Chapter 8 PETROLEUM
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Coal and Oil: the Dark Monarchs of Global Energy – Understanding Supply and Extraction Patterns and Their Importance for Futur
nam et ipsa scientia potestas est List of Papers This thesis is based on the following papers, which are referred to in the text by their Roman numerals. I Höök, M., Aleklett, K. (2008) A decline rate study of Norwe- gian oil production. Energy Policy, 36(11):4262–4271 II Höök, M., Söderbergh, B., Jakobsson, K., Aleklett, K. (2009) The evolution of giant oil field production behaviour. Natural Resources Research, 18(1):39–56 III Höök, M., Hirsch, R., Aleklett, K. (2009) Giant oil field decline rates and their influence on world oil production. Energy Pol- icy, 37(6):2262–2272 IV Jakobsson, K., Söderbergh, B., Höök, M., Aleklett, K. (2009) How reasonable are oil production scenarios from public agen- cies? Energy Policy, 37(11):4809–4818 V Höök M, Söderbergh, B., Aleklett, K. (2009) Future Danish oil and gas export. Energy, 34(11):1826–1834 VI Aleklett K., Höök, M., Jakobsson, K., Lardelli, M., Snowden, S., Söderbergh, B. (2010) The Peak of the Oil Age - analyzing the world oil production Reference Scenario in World Energy Outlook 2008. Energy Policy, 38(3):1398–1414 VII Höök M, Tang, X., Pang, X., Aleklett K. (2010) Development journey and outlook for the Chinese giant oilfields. Petroleum Development and Exploration, 37(2):237–249 VIII Höök, M., Aleklett, K. (2009) Historical trends in American coal production and a possible future outlook. International Journal of Coal Geology, 78(3):201–216 IX Höök, M., Aleklett, K. (2010) Trends in U.S. recoverable coal supply estimates and future production outlooks. Natural Re- sources Research, 19(3):189–208 X Höök, M., Zittel, W., Schindler, J., Aleklett, K. -
Oil Shale and Tar Sands
Fundamentals of Materials for Energy and Environmental Sustainability Editors David S. Ginley and David Cahen Oil shale and tar sands James W. Bunger 11 JWBA, Inc., Energy Technology and Engineering, Salt Lake City, UT, USA 11.1 Focus 11.2 Synopsis Tar sands and oil shale are “uncon- Oil shale and tar sands occur in dozens of countries around the world. With in-place ventional” oil resources. Unconven- resources totaling at least 4 trillion barrels (bbl), they exceed the world's remaining tional oil resources are characterized petroleum reserves, which are probably less than 2 trillion bbl. As petroleum becomes by their solid, or near-solid, state harder to produce, oil shale and tar sands are finding economic and thermodynamic under reservoir conditions, which parity with petroleum. Thermodynamic parity, e.g., similarity in the energy cost requires new, and sometimes of producing energy, is a key indicator of economic competitiveness. unproven, technology for their Oil is being produced on a large commercial scale by Canada from tar sands, recovery. For tar sands the hydrocar- and to a lesser extent by Venezuela. The USA now imports well over 2 million barrels bon is a highly viscous bitumen; for of oil per day from Canada, the majority of which is produced from tar sands. oil shale, it is a solid hydrocarbon Production of oil from oil shale is occurring in Estonia, China, and Brazil albeit on called “kerogen.” Unconventional smaller scales. Importantly, the USA is the largest holder of oil-shale resources. oil resources are found in greater For that reason alone, and because of the growing need for imports in the USA, quantities than conventional petrol- oil shale will receive greater development attention as petroleum supplies dwindle. -
Equinor Environmental Plan in Brief
