Ciência e Natura ISSN: 0100-8307 [email protected] Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Brasil
Samsami, Shirin; Purkhaleghi Chatrudi, Mahdokht Shahname Firdausi and Transformational Management with Attitude Comparison Ulrich Transformation Pattern Ciência e Natura, vol. 37, núm. 6-2, 2015, pp. 23-34 Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria, Brasil
Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=467547683004
How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative 23
Ciência eNatura, v. 37 Part 2 jun. 2015, p. 23−34
ISSN impressa: 0100-8307 ISSN on-line: 2179-460X
Shahname Firdausi and Transformational Management with Attitude Comparison
Ulrich Transformation Pattern
Shirin Samsami1 and Mahdokht Purkhaleghi Chatrudi2
1Student of Persian language and literature, Mashhad Firdausi University, International branch, faculty member of Tabas Islamic Azad University 2Professor of Mashhad Firdausi University
Abstract
Investigating valuable works of literature by scientists of different fields and publication of various books associated with literature and other sciences emphasize on the important issue that literature does not belong just to emotion and taste. Rather it includes a wide range of sensory experiences based on concrete facts. One of the new sciences whose principles can be used in investigation of literary texts is management. Abolghasem Firdausi's Shahname which provides unlimited time and place has presented various events. In these various events, numerous people with different human actions and interactions play their roles; therefore, Shahname is an appropriate research target for those researchers who are interested in interdisciplinary research such as literature and management, particularly management of human resources. In this regard, the researcher in the present study aims to make relation between one of modern management concepts - transformational management- with management strategies of Shahname and through descriptive-analytic method introduce the country's local management principles and also indicate that transformation in Shahname follows Ulrich transformation pattern. Leadership, establishment of shared needs, shared attitudes, commitment, transformation management, change supervision, and change stability can be mentioned as similar points emphasized by Firdausi and Ulrich regarding change.
Keywords: management, transformation, Firdausi
Recebido: dia/mês/ano Aceito: dia/mês/ano 24
basic processes of planning and organizing as 1. Introduction well as applying change from the stage of Human resources management appeared in disturbing the status quo to full realization of 1980s and evolved as a new era in human complete preparation for work in future. power management. Today, it is a consensus Given that change is an inevitable principle of that human resources management cannot existence, if people and organizations suffer replace staff management, but rather looks at mechanical and repetitive order, they will be staff management processes from a different doom to destruction. Management science has perspective. Moreover, its basic philosophies come to the fact that human capital is are significantly different from traditional especially important in order to establish concepts of staff management. However, change, since theorists have found that some special approaches of staff management human beings are main operators of each and relationships can be described under the organization and mold it to life and also title of human resources management facilitate realization of organizational processes, since they are along with basic objectives (Jarfi, 1387: 62). philosophy of human resources management (Armstrong, 1993: 33). Accordingly, proper infrastructure to create and foster change is regarded an inevitable Since human resources management was organizational necessity. An important factor raised as a professional field big companies that provides the grounds for development and different governmental offices and growth of change is innovation in established different departments and organizational environment which can lead to institutions under this name. Efforts by expected results through effective leadership. University scholars and communication with executive managers through publication of The present study aims to present the history useful articles introduced the importance and of local management based on literary techniques of human resources management masterpieces. Since, the birthplace of and made this expertise known as a scientific management and academic profession which led to development of knowledge in America, a big number of activities related to human resources management studies has been done this management (Mirsepasi, 1389:7). country and in the context of American companies: therefore, many management Along with fast development of technology, theories stem in American culture and human capital has been considered as an affected by national factors of this country. important organizational asset. Human Use of these theories by managers in other capital includes a set of skills, knowledge, countries and teaching them in management and general characteristics of individuals in schools is only done based on the organizations and can indicate the capacity of presupposition of management universalism, performing today's works and the potential while its complete acceptance is doubted by for tomorrow's affairs (Tonke Nejad, 1388: some management scholars (Laurence, 1994: 51). pp543-561), (Chaw, 1992: pp53-67), (Attia, Today, change and transformation can be 1992: pp123-130), (Adler, 1992: 52-65), and increasingly evident in all aspects of human (Hickson, 1995: p7). life and therefore, organizations are In the absence of consensus about inevitably faced with innovation and management universalism, applying coordination with changes and management theories in other countries transformations in different areas of life. except their birthplace will need more studies However, it is obvious that planning, in order to test and confirm their designing, and management are needed in applicability. These kinds of local studies and order to make effective and constructive researches are the basis of local management changes in organizations. Transformation in every country. Authors believe that studies management has been also called which investigate the nature of Iranian staff transmission management which includes
Recebido: dia/mês/ano Aceito: dia/mês/ano 25
work and the results as well as achievements departments (Hansen, 1370:330). However, obtained by successful managers fostered in given the closeness and similarity between local context are fundamental research concepts of innovation and change in many elements which can be used by students in scientific texts and resources, these two words this field. are usually used interchangeably. It should be noted that literature does not On the other hand, variety is one of only belong to emotion and feeling. A literary characteristics of human resources work is not just a personal experience; rather management (Armstrong, 1389: 23). In other it is a broad scope of sensory experiences words, human resources experts seek which refer to objective facts. Persian innovation in order to obtain organizational literature is a treasure of valuable raw effectiveness provided that they are not materials including Iranians' intellectual involved in impression management; it means works during ages. In this regard, the greatest innovation which is only for attracting others' Persian literary work, Shahname, has been attention. This is what Drucker (1909-2005) investigated through the following questions: calls constant concern of human resources managers (ibid: 117). How much has Firdausi paid attention to management strategies? Shahname kings, regardless of projection provide the grounds for transformation How does Firdausi consider transformation without seeking to attract others' attention. management? Not only they don't affect their pears' Research hypotheses include: governance practices, but they also help them 1. Given that Shahname is Iranians' political- in the best way. Respect to a group's good social life story, different management issues traditions is considered as honor to their are raised in it. identity and their intellectual followers. This kind of attitude will reduce oppositions and 2. Firdausi believes in the principle of change bias. Conflict between groups who support and transformation and applies proper the previous government and those who management reactions according to support the present one will disappear and individual and social needs. consequently, public will be far from these 3. Patterns introduced by Firdausi can be tensions which will in turn lead to a calm applied in today's modern society. society ready to accept innovative changes. Shapur asks his son Hormoz not to forget his advice as he himself has listened to Ardeshir's 2. Discussion exhortations. Transformation has been defined in Learn all my advice one by one dictionary as "change in form, structure, or As once I listened to Ardeshir's exhortations nature of something". Organizational (Firdausi, 1391: 250/6) transformation strategy is accompanied with planning and guarantees organizational Nersi calls his son Urmazd at the time of forehanded response to new needs while death and advises him: organization can continue its activities Keep the world according to kinds' effectively in a dynamic environment (Seyed regulations Javadin, 1387: 267). In another definition it is said that: transformation is creating As you learned from your pure Lord (ibid: everything that is different from the past and 282/6) accordingly, innovation is adoption of ideas Firdausi with all his commitment - which which are new to the organization (Aghai- leads to his inflexibility in many cases - does Fishani, 1377:26). According to Hansen, not ignore transformation principle or change includes transformation which is innovation when he knows it leads to evident in behaviors, structures, policies, progress. purposes, or outputs of some organizational
