Primary Endocrine Organs, Tissues and Cells that produce Hormones Cell Type Organ responsible for Target Organ or Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate Name responsible for Secretion Tissue Secretion Physiological changes Adrenal Glands 1 activated by a stressful Relaxed and calm states of being Norepinephrine Noradrenaline and levarterenol Chromaffin cells Brain (adrenal medulla) event. 2 Melatonin receptors Atenolol and luzindole Melatonin N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine Pineal Gland Pinealocytes Brain Regulate male reproductive Adrenal Glands Anterior pituitary 3 ACTH Gonadocorticotropic Hormone GnRh Brain processes (adrenal cortex) gland Low level of cortisol, 4 Increased levels of cortisol Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Corticotropin Anterior Pituitary Corticotrophs Adrenal cortex stress, fever Peptides released by Syncytiotrophoblast during Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin 5 It inhibits insulin. Growth hormone (GH) Anterior pituitary gland. Somatotroph cells neurosecretory nuclei pregnancy (hCS) of the hypothalamus 1 OF 16 Primary Endocrine Organs, Tissues and Cells that produce Hormones Primary Endocrine Organs, Tissues and Cells that produce Hormones Target Consequences of Feed Back Molecular Item # Organ/Tissue Principle Action Chemical Class Consequences of excess Reference deficieny System Structure Illustration Increased heart contraction rate, Fight or flight response to stress, also Orthostatic hyptension and constriction of blood vessels, Neurogenesis.com 1 known as adrenaline. Prepares the Amino acid Negative http://en.wikipedia.org/ blood vessel disease. bronchiole dilation, and increased body for increased activity. wiki/Norepinephrine metabolic rate. Increase hormone can cause a www.springerlink.com/i Influences daily rhythms, sleep and for sleeping disorder .( Also sleep can ndex/M6621743540748 2 some people seasonal changes in Insomnia, trouble sleeping Circadin Negative 70.pdf Biology of help growth development and energy. mood. Humans Only if you sleep for 8-10 hrs.) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M Stimulates the anterior pituitary gland Biology of humans 3 Underproduction of testosterone Peptid Sexual Infantilism Negative http://en.wikipedia.org/ to release LH wiki/Gonadotropin Stimulates synthesis and release of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 4 Hypoadrenalism Peptide Hyperadrenalism Negative Adrenocorticotropic_hormo hormones from adrenal glands. ne http://medical- dictionary.thefreedictio Stimulates growth and cell reproduction Thickens the bones of the jaw, 5 Growth failure and short stature Polypeptide Negative nary.com/human+chori in humans and other animals. fingers and toes onic+somatomammotr opin 2 OF 16 Cell Type Organ responsible for Target Organ or Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate Name responsible for Secretion Tissue Secretion Low levels of thyroid Neurosecretory Cells, 6 High levels of thyroid hormones Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Thyrotropin Anterior Pituitary Thyroid Gland hormones Thyrotrophs 7 T cells (lymphoctes) Low level of T cells Thymosin Thymopoietin Thymus Cortex Lymphoid It is released in response It is released in response to to atrial stretch and a atrial stretch and a variety of variety of other signals Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), 8 Low blood pressure. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) other signals induced by Atrial myocytes Heart induced by hypervolemia, or atriopeptin hypervolemia, exercise or exercise or caloric caloric restriction. restriction. High Calcium 9 Low levels of calcium in blood Parathyroid Hormone PTH and Parathormone Parathyroid Gland Parathyroid chief cell Blood concentration in blood Blood glucose levels start Alphn cells of b ilet of 10 Glucagon-like peptide-1 Glucagon Pancreatic Peptide Pancreas Blood stream to fall too low langerhans 3 OF 16 Target Consequences of Feed Back Molecular Item # Organ/Tissue Principle Action Chemical Class Consequences of excess Reference deficieny System Structure Illustration Stimulates synthesis and release of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 16 thyroid hormones, growth and function Hypothyroidism Glycoprotein Hyperthyroidism Negative Thyroid- of thyroid gland stimulating_hormone http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih Promotes maturation if white blood Decrease T cells can occur in Blood (white blood .gov/pmc/articles/PMC2 7 No consequences Negative cells infection and disease. cells) 138952/ Biology of Humans ANP acts to reduce the water, sodium and adipose loads on the circulatory http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih 8 Increased blood pressure. Polypeptide Low blood pressure. Negative system, thereby reducing blood .gov/pubmed/8897999 pressure.