Our EP in brief Exploring safely for oil and gas in the Great Australian Bight A guide to Equinor’s draft Environment Plan for Stromlo-1 Exploration Drilling Program Published by Equinor Australia B.V. www.equinor.com.au/gabproject February 2019 Our EP in brief This booklet is a guide to our draft EP for the Stromlo-1 Exploration Program in the Great Australian Bight. The full draft EP is 1,500 pages and has taken two years to prepare, with extensive dialogue and engagement with stakeholders shaping its development. We are committed to transparency and have published this guide as a tool to facilitate the public comment period. For more information, please visit our website. www.equinor.com.au/gabproject What are we planning to do? Can it be done safely? We are planning to drill one exploration well in the Over decades, we have drilled and produced safely Great Australian Bight in accordance with our work from similar conditions around the world. In the EP, we program for exploration permit EPP39. See page 7. demonstrate how this well can also be drilled safely. See page 14. Who are we? How will it be approved? We are Equinor, a global energy company producing oil, gas and renewable energy and are among the world’s largest We abide by the rules set by the regulator, NOPSEMA. We offshore operators. See page 15. are required to submit draft environmental management plans for assessment and acceptance before we can begin any activities offshore. See page 20. CONTENTS 8 12 What’s in it for Australia? How we’re shaping the future of energy If oil or gas is found in the Great Australian Bight, it could How can an oil and gas producer be highly significant for South be part of a sustainable energy Australia. -
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Journal of Ecocriticism 6(1) Spring 2014 Tall-fins and tale-ends in Taiwan: cetacean exploitation, oil refineries, and Moby-Dick1 Iris Ralph (Tamkang University)1 Abstract This article addresses the nineteenth-century novel MoBy-Dick (1851) as a “cetacean text” and as a text that can be taught to question the animal/human Binary that both separates and draws attention to Bonds Between humans and cetaceans. Herman Melville’s novel, Belonging to the period of American literature that F. O. Matthiessen first famously distinguished as the “American Renaissance” in a study so-titled puBlished in 1941, is Being reevaluated today By ecocritics as well as posthumanism and animal studies scholars as a writing that is a cultural record of the North American whaling industry in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and raises questions aBout understandings of and assumptions about cetacean slaughter. I tie these concerns to an industry today that threatens cetaceans: the fossil fuel industry, the industry that largely replaced the whaling industry after the twentieth century. I focus mostly on environmental efforts in Taiwan to raise awareness aBout the fossil fuel industry in Taiwan, namely its petrochemical plants or so called naphtha cracker plants and the deleterious impact these plants have on coastal wetland areas that are home to many species of cetaceans including the endangered species of humpBack whale or pink dolphin. Moby-Dick ties to ecocriticism in the eastern regions of the gloBe not the least by reason of the final scenes of the -
Specifications Guide Americas Refined Oil Products Latest Update: September 2021
Specifications Guide Americas Refined Oil Products Latest update: September 2021 Definitions of the trading locations for which Platts publishes daily indexes or assessments 2 LPG/NGLs 6 Gasoline 14 Blendstocks 18 Naphtha 19 Jet fuel 23 Heating oil 27 Diesel 32 Fuel oil 36 Feedstocks 40 Lubes and asphalt 41 US futures 42 Revision history 43 www.spglobal.com/platts Specifications Guide Americas Refined Oil Products: September 2021 DEFINITIONS OF THE TRADING LOCATIONS FOR WHICH PLATTS PUBLISHES DAILY INDEXES OR ASSESSMENTS All the assessments listed here employ S&P Global Platts Platts understands that there are various public dock clauses The Platts assessment process determines the value of physical Assessments Methodology, as published at https://www. used in the spot market. In the event that terminal dates do not commodities for forward delivery or loading at a wide variety spglobal.com/platts/plattscontent/_assets/_files/en/our- meet the reported transaction laycan, the terminal party could of locations across the Americas. Many of these commodities methodology/methodology-specifications/platts-assessments- apply these clauses to extend demurrage liabilities for the vessel trade on an outright price basis – where the full price is known methodology-guide.pdf. party. For example, if a terminal date obtained was two days at time of trade -- or on a Platts-related, floating price basis – after the transaction laycan, and the vessel arrives within the where much of the value is determined in reference to reference These guides are designed to give Platts subscribers as much transaction laycan, the vessel party could be liable for those two prices that will be published in the future. -