Recebido: dia/mês/ano Aceito: dia/mês/ano 26
Marriage is one of taboos raised in Shahname. life style, needs, and individual values The first marriage takes place at the time of require replacement of traditional patterns Feridun. "Jandal" searches all territory of with flexible organizational processes Feridun to find girls counterpart of Iranian (Borumand, 1385:5). Organizational princes. development is a reaction to the intention of changing values and organizational structure He searched across the land of Iran so that the organization can adapt itself with He sought and said and heard rapid transformations (ibid: 12). In every country when a lord The story of Zal's marriage from top Had a daughter at home management's point of view is supported by Manuchehr, and in lower levels by Sam, Secretly he found all their private matters Sindokht, and eventually Mehrab. There are a Listened to all about their name and fame lot of challenges in implementing this (ibid: 93/1) decision. The final conclusion is that they should be adapted to new conditions in order However, at the time of Zal, society needs a to keep the government. new attitude. Sam is worried about sustainable basic change and is doubtful His management is sometimes high about Zal's choice: performance; it absorbs human resources carefully and trains them; it also designs jobs Two substances like water and fire carefully and eventually evaluates Cannot be gathered together in a place performance. Sometimes his management is high commitment; employees have self- Obviously, at the day of decision control and self-regulation; flexibility is a part Feridun and Zahak will fight together (ibid: of planning; and discrimination and bias is 209/1 forgotten. Sometimes high-participation management is considered important; kings Mehrab, Rudabeh's father is the same. He is behave subordinates like people whose so angry that he has not followed the benefits are respectable; governors aim to ancestors: establish atmosphere where subordinates and When I had a daughter superordinate have continuous interaction He asked me to kill her at the time and express their expectations without fear. I didn't do it and I didn't follow my fathers' Although some scholars believe that way organizational culture may prevent organizations to cope with their environment Now I have such a unique property (Borumand, 1385:58), Firdausi has sought When a son does not follow his father's way variety in this regard and has proved through role-, success-, power-, and support-oriented He is not regarded as his ancestors' son (ibid: culture that organizational culture will be 216/1) effective in coping with environment. Readers This view says that organizational identity is can refer to "contingency management" in realized in its history and mixture of order to get information on organizational traditions, values, and customs as well as cultures raised in Shahname (Purkhaleghi what organizational staff consider important Chatrudi, Samsami, 1392: 191-213). and also familiar behaviors patterns to which Moreover, innovation is not forgotten in they are accustomed and with which they feel executive strategies; sometimes in wars the convenient (Tusi, 1372:202). issue of ambush is raised (Firdausi: 643/8). However, the problem is solved through Other times, disguised people penetrate into organizational development. Fast changes enemy (ibid: 487/7) and sometimes they show which are accompanied by social superiority of Iranian armies by digging transformations and lead to major changes in ditches (ibid: 424/8).
Recebido: dia/mês/ano Aceito: dia/mês/ano 27
3. Transformation pattern Hushang is a successful leader; he explores iron and makes metal tools: Ulrich (1998), one of human resources management scholars in temporary era, has He found some gems at first try proposed a theory regarding "transformation And then separated iron and stone by fire pattern" where he has investigated the key (ibid: 29/1) elements of successful change (Armstrong, 1389:119). Matching this pattern with This shows that the importance of keeping leadership system in Shahname shows pace with rapid manifestations of change significant similarities some of which are keeps leaders in continuous anxiety on how presented here: to cope with different aspects of change (Fathi, 1392:70).
