Wednesday Slide Conference 2008-2009
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General Pathomorpholog.Pdf
Ukrаiniаn Medicаl Stomаtologicаl Аcаdemy THE DEPАRTАMENT OF PАTHOLOGICАL АNАTOMY WITH SECTIONSL COURSE MАNUАL for the foreign students GENERАL PАTHOMORPHOLOGY Poltаvа-2020 УДК:616-091(075.8) ББК:52.5я73 COMPILERS: PROFESSOR I. STАRCHENKO ASSOCIATIVE PROFESSOR O. PRYLUTSKYI АSSISTАNT A. ZADVORNOVA ASSISTANT D. NIKOLENKO Рекомендовано Вченою радою Української медичної стоматологічної академії як навчальний посібник для іноземних студентів – здобувачів вищої освіти ступеня магістра, які навчаються за спеціальністю 221 «Стоматологія» у закладах вищої освіти МОЗ України (протокол №8 від 11.03.2020р) Reviewers Romanuk A. - MD, Professor, Head of the Department of Pathological Anatomy, Sumy State University. Sitnikova V. - MD, Professor of Department of Normal and Pathological Clinical Anatomy Odessa National Medical University. Yeroshenko G. - MD, Professor, Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology Ukrainian Medical Dental Academy. A teaching manual in English, developed at the Department of Pathological Anatomy with a section course UMSA by Professor Starchenko II, Associative Professor Prylutsky OK, Assistant Zadvornova AP, Assistant Nikolenko DE. The manual presents the content and basic questions of the topic, practical skills in sufficient volume for each class to be mastered by students, algorithms for describing macro- and micropreparations, situational tasks. The formulation of tests, their number and variable level of difficulty, sufficient volume for each topic allows to recommend them as preparation for students to take the licensed integrated exam "STEP-1". 2 Contents p. 1 Introduction to pathomorphology. Subject matter and tasks of 5 pathomorphology. Main stages of development of pathomorphology. Methods of pathanatomical diagnostics. Methods of pathomorphological research. 2 Morphological changes of cells as response to stressor and toxic damage 8 (parenchimatouse / intracellular dystrophies). -
The Food Poisoning Toxins of Bacillus Cereus
toxins Review The Food Poisoning Toxins of Bacillus cereus Richard Dietrich 1,†, Nadja Jessberger 1,*,†, Monika Ehling-Schulz 2 , Erwin Märtlbauer 1 and Per Einar Granum 3 1 Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; [email protected] (R.D.); [email protected] (E.M.) 2 Department of Pathobiology, Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] 3 Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003 NMBU, 1432 Ås, Norway; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] † These authors have contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Bacillus cereus is a ubiquitous soil bacterium responsible for two types of food-associated gastrointestinal diseases. While the emetic type, a food intoxication, manifests in nausea and vomiting, food infections with enteropathogenic strains cause diarrhea and abdominal pain. Causative toxins are the cyclic dodecadepsipeptide cereulide, and the proteinaceous enterotoxins hemolysin BL (Hbl), nonhemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe) and cytotoxin K (CytK), respectively. This review covers the current knowledge on distribution and genetic organization of the toxin genes, as well as mechanisms of enterotoxin gene regulation and toxin secretion. In this context, the exceptionally high variability of toxin production between single strains is highlighted. In addition, the mode of action of the pore-forming enterotoxins and their effect on target cells is described in detail. The main focus of this review are the two tripartite enterotoxin complexes Hbl and Nhe, but the latest findings on cereulide and CytK are also presented, as well as methods for toxin detection, and the contribution of further putative virulence factors to the diarrheal disease. -
What Makes Some Bacterial Toxins So Dangerous? the Most Poisonous Substances Known
