DOCSLIB.ORG

A Comprehensive Chronicle of World History Volume I of IV –136,000 to +1399 the Rise of Civilizations and Cultures

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Comprehensive Chronicle of World History Volume I of IV –136,000 to +1399 the Rise of Civilizations and Cultures A Comprehensive Chronicle of World History Volume I of IV –136,000 to +1399 The Rise of Civilizations and Cultures Frank P. King Version 1.0 (20 July 2008) 2 A Comprehensive Chronicle of World History Volume I of IV ISBN-xxxx ISBN-xxxx © 2008 Frank P. King All rights reserved 3 Table of Contents About the Comprehensive Chronicle of World History........................................................ 5 About Volume I (–136,000 to +1399)................................................................................... 5 Preview Timechart for Volume I........................................................................................... 5 About the Author................................................................................................................... 8 The Comprehensive Chronicle - Volume I............................................................................ 9 Select Sources.................................................................................................................... 261 4 5 About the Comprehensive Chronicle of World History This book exists because we cannot know ourselves, our current situations and problems, our ancestors, and other humans without a dispassionate understanding of our past. History is our best record of reality past, and without it we have no way to appreciate human nature and the length, progress, and depth of our actions, institutions, and experiences. This work, started in 1994, was the unabridged original source for my much shorter book published as A Chronicle of World History: From 130,000 years Ago to the Eve of AD 2000 . Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 2002. It has been my exceptionally good fortune to have David Moore, an engineer, historian, and, in my eyes, a real philosopher (see http://romanconcrete.com and http://battleofsaipan.com), as my longtime friend. His son, John Moore, is also a distinguished engineer with very broad interests and has made it possible for this work to be published on the Internet. I thank both of them for helping to make history better. About Volume I (–136,000 to +1399) Please note : When it comes to dates, the author keeps it simple and non-sectarian: -/minus = BC (before Christ) or BCE (before the common era) and +/plus = AD (anno Domini) or CE (common era). Some entries cover the beginning date (or an estimation) and the ending date to indicate "moving time" or the time span covered by that situation. Example: -100+100 = 100 BC/ BCE to AD/CE 100. Volume I is organized roughly from the appearance of the earliest people like us and their activities and circumstances to the end of the fourteen-century. In summary, one could say that humans during this period spread to nearly all parts of this planet and created civilizations and cultures wherever they settled. During what some call the Classical Era of the ancient world (about –500 to +500), great civilizations, philosophies, institutions, technologies, and religions were created and practiced all over this planet. By the so-called Middle Ages (about –500 to +1500 in Europe), there were secular, Byzantine, Islamic, and Christian successors to the Roman Empire. By the 1300s, the Mongols and Turks seriously threatened the security and order of Eurasia from the Pacific and Central Asia to Russia, the Middle East, and Medieval Europe. Preview Timechart for Volume I (many of these dates are necessarily approximate) First Modern Humans -136,000-35,000 Migrants to America -33,000-13,000 Hunters, Gatherers, Early Farmers -8000-5000 Villages, Towns, Cities -5000-3000 6 Bronze Age -4000-3000 Indus Valley civilizations -3200-1600 Sumerian cities in Mesopotamia -3200-2340 Archaic period in Egypt -3100-2700 Pyramids and Megaliths -3000-2000 First pyramid built in Egypt -2770 Akkadian Empire in Mesopotamia -2334-2200 Middle Kingdom in Egypt -2050-2200 Peak of Minoan civilization on Crete -2000-1500 Ironworking in Middle East, Europe, Asia, and elsewhere -2000-1000 Shang Dynasty in China -1700-1027 Hittite Empire -1600-1200 Trojan War -1250 Hebrews settle in Canaan -1200 Kingdom of Israel -933-722 Kingdom of Judah -933-586 Assyrian Empire powerful -750-612 Nebuchadnezzar captured Jerusalem -586 Persian Empire -559-330 Roman Republic -509-27 Hebrew Torah /"Five Books of Moses" compiled -415 The Greek city-states warred/wounded themselves -355-337 Alexander the Great -336-266 Ptolemies ruled Egypt until Cleopatra's death -323-31 Romans led a confederation of Latin cities -280 Romans ruled nearly the entire Mediterranean region -218-146 The First Emperor ruled Qin/China -221-206 Han dynasty in China -206+220 Gaius Julius Caesar, Roman general and emperor -100-44 Romans captured Jerusalem -65 Romans ruled parts of England and Scotland -43-410 Jesus of Nazareth was probably born in Bethlehem -4 Roman Empire -27+476 Roman Rhine-Danube frontier was "quiet" +16+166 New Testament books of Matthew, Mark, and Luke +36+80 Goths attacked romans in the Balkans +200+300 Classic Period of Maya history/culture +300+900 Constantinople ruled most of Roman Empire 323+1453 Eastern Germanic Gothic kingdoms 350+499 Huns attacked Goths in Ukraine 370+378 Roman Empire became officially Christian 380 Romans retreated from Britain to defend Rome 405+408 Franks drove the Vandals into Spain/Portugal 409+439 Visigoths captured and pillaged Rome 410 Most of the Huns had been driven from Europe 470 Buddhist missionaries entered Japan from Korea 550+575 7 Muhammad/Mohammed, the prophet of Islam 570+632 Byzantines temporarily reunited the Roman Empire 535+562 Vikings/Northmen invaded Ireland 620s Arabs/Muslims ruled from Syria to Spain to France 633+722 Arab/Muslim overlords ruled Persia 641+1253 Dome of the Rock was built in Jerusalem 691/2 Kingdom of Ghana 700+1200 Reconquista of Spain/Portugal 850+1493 Carolus Magnus/Charlemagne ruled the West 768+814 Holy Roman Empire 800+1806 Worst years of Viking raids in Europe 880+911 Toltecs ruled the Valley of Mexico 900+1160 Military dictators ruled most of Japan 900+1600 First European parliament met in Iceland 930 East Anglians/Anglo-Saxons paid Danes tribute 991+1162 Muslim kingdoms were founded in India 1000+1500 Byzantine Empire squeezed by the Seljuk Turks 1050+1243 High Middle Ages in Europe 1050+1300 England and Normandy were a united kingdom 1066+1204 Venice a kind of "free city" 1082+1797 Christian Crusades 1095+1291 Crusaders captured Jerusalem 1099 Sultan Saladin regained Jerusalem 1187 Crusaders pillaged Constantinople 1204 Mongols threatened from Japan to France 1206+1405 Cambridge University founded in England 1209 Spanish defeated Muslims at Las Navaas de Tolosa 1212 Magna Carta 1215 Teutonic Knights terrorized Prussia and Poland 1220+1295 "Free cities of the sea" formed the Hanseatic League 1241+1669 Global Exploration 1250+1550 Moorish Kingdom of Granada in Spain 1264+1493 Marco Polo went to China and back to Venice 1271+1295 Genghis Khan captured Beijing/Khubilai Khan born 1279 Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty 1279+1368 The great Ottoman Empire 1284+1922 Mongols attacked Lebanon 1291 Swiss Confederation built piece-by-piece 1291+1815 City-state of Florence a great cultural center 1300+1375 European Renaissance, according to a few 1300+1500 Mansa Musa ruled Mali Empire in western Africa 1312+1337 Hundred Years' War in Europe 1337+1453 Black Death may have killed one in three 1347+1351 Danes, Swedes, and Norwegians temporarily united 1350+1400 Germany in chaos and fragments 1350+1450 Ottoman Turks defeated the Serbs at Kosovo 1389 Medicis were Renaissance "royalty" in Florence 1389+1650 8 Byzantine Empire was Constantinople and little else 1391 Mongol-Turkish troops ruled from India to Egypt 1392+1404 Other Volumes in the Chronicle Volume I covers the period –136,000 to +1399. During this period, humans just like us physically and mentally created cultures and made the difficult progression from living as nomadic hunters and gatherers to the time when they lived in organized societies everywhere. In brief, our predecessors went from living in isolated wandering bands to living in fixed communities and nation-states. Volume II covers the period +1400 to 1799. During this time, our ancestors worked to change their conditions from being members of agricultural, feudal societies ruled by warlords or absolute rulers to the start of the Industrial Revolution with people ruled by constitutional monarchies and democratic republics. In other words, people created more enlightened, scientific/technological, liberal societies that respected individual rights and were part of the emerging interdependent global economy. Volume III covers the period from 1800 to 1899. During the 19th century, nationalists, progressives, and nation builders defeated absolute, totalitarian, and authoritarian rulers and great empires and dynasties in China, India, Japan, France, the Mediterranean region, Latin America, and many other places while better unifying themselves in places like Germany and Italy with more advanced economies. Volume IV covers the period from 1900 to 2000. During the 20th century, which can very easily be called the Great Age of Global Wars, new forms of totalitarian, expansionist governments and the last phases of colonialism and imperialism were defeated while a new, united Commonwealth of Nations and a kind of World Civilization started to become apparent. About the Author Frank P. King has lived and worked in Las Vegas, Nevada, the US Territory of Guam, Hawaii, the Republic of Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia, Japan/ Okinawa,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Steppe Nomads in the Eurasian Trade1