These changes are completely directed while 3.1 Leadership priority and delay of affairs can indicate this orientation. Provision of food and lodging The first influencing factor from Ulrich point means attention to human's primary needs of view is leadership while managers know and then attention to morals and spreading themselves and their team members theism is an evidence of this claim. innovative. Requirement of promoting change Agriculture, animal husbandry, and leather by leaders will lead to higher value of staff, industry are all the consequences of these while it will also increase leadership major changes. This structure is proposed by hardships and complexities (Fathi, 1392: 69). Abraham Maslow as a famous management In other words, transformational leadership is theory. These changes are obviously prerequisite of success in every planning. supported by the king and trainings This organizational element encourages performed in order to establish change others to try and achieve important goals indicate governmental support system. instead of considering short-term benefits Maybe there are no seminars or meetings in (Seyed Javadin, 1387:133). In Firdausi's Shahname in today's concept, but the Shahname all changes start with managers. presence of general and technical training Every optimal use of resources and human as cannot be denied. well as financial assets should be toward community excellence and realization of The first formal education at the time of governmental objectives. Tahmureth is provided by demons: According to Emami Shushtari, if we have a They taught the lord how to write look at Iran's history from perspective of life Knowledge made his heart bright as the sun ethics, we will find that the word "king" is not associated with cruelty; rather kings advance Not only one, but almost thirty human culture (Emami Shushtari, 1350:3). From Roman, to Arabic, and Persian Kiumars kingdom which is the first kingdom And also Sogdian, Chinese, and Pahlavi, in Shahname is accompanied by planning for establishment of change in people's life style All the writings being heard of around so that even their lodging and clothing is not (Firdausi: 37/1). ignored by the king: Even kings taught their subordinates: He was careful about all the life matters He taught them how to spin and twist People had both new clothes and food in his How to weave the warp and woof kingdom When woven, how to wash and sew, Firdausi: 22/1 They learned from him whatever to do (ibid: When primary needs are dealt with, society 42/1) changes its direction toward industrialization.
Recebido: dia/mês/ano Aceito: dia/mês/ano 28
Technical training can be performed among be considered as evidence for all these classes that are allowed to be educated. In changes. addition to physical training (such as wicket, In the course of Zal and Sudabe marriage, hunting, and martial arts), kings undergo Sindokht, Zal, and Sudabe have a very thought education as well. Siavash is nursed scientific and deep attitude. While Mehrab by Rostam: fears the primary results of this change, Riding, archery, and lasso Sudabe seeks to get privileges from this attitudinal change: Bridle, pedal, the way to do what Sudabe was surprised by what he said How to sit in an assembly, how to drink She praised Zal as her couple The same eagle with the game of query He is great and the champion of the world Justice, injustice, throne, and crown His name, his thought, and his pure spirit Speaking at the time of war, guiding troops He has all the arts and he is unique Taught him all the arts equally The one who lacks no art except little Endured great suffering to conclude (ibid: 215/1) Siavash was trained so that in the world Bringing astronomers together once by Zal No one could excel him from superiors (ibid: and another time by Manuchehr in order to 207-208/2) evaluate and justify this change is further At the time of Hushang, the king himself acts evidence; in other words, if Zal is going to get like his people and does not hesitate to follow married with a girl from Zahak generation up the affairs: and changes occur in Iranian society, it Everyone tried to get his own daily bread should have a valuable reason: Got his own sufferings and knew his own From these two great famous artists work Some should come and show his arts (ibid: 30/1) He should dominate the world with his He suffered, spread, ate, and saved for others power He went and people remembered him with His kingdom prospered all over the world his good name He will put down all bad people (Firdausi: 31/1) So that there will be no devil on the earth Iranians have their hope in him 3.2 Creating common needs He invites heroes over and gives them hope Creating common needs is another key factor (ibid: 209/1) of change. The reason of change should be This marriage has also good outcomes for clear. People should know why change is Manuchehr and consequently for people, necessary; in other words, they should be since he will be a champion with no peers: completely aware of the reasons and importance of change. Objectives are defined He is at the service of the city for people. They know keeping criminals All Iranians will seek refuge in him away from the city means security and kumars was the first person who did this (ibid: 247/1) work (ibid: 22). Hushang made saw and ax from iron in order to develop agriculture and animal husbandry (ibid: 29-31). In sum, initial 3.3 Shared vision lectures by kings at the time of coronation can
