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Futhark 8 Should Have Appeared a Year and a Half Ago Futhark International Journal of Runic Studies Main editors James E. Knirk and Henrik Williams Assistant editor Marco Bianchi Vol. 8 · 2017 Published with financial support from Charles and Myrna Smith © Contributing authors 2019 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) All articles are available free of charge at http://www.futhark-journal.com A printed version of the issue can be ordered through http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-384643 DOI: 10.33063/diva-384643 Editorial advisory board: Michael P. Barnes (University College London), Klaus Düwel (University of Göttingen), Lena Peterson (Uppsala University), Marie Stoklund (National Museum, Copenhagen) Typeset with Linux Libertine by Marco Bianchi University of Oslo Uppsala University ISSN 1892-0950 (print) ISSN 2003-296X (online) Contents Foreword ...................................................... 5 Hanna Åkerström. Det tidigvikingatida runmaterialet: En inventering .. 7 Eleanor Rye. A New Runic Inscription from Sockburn Hall, County Durham: E 19 Sockburn ....................................... 89 Aya M. S. Van Renterghem. Manuscript Runes from the North of England: The Byland Bede ..................................... 111 Andrea Freund and Ragnhild Ljosland. Modern Rune Carving in Northern Scotland ............................................ 127 Debate Bernard Mees. Egill and Ǫlrún in Early High German ................ 151 Wolfgang Beck. Entgegnung zu Bernard Mees’ „Egill and Ǫlrún in Early High German“ ................................................ 157 Short Notice Staffan Fridell and Mats G. Larsson. The Dialect of the Kensington Stone 163 Reviews Reinhard Bleck. Angelsächsische oder friesische Runen auf Goldstücken des 6. und 7. Jahrhunderts (Goldbrakteaten, Solidi und Tremisses). Reviewed by Martin Hannes Graf ........................................ 167 Cecilia Ljung. Under runristad häll. Reviewed by Magnus Källström . 172 Victoria Symons. Runes and Roman Letters in Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts. Reviewed by Aya M. S. Van Renterghem ......................... 181 Contributors ................................................... 185 Foreword Of the seven previous issues of Futhark, two have been published on time while others have been a few months late. This is not the case with the cur rent issue: Futhark 8 should have appeared a year and a half ago. An explan ation of the reason for this unfortunate delay may be of some inter- est since it is relevant to many scholarly journals published under similar circum stances. The production of Futhark incurs very low costs, with the editors working for free, the assistant editor being reimbursed only for his type- setting work and our language consultant only when we can pay her. Never theless, the financing of this operation has been difficult, involving applications to bodies with stringent guidelines and frequent changes to their demands. Thus it would not have been possible to publish this issue (as well as the following ones) at all were it not for generous and repeated donations by Charles and Myrna Smith of St. Paul, Minnesota. The main reasons for the delay in publication are three. The first con- cerns the sheer workload borne by editors already working full time or more in academia. With universities demanding their employees expend more and more effort on tasks other than teaching and research, the margins for editorial work simply no longer exist. The prioritizing of responsibilities is the second reason for the long delay. Both editors were contractually bound to work on major editions in con junction with completing further tasks that had to be given precedence, such as supervising doctoral students in the final phase of their studies. Thirdly, there are personal reasons. Health concerns have affected the editors themselves as well as people close to them. All of these factors have contributed to an extremely difficult situation which is shared by other non-profit journals published in the traditional manner. We regard with skepticism the movement towards journals produced by commercial publishing houses, where the editorial process is removed from specialists in the field, and subscription rates and even publishing charges may increase to levels that will jeopardize the free dissemination of scientific dis cussion and results. The editorial board will be expanded from the next issue as Michael Lerche Nielsen from the University of Copenhagen joins us. We will also 6 • Foreword make every effort to bring outFuthark 9 (or Futhark 9 and 10 as a double issue) later this very year to bring us back on track. We hope that, although late, Futhark 8 will be as enjoyable and useful as earlier issues, and we thank