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A Study of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church From A study of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church from the beginning of World War II until Perestroika, including the influence of Andrei Sheptytsky and Josyf Slipyj on its structure and survival. Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn vorgelegt von OLEKSII KRYKUNOV aus Kyiv Ukraine Bonn 2021 1 Gedruckt mit der Genehmigung der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Zusammensetzung der Prüfungskommission: Prof. Dr. Rainer Schäfer, Institut für Philosophie, Universität Bonn (Vorsitzender) Prof. Dr. Michael Schulz, Arbeitsbereich Philosophie und Theorie der Religionen, Universität Bonn (Betreuer und Gutachter) Prof. Dr. Martin Aust, Institut für Geschichtswissenschaft, Universität Bonn (Gutachter) Prof. Dr. Andreas Pangritz, Evangelisch-Theologische Fakultät, Universität Bonn (weiteres prüfungsberechtigtes Mitglied) Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 13.07.2020 2 This work is describing one of the most complicated periods in the history of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. The work concentrates on the period between World War II way until Perestroika and the following major changes in the policies of the Soviet Union. 1939-1989 was an era when the UGCC was struggling between the frontlines of World War II and two totalitarian regimes, later it existed during the Cold War. This work is describing the survival of the UGCC under the leadership and legacy of two of its leaders, Metropolitan Andrei Sheptytsky and Cardinal Josyf Slipyj. This study also describes the roots and the setting of this church in Eastern Europe, its history before World War II, so the reader can better understand the main concept of this work. Ця робота описує один із найскладніших періодів в історії Української греко- католицької церкви. Робота зосереджена на періоді від Другої світової війни до Перебудови та наступних основних змін у політиці Радянського Союзу і подальшої легалізації УГКЦ. 1939-1989 роки були епохою, коли УГКЦ знаходилась між величезними фронтами Другої світової війни, та двома тоталітарними режимами, пізніше існувала в часи Холодної Війни. Ця робота описує виживання УГКЦ під керівництвом та спадщиною двох її керівників, митрополита Андрея Шептицького та кардинала Йосифа Сліпого, аналізує їх роль в цьому процесі. Це дослідження також описує коріння та основи цієї церкви у Східній Європі, її історію до Другої світової війни, тому читач може краще зрозуміти основну концепцію і мету даної роботи. 3 Table of Contents Introduction 6 1. Before 1939: Origins 14 I - Rus [Ruthenian] Period 14 II - Baptism of Rus – Byzantian Influence 18 III - Differences between Rus Principalities – Fracturing of the Principality 21 IV - Foreign Relations of the Fragmented Rus Principalities 24 V - Growing Polish and Latin Catholic Influence 25 VI - Unions of Lublin and Brest - 1569, 1596 26 VII - Cossack Uprisings and the Uniate Position in the Commonwealth 28 VIII - Poland, Russia, and Austria 29 IX - Greek-Catholic Position After World War I 33 2. Metropolitan Sheptytsky: Biography 34 I - Early Years and Background 34 II - Ecclesiastical Career – Basilian Order – Byzantian Rite 35 III - Bishop – The Rise to Metropolitan 36 IV - Further Social and Political Activity 38 V - Relations with other Greek-Catholic Churches 39 VI - World War I 40 VII - Arrest and Exile in Russia – Ukrainian Revolutionary Period 42 VIII - Interwar Period up to 1930s 44 IX - 1930s 45 3. 1939-1941: First Soviet Occupation 47 I - World War II begins – September 1 and Galicia 47 II - The Situation of Galicia – First steps of the Soviet Government 49 III - Greek-Catholic Clergy and its Position 51 IV - Social Situation – Relations between Galicians and the new Government 53 V - Secularization Attempts and Social Reaction 55 VI - First Arrests and Surveillance 57 VII - UGCC is Rivalling the Soviet Authority 60 VIII - Repressions Against the Church and Laity 63 IX - Weak Co-Existence with the New Authorities 65 X - UGCC and the Roman Catholic Church 67 XI - Tselevych and his Reports. Ethnic Composition of Galicia 69 XII - Sheptytsky and His Diplomacy. Further on Repressions 71 XIII - Sheptytsky in the Eyes of the Government. Reports on Him. What his Closest Circle Thought During that Time 73 4 XIV - Latin Rite 75 XV - Closer to 1941 79 4. 