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Home , Parathyroid chief cell, Thymopoietin, Thymosin

Primary Endocrine Organs, Tissues and Cells that produce

Cell Type Organ responsible for Target Organ or Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Illustration Alternate Name responsible for Secretion Tissue Secretion

Physiological changes Adrenal Glands 1 activated by a stressful Relaxed and calm states of being Noradrenaline and levarterenol Chromaffin cells Brain () event.

2 receptors Atenolol and luzindole Melatonin N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine Brain

Regulate male reproductive Adrenal Glands 3 ACTH Gonadocorticotropic Hormone GnRh Brain processes () gland

Low level of , 4 Increased levels of cortisol Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Corticotropin Anterior Pituitary Corticotrophs Adrenal cortex stress, fever

Peptides released by Syncytiotrophoblast during Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin 5 It inhibits . (GH) Anterior . Somatotroph cells neurosecretory nuclei pregnancy (hCS) of the

1 OF 16 Primary Endocrine Organs, Tissues and Cells that produce Hormones Primary Endocrine Organs, Tissues and Cells that produce Hormones

Target Consequences of Feed Back Molecular Item # Organ/Tissue Principle Action Chemical Class Consequences of excess Reference deficieny System Structure Illustration

Increased contraction rate, Fight or flight response to stress, also Orthostatic hyptension and constriction of blood vessels, Neurogenesis.com 1 known as . Prepares the Amino acid Negative http://en.wikipedia.org/ blood vessel disease. bronchiole dilation, and increased body for increased activity. wiki/Norepinephrine metabolic rate.

Increase hormone can cause a www.springerlink.com/i Influences daily rhythms, sleep and for sleeping disorder .( Also sleep can ndex/M6621743540748 2 some people seasonal changes in Insomnia, trouble sleeping Circadin Negative 70.pdf Biology of help growth development and energy. mood. Humans Only if you sleep for 8-10 hrs.) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M

Stimulates the anterior pituitary gland Biology of humans 3 Underproduction of Peptid Sexual Infantilism Negative http://en.wikipedia.org/ to release LH wiki/Gonadotropin

Stimulates synthesis and release of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 4 Hypoadrenalism Hyperadrenalism Negative Adrenocorticotropic_hormo hormones from adrenal glands. ne

http://medical- dictionary.thefreedictio Stimulates growth and cell reproduction Thickens the bones of the jaw, 5 Growth failure and short stature Polypeptide Negative nary.com/human+chori in humans and other animals. fingers and toes onic+somatomammotr opin

2 OF 16 Cell Type Organ responsible for Target Organ or Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate Name responsible for Secretion Tissue Secretion

Low levels of Neurosecretory Cells, 6 High levels of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Thyrotropin Anterior Pituitary Thyroid Gland hormones Thyrotrophs

7 T cells (lymphoctes) Low level of T cells Cortex Lymphoid

It is released in response It is released in response to to atrial stretch and a atrial stretch and a variety of variety of other signals Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), 8 Low blood pressure. Atrial (ANP) other signals induced by Atrial myocytes Heart induced by hypervolemia, or atriopeptin hypervolemia, exercise or exercise or caloric caloric restriction. restriction.

High Calcium 9 Low levels of calcium in blood PTH and Parathormone Parathyroid chief cell Blood concentration in blood

Blood glucose levels start Alphn cells of b ilet of 10 -like peptide-1 Glucagon Pancreatic Peptide Blood stream to fall too low langerhans

3 OF 16 Target Consequences of Feed Back Molecular Item # Organ/Tissue Principle Action Chemical Class Consequences of excess Reference deficieny System Structure Illustration

Stimulates synthesis and release of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 16 thyroid hormones, growth and function Hypothyroidism Glycoprotein Hyperthyroidism Negative Thyroid- of thyroid gland stimulating_hormone

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih Promotes maturation if white blood Decrease T cells can occur in Blood (white blood .gov/pmc/articles/PMC2 7 No consequences Negative cells infection and disease. cells) 138952/ Biology of Humans

ANP acts to reduce the water, sodium and adipose loads on the circulatory http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih 8 Increased blood pressure. Polypeptide Low blood pressure. Negative system, thereby reducing blood .gov/pubmed/8897999 pressure.[1]

Hypoparathyroidism, increased concentrations of Calcium, and Primary and secondary http://www.webmd.com/a-to- 9 Increases blood levels of calcium Peptid Negative z-guides/parathyroid- decreased concentrations of . hormone Phosphorous.

