the St. Joseph County Parks. The information in this packet will help your students become more familiar with the owls and bats that live in Indiana as well as introduce you to characteristics of owls and bats and their basic lifestyles. Of course, if you do not have time to do the activities prior to your park visit, they will also work as a review for what the students learned during the program. Test Your Bat IQ Discuss the following questions and answers as a group: 1. What kind of animals are bats: birds, reptiles, mammals or amphibians? Answer: Bats are mammals. They are warm-blodded, have fur, give birth to live young and feed their babies milk. 2. What is the wingspan of the biggest bat in the world: 1 foot, 6 feet or 50 feet? Answer: The world’s biggest bat is called a Flying Fox. It lives in Java (in Asia) and has a wingspan of about 6 feet. 3. The smallest bat in the world is the size of what animal: a guinea pig, an ant or a bumblebee? Answer: The smallest bat in the world is the Bumblebee Bat, which lives in Thailand. It is about the size of a bumblebee! 4. Which of the following foods are eaten by bats: insects, fish, blood, nectar or fruit? (Hint: There is more than one correct answer.) Answer: Bats eat all of the foods listed! However, all of the bats that live in Indiana are insect-eaters.
    [Show full text]
  • Reproductionreview
    REPRODUCTIONREVIEW Focus on Implantation Embryonic diapause and its regulation Flavia L Lopes, Joe¨lle A Desmarais and Bruce D Murphy Centre de Recherche en Reproduction Animale, Faculte´ de Me´decine Ve´te´rinaire, Universite´ de Montre´al, 3200 rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada J2S7C6 Correspondence should be addressed to B D Murphy; Email: [email protected] Abstract Embryonic diapause, a condition of temporary suspension of development of the mammalian embryo, occurs due to suppres- sion of cell proliferation at the blastocyst stage. It is an evolutionary strategy to ensure the survival of neonates. Obligate dia- pause occurs in every gestation of some species, while facultative diapause ensues in others, associated with metabolic stress, usually lactation. The onset, maintenance and escape from diapause are regulated by cascades of environmental, hypophyseal, ovarian and uterine mechanisms that vary among species and between the obligate and facultative condition. In the best- known models, the rodents, the uterine environment maintains the embryo in diapause, while estrogens, in combination with growth factors, reinitiate development. Mitotic arrest in the mammalian embryo occurs at the G0 or G1 phase of the cell cycle, and may be due to expression of a specific cell cycle inhibitor. Regulation of proliferation in non- mammalian models of diapause provide clues to orthologous genes whose expression may regulate the reprise of proliferation in the mammalian context. Reproduction (2004) 128 669–678 Introduction recently been discussed in depth (Dey et al. 2004). In this presentation we address the characteristics of the embryo Embryonic diapause, also known as discontinuous devel- in diapause and focus on the mechanisms of regulation of opment or, in mammals, delayed implantation, is among this phenomenon, including the environmental and meta- the evolutionary strategies that ensure successful repro- bolic stimuli that induce and terminate this condition, the duction.
    [Show full text]
  • Bat Damage Ecology & Management
    LIVING WITH WILDLIFE IN WISCONSIN: SOLVING NUISANCE, DAMAGE, HEALTH & SAFETY PROBLEMS – G3997-012 Bat Damage Ecology & Management As the world’s only true flying mammal, bats have extremely interesting lifestyles. They belong to the order Chiroptera, S W F S U – which means “hand wing.” There are s t a b n w ro approximately 1,400 species of bats world- b le tt li g in at wide, with 47 species residing in the United n er ib States. Wisconsin was home to nine bat species H at one time (there was one record of the Indiana bat, Myotis sodalis, in Wisconsin), but only eight species are currently found in the state. Our Wisconsin bats are a diverse group of animals that are integral to Wisconsin’s well-being. They are vital contributors to the welfare of Wisconsin’s economy, citizens, and ecosystems. Unfortunately, some bat species may also be in grave danger of extinction in the near future. DESCRIPTION “Wisconsin was home to nine bat species at one time, but All Wisconsin’s bats have only eight species are currently found in the state. egg-shaped, furry bodies, ” large ears to aid in echolo- cation, fragile, leathery wings, and small, short legs and feet. Our bats are insectivores and are the primary predator of night-flying insects such as mosquitoes, beetles, moths, and June bugs. Wisconsin’s bats are classified The flap of skin as either cave- or tree- connecting a bat’s legs is called the dwelling; cave-dwelling bats uropatagium. This hibernate underground in structure can be used as an “insect caves and mines over winter net” while a bat is feeding in flight.