Features Poisons and antidotes What makes some bacterial toxins so dangerous? The most poisonous substances known David Moss, Ajit Basak We are used to thinking of proteins as beneficial, so it is surprising to realize that the most toxic sub- and Claire Naylor stances known to man are also protein molecules. These are the bacterial exotoxins, proteins secreted (Birkbeck College, London) by pathogenic bacteria. Toxicity is measured by the median lethal dose (LD50). An LD50 value is defined as the mass of toxin per kg of body weight required to wipe out half of an animal population. Whereas Downloaded from http://portlandpress.com/biochemist/article-pdf/32/4/4/5064/bio032040004.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 classic poisons, such as potassium cyanide or arsenic trioxide, have LD50 values in the range 5–15 mg/ kg, the causative agent of botulism, botulinum toxin, has an LD50 in the range 1–3 ng/kg, a million times more toxic! Highly pathogenic toxins have a catalytic ing. Treatment has to be repeated every few months. and a binding domain or subunit In the early 19th Century, it was thought that chol- era was caused by ‘bad air’. It was then discovered that Nearly all of the most potent toxins have two compo- cholera was the result of ingesting faecal-contaminated nents, A and B, that are either separate polypeptide water and we now know that the pathogenic agent is an chains or are separate domains. Component A is an 87 kDa toxin secreted by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae3,4. enzyme which modifies an important protein inside the This bacterium is the cause of many deaths in the de- host cell, whereas B is a protein that enables the toxin veloping world in the aftermath of flooding. -
Naming a Chord Once You Know the Common Names of the Intervals, the Naming of Chords Is a Little Less Daunting
Naming a Chord Once you know the common names of the intervals, the naming of chords is a little less daunting. Still, there are a few conventions and short-hand terms that many musicians use, that may be confusing at times. A few terms are used throughout the maze of chord names, and it is good to know what they refer to: Major / Minor – a “minor” note is one half step below the “major.” When naming intervals, all but the “perfect” intervals (1,4, 5, 8) are either major or minor. Generally if neither word is used, major is assumed, unless the situation is obvious. However, when used in naming extended chords, the word “minor” usually is reserved to indicate that the third of the triad is flatted. The word “major” is reserved to designate the major seventh interval as opposed to the minor or dominant seventh. It is assumed that the third is major, unless the word “minor” is said, right after the letter name of the chord. Similarly, in a seventh chord, the seventh interval is assumed to be a minor seventh (aka “dominant seventh), unless the word “major” comes right before the word “seventh.” Thus a common “C7” would mean a C major triad with a dominant seventh (CEGBb) While a “Cmaj7” (or CM7) would mean a C major triad with the major seventh interval added (CEGB), And a “Cmin7” (or Cm7) would mean a C minor triad with a dominant seventh interval added (CEbGBb) The dissonant “Cm(M7)” – “C minor major seventh” is fairly uncommon outside of modern jazz: it would mean a C minor triad with the major seventh interval added (CEbGB) Suspended – To suspend a note would mean to raise it up a half step. -
MTO 0.7: Alphonce, Dissonance and Schumann's Reckless Counterpoint
Volume 0, Number 7, March 1994 Copyright © 1994 Society for Music Theory Bo H. Alphonce KEYWORDS: Schumann, piano music, counterpoint, dissonance, rhythmic shift ABSTRACT: Work in progress about linearity in early romantic music. The essay discusses non-traditional dissonance treatment in some contrapuntal passages from Schumann’s Kreisleriana, opus 16, and his Grande Sonate F minor, opus 14, in particular some that involve a wedge-shaped linear motion or a rhythmic shift of one line relative to the harmonic progression. [1] The present paper is the first result of a planned project on linearity and other features of person- and period-style in early romantic music.