12 Reservoir and petroleum engineering rsn i te rd ol vn n iue quantities. minute in even oil crude the in present of the deposits has a lot to do whether there is asphaltene walls of the conduits and reservoirs (fig.2). The toughness Solid particles suspended in the crude oil may stick to the [1-6]. facilities processing and production oil the in and pipelines the in well, the in reservoir, oil the in fouling solution due to various mechanisms and deposit, causing 2]. [1, forms and quantities various in (fig.1) oils crude in exist resins and and /wax paraffin organometallics, diamondoids mercaptans, derivatives, as acids, such asphaltogenic molecules asphaltenes, organic Heavy fluids. petroleum from molecules organic heavy of deposition the to due Such compounds could separate out of the crude oil crude the of out separate could compounds Such mostly is industry petroleum the in blockage Arterial Fig.1. Heavy organic molecules that deposit that molecules organic Heavy Fig.1. O (university ofIllinoisatChicago(M/C063),Chicago,IL60607-7052 from petroleum fluids petroleum from R INTRODUCTION rganic emediation [email protected] Adress: Keywords: oil and gas industry is to consider a combination of prediction modeling, experimentation and remediation. heavy the stabilize the in to blockage arterial combat dispersant to route proper of a Overall, deposition. from use asphaltenes specially organics, (h) and deposits; situ in the of treatment oil hot (g) deposits; of dissolution for solvent of application (f) deposits; for technologies removal mechanical of application (e) design; scheme production in reservoir in organics heavy of gradient compositional the of consideration (d) applications; before and fluids injection of modeling tests compatibility Predictive (c) wells; oil (a) of completion dual include: (b) analysis; which introduced are remediation the and moderating deposition and the prevention of in effective severity and necessary be to appear that steps eight biological Also (vi) methods. techniques; treatment thermal (v) techniques; treatment mechanical (iv) techniques; filed these of member difficult force external (iii) techniques; treatment chemical (ii) techniques; alteration more scheme production (i) include: the that which out introduced are methods remediation pointed situ in different Six is asphaltenes. are with deal to it compounds and indentified are fluids petroleum petroleum from in organics heavy of remediation deposit which organics heavy situ the First presented. is industries in processing and transportation production, for analysis and methodologies the report this In D [email protected]; [email protected] asphaltene, organic deposits, oil treatment, steric colloid steric treatment, oil deposits, organic asphaltene, eposits SOCAR Proceedings Volume 4,Pages12-23.2010

of G.Ali ISSN: 2218-6867 A

in sphaltene Mansoori O il W ifrn hay rai cmons r peet n a in present are compounds organic heavy different several When phenomena. electrokinetic and effect wall regime, flow composition, pH, pressure, temperature, of acids deposition can be many factors including variations asphaltogenic and asphaltenes the for reasons The [18]. asphaltenes with together deposit they but own, their on deposit to known not are Resins [15-17]. temperature of lowering to mostly, due, crystals solid form and deposit paraffin/wax and Diamondoids surfaces. to attachment organometallics or effects, solubility and dissociation, to due are depositions Mercaptans their on nature. depending causes molecular various to due happen oil [7-14]. oil of flow the to barrier causing result, a act as a glue and mortar in hardening the deposits and, as Asphaltene, which is a highly polar compound, generally they act as mortar which also cause other suspended other cause also which mortar as act they particles stick to deposit cause fouling in petroleum in fouling cause deposit to stick particles Fig.2. Asphaltene molecules are highly sticky and sticky highly are molecules Asphaltene Fig.2. eoiin o te ev ognc peet n crude in present organics heavy the of Depositions ells