Recebido: dia/mês/ano Aceito: dia/mês/ano 29
This factor shows the importance of what The sequence of changes is amazing. Primary happens after change for governors and needs such as food and clothing are regarded people. At the time of Tahmureth, teaching at the first step. After dealing with these weaving and development of textile industry needs, social security and then people's health indicates the attention that the leader has as well as development of medicine are toward primary needs and his perception of among Jamshid's plans. The next need is the importance of change as well as staff social belonging which is achieved by social awareness of change outcomes; in other ranking. Everyone is assigned a rank and a words, they know that how behaviors will be special responsibility which should be known different after change happens. Insisting on and followed. Keepers of fire went to teaching Persian writing is observed from a mountains: wise king who wants to open people's eyes to They were there to pray the Lord a new world. Certainly it can be said that both the king knows that managing literate And shiver from the fright of God people is more difficult and the people know (ibid: 42/1) that they are not supposed to live as before (ibid: 37/1). Armies kept the order of the country: Astronomers have predicted a good ending By them kingdom remains in power for Zal and Rudabe marriage; however, it's They are those known to manhood (ibid) not going to happen without planning and foresight. If there is going to be a change in farmers were granted a social class: people's taboos, it should worth it; therefore, They plant and care and reap Zal has to have a big test (Purkhaleghi They are not beholden for their daily bread Chatrudi, 1378:84). His intelligence and (ibid) understanding should be tested and his martial arts including bow, archery, and And craftsmen obtained a separate identity: wrestling need to be evaluated. When they All those who had the same profession come to the conclusion that: Had their minds busy on the affairs of No generation has experienced such a power profession His excellence is beyond any human (ibid: 43/1) (ibid: 255/1) Management scholars always emphasize that This marriage is confirmed. a transformational manager should go beyond ordinary problems (Seyed Javadin,
1387: 133). 3.4 Commitment People are not the only committed factors of When change occurred this question is raised change. At the Time of Tahmureth, writing is that if there is any commitment regarding the taught by demons: change or not and who should be involved in The great lord gave them permission and the change. The answer to this question can security be investigated in "Jamshid" kingdom, since his society experiences change from the first To show their abilities hidden from the eyes day to the last minutes of his charismatic life. They taught the lord how to write Hushang made primary tools from iron and Knowledge made his heart bright as the sun used them in agriculture. This innovation was then developed. Jamshid knew that new (ibid: 37/1) requirements need new changes and therefore And at the time of Jamshid, construction of he put making instruments of war and proper buildings is done by their help and clothes according to modern conditions of the participation: society in his plans (ibid:41).
Recebido: dia/mês/ano Aceito: dia/mês/ano 30
He ordered the foul demons I'll make decisions with those who are resourceful, To mix the soil and water With counsel I will win over my passion. When the clay was ready as they knew I will ask my minister in the affairs, Bricks were made by special molds This way, I'll start new affairs (ibid: 406/6) Demons made walls by stone and stucco The most beautiful representation of this They were familiar with the art of geometry strategy in Shahname is evident at formation (Firdausi: 43/1) of military councils. Before war, kings formed In order to address the needs and change councils including commanders and grandees people's lives, leaders don't ignore even in order to decide based on existing animals. Teaching hunting and using animals conditions. Anushiravan formed one of these and poultry can be evidence in this regard councils when he heard about invasion of the (ibid: 35-36/1). Roman Empire to the boundaries of Iran: Involving employees in