Statoil ASA Statoil Petroleum AS
Offering Circular A9.4.1.1 Statoil ASA (incorporated with limited liability in the Kingdom of Norway) Notes issued under the programme may be unconditionally and irrevocably guaranteed by Statoil Petroleum AS (incorporated with limited liability in the Kingdom of Norway) €20,000,000,000 Euro Medium Term Note Programme On 21 March 1997, Statoil ASA (the Issuer) entered into a Euro Medium Term Note Programme (the Programme) and issued an Offering Circular on that date describing the Programme. The Programme has been subsequently amended and updated. This Offering Circular supersedes any previous dated offering circulars. Any Notes (as defined below) issued under the Programme on or after the date of this Offering Circular are issued subject to the provisions described herein. This does not affect any Notes issued prior to the date hereof. Under this Programme, Statoil ASA may from time to time issue notes (the Notes) denominated in any currency agreed between the Issuer and the relevant Dealer (as defined below). The Notes may be issued in bearer form or in uncertificated book entry form (VPS Notes) settled through the Norwegian Central Securities Depositary, Verdipapirsentralen ASA (the VPS). The maximum aggregate nominal amount of all Notes from time to time outstanding will not exceed €20,000,000,000 (or its equivalent in other currencies calculated as described herein). The payments of all amounts due in respect of the Notes issued by the Issuer may be unconditionally and irrevocably guaranteed by Statoil A6.1 Petroleum AS (the Guarantor). The Notes may be issued on a continuing basis to one or more of the Dealers specified on page 6 and any additional Dealer appointed under the Programme from time to time, which appointment may be for a specific issue or on an ongoing basis (each a Dealer and together the Dealers). -
1 Refinery and Petrochemical Processes
3 1 Refinery and Petrochemical Processes 1.1 Introduction The combination of high demand for electric cars and higher automobile engine effi- ciency in the future will mean less conversion of petroleum into fuels. However, the demand for petrochemicals is forecast to rise due to the increase in world popula- tion. With this, it is expected that modern and more innovative technologies will be developed to serve the growth of the petrochemical market. In a refinery process, petroleum is converted into petroleum intermediate prod- ucts, including gases, light/heavy naphtha, kerosene, diesel, light gas oil, heavy gas oil, and residue. From these intermediate refinery product streams, several fuels such as fuel gas, liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, auto diesel, and other heavy products such as lubricants, bunker oil, asphalt, and coke are obtained. In addition, these petroleum intermediates can be further processed and separated into products for petrochemical applications. In this chapter, petroleum will be introduced first. Petrochemicals will be intro- duced in the second part of the chapter. Petrochemicals – the main subject of this book – will address three major areas, (i) the production of the seven cornerstone petrochemicals: methane and synthesis gas, ethylene, propylene, butene, benzene, toluene, and xylenes; (ii) the uses of the seven cornerstone petrochemicals, and (iii) the technology to separate petrochemicals into individual components. 1.2 Petroleum Petroleum is derived from the Latin words “petra” and “oleum,” which means “rock” and “oil,” respectively. Petroleum also is known as crude oil or fossil fuel. It is a thick, flammable, yellow-to-black mixture of gaseous, liquid, and solid hydrocarbons formed from the remains of plants and animals. -
The Chemistry of Refining Crude Oil SPN#12