and

and

other

in fluid arteries fluid P ipelines H eavy Reservoir and petroleum engineering 13

In Situ Field Remediation Methods In petroleum production initially it is necessary to Heavy organic deposits re- sulting from the presence Asphaltenes, in addition to their highly sticky Heavy organics deposition due to asphaltene Considering that the major barrier in a profitable take any number of fouling problems. steps Heavy organics necessary deposition could to eliminated be by prevent modification of the the production practices, rather than by chemical, mechanical, thermal external means. or This may reduce other the cost of production operation appreciably. This may optimum design of the oil production and transportation be achieved by implication and tests laboratory proper on based systems the of deposition prediction models [22-25]. of asphaltenes in crude oils are quite hard to deal with. Asphaltenes may be destabilized in any area of production the and oil processing facilities from as far back as the in as system the down far as to area wellbore near the petroleum refinery (fig.4,5). characteristics which attach to their solid wettability [26], surfaces, they could change also act sites as nucleation for paraffin/wax and diamondoids which crystallization are often found within the same deposits. flocculation could be deposition their cause that mechanisms the of knowledge controlled through the in better the first place [9, minimize 27]. the Processes deposition can and be chemicals altered to can be used model for the prefouling behavior of suspended particles particles suspended of behavior prefouling the for model conditions production fluids petroleum to corresponding [5, 6]. We predicted the rate of particle deposition during various turbulent flow regimes. The turbulent boundary layer theory and the utilized concepts to of model and mass calculate transfer the rates particle were deposition on the walls of diffusivities Brownian and eddy the for accounted model flowing conduits. The proposed as well as petroleum during for deposition particle of rates that inertial showed effects. The analysis solely due channel flowing the of walls the presented on production to diffusion effects are negligible. It was also shown that deposition rates decrease with increasing particle However, size. when the process expected. are rates deposition higher sizes) particle (large is momentum controlled deposition-free oil production scheme is the presence of asphaltenes in the crude the in situ remediation methods of asphaltenes in the petroleum fluids is discussed in the following sections. G.A. Mansoori G.A. SOCAR Proceed. 4,12-23. 2010 4,12-23. Proceed. SOCAR production and transportation systems Remediation of asphaltene and other heavy organic deposits in oil wells and in pipelines and in oil wells in deposits organic heavy other and of asphaltene Remediation deposition of a suspended particles Fig.3. The role of coagulants and flocculants in Deposition Deposition of heavy organics in petroleum fluids Coagulants are molecules with strong polar charge fluids petroleum of transportation and production The Fig.4. Locations (circled in green) where heavy organics deposition could occur most likely in the petroleum fluids petroleum fluid their interactive considered effects in must order be to understand also the their collective deposition or mechanisms lack of it. of This is especially important when one of the compounds is interacting asphaltene. heavy For example organic a regular waxy crude containing minute amounts behave differently at low temperatures (below of the cloud asphaltene will point) compared with: (i) a clean waxy other crude heavy with organics no present in crude it; containing (ii) some an paraffin/wax asphaltenic or; asphaltenic crude containing no paraffin/wax [19, 16]. (iii) a purely may cause formation of suspended particles. In general, suspended particles in a crude oil «basic fall into sediment» two classes: and «filterable suspended solids». particles Presence in petroleum of severe fluids economic could impact have foaming, fouling, on cause may they oil, a the in along Carried petroleum industry [5, 6]. erosion, and/or corrosion. coagulants Depending (molecular on weight < the (molecular weight > 10000), 10000) may provide case, an indirect aid or flocculants in suspended particles removal (fig.3). which act to disrupt charges on the surface of of droplets an opposite phase or Flocculents, suspended coalescence. from it prevent solid otherwise would particles that act to coalesce colloidal particles, because they attach to Brownian the beyond size their increase they and colloids law of suspension [20, 21]. will be severely affected by particles deposition (i.e. xx of pipelines asphaltenes, transfer and/or wells suspended production diamondoids, in etc.) sand, paraffin/wax, amount the instances certain In papers. older my of some of fouling complete causing high rather is precipitation of these conduits. Therefore, it is important to understand the behavior of suspended particles during flow petroleum conditions. We recently introduced an analytical 14 Reservoir and petroleum engineering diin f iprat, niolns coagulants, antifoulants, dispersants, of Addition of neutralization (fig.9). forces electrostatic (v) (fig.7), streams into crude liquids asphaltenic stock feed lean of mixing of minimization (iv) and, (fig.8); facility production the in pressure-drops from shear materials of minimization (iii) (fig.7); streams oil crude asphaltenic incompatible of of reduction elimination (i) (ii) (fig.6); include: they and deposition organics heavy other and asphaltene control to used are methods. treatment In of categories various the present 4]. briefly we follows what [3, methods biological and techniques treatment scheme thermal methods, treatment mechanical production exertion, fields force categories: external methods, treatment chemical six alterations, following include which the techniques various using controlled may be systems fluid petroleum in remediation their and depositions organics Heavy effective. not are alterations control possibly to [28] Fig.7. Incompatible miscible fluids flow and separation and flow fluids miscible Incompatible Fig.7. I hmcl ramn tcnqe: hy include: They techniques: treatment Chemical II. They techniques: alterations scheme Production I. of heavy ends in the form of colloids, flocs and flocs colloids, of form the in ends heavy of attachment to the walls of conduits of walls the to attachment Fig.6. Pipe flow with Shear with flow Pipe Fig.6. Remediation ofasphalteneandotherheavyorganicdepositsinoilwellspipelines Fig.5. Locations where heavy organics deposition could most likely occur likely most could deposition organics heavy where Locations Fig.5. h dpsto we process when deposition the in the petroleum refining/processing systems [14] systems refining/processing petroleum the in SOCAR Proceed.4,12-23.2010 G.A. Mansoori hmcl opud (i.1 12). (fig.11, compounds chemical on surfaces and walls they can be coated with antifoulant (fig.10). materials resin natural the to similar colloids, steric forming molecules stages. various its in deposition asphaltene control to used be may which co-solvents polar and flocculants Fig.9. Lack of neutralization of electrostatic forces may forces electrostatic of neutralization of Lack Fig.9. of sticky asphaltene particles and attachment to walls to attachment and particles asphaltene sticky of Fig.8. Minimization of pressure-drops in the petroleum petroleum the in pressure-drops of Minimization Fig.8. cause break up of asphaltene steric colloids, release colloids, steric asphaltene of up break cause production facility causing separation of phases from from phases of separation causing facility production a miscible phase to oil, gas and heavy organics phase organics heavy and gas oil, to phase miscible a II.2. To inhibit the attachment and growth of deposits of growth and attachment the inhibit To II.2. asphaltene the surrounding by work Dispersants II.1. causing fouling in petroleum fluid flow lines flow fluid petroleum in fouling causing