    [Show full text]
  • (RVS) Raccoon, Fox, Skunk
    Most Common Bats in So MD Little Brown Bat, Evening Bat, Red Bat, Big Brown Bat Little Brown Bat 4 – 9 g body weight 3 1/8 – 3 7/8” length 9 - 11” wing span 10 – 30 year lifespan Single bat catches up to 600 mosquitoes per hour Long, glossy dark fur, long hairs on hind feet extend beyond tips of claws. Face, ears, and wing membranes are dark brown Mate late August – November, sperm stored until spring, one pup born May or June after 60 day gestation Pup weighs up to 30% of mother’s weight which is like a 120 lb woman giving birth to a 36 lb baby Pups hang onto mom for 3 – 4 days, even during feeding. Pups capable of flight at 18 days and adult size at 3 weeks Evening Bat 6 - 13 g body weight 3 – 3 7/8” length 10 - 11” wing span 2 – 5 year lifespan Colony of 300 Evening Bats will consume 6.3 million insects per summer Fur is short, dull brown, belly paler. Ears/wing membranes blackish brown Average of 2 pups born late May or early June. Born pink and hairless with eyes closed. Capable of flight within 20 days and nearly adult sized at 4 weeks. Weaned at 6 – 9 weeks Red Bat 9 - 15 g body weight 3.75 - 5” length 11 - 13” wing span 32 teeth/40mph flight Bright orange to brick red angora-like fur often with frosted appearance (females more frosted than males), white shoulder patches. Heavily furred tail membrane. Females have 4 nipples unlike most bats with 2 Mating season Aug – Sept, sperm stored until following spring (April-May).
    [Show full text]
  • Corynorhinus Townsendii): a Technical Conservation Assessment
    Townsend’s Big-eared Bat (Corynorhinus townsendii): A Technical Conservation Assessment Prepared for the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Species Conservation Project October 25, 2006 Jeffery C. Gruver1 and Douglas A. Keinath2 with life cycle model by Dave McDonald3 and Takeshi Ise3 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada 2Wyoming Natural Diversity Database, Old Biochemistry Bldg, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82070 3Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, P.O. Box 3166, Laramie, WY 82071 Peer Review Administered by Society for Conservation Biology Gruver, J.C. and D.A. Keinath (2006, October 25). Townsend’s Big-eared Bat (Corynorhinus townsendii): a technical conservation assessment. [Online]. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region. Available: http:// www.fs.fed.us/r2/projects/scp/assessments/townsendsbigearedbat.pdf [date of access]. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to acknowledge the modeling expertise of Dr. Dave McDonald and Takeshi Ise, who constructed the life-cycle analysis. Additional thanks are extended to the staff of the Wyoming Natural Diversity Database for technical assistance with GIS and general support. Finally, we extend sincere thanks to Gary Patton for his editorial guidance and patience. AUTHORS’ BIOGRAPHIES Jeff Gruver, formerly with the Wyoming Natural Diversity Database, is currently a Ph.D. candidate in the Biological Sciences program at the University of Calgary where he is investigating the physiological ecology of bats in northern arid climates. He has been involved in bat research for over 8 years in the Pacific Northwest, the Rocky Mountains, and the Badlands of southern Alberta. He earned a B.S. in Economics (1993) from Penn State University and an M.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Id & Ecology of OC Bats by Stephanie Remington V2
    Bats Found in Orange County by Stephanie Remington FOOD HABITAT ROOST* MIGRATION / HIBERNATION STATUS NOTES Family Phyllostomidae nose ornamentation (leaf); migratory (do not hibernate) (Leaf-nosed bats) Mexican long-tongued near night-blooming cactae & caves, mines, bldgs fall migration to maternity roosts in has moved north to S. Cal. as habitat is lost in Mexico and as we plant more exotic batΨ Choeronycteris Nectar, pollen O agavae colonial (up to ~50) Mexico & Central America cactae & agavae; fall & winter records in S. Cal.; sensitive to disturbance mexicana Family Molossidae visible tail; migratory (usually do not hibernate); colonial; females form maternity colonies during the spring and summer months (Free-tailed bats) Mexican free-tailed bat variety of crevices; colonial (100s - migratory in parts of its range; appears one of the most common bats in OC; year-round activity, although reduced in winter; high altitudes C Tadarida brasiliensis agricultural pests 20 million) to overwinter in OC adapts well to urban environments; one pup born in Jun-July Pocketed free-tailed batΨ primarily large variable, from desert scrub to crevices of rugged cliffs; considered resident in San Diego very similar to the Mexican free-tailed bat, but slightly larger and with ears connected at Nyctinomops O moths pine-oak forest colonial County; status unknown in OC the midline; single pup, born in late Jun-Jul femorosaccus Big free-tailed batΨ almost entirely large usu crevices in cliffs; known only from a couple of records in OC; intermediate in size between pocketed free- rugged, rocky habitats seasonal migrant O Nyctinomops macrotis moths colonial tail and western mastiff bats; one pup, born late spring Western mastiff batΨ cliffs, occ.