Cause to convert stored glycogen http://www.springerlink. into glucose and release it into the Causing pancreatic tumors as com/content/w0l1768t5 10 Hypoglycaemia 29 amino acid polypeptide Negative 354vk25/ bloodstream, raising blood glucose glucagonoma. http://en.wikipedia.org/ levels wiki/Glucagon

4 OF 16 Cell Type Organ responsible for Target Organ or Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate Name responsible for Secretion Tissue Secretion

Mechanical or infant 12 Absence of nipple stimulation (PRL) Luteotropic Hormone Anterior Pituitary Lactotrophs Breasts suckling

Breast and uterus, Aromatase inhibitors work by , and the brain, bone, liver, 13 Pregnancy inhibiting the action of the Androgen Developing follicles . heart and other enzyme aromatase tissues.

Stress that causes Physical stimulation of the catecholamines to be released. 14 (OT) Pitocin Neurosecretory Cells Breasts and Uterus breasts The Catecholamines repress the oxytocin neurons.

Decrase the glucose in the NPH Insulin, Lente Insulin, Liver and skeletal 15 Phospholipase A2 Insulin Pancreas B islet cells blood strream , muscules

Falling levels of EPO, Chemotherapy and PO2 is Extraglomerular 16 (EPO) Epoetin alfa Kidneys Liver moderate bleeding normal, EPO derease mesangial

5 OF 16 Target Consequences of Feed Back Molecular Item # Organ/Tissue Principle Action Chemical Class Consequences of excess Reference deficieny System Structure Illustration

Enlarge mammary glands in both 121 Stimulates breasts to produce milk. Absence of milk production Negative http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolac male/females, infertility, galactorrhea tin

They promote the development of High estrogen levels during female secondary sexual Low estrogen levels during perimenopause and menopause can http://www.natural- characteristics, such as breasts, and 13 pregnancy can reduce future Steroid have effects such as headaches, Positive hormones.net/estrogen- are also involved in the thickening of fertility for female offspring. breast tenderness and even in some high-levels.htm the endometrium and other aspects of cases breast cancer if left untreated. regulating the menstrual cycle.

Impairs maternal skeletal Stimulates uterine muscle contraction, There is no known effect for the http://www.gfmer.ch/Endo/L 14 remodeling, gives problems with Peptide Positive and secretion of milk excess of Oxytocin. ectures_10/Oxytocin.htm nursing and uterine contractions.

/www.diabitieslife.com 15 Use and remove glucose Diabetes Peptide Low blood glucose Negative http://www.medicinenet. com/insulin/article.htm

Hormone released from th e kindeny 16 that stimulates thr production of red Anemia Peptid Polycythemia Negative http://en.wikipedia.org/ cells in the bone morrow wiki/Hormone

6 OF 16 Cell Type Organ responsible for Target Organ or Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate Name responsible for Secretion Tissue Secretion

Kidneys, and Sodium ions, and , 11β,21-dihydroxy-3,20- Adrenal Glands 17 Angiotensin II cells increases blood ANH dioxopregn-4-en-18-al (adrenal cortex) volume

18 Blood vessels Increased Ca & phosphate Calcitrol (1,25-dihydroxyvitaminD3) Kidneys Parathyroid cells Kidneys

It is initiated by the Angiotensin II (ANG II) inhibits 19 interaction of angiotensin bTREK-1 (bovine KCNK2) K(+) Angiotensin II substrate. Liver Adrenocortical cells Kidneys II with the AT1 receptor. channels.

Stomach and 20 Gastric luminade The presence of acid Gastric acid GI Tract G cells .

Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Gastric inhibitory polypeptide 21 Lipoprotein lipase Small meals Small intestine K cells Small intestine Peptide (GIP)

7 OF 16 Target Consequences of Feed Back Molecular Item # Organ/Tissue Principle Action Chemical Class Consequences of excess Reference deficieny System Structure Illustration

Hyperkalemia with an increase 17 Increases blood pressure Steroid Addisons disease Negative 1 in total body potassium health.allrefer.com http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Aldosterone

http://www.news- It increases the level of calcium in the Active form of 18 Hypocalcemia and . Hypercalcaemia Negative medical.net/news/2009 blood /02/05/45634.aspx

http://hyper.ahajournal Angiotensin II acts as an endocrine, s.org/cgi/content/full/hy 19 autocrine/ paracrine, and intracrine Hypotension Oligopeptide Hypertension Negative pertensionaha;29/1/40 hormone. 1

http://www.wrongdiagn Stimulates secretion of gastric acid by Acid hypersecretion, ulcer disease, osis.com/f/functioning_ 20 Indigestion Negative the parietal cells of the and malignant potential pancreatic_endocrine_t umor/symptoms.htm

http://ajpgi.physiology.o Neutralizes gastric acids to protect the Abdominal bloating and upset 21 Constipation Peptide Negative rg/cgi/content/full/279/3 small intestine from acid damage stomach /G561

8 OF 16 Cell Type Organ responsible for Target Organ or Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate Name responsible for Secretion Tissue Secretion

Acidification of the 22 Normal pH level None Duodenum S cells Pancreas duodenum

Secreted by the Previously called Specific receptors present in Pancreas and 23 PC synthesis (CCK) I-cells duodenum pancreozymin the basolateral membrane gallbladder

Is primarliy from the L- 24 Glucagon Pancrease PP Cells Pancreas Cells

Ovaries, skeletal During proestrus may trigger the muscle, stomach Secreted by the 25 preovulatory release of , and Estrone Lepton and estrone Andipose Tissue Adipocytes (lower part of fundic adipocytes luteinizing glands),, bone marrow.

Seminoma, choriocarcinoma, germ Corpus luteum of the 26 Pregnancy Inhibited angiogenesis Human Chorionic HCG Placenta cell tumors, hydatidiform mole

27 GnRH secretion Absence of GnRH secretion Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Anterior Pituitary Gonadotrophs Testes and

9 OF 16 Target Consequences of Feed Back Molecular Item # Organ/Tissue Principle Action Chemical Class Consequences of excess Reference deficieny System Structure Illustration

When they receive too much secretin http://www.autismcons Controls the secretions into the 22 Unregulated ph level Peptide hormone they experienced nightmares and Negative ultingservice.com/secr duodenum 1 sensory overload. etin.htm

http://www.statemaster Responsible for stimulating the Tumorally synthesized and secreted 23 Less bile secretion Peptide Negative .com/encyclopedia/Cho of fat and protein gastrin lecystokinin

Self regulate the pancreas secretion activities (endocrine and exocrine), it http://linkinghub.elsevie 24 Impaired Glucose Tolerance Polypeptide Supresses excessive weight gain Negative also has effects on hepatic glycogen r.com/retrieve/pii/S0022 levels and gastrointestinal secretions. 480408007129

Lays a key role in regulating energy http://users.rcn.com/jki intake and energy expenditure, 25 Increased appetite Protein Decreased appetite Negative mball.ma.ultranet/Biolo including the regulation (decrease) of gyPages/L/Leptin.html appetite and (increase) of metabolism.