eln fg1) which (fig.11) Teflon

Reservoir and petroleum engineering 15

asphaltene deposits of resins and paraffin hydrocarbons [25, 32, 1] III. External force field techniques: They include: (i) Organic material deposited into the production paraffin (nonpolar) content of petroleum [25, 32, 1] Fig.14. Steric-colloid formation of asphaltene flocs Fig.13. Flocculation of asphaltene due to increase in Fig.15. Aromatic hydrocarbons that could re-dissolve (random aggregates) in the presence of excess amounts a system of specifically designed additives to stimulate the wells. Such additives are an best inhibitor to of be asphaltene a precipitation, mixture an dispersant and an antifoaming agent [35]. asphaltene of electrostatic force field; (ii) electrodynamic force and field; (iii) magnetic field; (iv) ultrasound techniques; [31-34]: installations of petroleum crude may cause operational problems. One may initially try to dissolve such deposits by various means like steam wash, diesel oil wash and heavy aromatics wash, etc. One may also consider using

G.A. Mansoori G.A. SOCAR Proceed. 4,12-23. 2010 Proceed. SOCAR

antifoulants and is one well-known n ) 4 F 2 is a result of the fact that Remediation of asphaltene and other heavy organic deposits in oil wells and in pipelines and in oil wells in deposits organic heavy other and of asphaltene Remediation Fig. 12. A bio-antifoulant: are very effective as

Fig.11. A non-bio antifoulant: Teflon=polytetrafluoroethylene Tributyltin oxide – An organotin II.4. Polar co-solvents (such as aromatic hydrocarbons) hydrocarbons) aromatic as (such co-solvents Polar II.4. When the concentration of polar solvents exceeds II.3. Coagulants, which are mostly polymers, have Organotin compounds particularly tributyltin and resins (red aromatic head with black paraffin tails) Fig.10. Steric colloids of asphaltene (asphaltene floc core) is polytetrafluoroethylene (C a role similar to resins which then form steric flocculation colloids of and colloids in precipitation (fig.13, 14). the form of flocs and could re-dissolve the asphaltene deposits and have need a to high level polarity (aromaticity) (fig.15, to 16). be effective a certain level then asphaltene micelles will be formed organisms in the surrounding area. However, it is found However, it is found organisms in the surrounding area. to cause health and environmental problems [30]. it gradually leaches from the hull killing the fouling antifoulant material used for coating surfaces to prevent organic and inorganic materials surfaces [29]. from attachment to oxide (fig.12), have been the antifoulant in of marine, agricultural, choice wood for The and many effectiveness plastics of years industries. TBTO 16 Reservoir and petroleum engineering deposits sometimes causes difficulties. causes sometimes deposits the of disposal the addition, In operation. cumbersome a be may deposits local of removal Mechanical control, etc. visualization, heating, remote of advantage take in effective not formation. There have been some advances in smart pigs the which is may at deposits it organic heavy lines, the removing and for tubing effective the be may cleaning method this Although through travel lines. they the as buildup deposit the a of remove portion would pigs are The arteries. pigs oil the insoluble into injected or Soluble questionable. is arteries (fig.17). removal most is deposit wax and it arteries crude waxy foams, but for suitable established, well is technology Pigging hydrocarbon tubing. the scraping mechanically by done is It heavy deposits. of removal the for known method etc. vibrations, mechanical pigging, stripping, manual (i) scales. small for mostly and are techniques these operationspetroleum/laboratory for applicable presently All techniques. microwave (v) [www.pipingguide.net/2007/11/pipeline-pigging.html] of excess amounts of aromatic hydrocarbons [31-33] hydrocarbons aromatic of amounts excess of ign tcnlg sces o apatnc crude asphaltenic for success technology Pigging oldest the probably is stripping Mechanical/manual include: They techniques: treatment Mechanical IV. Fig.16. Asphaltene miclellization in the presence the in miclellization Asphaltene Fig.16. Fig.18. Fig.17. Pipeline pigs Pipeline Fig.17. Remediation ofasphalteneandotherheavyorganicdepositsinoilwellspipelines combustion situ In SOCAR Proceed.4,12-23.2010 G.A. Mansoori formation temperature is lower than the cloud point of point cloud the than lower is temperature formation the when and paraffins, melted This with saturated becomes formation. the formation the to of introduced fluid hot the when happens not part are another organics in melted re-deposited the that insure to is it important Therefore, deposits. organic the method melting This by areas. works plugged up open to formation the into injection by or conduits, well, the into it circulating reactions. chemical exothermic of use (vii) surface; the heats most which heating the regular the heated versus sample of center and the region), (not whole sample-based volumetric, technique is which microwave heating (vi) of injection; chemicals hot (v) (fig.21); injection gas hot (iv) (fig.20); injection water hot (iii) (fig.19); injection steam (ii) (fig.18); combustion situ eoa o dpst b ht li i promd by performed is fluid hot by deposits of Removal in (i) include: They techniques: treatment Thermal V. Fig.19. Steam injection [fossil.energy.gov] injection Steam Fig.19. Fig.20. Hot water injection [afcee.af.mil] injection water Hot Fig.20.