[1] Hypoparathyroidism, increased concentrations of Calcium, and Primary and secondary http://www.webmd.com/a-to- 9 Increases blood levels of calcium Peptid Negative z-guides/parathyroid- decreased concentrations of hyperparathyroidism. hormone Phosphorous. Cause liver to convert stored glycogen http://www.springerlink. into glucose and release it into the Causing pancreatic tumors as com/content/w0l1768t5 10 Hypoglycaemia 29 amino acid polypeptide Negative 354vk25/ bloodstream, raising blood glucose glucagonoma. http://en.wikipedia.org/ levels wiki/Glucagon 4 OF 16 Cell Type Organ responsible for Target Organ or Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate Name responsible for Secretion Tissue Secretion Mechanical or infant 12 Absence of nipple stimulation Prolactin (PRL) Luteotropic Hormone Anterior Pituitary Lactotrophs Breasts suckling Breast and uterus, Aromatase inhibitors work by Corpus luteum, and the brain, bone, liver, 13 Pregnancy inhibiting the action of the Estrogen Androgen Developing follicles placenta. heart and other enzyme aromatase tissues. Stress that causes Physical stimulation of the catecholamines to be released. 14 Oxytocin (OT) Pitocin Posterior Pituitary Neurosecretory Cells Breasts and Uterus breasts The Catecholamines repress the oxytocin neurons. Decrase the glucose in the NPH Insulin, Lente Insulin, Liver and skeletal 15 Phospholipase A2 Insulin Pancreas B islet cells blood strream Insulin Aspart, Insulin glargine muscules Falling levels of EPO, Chemotherapy and PO2 is Extraglomerular 16 Erythropoietin (EPO) Epoetin alfa Kidneys Liver moderate bleeding normal, EPO derease mesangial 5 OF 16 Target Consequences of Feed Back Molecular Item # Organ/Tissue Principle Action Chemical Class Consequences of excess Reference deficieny System Structure Illustration Enlarge mammary glands in both 121 Stimulates breasts to produce milk. Absence of milk production Protein Negative http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolac male/females, infertility, galactorrhea tin They promote the development of High estrogen levels during female secondary sexual Low estrogen levels during perimenopause and menopause can http://www.natural- characteristics, such as breasts, and 13 pregnancy can reduce future Steroid have effects such as headaches, Positive hormones.net/estrogen- are also involved in the thickening of fertility for female offspring. breast tenderness and even in some high-levels.htm the endometrium and other aspects of cases breast cancer if left untreated. regulating the menstrual cycle. Impairs maternal skeletal Stimulates uterine muscle contraction, There is no known effect for the http://www.gfmer.ch/Endo/L 14 remodeling, gives problems with Peptide Positive and secretion of milk excess of Oxytocin. ectures_10/Oxytocin.htm nursing and uterine contractions. /www.diabitieslife.com 15 Use and remove glucose Diabetes Peptide Low blood glucose Negative http://www.medicinenet. com/insulin/article.htm Hormone released from th e kindeny 16 that stimulates thr production of red Anemia Peptid Polycythemia Negative http://en.wikipedia.org/ cells in the bone morrow wiki/Hormone 6 OF 16 Cell Type Organ responsible for Target Organ or Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate Name responsible for Secretion Tissue Secretion Kidneys, and Sodium ions, and dopamine, 11β,21-dihydroxy-3,20- Adrenal Glands 17 Angiotensin II Aldosterone Zona glomerulosa cells increases blood ANH dioxopregn-4-en-18-al (adrenal cortex) volume 18 Blood vessels Increased Ca & phosphate Calcitrol (1,25-dihydroxyvitaminD3) Kidneys Parathyroid cells Kidneys It is initiated by the Angiotensin II (ANG II) inhibits 19 interaction of angiotensin bTREK-1 (bovine KCNK2) K(+) Angiotensin II Renin substrate. Liver Adrenocortical cells Kidneys II with the AT1 receptor. channels. Stomach and 20 Gastric luminade peptides The presence of acid Gastrin Gastric acid GI Tract G cells duodenum. Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Gastric inhibitory polypeptide 21 Lipoprotein lipase Small meals Small intestine K cells Small intestine Peptide (GIP) 7 OF 16 Target Consequences of Feed Back Molecular Item # Organ/Tissue Principle Action Chemical Class Consequences of excess Reference deficieny System Structure Illustration Hyperkalemia with an increase 17 Increases blood pressure Steroid Addisons disease Negative 1 in total body potassium health.allrefer.com http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Aldosterone http://www.news- It increases the level of calcium in the Active form of 18 Hypocalcemia and osteoporosis. Hypercalcaemia Negative medical.net/news/2009 blood vitamin D /02/05/45634.aspx http://hyper.ahajournal Angiotensin II acts as an endocrine, s.org/cgi/content/full/hy 19 autocrine/ paracrine, and intracrine Hypotension Oligopeptide Hypertension Negative