    Volumen 51, N° 1, 2019. Páginas 85-93 Chungara Revista de Antropología Chilena STEPPE NOMADS IN THE EURASIAN TRADE1 NÓMADAS DE LA ESTEPA EN EL COMERCIO EURASIÁTICO Anatoly M. Khazanov2 The nomads of the Eurasian steppes, semi-deserts, and deserts played an important and multifarious role in regional, interregional transit, and long-distance trade across Eurasia. In ancient and medieval times their role far exceeded their number and economic potential. The specialized and non-autarchic character of their economy, provoked that the nomads always experienced a need for external agricultural and handicraft products. Besides, successful nomadic states and polities created demand for the international trade in high value foreign goods, and even provided supplies, especially silk, for this trade. Because of undeveloped social division of labor, however, there were no professional traders in any nomadic society. Thus, specialized foreign traders enjoyed a high prestige amongst them. It is, finally, argued that the real importance of the overland Silk Road, that currently has become a quite popular historical adventure, has been greatly exaggerated. Key words: Steppe nomads, Eurasian trade, the Silk Road, caravans. Los nómadas de las estepas, semidesiertos y desiertos euroasiáticos desempeñaron un papel importante y múltiple en el tránsito regional e interregional y en el comercio de larga distancia en Eurasia. En tiempos antiguos y medievales, su papel superó con creces su número de habitantes y su potencial económico. El carácter especializado y no autárquico de su economía provocó que los nómadas siempre experimentaran la necesidad de contar con productos externos agrícolas y artesanales. Además, exitosos Estados y comunidades nómadas crearon una demanda por el comercio internacional de bienes exóticos de alto valor, e incluso proporcionaron suministros, especialmente seda, para este comercio.
    [Show full text]
  • The Image of the Cumans in Medieval Chronicles
    Caroline Gurevich THE IMAGE OF THE CUMANS IN MEDIEVAL CHRONICLES: OLD RUSSIAN AND GEORGIAN SOURCES IN THE TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH CENTURIES MA Thesis in Medieval Studies CEU eTD Collection Central European University Budapest May 2017 THE IMAGE OF THE CUMANS IN MEDIEVAL CHRONICLES: OLD RUSSIAN AND GEORGIAN SOURCES IN THE TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH CENTURIES by Caroline Gurevich (Russia) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ Chair, Examination Committee ____________________________________________ Thesis Supervisor ____________________________________________ Examiner ____________________________________________ CEU eTD Collection Examiner Budapest May 2017 THE IMAGE OF THE CUMANS IN MEDIEVAL CHRONICLES: OLD RUSSIAN AND GEORGIAN SOURCES IN THE TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH CENTURIES by Caroline Gurevich (Russia) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ External Reader CEU eTD Collection Budapest May 2017 THE IMAGE OF THE CUMANS IN MEDIEVAL CHRONICLES: OLD RUSSIAN AND GEORGIAN SOURCES IN THE TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH CENTURIES by Caroline Gurevich (Russia) Thesis
    [Show full text]
  • In This Study, Marcello Mogetta Examines the Origins and Early Dissemina- Tion of Concrete Technology in Roman Republican Architecture
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-84568-7 — The Origins of Concrete Construction in Roman Architecture Marcello Mogetta Frontmatter More Information THE ORIGINS OF CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION IN ROMAN ARCHITECTURE In this study, Marcello Mogetta examines the origins and early dissemina- tion of concrete technology in Roman Republican architecture. Framing the genesis of innovative building processes and techniques within the context of Rome’s early expansion, he traces technological change in monumental construction in long-established urban centers and new Roman colonial cites founded in the 2nd century BCE in central Italy. Mogetta weaves together excavation data from both public monu- ments and private domestic architecture that previously have been studied in isolation. Highlighting the organization of the building industry, he also explores the political motivations and cultural aspirations of patrons of monumental architecture, reconstructing how they negotiated economic and logistical constraints by drawing from both local traditions and long- distance networks. By incorporating the available scientific evidence into the development of concrete technology, Mogetta also demonstrates the contributions of anonymous builders and contractors, shining a light on their ability to exploit locally available resources. marcello mogetta is a Mediterranean archaeologist whose research focuses on early Roman urbanism in Italy. He conducts primary fieldwork at the sites of Gabii (Gabii Project) and Pompeii (Venus Pompeiana Project), for which he has received multiple grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Loeb Classical Library Foundation, the AIA, and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council. He coordinates the CaLC-Rome Project, an international collaboration that applies 3D mod- eling and surface analysis to the life cycle of ceramic vessels from the Esquiline necropolis in Rome.