Reservoir and petroleum engineering 17 /m) -1 (m/s) avg U k (ohm

, where k / 0.75 d 1.75 avg Q=U F but at various proportions and o three-phase region F but at various proportions and pressures. o d (m) is the conduit diameter and curve is the flow region with no deposition stands for crude average velocity in a cylindrical Figure 23. Dynamic (QX) heavy organics deposition In this figure L stands for liquid phase, L-V is the injectant (MI) at 60 envelope (HODE) of a crude oil mixed with a miscible curve represents the deposition region and under the pressures. In this figure liquid-vapor two-phase region, L-S is the liquid-solid two-phase region, and L-V-S is the liquid-vapor-solid Fig.22. Static (PX) heavy organics deposition envelope (MI) at 60 (HODE) of a crude oil mixed with a miscible injectant conduit, hundred to several hundred thousands. distribution-function As curves a are result used to report molecular their weight distribution [42-44]. heavy organics present in the Some oil deposit due to phase of the transitions from liquid to solid state. is not However, generally the this case for asphaltene particles. The with association to particles asphaltene of affinity high one another, their tendency to adsorb resins, and their that suggest distribution size of range wide extensively colloidal in partly and dissolved partly are asphaltenes state (in suspension) in primarily oil by peptized (or resin stabilized) molecules asphaltene surface [38]. that are adsorbed on is the crude electrical conductivity. The area above each G.A. Mansoori G.A. nder nder U SOCAR Proceed. 4,12-23. 2010 4,12-23. Proceed. SOCAR circumstances circumstances precipitation ecommendations Remediation of asphaltene and other heavy organic deposits in oil wells and in pipelines and in oil wells in deposits organic heavy other and of asphaltene Remediation nder nder these hot gas injection [sanleonenergy.com] U In situ conditions, asphaltene would decompose step (A). PREDICTIVE MODELLING AND ANALYSIS The steps that appear to be necessary and effective VI. Biological methods: These may include in situ Various types of microorganisms that are capable DISCUSSION AND R Fig.21. in prevention, moderating the severity of the deposition and remediation are the following: - Resolution of the heavy organic deposition problem calls for detailed analyses of heavy organic containing oils from the microscopic standpoint and development behavior the describe could which models molecular of of heavy organics in hydrocarbon From mixtures the [37-41]. available laboratory, data field, it and is refinery proven exist in that petroleum the generally few a from ranging weights heavy molecular having particles consist organics of which very many aerobic by step into water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur oxides. the hot fluid. mechanism for removing these non-volatile components. It is a relatively slow process and may require to months years for microorganisms amount of to asphaltenes. During such biodegradation, the degrade a significant proper species of bacteria, fungi, etc. would metabolize asphaltenes as a source of carbon and energy. will occur and consequently cause permeability reduction reduction permeability cause consequently and occur will and damage to the formation. bacteria; aerobic (ii) bacteria; anaerobic (i) of application (iii) other microorganisms including fungus, etc. Such bio-processes that may reduce asphaltenes into lighter molecules is named biodegradation. mechanism Biodegredation of known asphaltenes reaction is mechanism for of perhaps a the petroleum biodegradation the fraction. compounds least It are appears relatively that sheets of structures complex of consist they since attack, asphaltenic inert to microorganisms of aromatic and alicyclic ring structures with very short alkyl side chains [36]. of oxidizing asphaltenic compounds in are nature. widespread However, isolated and grown in they the lab to make them need capable biodegradation of large amounts of of asphaltenic deposits. to be Biodegradation, identified, if