The Chemistry of Refining Crude Oil SPN LESSON #12 LEARNING OUTCOME: Students come to view energy from several viewpoints. They work with the processes of • Phase changes and the many energy transformations and transfers involved in that physical change; • chemical change and the energy it releases. LESSON OVERVIEW: The fractional distillation of crude oil is featured. This major fossil fuel of the modern age is viewed as an example of stored chemical energy. Alcohol and water are separated and recaptured by taking advantage of the differences in the two substances’ boiling points. The many components of crude oil are explored and students are introduced to organic chemical formulas, characteristics of changes in phases, and laboratory distillation procedures. GRADE-LEVEL APPROPRIATENESS: This Level II Physical Setting, technology education lesson is intended for students in grades 5–8. MATERIALS (per group) Safety goggles (per person) Lab apron (per person) Bunsen burner Ring stand with utility clamp Metal pan 3 medium test tubes Test tube rack Boiling chip 2-hole stopper 10 cm glass tubing with 90o bend Thermometer 15 mL of isopropyl alcohol–water mixture nyserda.ny.gov/School-Power-Naturally Stirring rod Graduated cylinder Grease pencil or marker 4 paper strips, 10 cm x 1 cm 60 cm rubber tubing SAFETY Students should be made familiar with proper laboratory safety procedures including the location of fire extinguishers, fire blankets, and safety showers (where available). Instruct students regarding the proper and safe use of Bunsen burners and matches, and stress the importance of keeping the volatile components of the fractional distillation away from the flame during the collection of distillates. -
Olive Oil Jars Left Behind By
live oil jars left behind by the ancient Greeks are testament to our centuries- old use of cooking oil. Along with salt and pepper, oil Oremains one of the most important and versatile tools in your kitchen. It keeps food from sticking to pans, adds flavor and moisture, and conducts the heat that turns a humble stick of potato into a glorious french fry. Like butter and other fats, cooking oil also acts as a powerful solvent, unleashing fat-soluble nutrients and flavor compounds in everything from tomatoes and onions to spices and herbs. It’s why so many strike recipes begin with heating garlic in oil rather than, say, simmering it in water. The ancient Greeks didn’t tap many cooking oils. (Let’s see: olive oil, olive oil, or—ooh, this is exciting!—how about olive oil?) But you certainly can. From canola to safflower to grapeseed to walnut, each oil has its own unique flavor (or lack thereof), aroma, and optimal cooking temperature. Choosing the right kind for the task at hand can save you money, boost your health, and improve your cooking. OK, so you probably don’t stop to consider your cooking oil very often. But there’s a surprising amount to learn about What’s this? this liquid gold. BY VIRGINIAWILLIS Pumpkin seed oil suspended in corn oil—it looks like a homemade Lava Lamp! 84 allrecipes.com PHOTOS BY KATE SEARS WHERE TO store CANOLA OIL GRAPESEED OIL are more likely to exhibit the characteristic YOUR OIL flavor and aroma of their base nut or seed. -
Liquid Fuels Market Model Component Design Report
LIQUID FUELS MARKET MODEL COMPONENT DESIGN REPORT Prepared for Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting Energy Information Administration U.S. Department of Energy Prepared by OnLocation, Inc. Energy Systems Consulting 501 Church Street, Suite 300 Vienna, VA 22180 (703) 938-5151 October 26, 2010 Liquid Fuels Market Model Component Design Report Executive Summary This document presents a proposal for a new model to replace the Petroleum Market Model (PMM) currently used in the National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) by the Energy Information Administration of the Department of Energy. The new Liquid Fuels Market Module (LFMM) prototype proposed here will incorporate some of the same model structure and use similar data inputs as the PMM, but with modifications and additions to reflect more current liquid fuel market trends. Like the current PMM, the proposed LFMM will incorporate a linear programming structure to model petroleum-based fuels production – both a model block diagram and general equation sets are provided in this documentation for the prototype. The inputs to the model (both NEMS and exogenous) as well as desired outputs from the