management When the king read the letter decisions, inviting them and creating a proper He got upset by the play of the time environment to ask their ideas and innovative All men and priests were summoned suggestions, encouraging them for creative activities, respectful behavior with staff, To speak on the letter together supporting them and giving them enough He was consulting with them all the day freedom to do activities in more effective ways will all lead to creativity and innovation While the army champions gave advice in the organization and will make people Finally the king came to his decision more committed (Jarfi, 1387:65 and Alvani, 1385:241). To move his army and fight with Gheisar Attention to the principle of consultation and (ibid: 126/7) participation is present in Shahname in the Military council is a representation of sense of sharing in the process of decision democratic management where the manager making with other organizational members in allows his employees to participate in order to achieve organizational objectives and decision making. With such an attitude there also in the sense of the degree an individual will be consensus on all decisions. This kind affects decisions related to his job or the of management is useful when complex degree of staff involvement in organizational decisions are supposed to be made (Freeman, decision making (Mahdizade, 1392: 107); this 1375, 417). This management principle has a element completes commitment. high frequency in Shahname and it can be Firduasi is completely aware that people who investigated in other studies in detail. participate in change and are involved in its processes will also accept it easily. Participation means people accept new roles 3.5 Leading the change in new conditions or react properly which can Each change should be directed by the be considered a key point in participatory organizational leader. One of the issues that management. concern the manager at the time of change is Presence of consultants from different classes how to stimulate labor. In the first steps of of noblesse, officials, heroes and warriors, as change, it seems that employees don't have well as astronomers indicate that Shahname motivation and are not interested in tasks governors on one hand, have identified assigned to them. committed people and on the other hand have Among evidence of attention to this principle the ability to establish responsibility patterns in Shahname transformations, one can refer to for realization of transformation. recruitment, performance evaluation,
Recebido: dia/mês/ano Aceito: dia/mês/ano 31
attention to reward and educational system. in its modern sense in order to measure the Certainly, "reward" is an important tool for amount of change success in Shahname, but creating motivation toward goal (Moorhead, considering control principle in Shahname 1358:231) and consequently it is an important shows that there is a kind of supervision on factor in optimal use of human resources. development of change. Firdausi believes in this principle' Rostam However, this issue has a special position in receives a significant reward after Shahname in different ways. Sometimes, this Mazandaran war. control is performed through special factors Tahamtan came while he had a helmet on and mechanisms - court of nobles. The manager receives positive and negative He sat next to the king's throne reports from reliable middlemen and then The lord of the land of Iran praised him reports his views directly or through active And granted him a robe with all his praise factors in supervision system (Taghavi Damghani, 1380:97). The high frequency word Again the lord gave the great hero "detectives" in Shahname refers to people Government of Sistan for another time who are sent to different areas in order to inform king about the situation of his (Firdausi: 63 & 64/2) territories. These people are the first group According to Firdausi's view even an enemy for keeping the control of the community. who has done a valuable service should not Sometimes governors involve in some issues be excluded from kindness of the king; directly; Bahram Gur is a king who enters therefore, Mazandaran government is granted into his people's houses unknown in order to to Oulad by mediation of Rostam. Rostam find out about their conditions. Afterward, knows his victory due to this champion's the result of his observations is evident in guidance and therefore: giving the wealth of Jewish Ibrahim to When he listened to the speech of his servant "Lanbak" (ibid: 424/6). The wise king crossed his hand together Physical presence is not only associated with the country's inner issues; it is also true about He called the grandees of Mazandaran external matters. Bahram Gur dresses in And spoke to them on different matters messengers' clothes and risks his life to give a letter to Chengel, Indian king. He assigned him the government