1941-1944: Nazi Occupation 81 I - June 22, 1941 and the Following Developments 82 II - German Factor in the Ukrainian Politics 85 III - Mistrust in the UGCC 86 IV - UGCC Outside of Galicia 88 V - Divided Ukrainian Population. Nazi Atrocities 89 VI - Lack of Control and Inability to Influence the Events 92 VII - Attempts to Strengthen Christian Values. Further Fracturing of Ukrainian Society 94 VIII - Metropolitan Sheptytsky and the Holocaust. Saving Jews in Lviv 95 IX - Pastoral Letters of Sheptytsky 96 X - Collaborationists. Nationalist Factions. The position of Jews 98 XI - Anti-Jewish Atrocities in Lviv 100 XII - Sheptytsky is Trying to Inform the Vatican of the Situation in Ukraine 101 XIII - Survival Methods 103 XIV - Polish-Ukrainian Relations 105 5. Josyf Slipyj: Before enthronization as Metropolitan 107 I - Early Years 107 II - Education and Entry into the Church 111 III - World War I – Life until 1939 113 6. Council of 1946 115 I - Preparations for the Council. Divisions Among the Clergy 115 II - NKVD as the Organizing Factor behind the Council. Kostelnik’s Visit to Moscow 118 III - Bishop Khomyshyn. UPA and the UGCC Clergy 120 IV - Political Position of the UGCC 123 V - Bishop G. Kostelnyk Improves His Relations with Moscow 124 VI - Material Possession of the UGCC in the 1940s and Bishop G. Kostelnyk’s Changing Ideas 124 VII - After the Council 126 VIII - More Arrests after the Council 127 7. Josyf Slipyj: His Mission in Ukraine and Abroad 129 I - J. Slipyj’s Role 129 II - The New Metropolitan Lays the Framework for the Underground Existence 130 III - Government Searches for the Leaders of Underground 132 IV - Arrest of Josyf Slipyj and Further Prosecution 133 V - Monasteries and the Soviet Atheism 134 VI - Peaceful Struggle Following the Arrest of Josyf Slipyj 136 5 VII - Russian Orthodox Church under Control of the Government 137 VIII - UGCC and its Connection to the Vatican. Soviet Mistrust 137 IX - Soviet Government Interrogates J. Slipyj and his Connection to the Vatican 139 X - His Role as the Leader while Being Incarcerated 140 XI - Governmental Attempts to Divide J. Slipyj with his Close Circle 141 XII - UGCC and the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church 143 XIII - Slipyj Manages to Handle the State Pressure. Labour Camp Period until 1958 144 XIV - The Governmental Surveillance of J. Slipyj 147 XV - J. Slipyj and His Close Circle during the 1950s 149 XVI - Late 1950s and the Release of J. Slipyj 154 XVII - The Growing Role of the Vatican in J. Slipyj’s Release 155 XVIII - Release and the Second Vatican Council. Patriarchal Status 157 XIX - Representation of J. Slipyj at the Council 159 XX - J. Slipyj in Italy and the Soviet Attention 160 XXI - Greek-Catholics in Ukraine. Khrushchev and Brezhnev’s Periods 162 XXII - John Paul II and his Position 164 XXIII - Russian Orthodox Church and the Vatican. Anti-Patriarchal Position of the ROC 165 XXIV - J. Slipyj’s Cultural Activities until his Death in 1984 167 8. The Church Underground Structure and its Existence Between 1946- 1989 169 I - Early Underground Structure and J. Slipyj’s Role in It 170 II - Laity and the Soviet System. Father Mendrunya 172 III - Helsinki Accords. West and the Soviet Union. Josyf Terelya 174 IV - Romanian Greek-Catholic Church 177 V - Underground UGCC in the 1970s and early 1980s. Bishop Vasiliy Velychkivsky and his Role 179 VI - Common Church Activists and their Connection to J. Slipyj 181 VII - Fathers Herman Budzinsky and Metodiy Kostyuk. Their Significance in the 1970s 184 VIII - “Repentants” in the UGCC. Other Denominations in the Underground 188 IX - Helsinki Groups. The Generation of 1960s 190 X - Catholic Church in Lithuania. Father Svarinskas and others 191 XI - General Position of the Roman Catholics after 1945. Father Bronislaw Drzepecki 193 XII - Lack of possibilities for the UGCC until the end of 1980s 193 9. Diaspora 194 I - Geographic Origins of Diaspora 195 II - Where and When did the Emigration Waves Leave? Early Diaspora Status 196 III - Andrei Sheptytsky, UGCC Clergy and the Diaspora 199 IV - KGB Attention Toward the Diaspora 200 V - Varieties of Diaspora and Immigration Waves 202 VI - Social Life of the Diaspora 204 6 VII - Secretaries Mykola Pidhorny, Petro Shelest and the Diaspora Issues 205 10. Legalization of the UGCC 207 I - UGCC in the mid-80s 207 II - Overestimation of the Early Perestroika Effort. ROC and UGCC 208 III - Social Activists and the Soviet Position Before 1985 210 IV - UGCC Perspectives in the Early 1980s 211 V - Weakness of the Soviet System in the 1980s and Its Ideological Anti-Religious and Anti- Dissident Activity in Ukraine During that Period 213 VI - Various Religious Denominations in the USSR during the 1980s. Rev. Pranas Dauknys 216 VII - 1987 as the Turning Point in Perestroika. Open Protests in Moscow 219 VIII - Ronald Reagan. Internal and External Activism to Enhance the Legalization Process 220 IX - 1988. Celebration of the 1000th Anniversary of the Baptism of Rus’. Changes in Legislature 222 X - 1989. Mikhail Gorbachev meets the Pope. ROC Parishes in Lviv Turn to UGCC 224 XI - UGCC Takes the Lead in Galicia. Bishop Volodymyr Sterniuk 225 XII - ROC and the Legalization Process. Lithuanian Events in 1991 227 Conclusion 230 Bibliography 235 7 Introduction To see the Church from a historical point of view is perhaps one of the most complicated and often difficult to explain tasks in history, many historians, writers and theologians spent their entire lives on studying the matter, but could not grasp all of it. However, it always attracted various scholars to grasp the subject once again to explain it, understand the variety of theological, historical, political, and cultural issues that surrounded different denominations of Christianity all over the world.
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