    [Show full text]
  • Cappadocia and Cappadocians in the Hellenistic, Roman and Early
    Dokuz Eylül University – DEU The Research Center for the Archaeology of Western Anatolia – EKVAM Colloquia Anatolica et Aegaea Congressus internationales Smyrnenses X Cappadocia and Cappadocians in the Hellenistic, Roman and Early Byzantine periods An international video conference on the southeastern part of central Anatolia in classical antiquity May 14-15, 2020 / Izmir, Turkey Edited by Ergün Laflı Izmir 2020 Last update: 04/05/2020. 1 Cappadocia and Cappadocians in the Hellenistic, Roman and Early Byzantine periods. Papers presented at the international video conference on the southeastern part of central Anatolia in classical antiquity, May 14-15, 2020 / Izmir, Turkey, Colloquia Anatolica et Aegaea – Acta congressus communis omnium gentium Smyrnae. Copyright © 2020 Ergün Laflı (editor) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission from the editor. ISBN: 978-605-031-211-9. Page setting: Ergün Laflı (Izmir). Text corrections and revisions: Hugo Thoen (Deinze / Ghent). Papers, presented at the international video conference, entitled “Cappadocia and Cappadocians in the Hellenistic, Roman and Early Byzantine periods. An international video conference on the southeastern part of central Anatolia in classical antiquity” in May 14–15, 2020 in Izmir, Turkey. 36 papers with 61 pages and numerous colourful figures. All papers and key words are in English. 21 x 29,7 cm; paperback; 40 gr. quality paper. Frontispiece. A Roman stele with two portraits in the Museum of Kırşehir; accession nos. A.5.1.95a-b (photograph by E.
    [Show full text]
  • Achila, Visigothic King, 34 Acisclus, Córdoban Martyr, 158 Adams
    Index ; Achila, Visigothic king, 34 Almodóvar del Río, Spain, 123–24 Acisclus, Córdoban martyr, 158 Almonacid de la Cuba, Spain, 150. See Adams, Robert, 21 also Dams Aemilian, St., 160 Alonso de la Sierra, Juan, 97 Aerial photography, 40, 82 Amalaric, Visigothic king, 29–30, 132, Aetius, Roman general, 173–75 157 Africa, 4, 21–23; and amphorae, 116, Amber, 114 137, 187, 196; and ARS, 46, 56, 90, Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman histo- 99, 187; and Byzantine reconquest, rian, 166, 168 30; and ‹shing, 103; and olive oil, Amphorae, 43, 80, 199–200; exported 88, 188; and Roman army, 114, 127, from Spain, 44, 97–98, 113, 115–16, 166; and trade, 105, 141; and Van- 172; kilns, 61–62, 87–90, 184; from dals, 27–28, 97, 127, 174 North Africa, 129, 187. See also African Red Slip (ARS) pottery, 101, Kilns 147, 186–87, 191, 197; de‹nition, 41, Anderson, Perry, 5 43, 44, 46; and site survival, 90, Andujar, Spain, 38, 47, 63 92–95, 98–99; and trade, 105–6, 110, Annales, 8, 12, 39 114, 116, 129, 183 Annona: disruption by Vandals, 97, Agde, council of, 29, 36, 41 174; to Roman army, 44, 81, 114–17; Agglomeration, 40–42, 59, 92 to Rome, 23, 27, 44, 81, 113; under Agila, Visigothic king, 158–59. See Ostrogoths, 29, 133. See also Army also Athanagild Antioch, Syria, 126 Agrippa, Roman general, 118 Anti-Semitism, 12, 33. See also Jews Alans, 24, 26, 27, 34, 126, 175 Antonine Itinerary, 152 Alaric, Visigothic king, 2, 5, 26–27 Apuleius, Roman writer, 75–76, 122 Alaric II, Visigothic king, 29–30 Aqueducts, 119, 130, 134, 174–75 Alcalá del Río, Spain, 40, 44, 93, 123, Aquitaine, France, 2, 27, 45, 102 148 Arabs, 33–34, 132–33, 137.