all the contributors for their great patience with us during a difficult time. James E. Knirk Henrik Williams Futhark 8 (2017) Det tidigvikingatida runmaterialet: En inventering Hanna Åkerström (Uppsala University) Abstract The main purpose of this article is to make an inventory and then establish a register of the Scandinavian runic inscriptions that belong to the period of the early Viking Age (circa 700–950/970). The beginning of the period is demarcated by a change in the system of writing characters: the older Proto- Nordic rune-row with twenty-four characters is replaced by the younger Viking Age rune-row with sixteen. The spread of the tradition of Christian memorial inscriptions marks the end of the period. The inventory necessitates the formulation of criteria for this delimitation based on these two pivotal moments. A secondary purpose of this article is therefore to elaborate such criteria. The transition from the older to the younger rune-row can be used as a criterion for the entire Scandinavian rune-carving tradition, although it is necessary to develop separate selection criteria with respect to the end of the period for Danish, Swedish and Norwegian territories respectively. The group of inscriptions found outside Scandinavia is also discussed separately. On the basis of the established criteria, a total of 132 inscriptions are classified as belonging to the early Viking Age. This includes both inscriptions on portable objects and on stone. Of the 132 inscriptions, fifty-six are from Danish terri- tory, fifty-three from Swedish, nineteen from Norwegian and four from outside the Nordic region. Keywords: Runic inscriptions, early Viking Age, inventory of runic inscriptions, Scandinavia, inscriptions on portable objects, runestones n ny skriftkultur växer fram i Norden någon gång under början av E700-talet. Denna period utmärks även av andra förändringar. Stads lika handels platser som Ribe i Danmark och Åhus i Skåne växer fram, och lite senare under samma århundrade anläggs Birka (Ambrosiani 1995, 36–38). Åkerström, Hanna. “Det tidigvikingatida runmaterialet: En inventering.” Futhark: International Journal of Runic Studies 8 (2017, publ. 2019): 7–88. English: “The runic material of the early Viking Age: An inventory.” DOI: 10.33063/diva-384654 © 2019 Hanna Åkerström (CC BY) 8 • Hanna Åkerström Fyndet av båtgravarna i Salme, Estland, daterat till 650–750, visar vidare att skandi naver troligen redan då har börjat resa med segelförsedda skepp och man kan också se att besättningen deltagit i någon typ av väpnad konflikt (Peets et al. 2013, 44, 57). Vad gäller skriftkulturens utveckling kan en bryt punkt med tidigare runristartraditioner tydligast ses i förändringar av tecken systemet; runt år 700 sker en övergång från den urnordiska 24-typiga runraden till vikingatidens 16-typiga (Knirk 2002, 634, 640). Men under tidig vikingatid börjar dessutom runfynden bli allt fler, och inskrifterna blir längre. Innehållsmässigt dyker också nya texttyper upp, medan andra överges. Hur och varför man ristar runor förändras. Medan den tidig vikinga tida perioden knappast uppvisar ett homogent bruk av runskrift — ramarna för vad som uttrycktes i skrift var ännu inte tydligt definierade — blir bruket i slutet av 900-talet mer likartat (åtminstone om man ser till sten inskrifterna). Utvecklingen är samman kopplad med den kulturella brytpunkt som kristendomens intåg innebar. En särskild inskrifts typ får nu nämligen spridning och blir snart den dominerande. Det rör sig om stereotypt formulerade kristna minnesinskrifter på resta stenar som kom att ristas i stort antal. Traditionellt anses denna sed inledas med den danska Jellingstenen (DR 42) daterad till mellan 965 och 970-talet (Stok lund 2006, 369, 371), för att sedan spridas till Sverige och Norge. En konsekvens av den ökade produktionen av resta steninskrifter är att det tidig vikinga tida materialet proportionellt sett består av en större andel lös föremål än det senvikingatida. Övergången till detta senvikinga tida run bruk innebär i Sverige, och till viss del i Norge, också en förändring i runformer; de så kallade kortkvistrunformerna får stå tillbaka för lång- kvist varianten (Källström 2013b, 112). De runinskrifter som ristats mellan 700-talets början och mitten av 900-talet representerar alltså något eget — om än väldigt heterogent — och avgränsningsbart från tidigare och senare perioder. Tidig (eller äldre) vikinga tid är också en relativt etablerad periodavgränsning inom runo- logisk forskning. Bara för att ta ett exempel diskuterar Källström (2007a, 33) den tidigvikingatida runristaren jämfört med den urnordiska. Ännu vanligare är kanske att perioden förutsätts genom att forskare talar om sen vikinga tid (så i t.ex. Bianchis 2010 studie av senvikingatida skrift- kultur). Gränserna
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