made practical, is an important 18 Reservoir and petroleum engineering opstosbedn, lcrkntc fet, n flow and effects, electrokinetic compositions/blending, heavy pressures, out temperatures, various deposits at compounds oil organic crude the where pressure and temperature of ranges the indicate would which 23 and 22 figures in shown graph the as such (HODE) envelop deposition organics heavy of construction the in result may modeling joined kinetics plus work mechanical statistical Laboratory with [45-47]. depositions such for present in a crude and organics in general heavy shed light on of the reasons families various the characterize and 2]. 1, 24, 23, [38, asphaltene another of curve of distribution weight molecular resins) the of segment to (due characteristic and into segment one suspension take of oil should in solubility the oil both account and asphaltene of interaction regions of the heavy organics separation at a given a at separation organics heavy the of regions Initially laboratory work may be necessary to quantify s result, a As Fig.25. Phase envelops defining the composition the defining envelops Phase Fig.25. Fig.24. A well with a dual completion dual a with well A Fig.24. temperature and pressure and temperature raitc oeua mdl o the for model molecular realistic a Remediation ofasphalteneandotherheavyorganicdepositsinoilwellspipelines SOCAR Proceed.4,12-23.2010 G.A. Mansoori ht l wl siuain ijcin n ehne oil compatibility with the enhanced reservoir fluids dynamic prior and to operations, static and for tested be injection should fluids recovery stimulation, well all that cleaning. organics heavy or maintenance for in devices. shut- is string main the testing when quotas production meet to production lowering production for used is string tubing inner an Sometimes for access ii) circulation, or injection dispersant or solvent for strings completing the (fig.24). necessary is completion dual formation a with wells deposit organics heavy the combatTo wells. those in removal deposit for workovers heavy costly in when resulted often has likely techniques is deposition organics completion well standard of [41]. conditions C. OPTBLT TSS I i suggested is It - TESTS COMPATIBILITY (C). tubing inner the using i) of: purpose the with is This use the that [48] reported is It - Completion Dual (B). Figure 26. Compositional gradient scheme gradient Compositional 26. Figure Figure 27. Wirelining 27. Figure

Reservoir and petroleum engineering 19

ES U

(D). composition gradient - It (E).MECHANICAL Solvent - treatment Solvent (F).

shown by figures 22 and 23. is generally understood that there heavy of gradient composition a is organics in petroleum reservoirs with deeper zones having higher fractions of the heavy (fig.26). The organics decision to produce first the top zone of the reservoir, which is generally less prone to heavy organics deposition, always preferred. Actually is most of the producing wells must completed be dual Production surveys commingled. would show from which zone most of the oil was being produced. REMOVAL TECHNIQ - In mechanical removal techniques, certain especially wirelining circumstances effective may means be of the combating heavy [49]. organics An economical problems study indicate may whether removal mechanical methods of is preferred cleaning over using cleaning solvents. by at For the example Hassi Algeria, Messaoud necessitated field, tubing frequent scrapings and washings to maintain production [50, 51]. Cutting the deposits tubing from by the wireline method was too time-consuming and of program a so impractical, times some solvent a with tubing the washing was established. treatment of the oil is considered to be beneficial in because some it dilutes cases the and crude reduces the oil tendency of the heavy organics to Solvent treatments precipitate. may not very be successful largely because the solvents which can be are used limited to aromatic solvents (fig.15). Xylene is generally for shedding light on the problem by constructing heavy organics deposition envelopes (HODE) as