model (projections of liquid fuel production costs, petroleum and alternative fuels supplies, refinery energy consumption, refinery and alternative fuel plant capacity and utilization, capacity additions and retirements) are also very similar to those of the current PMM. However, in the proposed LFMM some key differences stand out: 1. Regional breakout: The LFMM will have the flexibility to go beyond the PADD level regions used in the PMM to more accurately reflect current regional distinctions in refinery characteristics. For example, PADD 2 could be broken down into two regions to distinguish those that do and/or will likely have access to Canadian crude from those that do not. -
Frequently Asked Questions About Hydraulic Fracturing
Frequently Asked Questions About Hydraulic Fracturing: What is hydraulic fracturing? Hydraulic fracturing, commonly referred to as fracing, is the process of creating small cracks, or fractures, in underground geological formations to allow oil or natural gas to flow into the wellbore and thereby increase production. Prior to initiating hydraulic fracturing, engineers and geoscientists study and model the physical characteristics of the hydrocarbon bearing rock formation, including its permeability, porosity and thickness. Using this information, they design the process to keep the resulting fractures within the target formation. In Colorado, the target formation is often more than 7,000 feet below the ground surface and more than 5,000 feet below any drinking water aquifers. To fracture the formation, special fracturing fluids are injected down the well bore and into the formation. These fluids typically consist of water, sand, and chemical additives. The pressure created by injecting the fluid opens the fractures. Sand is carried into the fractures by the fluid and keeps the fractures open to increase the flow of oil or natural gas to the well bore. The chemicals serve a variety of purposes, including increasing viscosity, reducing friction, controlling bacteria, and decreasing corrosion. Following the treatment, much of the fracturing fluid flows back up the well bore and is collected at the surface in tanks or lined pits. Why is hydraulic fracturing necessary in Colorado? Most of the hydrocarbon bearing formations in Colorado have low porosity and permeability. These formations would not produce economic quantities of hydrocarbons without hydraulic fracturing. Fracture treatment of oil and gas wells in Colorado began in the 1970s and has evolved since then. -
Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Human Activities
4 Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Human Activities CO-CHAIRS D. Kupfer (Germany, Fed. Rep.) R. Karimanzira (Zimbabwe) CONTENTS AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND OTHER HUMAN ACTIVITIES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 77 4.1 INTRODUCTION 85 4.2 FOREST RESPONSE STRATEGIES 87 4.2.1 Special Issues on Boreal Forests 90 4.2.1.1 Introduction 90 4.2.1.2 Carbon Sinks of the Boreal Region 90 4.2.1.3 Consequences of Climate Change on Emissions 90 4.2.1.4 Possibilities to Refix Carbon Dioxide: A Case Study 91 4.2.1.5 Measures and Policy Options 91 4.2.1.5.1 Forest Protection 92 4.2.1.5.2 Forest Management 92 4.2.1.5.3 End Uses and Biomass Conversion 92 4.2.2 Special Issues on Temperate Forests 92 4.2.2.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Temperate Forests 92 4.2.2.2 Global Warming: Impacts and Effects on Temperate Forests 93 4.2.2.3 Costs of Forestry Countermeasures 93 4.2.2.4 Constraints on Forestry Measures 94 4.2.3 Special Issues on Tropical Forests 94 4.2.3.1 Introduction to Tropical Deforestation and Climatic Concerns 94 4.2.3.2 Forest Carbon Pools and Forest Cover Statistics 94 4.2.3.3 Estimates of Current Rates of Forest Loss 94 4.2.3.4 Patterns and Causes of Deforestation 95 4.2.3.5 Estimates of Current Emissions from Forest Land Clearing 97 4.2.3.6 Estimates of Future Forest Loss and Emissions 98 4.2.3.7 Strategies to Reduce Emissions: Types of Response Options 99 4.2.3.8 Policy Options 103 75 76 IPCC RESPONSE STRATEGIES WORKING GROUP REPORTS 4.3 AGRICULTURE RESPONSE STRATEGIES 105 4.3.1 Summary of Agricultural Emissions of Greenhouse Gases 105 4.3.2 Measures and