(1) It is limited to Schumann's piano music from the eighteen-thirties and refers to score excerpts drawn exclusively from opus 14 and 16, the Grande Sonate in F minor and the Kreisleriana—the Finale of the former and the first two pieces of the latter. It deals with dissonance in foreground terms only and without reference to expressive connotations. Also, Eusebius, Florestan, E.T.A. Hoffmann, and Herr Kapellmeister Kreisler are kept gently off stage. [2] Schumann favours friction dissonances, especially the minor ninth and the major seventh, and he likes them raw: with little preparation and scant resolution. The sforzato clash of C and D in measures 131 and 261 of the Finale of the G minor Sonata, opus 22, offers a brilliant example, a peculiarly compressed dominant arrival just before the return of the main theme in G minor. The minor ninth often occurs exposed at the beginning of a phrase as in the second piece of the Davidsbuendler, opus 6: the opening chord is a V with an appoggiatura 6; as 6 goes to 5, the minor ninth enters together with the fundamental in, respectively, high and low peak registers. -
Skin Microbiota: a Source of Disease Or Defence? A.L
FROM BENCH TO BEDSIDE DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08437.x Skin microbiota: a source of disease or defence? A.L. Cogen,* V. Nizetৠand R.L. Gallo à Departments of *Bioengineering, Medicine, Division of Dermatology and àPediatrics, School of Medicine, and §Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A. Summary Correspondence Microbes found on the skin are usually regarded as pathogens, potential patho- Richard L. Gallo. gens or innocuous symbiotic organisms. Advances in microbiology and immu- E-mail: [email protected] nology are revising our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of microbial virulence and the specific events involved in the host–microbe interaction. Cur- Accepted for publication 30 September 2007 rent data contradict some historical classifications of cutaneous microbiota and suggest that these organisms may protect the host, defining them not as simple Key words symbiotic microbes but rather as mutualistic. This review will summarize current bacteria, immunity, infectious disease information on bacterial skin flora including Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, Propioni- bacterium, Streptococcus and Pseudomonas. Specifically, the review will discuss our cur- Conflicts of interest rent understanding of the cutaneous microbiota as well as shifting paradigms in None declared. the interpretation of the roles microbes play in skin health and disease. Most scholarly reviews of skin microbiota concentrate on ence inflammatory bowel disease,2 and how lactobacilli in the understanding the population structure of the flora inhabiting intestine educate prenatal immune responses. These findings the skin, or how a subset of these microbes can become complement several studies that suggest disruption in micro- human pathogens. -
Evaluation of the Individual and Combined Toxicity of Fumonisin Mycotoxins in Human Gastric Epithelial Cells
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Evaluation of the Individual and Combined Toxicity of Fumonisin Mycotoxins in Human Gastric Epithelial Cells Song Yu, Bingxuan Jia, Na Liu, Dianzhen Yu and Aibo Wu * SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; [email protected] (S.Y.); [email protected] (B.J.); [email protected] (N.L.); [email protected] (D.Y.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-21-54920716 Received: 23 July 2020; Accepted: 14 August 2020; Published: 18 August 2020 Abstract: Fumonisin contaminates food and feed extensively throughout the world, causing chronic and acute toxicity in human and animals. Currently, studies on the toxicology of fumonisins mainly focus on fumonisin B1 (FB1). Considering that FB1, fumonisin B2 (FB2) and fumonisin B3 (FB3) could coexist in food and feed, a study regarding a single toxin, FB1, may not completely reflect the toxicity of fumonisin. The gastrointestinal tract is usually exposed to these dietary toxins. In our study, the human gastric epithelial cell line (GES-1) was used as in vitro model to evaluate the toxicity of fumonisin. Firstly, we found that they could cause a decrease in cell viability, and increase in membrane leakage, cell death and the induction of expression of markers for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Their toxicity potency rank is FB1 > FB2 >> FB3. The results also showed that the synergistic effect appeared in the combinations of FB1 + FB2 and FB1 + FB3. -
An Abridged Compendium of Words. a Discussion of Them and Opinions About Them