Resin

Asphaltene

Table Asphaltene, wt% Asphaltene, Laboratory tests (fig.28) may be necessary to blend 0.03

the most common solvent selected to stimulations, be workovers, and used heavy in organics inhibition well and cleaning. In some cases the xylene non-producing injection through string fig.24) actually may (inner help to minimize the heavy organic tubings shown deposition problem. In oil in fields with frequent need for aromatic wash it may be necessary to design an aromatic solvent with stronger wash power and better economy for the particular deposit in mind [52]. an appropriate aromatic solvent and/or dispersant for a G.A. Mansoori G.A. wt% Resin, 3.5 0.0 0.00 5.0 0.1 0.02 5.0 1.3 0.26 19.0 4.0 0.21 12.0 0.5 0.04 SOCAR Proceed. 4,12-23. 2010 Proceed. SOCAR 8.3 14.0 15.0 1.07 API 45.0 3.3 0.15 0.05 44.3 1.5 0.0 0.00 43.8 40.843.0 2.5 7.5 0.2 4.0 0.08 0.53 37.8 8.1 1.3 0.16 38.0 36.0 36.136.1 15.5 1.3 0.08 32.635.0 2.5 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 32.1 9.0 0.3 0.03 31.7 6.0 0.5 0.08 26.2 29.0 8.5 5.3 0.62 19.7 21.55 2.8 0.13 19.7 16.7 20.0 0.5 0.025 10.211.7 25.0 26.0 13.0 12.5 0.52 0.48 16.0 8.9 17.2 1.93 10.2 29.4 17.2 0.58 o en 30.6 4.6 1.65 0.36 enport 46.3 1.3 0 0 A A onkawa Remediation of asphaltene and other heavy organic deposits in oil wells and in pipelines and in oil wells in deposits organic heavy other and of asphaltene Remediation SA, P SA, CA, Crude Algeria, U Atabasca U Azeri BTC Iraq, Kirkuk SA, TX, Mexia SA, TX, Hould various crude oils from around the world [various sources] Russia, Dossor SA, LA, Rodessa Russia, Kaluga SA, OK, Ok. City Brazil, Campos, France, Lagrave SA, OK, T U Canada, Alberta Canada, Hassi Messaoud U Mexico, Isthmus Mexico, Panucon SA, MS, Baxterville Russia, Bibi-Eibat SA, OK, Dav Canada, Atabasca Canada, Russia, Balachany Russia, Surachany Huntington Beach U Venezuela, Boscan Venezuela, SA, LA, Brookhav U Canada, Cold Lake U U U India, Mangala crude 29.28 20-30 <0.50 <0.02 U Mexico, Tecoaminocan Mexico, Tecoaminocan 36.7 8.8 1.5 0.17 API gravity, resin wt %, asphaltene wt % and asphaltene to resin ratio of o Such experimental compatibility tests may be costly if The especially where asphaltenic crudes are present [49]. It is possible to perform certain experimental measurements to produce rather simple phase envelops like figure through 25 which one can define the composition regions of the heavy organics separation at certain temperature and pressures. composition of regions possible the all study to needs one compatibility dynamic and static However, pressure. and modeling using the economical and efficient quite be can techniques dynamic advanced statistical and fluid 20 Reservoir and petroleum engineering shlee n hs rd t sa i te ouin and/or solution the in stay to crude this in asphaltene 0.71. of ratio aromatics saturates/ low a low also has a it 0.58 of having ratio asphaltene/resin to addition in problems. crude, deposition Boscan frequent in Actually with oil crude a is list, the of bottom the to close is which crude, Tecoaminocan of the list in Table 1, has had no deposition problem, while topthe from second is which crude, Boscan example, For effects. of polydispersivity the structures and resins, molecular and asphaltenes the aromatics in variations of crude, amounts the high in of presence or possibility the to due mostly rule this to exception are there course Of deposition. organics heavy to prone more are ratios resin to asphaltene higher with oils Crude gravity. API their versus reported are oils crude of number a for data such 1 Table In ratio. and itscontent resin for and oil asphaltene is crude a It analyze to particles. practice good asphaltene a generally the of as act agents crude peptizing the the in resins that is acceptance have universal to appears which thing heavy One result deposition. a organics as to enough and high flocculation not asphaltene is prevent asphaltene to resin of ratio the where oils crude certain in effective be may antifoulants mixed with wells oil some 4]. 