    [Show full text]
  • WILDLIFE in WINTER Do You Know What Different Animals Do During the Winter?
    WILDLIFE IN WINTER Do you know what different animals do during the winter? Animals have different strategies for surviving the winter. The most common strategies are hibernation, brumation, diapause, torpor, migration and adaptation. Hibernation Torpor Hibernation occurs when an animal enters a deep sleep Torpor is a state that some animals for the entire winter. Animals that hibernate eat extra food enter during the winter. Similar to during the fall to store up fat before winter begins. When it’s hibernation, the animal lowers its body time to hibernate, the animal drops its body temperature temperature and slows its breathing and by 20 °C or more and slows its heart rate and breathing in heart rate. However, animals that use torpor order to use less energy. during the winter may wake up occasionally or regularly to hunt, eat and defecate. Some animals Brumation are also able to go in and out of torpor regularly, like Brumation is a state of inactivity that cold-blooded creatures when it gets very cold at night. enter during winter. Think of this as hibernation for reptiles and amphibians. During extended cold periods, their bodies Migration produce high levels of sugar and slow or shutdown their Migration is the act of moving from one place to another. internal processes. Some animals can even freeze! Some creatures migrate to a warmer location when the weather gets too cold. They may travel alone or in large Diapause groups to areas where food is plentiful. Diapause occurs when insects pause their development to prepare for winter. Some insects stop all body processes and Adaptation sometimes freeze until the weather warms up in the spring, Adaptation to winter weather can take many different forms.
    [Show full text]
  • Bat Rabies and Other Lyssavirus Infections
    Prepared by the USGS National Wildlife Health Center Bat Rabies and Other Lyssavirus Infections Circular 1329 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Front cover photo (D.G. Constantine) A Townsend’s big-eared bat. Bat Rabies and Other Lyssavirus Infections By Denny G. Constantine Edited by David S. Blehert Circular 1329 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Suzette M. Kimball, Acting Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2009 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment, visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Suggested citation: Constantine, D.G., 2009, Bat rabies and other lyssavirus infections: Reston, Va., U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1329, 68 p. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Constantine, Denny G., 1925– Bat rabies and other lyssavirus infections / by Denny G. Constantine. p. cm. - - (Geological circular ; 1329) ISBN 978–1–4113–2259–2 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Telemetry Experiments with a Hibernating Black Bear
    Paper 37 Telemetry Experiments with a Hibernating Black Bear JOHN J. CRAIGHEAD Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59801 J. R. VARNEY Aeronutronic Ford Corporation, 3939 Fabian Way, Palo Alta, California 9430 F. C. CRAIGHEAD,JR. Environmental Research Institute, Moose, Wyoming 83012 J. S. SUMNER Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59801 INTRODUCTION During the winter of 1966-67 the body temperature of a male black bear (Ursus americanus) was telemetered in winter sleep under natural denning conditions (Craighead et al. 1971). To improve equipment and techniques for studying the physiology and behavior of bears under natural conditions, a captive black bear was used to continue the investigations during the winter of 1971-72. This paper describes the experiments and the results. Other investigators (Essler and Folk 1961; Folk et al. 1965, 1968, 1972; Hedge et al. 1965) have studied the physiology and hibernation behavior of captive bears under simulated natural conditions. Our own long-range objectives are to develop the means of obtaining ecological, behavioral and physiological data from unrestrained hibernating animals in the wild through the use of recent electronic and technological advances, including earth-orbiting satel- lites (Craighead et al. 1971). The specific objectives of the work described here were to develop and test telemetry equipment suitable for monitoring a typical physiological parameter (body temperature) by satellite; to refine immobilizing and handling techniques; to visually observe a bear throughout the hibernation period and correlate its behavior with body and den temperatures; and to outline surgical techniques for implanting telemetry transmitters in the body of a wild black bear.
    [Show full text]