Promotes the maintenance of the http://users.rcn.com/jki Widespread choriocarcinoma and corpus luteum during the beginning of mball.ma.ultranet/Biolo 26 Hypogonadism Peptide hormone relatively few symptoms of Negative pregnancy, causing it to secrete the gyPages/S/SexHormon thyrotoxicosis hormone . es.html

http://en.wikipedia.o Stimulates gamete formation and Primary hypogonadism, rg/wiki/Follicle- 27 Polycystic ovarian syndrome, Kallmann syndrome, hypopituitarism,Glycoprotein and hyperprolactinemia Negative secretion of estrogen by ovaries cryptorchidism(undescended testes) stimulating_hormon e

10 OF 16 Cell Type Organ responsible for Target Organ or Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate Name responsible for Secretion Tissue Secretion

Secreted by the corpus Progesterone secretion Progesterone inhibits lactation 28 Pregnancy Progesterone "Hormone of pregnancy" luteum of the ovary and by by luteinizing human Uterus during pregnancy the placenta granulosa cells

Testis and prostatemuscle and 29 Testes High levels of the hormone LH. Testosteone Androgen Teste Adrenal Cortex bone mass and hair growth. BY FSH ( Follicle stimulating hormone) and 30 Aromatase inhibitors Estrogen Oogenesis Ovary Adrenal Cortex LH (luteinizing) hormone in the ovaries.

31 Dioscorea High levels of the hormone FSH Progesterone Oogenesis Ovary(Corpus lutem) Adrenal Cortex Gonads

Insulin induced hypoglycemia, low levels High levels of, (in the testes 32 of progesterone and testosterone, in the overies Luteininzing Hormone (LH) Gonadotropins Anterior Pituitary Gonadotrophs Gonads testosterone, and GnRH estrogen and progesterone) secretion.

Absence of UV radiation Ultraviolet radiation exposure to the epidermis and 33 Melanocyte -stimulating hormone Anterior Pituitary Corticotropes Dermis exposure to the epidermis excessive production of pro- inflammatory cytokines.

11 OF 16 Target Consequences of Feed Back Molecular Item # Organ/Tissue Principle Action Chemical Class Consequences of excess Reference deficieny System Structure Illustration

Headaches,Mood Irregular periods, ovarian cysts, disorder,Bloating,Abdominal Involved in the female menstrual http://www.answers.co 28 infertility, miscarriage, weight gain, pain, Breast tenderness, Steroid cycle, pregnancy (supports gestation) Negative m/topic/progesterone 1 bone loss, sugar craving Lowered levels of HDL ("good" and embryogenesis cholesterol) , http://www.urologychan Disease or damage to the Development of male reproductive nel.com/testosteronedef 29 hypothalamus, pituitary gland, or Lipids Loss of brain cells Negative iciency/index.shtml tissues http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Testosterone http://www.jacemedical. Hot flashes, Fatigue, com/articles/Hormonal Acne, Facial hair, Ovarian cyst, Mid- 30 Primary female sex hormone Forgetfulness, Irregular Lipids Negative %20Health%20and%20 cycle pain, Irritable, Angry bleeding, Depression Balance%20Informatio n.pdf www.breastcancer.org/t Infertility, Carbohydrate cravings, http://highered.mcgraw- involved in the female Inhibits pituitary secretion of FSH and hill.com/sites/00724958 Irregular periods, Breast 31 menstrual cycle, pregnancy (supports Lipids LH; As a result the developent of new Negative 55/student_view0/chapt tenderness, lower body gestation) and embryogenesis follicles are inhibited. er28/animation__positiv temperature e_and_negative_feedba ck__quiz_1_.html

Causes ovulation and stimulates ovaries to secrete estrogen and Secondary hypogonadism 32 Glycoprotein Primary hypogonadism Negative http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lut pregesterone. Stimeulates testes to (Kallmann syndrome) einizing_hormone synthesize and secrete testosterone.

http://www.bio- Produces melanin, modulates the Underlies damage caused by the medicine.org/medicine- 33 and controls nerve exposure to biologically Polypeptide No melain produced, Albinism Negative products/MELANOCYTE- function. produced toxins. STIM-HORMONE--BETA- 23678-1/

12 OF 16 Cell Type Organ responsible for Target Organ or Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate Name responsible for Secretion Tissue Secretion

Control by central nervous an anterior system, occurs in burts, 34 pituitary regulating hormone Human Growth Hormone Somatotropin Anterior Pituitary Somatotropes All body cells most released during produced in hypothalamus, early sleep,