3, in [49, results past the in have tried oil been hot with circulation normal and reverse and deposition problem. A combination of solvent treatment organics heavy the reduce or avoid to used be may oil be can which engineers. field the by used deposits organics heavy the cleaning or special Then formulas concerns. may be blended to environmental achieve the goal of and preventing effectiveness, economy, of view of points the from field oil given ih mut o rsn ad rmtct hls the helps aromaticity and resins of amounts High DISPERSANT (H). hot with Circulation - TREATMENT OIL HOT [G). Figure 28. A laboratory model to test various various test to model laboratory A 28. Figure solvents for heavy organics remediation [52] remediation organics heavy for solvents Remediation ofasphalteneandotherheavyorganicdepositsinoilwellspipelines U E - SE neto o dsesns or dispersants of Injection SOCAR Proceed.4,12-23.2010 G.A. Mansoori opeesv peitv mdl n hc al these all which [41]. incorporated are effects in a use model to has predictive one comprehensive factors deposition. these all the quantify to in order roles In also hydrodynamics have electrokinetics conduit, and of nature the diamondoids, and organometallics /wax, paraffin of as compounds presence such the polydispersivities resin, and the asphaltene of crude, polarities and the in hydrocarbons of this deposition consider the potential of evaluating a crude not oil. Other in factors including the nature factor should only the be one to ratio rule the to exceptions severe such Considering deposition. without suspended PEMEX, IMP and Petrobras. and IMP PEMEX, by part in stage supported was initial research This research. the this of in Sanchez J.H.P. Dr. of contributions fluids. petroleum in organics heavy of 38, 23, 12] proposed for predicting the deposition behavior has been the philosophy followed in modeling activity [56, This characteristics. molecular their and oil original the in lack of positive information on the structure of asphaltenes it Meanwhile, the account into take should oil in asphaltenes of behavior oils. crude phase the describes in that effort modeling any that appears asphaltenes of state the al.s’ et establish to techniques Witherspoon experimental contemporary other duplicate to utilize possibly and oils done different for work ultracentrifuge be to need been has experiments More needed. end is more but 9], this [55, performed towards work modeling and theoretical Experimental problems. deposition organics heavy in irreversible many to block solution a find building to quest scientific basic the a be to seems oil crude original 54]. [53, oil original the in are still they while particles asphaltene of nature the and determine size to try to efforts few asphaltic a were There the well. of nature the thein oil crude the from separation its to prior bitumen upon considerable thrown after was answered light be only could question the that was conclusion The place. taken had changes phase change or any substantial temperature or pressure no that considering well the of bottom the at deposited bitumen asphaltic was there why is 50] [53, researchers prohibitive. quite economically is oil crude to additives such of use However, reductions. on effect permeability or their deposition organics heavy study of inhibition to injected are where agents type) coreflood peptizing the of (i.e.: performed be could heavy experiments Furthermore, the problem. amounts control, deposition organics least proper at or in prevent, may resins) places and (i.e.: agents peptizing of injection recovery, oil tertiary and secondary, primary, effective. cost not are changes process when depositions control to effectively used be can applications chemical and flocculation asphaltene the minimize to changed be can Processes place. first the in flocculation its cause that mechanisms the of knowledge better through controlled be can flocculation Asphaltene go. to way long a there still is concerned is problem deposition organics heavy cnwegmns Te uhr prcae the appreciated author The Acknowledgements: the in particles asphaltene the of state the Establishing previous by posed question interesting One during place takes deposition organics heavy Since the to solution universal rigorous a finding as Insofar Conclusions