of the land I'll see his army alone And then departed to Pars from there (ibid: 62/2) His kingship and his throne Granting praises and rewards for good works I'll go to him like messengers can be further evidence that this attitude is a I won't tell anyone from Iran (ibid: 541/7) representation of a successful leadership. These leaders try to stimulate important woks 3.7 Recording change and promote commitment and enthusiasm The last factor of change success is recording (Iran Nejad Parizi, 1385:230). change from Ulrich point of view. Shahname 3.6 Supervision on change kings know exactly where to start change and they have short-term as well as long-term According to Beckhard (1928-1999), change is plans to concentrate on proposed changes. a planned effort which takes place across the This claim is provable at first of Shahname at organization and under supervision of the time of Hushang and Jamshid's kingdom. organization's top management in order to The sequence of change is proportionate to increase efficiency and effectiveness needs and these plans are performed in three (Beckhard, 1996:9). periods during 50 years of Jamshid's This factor is not neglected by Shahname kingdom. kings. Maybe there is not an evaluation tool First he went toward military tools
Recebido: dia/mês/ano Aceito: dia/mês/ano 32
He gave the army the chance to show He suffered, spread, ate, and gave to others themselves He went while people remember his good In these fifty years of his kingdom name He suffered a lot to strengthen his territories He suffered a lot those days Afterward he thought about the clothes With so many thoughts and numerous ideas (ibid) Supposed to be worn in the battles In the section related to supervision, we When it was finished he started a new job talked about exact control in Shahname. He was happy by fortune and everyone Using information collected by agents and on- satisfied with him time planning for it is another strong point in He summoned professionals from all areas Firdausi's management regarding recording of change: During fifty years he did whatever he could (ibid:/1) Everyone who is poor in the city Here, changes are recorded and accordingly With no chance of happiness in his life social structure of the community is designed; Should be sent to us with their names however, he spends fifty years of his life to To help them to get their dreams obtain this goal: Everyone who is in debt but has no money For everyone he chose a position Or those who have jobs without income or Which deserved and showed the path honor So that everyone's position Pay their debts from our worldly treasures Is seen and known more or less (ibid: 43/1) Record their names in the courts all He is aware of this unique effect: (ibid: 538/7) The art flourished from me in the world
No one has been as famous as me in kingdom 4. Conclusion I adorned the world in the best way I could According to evidence, it can be concluded The world is like this, what else do I want? that Firdausi's Shahname is a complete (ibid) example of transformational management. In In Hushang government a change is recorded Shahname, all changes start with leaders. in order to start another transformation which Shahname governors do not try to attract is related to discovery of iron: others' attention and just want to provide grounds for transformation with the help of When he understood he started forging experiences of previous governors and based He made saw and ax this way on respect to ancestors which will bring security and calmness to the society; this When it was done he thought about water calmness is necessary for establishment of He made rivers from the seas innovation. He developed pastures with the water Change is ranked based on community's Then scattered seeds, planted and harvested discretion and is directed wisely. Shahname (ibid:/1) governors support change firmly if they know it will lead to progress. This claim came to This fortitude continues until the outcomes of realization in Jamshid's kingdom. Haman change are evident in the society and his tries to explain the reasons of change for name is remembered with honor among his beneficiaries - employers and public- and people: confirm it according to the principle of shared
Recebido: dia/mês/ano Aceito: dia/mês/ano 33