DERMATOLOGY PRACTICAL & CONCEPTUAL www.derm101.com Dermatopathology: An abridged compendium of words. A discussion of them and opinions about them. Part 6 (I-L) Bruce J. Hookerman1 1 Dermatology Specialists, Bridgeton, Missouri, USA Citation: Hookerman BJ. Dermatopathology: An abridged compendium of words. A discussion of them and opinions about them. Part 6 (I-L). Dermatol Pract Concept. 2014;4(4):1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5826/dpc.0404a01 Copyright: ©2014 Hookerman. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Corresponding author: Bruce J. Hookerman, M.D., 12105 Bridgeton Square Drive, St. Louis, MO 63044, USA. Email: [email protected] – I – term “id reaction” only for a spongiotic dermatitis manifested by tiny vesicles on the hands of patients with florid dermato- ICHTHYOSIS: a generic term for skin conditions character- phytosis at another site, usually the feet, or for an analogue ized by what are said to be fishlike scales, i.e., scales that are of that phenomenon such as widespread vesicles that appear broad and polygonal with free edges, as are seen in ichthyosis subsequent to injudicious treatment, i.e., with Gentian violet vulgaris (and its look-alike, acquired ichthyosis), X-linked (known sardonically in times past as “Gentian violent”) of ichthyosis, and lamellar ichthyosis. Conditions reputed to be an exuberant spongiotic dermatitis, usually on the feet, such ichthyosis, such as ichthyosis hystrix and ichthyosis linearis as an allergic contact dermatitis. A time-honored explana- circumflexa, do not qualify because they are not associated tion for an “id” reaction is hematogenous dissemination of with broad polygonal scales. -
Genetic Basis of Simple and Complex Traits with Relevance to Avian Evolution
Genetic basis of simple and complex traits with relevance to avian evolution Małgorzata Anna Gazda Doctoral Program in Biodiversity, Genetics and Evolution D Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto 2019 Supervisor Miguel Jorge Pinto Carneiro, Auxiliary Researcher, CIBIO/InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto Co-supervisor Ricardo Lopes, CIBIO/InBIO Leif Andersson, Uppsala University FCUP Genetic basis of avian traits Nota Previa Na elaboração desta tese, e nos termos do número 2 do Artigo 4º do Regulamento Geral dos Terceiros Ciclos de Estudos da Universidade do Porto e do Artigo 31º do D.L.74/2006, de 24 de Março, com a nova redação introduzida pelo D.L. 230/2009, de 14 de Setembro, foi efetuado o aproveitamento total de um conjunto coerente de trabalhos de investigação já publicados ou submetidos para publicação em revistas internacionais indexadas e com arbitragem científica, os quais integram alguns dos capítulos da presente tese. Tendo em conta que os referidos trabalhos foram realizados com a colaboração de outros autores, o candidato esclarece que, em todos eles, participou ativamente na sua conceção, na obtenção, análise e discussão de resultados, bem como na elaboração da sua forma publicada. Este trabalho foi apoiado pela Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) através da atribuição de uma bolsa de doutoramento (PD/BD/114042/2015) no âmbito do programa doutoral em Biodiversidade, Genética e Evolução (BIODIV). 2 FCUP Genetic basis of avian traits Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to thank to my all supervisors Miguel Carneiro, Ricardo Lopes and Leif Andersson, for the demanding task of supervising myself last four years. -
Bacterial Pseudomycetoma (Botryomycosis) in an FIV-Positive Cat
獣医臨床皮膚科 16 (2): 61–65, 2010 Case Report Bacterial Pseudomycetoma (Botryomycosis) in an FIV-positive Cat FIV陽性猫にみられた細菌性偽菌腫（ボトリオミセス症）の１例 Tae Murai1)*, Kyohei Yasuno2), Kinji Shirota2, 3) 1)Kinder-Care Veterinary Clinic, 2)Research Institute of Biosciences and 3)Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Azabu University 村井 妙 1)* 安野恭平 2) 代田欣二 2, 3) 1)キンダーケア動物病院，2)麻布大学附置生物科学総合研究所，3)麻布大学獣医病理学研究室 Abstract: A 2.5-year-old spayed female domestic short-haired cat presented with more than a month’s history of a thickly crusted, purulent draining lesion on the shoulder area. Prior to the lesion’s formation, the cat had been repeatedly scratching the shoulder. Histological examination of skin