Reservoir and petroleum engineering 21 Texas. San

SA: U 4th International Conference on NDP Melting and Crystallization of Paraffins U France: Paris. 2009(a). NITAR/ N. U U Interfacial and colloidal behavior of asphaltenes References G.A. Mansoori G.A. NESCO. International Journal of Science & Technology. Transaction B. U

U SOCAR Proceed. 4,12-23. 2010 4,12-23. Proceed. SOCAR Prefouling Behavior of Suspended Particles in Petroleum Fluid Flow //Scientia, Flow Fluid Petroleum in Particles Suspended of Behavior Prefouling High resolution mass spectral examination of the resin fraction of petroleum Conferences, Ltd. London. Gilmoora House. -1996(b). -Paper No 2. K U Physicochemical basis of fouling prediction and prevention in the process industry The occurance of asphaltene throughout production cycle //Proceedings of the 6th Remediation of asphaltene and other heavy organic deposits in oil wells and in pipelines and in oil wells in deposits organic heavy other and of asphaltene Remediation and Processing //OPEC Review. -1988. –P.103-113. J.P.Dickie, T.F.Yen. G.A.Mansoori. Diamondoid Molecules //Advances in Chemical Physics. -2007. –Vol.136. S.J.Park, G.A.Mansoori. Orgainc Deposition from Heavy Petroleum Crudes (A FRACTAL S.J.Park, T.K.Kwak, G.A.Mansoori. 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niversiteti) U Xülasə Реферат G.A. Mansoori G.A. G.Ali Mansuri Г.Али Мансури (İllinoys SOCAR Proceed. 4,12-23. 2010 Proceed. SOCAR (Университет Иллинойса) отложений отложений из нефтяных скважин и трубопроводов Удаление асфальтенов и других тяжёлых органических Remediation of asphaltene and other heavy organic deposits in oil wells and in pipelines and in oil wells in deposits organic heavy other and of asphaltene Remediation Neft quyuları və kəmərlərində ağır üzvi çöküntü və asfaltenlərin təmizlənməsi K.J.Leontaritis, G.A.Mansoori. Asphaltene flocculation during oil recovery and processing: a D.H.Katz, D.H.Katz, K.E.Beu. Nature of asphaltic substances //Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. -1945. – P.A.Witherspoon. A study of the colloidal characteristics of petroleum using the ultracentrifuge T.F.Yen. Structural differences between asphaltenes isolated from petroleum and from coal liquid J.Escobedo, G.A.Mansoori. Solid Particle Deposition During Turbulent Flow Production Operations Məqalədə neftin çıxarılması, nəqli və emalı proseslərində ağır üzvi birləşmələrin təmizlənməsi В статье представлены методы и анализ удаления тяжёлых органических веществ в добыче, 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. üsullarının təhlili təqdim edilir. İlk olaraq edilir və neft qeyd edilir ki, bu məhsulundan tərkiblərin ən mürəkkəb komponentləri çökən asfaltenlərdir. Lokal təmizlənmənin ağır üzvi birləşmələr altı müxtəlif müəyyən üsullar qrupu təqdim olunur: (i) neftçıxarma sxeminin dəyişməsi; xarici (ii) qüvvənin kimyəvi təsiri; emal; (iv) (iii) mexaniki emal; (v) istilik emalı; (vi) bioloji qarşısının alınması, emal. intensivliyinin Həmçinin azaldılması və çöküntülərinin təmizlənməsində zəruri və səmərəli ola bilən səkkiz mərhələ təqdim edilir: (a) qabaqcadan proqnozlaşdırma və tamamlanması; (c) təhlil; tətbiq etməzdən (b) əvvəl vurulan quyunun mayelərin uyğunluq iki testi; (d) məhsuldar neftçıxarma sxeminin layda işlənməsində laydakı ağır üzvi birləşmələrin təmizlənmə tərkibinin üsullarının nəzərə tədbiqi; alınması; (f) çöküntülərin (e) həll çöküntülərin (g) olunması mexaniki üçün isti həlledicilərinin neft tətbiq edilməsi; emalı almag üsulları; üçün dispersantların (h) istifadəsi. Ümumiyyətlə ağır mübarizənin düzqün modelləşdirilməsinin, üzvi eksperimentlərin və ləğv edilmə üsullarının birləşilməsinin yolu təhlilindədir. - birləşmələrin, xüsusilə proqnozlaşdırılma asfalten çöküntülərinin qabağını транспорте транспорте и переработке нефти. Прежде всего идентифицируются тяжёлые органические веще- элементами сложными более что отмечается, и жидкостей, нефтяных из отлагаются которые ства, этих соединений являются асфальтены. Представлены шесть различных групп ного методов удаления: (i) - локаль изменение схемы добычи; (ii) химическая обработка; (iii) воздействие внешних Также обработка. биологическая (vi) обработка; термическая (v) обработка; механическая (iv) сил; представлены восемь этапов, которые оказываются необходимыми и эффективными при предот- вращении, снижении интенсивности и удалении отложений: анализ; (a) (b) заканчивание прогнозное нефтяных моделирование скважин в и двух горизонтах; (c) испытания закачиваемых жидкостей на перед применением; совместимость (d) анализ состава тяжёлых органических веществ в пласте при разработке схемы добычи; (e) применение методов механического удаления отло- жений; (f) применение растворителей для удаления отложений; (g) обработка горячей (h) использование дисперсантов для предотвращения нефтью; отложений тяжёлых органических веществ, особенно асфальтенов. В целом, правильный путь борьбы моделирования, экспериментирования и удаления - отложений. это анализ сочетания прогнозного Vol.37. Vol.37. –P.195-200 //Journal //Journal of Physical Chemistry. -1957. –Vol.61. –P.1296-1302. //Advances //Advances in Chemistry Series 195. J.W.Bunger and N.C.Li, Editors. Chemistry of Asphaltenes, -1979. –P.39-52. thermodynamic-colloidal thermodynamic-colloidal model //Proceedings of Richardson. -1987. -Paper 16258. the SPE Symposium on Oil Field Chemistry. TX: //Proceedings SPE Production Operation Symposium. OK: Oklahoma City. -1995. -Paper 29488. НАУЧНЫЕ ТРУДЫ ELMİ ƏSƏRLƏR w PROCEEDINGS w НАУЧНЫЕ