needs. Zal and Rudabe marriage and Beckhard, Richard (1967). The confrontation emphasis on the outcomes of this marriage meeting, Harvard, Business Review, 45 result from this attitude. (March, April) Afterward, they try to involve all society Borumand, Zahra (1385). Organizational members in this change so that everyone from improvement and recovery, Tehran, Heiat every social class can accept a special Publishing, 3rd edition. (In Persian) responsibility; therefore, the principle of Chowl, H (1992). Chinese managerial work, participation is not forgotten. They know well Journal of general management, Vol.17, No.4, that if transformation is not directed pp53-67 properly, it will be useless. Governors' wise attitude toward recruitment, performance Cohen, M.D. & Sproull, L.S (1991). Editor's evaluation, and attention to reward and introduction. Organization science, 2(1) education system can emphasize the presence Emami Shushtari, Mohammad Ali (1351). Kings' of this principle in Shahname. history in Iran's kingdom, Tehran, Ministry of Directing change in Shahname is Art and Culture Publishing, 1st edition. accompanied by supervision which is not Fathi, Azam; Ahanchian, Mohammad Reza; and neglected by Shahname governors. . Maybe Karashki, Hussein (1392). BM style and its there is not an evaluation tool in its modern relationship with organizational effectiveness, sense, but considering control principle in journal of transformational management, 5th Shahname shows that there is a kind of year, No.9, pp69-88 (In Persian) supervision on development of change. The last factor in a successful change is recording Firdausi, Abolghasem (1391). Shahname, by Jalal changes which can be seen in Firdausi's work. Khaleghi Motlagh, Tehran, Islamic Great Using information collected by agents and on- Encyclopedia Center, 4rd edition (In Persian) time planning for it is another strong point in Freeman, Edward, James Stoner (1375). Firdausi's management regarding recording Management, translated by Ali Parsaian and of change. Seyed Mohammad Arabi, vol1, Tehran, Bazarghani Publishing, 1st edition References Hanson, Mark (1370). Educational management and Organizational behavior, translated by Adler, N; Bartholomew, S (1992). Managing Mohammad Ali Naeli, Ahvaz, Shahid globally competent people, Academy of Chamran University Management Executive, Vol.6, No.3, pp52-56 Hickson, D.J; Pugh, D.S (1995). Management Aghai Fishani, Teimur (1377). Creativity and worldwide: the impact of societal culture on innovation in humans and organizations, organizations around the globe, penguin, pp7 Tehran, Terme Publishing, 1st edition. (In Iran Nejad Parizi, Mehdi (1385) Principles and Persian) basics of management in contemporary Alvani, Seyed Mohammad (1385). General world, 1st edition. (In Persian) management, Tehran, Nei Publishing, 23rd Jarfi, Saeed et al (1378). Investigating the effects edition (In Persian) of participatory decision making on Armstrong, Michael (1389). Strategic employees' job satisfaction (case study: management of human resources, translated agricultural bank of Khuzestan), management by Mohammad Arabi and Omid Mahdieh, sciences journal, No.30, pp61-76. (In Persian) Tehran, office of cultural studies, 1st edition Khafi, Marzieh (1391). Critical and descriptive Atiyyah, H (1992). Designing management research paper of Firdausi and Shahname training programs in a developing country: a from 1371 to 1380, doctorate thesis, advisor: case study, Management Education and Mohammad Jafar Yahaghi, Mashhad Firdausi Development, Vol.23, No.2, pp123-130 University.
Recebido: dia/mês/ano Aceito: dia/mês/ano 34
Lawrence, P (1994). In another country or the Tusi, Mohammad Ali (1372). Organizational realization of managerial learning, culture, Tehran, center of public management Management Learning, Vol.25, No.4, pp543- education, 1st edition 561 Mahdizade, Mehran; Dorostkar Ahmadi, Nahid; and Ramazanian, Mohammad (1392). Designing conceptual model of participatory decision making as a strategy for improvement of attitudes, emotions, and staff performance in work life, journal of transformational management, 5th year, No.9, pp104-133 (In Persian) Mirsepasi, Naser (1389). Strategic management of human resources and work relations, Tehran, Mir Publishing (in Persian) Moorhead, Griffin (1358). Organizational behavior, translated by Seyed Mohammad Alvani and Gholam Reza Memarzade, Tehran, Morvarid Publishing, 11th edition (in Persian) Purkhaleghi Chatrudi, Mah Dokht (1387). Shahname tree, symbolic and cultural values of tree in Firdausi's Shahname, Mashhad, Astane Ghods Publishing, 2nd edition. (In Persian) Saadat, Esfandiar (1390). Human resources management, Tehran, Samt Publishing, 11th edition (In Persian) Seyed Javadin, Seyed Reza (1387). Management of human resources and staff affairs, Tehran, Negahe Danesh Publishing, 5th edition (In Persian) Seyed Yazdi, Zahra (1387). Critical and descriptive research paper of Firdausi and Shahname based on Iraj Afshar articles index up to 5th book in 1370, doctorate thesis, advisor: Mohammad Jafar Yahaghi, Mashhad Firdausi University. (In Persian) Taghavi Damghani, Reza (1380). An attitude toward Islamic management, Tehran, Islamic Propagation Organization, 3rd edition. (in Persian) Tunke Nejad, Mandani, and Davari, Ali (1388). Development of human resources with sociological approach toward organization. Research journal of human resources management, Imam Hussein University, first year, number3, pp51-80 (in Persian)
Recebido: dia/mês/ano Aceito: dia/mês/ano