35 Circulation of Iodine Somatostatin Thyroid Hormone Thyroxine and Thyroid Gland Follicular Cells All body cells

Blood calcium levels Blood calcium levels below 36 CT, Calcimar, and Miacalcin Thyroid Gland Parafollicular cells Bone tissue above normal normal

Danger threatens or in Sympathetic Adrenal Glands 37 emergency, physical Relaxed or calm states of being Epinephrine Adrenaline Chromaffin cells effectors, cardiac and (adrenal medulla) threats, and excitement. other muscles

13 OF 16 Target Consequences of Feed Back Molecular Item # Organ/Tissue Principle Action Chemical Class Consequences of excess Reference deficieny System Structure Illustration

Low levels of growth, decreased Abnormally increased rates of human Stimulates growth and breakdown of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 341 bone aging process, and Protein growth (giantism), and Acromegaly Negative fat. Growth_hormone delayed physical maturation. disease.

Regulates the body's metabolic rate, and the production of heat. TH also Hypothyroidism ( Cretinism , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 35 Peptid Hyperthyroidism (Grave's Disease) Negative maintains blood pressure and promotes Myxedema) Thyroid_hormone normal development.

Increased calcium blood levels Regulate calcuim and phosphoros Decreased bone density, (hypercalcemia), weakened http://www.medicinenet.co 36 blood levels, stimulates absorption of problems with bone repair and Polypeptide Negative function, constipation, and calcium m/calcitonin/article.htm calcium by bone. remodeling, and Osteoporosis. stones.

Increased heart contraction rate, Fight or flight response to stress, also May cause low blood glucose constriction of blood vessels, http://en.wikipedia.o 37 known as adrenaline. Prepares the Amino Acid Negative levels, depression, and anxiety. bronchiole dilation, and increased body for increased activity. rg/wiki/Epinephrine metabolic rate.

14 OF 16 Cell Type Organ responsible for Target Organ or Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate Name responsible for Secretion Tissue Secretion

Neuronedocrine Digestive system, 38 Growth horomone (GIHH) Inhibiting factor (SRIF) Somatostatin Growth hormone Hypothalamus neurone of the Brain, and periventricular nucleus Endocrince system

39 Internal-external stimuli Low levels of secretion Releasing Hormones Releasing factor Hypothalmus Adrenal Cortex Throughout the body

Corticotropin-releasing hormone Adrenal Glands and 40 Stress and anxiety Cortisol / Stress hormone All tissues (CRH) (adrenal cortex) cells.

Corticosteroids inhibit their Inhibition by probenecid and All tissues and 41 Prostaglnadins Many All tissues and organs release. indomethacin organs

15 OF 16 Target Consequences of Feed Back Molecular Item # Organ/Tissue Principle Action Chemical Class Consequences of excess Reference deficieny System Structure Illustration

Regulates the and Persistent Helicobacter pylori Persistent Helicobacter pylori http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih .gov/pubmed/15533778 affects neurotransmission and cell infection and reduced Peptide infection and reduced somatostatin in Negative 381 http://en.wikipedia.org/ proliferation somatostatin in chronic gastritis chronic gastritis wiki/Somatostatin

http://emedicine.medsc ape.com/article/255152- Isolated gonadotropin-releasing overview 39 Control the release of another hormone Peptid Congenital gigantism Negative hormone http://jcem.endojournal s.org/cgi/content/abstra ct/76/1/216 Increase blood sugar and stores of Glucocorticoid, Can suppress bodys defense system, http://en.wikipedia.org/ 40 sugar in the liver as glycogen, and also Over inflammation of tissues Negative steroid including the inflammatory response. wiki/Cortisol suppresses the immune system

Prostaglandins are harmful and many http://www.endo- Contracts and relaxes smooth muscle May lead to inflammatory diseases are directly linked to Both negative 41 Peptide resolved.com/prostagla tissues, inflammatory disease excessive inflammation and blood and positive ndins.html clotting

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