biopsy specimens revealed both discrete and confluent pyogranulomas with fibroplasias and characteristic granules composed of gram-positive cocci surrounded by an eosinophilic amorphous substance. The histopathological findings were consistent with bacterial pseudomycetoma. The skin lesion was successfully treated with systemic and topical administration of antibiotics for about 4 months. However, occasional scratching continued, leading to the development of a small erosion in the same area. The present cat was antigen-positive for feline immunodeficiency virus, and it showed symptoms potentially caused by feline immunodeficiency syndrome. Decreased immune competence might contribute to the pathogenesis of bacterial pseudomycetoma. Key words: bacterial pseudomycetoma, botryomycosis, cat 要 約：2.5歳齢，避妊済みの雑種猫が，頚背部に著しく厚い痂疲を伴う排膿性皮疹を呈し来院した。 病変は当初激しいそう痒から始まり，やがて掻爬部位に一致して瘻孔の形成を認めた。病変部の病 -
Introduction to Bacteriology and Bacterial Structure/Function
INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIOLOGY AND BACTERIAL STRUCTURE/FUNCTION LEARNING OBJECTIVES To describe historical landmarks of medical microbiology To describe Koch’s Postulates To describe the characteristic structures and chemical nature of cellular constituents that distinguish eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells To describe chemical, structural, and functional components of the bacterial cytoplasmic and outer membranes, cell wall and surface appendages To name the general structures, and polymers that make up bacterial cell walls To explain the differences between gram negative and gram positive cells To describe the chemical composition, function and serological classification as H antigen of bacterial flagella and how they differ from flagella of eucaryotic cells To describe the chemical composition and function of pili To explain the unique chemical composition of bacterial spores To list medically relevant bacteria that form spores To explain the function of spores in terms of chemical and heat resistance To describe characteristics of different types of membrane transport To describe the exact cellular location and serological classification as O antigen of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) To explain how the structure of LPS confers antigenic specificity and toxicity To describe the exact cellular location of Lipid A To explain the term endotoxin in terms of its chemical composition and location in bacterial cells INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIOLOGY 1. Two main threads in the history of bacteriology: 1) the natural history of bacteria and 2) the contagious nature of infectious diseases, were united in the latter half of the 19th century. During that period many of the bacteria that cause human disease were identified and characterized. 2. Individual bacteria were first observed microscopically by Antony van Leeuwenhoek at the end of the 17th century. -
Discover Seventh Chords
Seventh Chords Stack of Thirds - Begin with a major or natural minor scale (use raised leading tone for chords based on ^5 and ^7) - Build a four note stack of thirds on each note within the given key - Identify the characteristic intervals of each of the seventh chords w w w w w w w w % w w w w w w w Mw/M7 mw/m7 m/m7 M/M7 M/m7 m/m7 d/m7 w w w w w w % w w w w #w w #w mw/m7 d/wm7 Mw/M7 m/m7 M/m7 M/M7 d/d7 Seventh Chord Quality - Five common seventh chord types in diatonic music: * Major: Major Triad - Major 7th (M3 - m3 - M3) * Dominant: Major Triad - minor 7th (M3 - m3 - m3) * Minor: minor triad - minor 7th (m3 - M3 - m3) * Half-Diminished: diminished triad - minor 3rd (m3 - m3 - M3) * Diminished: diminished triad - diminished 7th (m3 - m3 - m3) - In the Major Scale (all major scales!) * Major 7th on scale degrees 1 & 4 * Minor 7th on scale degrees 2, 3, 6 * Dominant 7th on scale degree 5 * Half-Diminished 7th on scale degree 7 - In the Minor Scale (all minor scales!) with a raised leading tone for chords on ^5 and ^7 * Major 7th on scale degrees 3 & 6 * Minor 7th on scale degrees 1 & 4 * Dominant 7th on scale degree 5 * Half-Diminished 7th on scale degree 2 * Diminished 7th on scale degree 7 Using Roman Numerals for Triads - Roman Numeral labels allow us to identify any seventh chord within a given key.