    [Show full text]
  • The Medici Aphrodite Angel D
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2005 A Hellenistic masterpiece: the Medici Aphrodite Angel D. Arvello Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Recommended Citation Arvello, Angel D., "A Hellenistic masterpiece: the Medici Aphrodite" (2005). LSU Master's Theses. 2015. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/2015 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A HELLENISTIC MASTERPIECE: THE MEDICI APRHODITE A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in The School of Art by Angel D. Arvello B. A., Southeastern Louisiana University, 1996 May 2005 In Memory of Marcel “Butch” Romagosa, Jr. (10 December 1948 - 31 August 1998) ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to acknowledge the support of my parents, Paul and Daisy Arvello, the love and support of my husband, Kevin Hunter, and the guidance and inspiration of Professor Patricia Lawrence in addition to access to numerous photographs of hers and her coin collection. I would also like to thank Doug Smith both for his extensive website which was invaluable in writing chapter four and for his permission to reproduce the coin in his private collection.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomy of Melancholy by Democritus Junior
    THE ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY WHAT IT IS WITH ALL THE KINDS, CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, PROGNOSTICS, AND SEVERAL CURES OF IT IN THREE PARTITIONS; WITH THEIR SEVERAL SECTIONS, MEMBERS, AND SUBSECTIONS, PHILOSOPHICALLY, MEDICINALLY, HISTORICALLY OPENED AND CUT UP BY DEMOCRITUS JUNIOR [ROBERT BURTON] WITH A SATIRICAL PREFACE, CONDUCING TO THE FOLLOWING DISCOURSE PART 2 – The Cure of Melancholy Published by the Ex-classics Project, 2009 http://www.exclassics.com Public Domain CONTENTS THE SYNOPSIS OF THE SECOND PARTITION............................................................... 4 THE SECOND PARTITION. THE CURE OF MELANCHOLY. .............................................. 13 THE FIRST SECTION, MEMBER, SUBSECTION. Unlawful Cures rejected.......................... 13 MEMB. II. Lawful Cures, first from God. .................................................................................... 16 MEMB. III. Whether it be lawful to seek to Saints for Aid in this Disease. ................................ 18 MEMB. IV. SUBSECT. I.--Physician, Patient, Physic. ............................................................... 21 SUBSECT. II.--Concerning the Patient........................................................................................ 23 SUBSECT. III.--Concerning Physic............................................................................................. 26 SECT. II. MEMB. I....................................................................................................................... 27 SUBSECT. I.--Diet rectified in substance...................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Final Annual Report 2005-2006
    About us Contents MINISTER FOR THE Executive Director’s review 2 ENVIRONMENT About us 4 In accordance with Our commitment 4 Section 70A of the Our organisation 7 Financial Administration The year in summary 12 and Audit Act 1985, I submit for your Highlights of 2005-2006 12 Strategic Planning Framework 16 information and presentation to Parliament What we do 18 the final annual report of Nature Conservation – Service 1 18 the Department of Sustainable Forest Management – Service 2 65 Conservation and Land Performance of Statutory Functions by the Conservation Commission Management. of Western Australia (see page 194) – Service 3 Parks and Visitor Services – Service 4 76 Astronomical Services – Service 5 112 General information 115 John Byrne Corporate Services 115 REPORTING CALM-managed lands and waters 118 OFFICER Estate map 120 31 August 2006 Fire management services 125 Statutory information 137 Public Sector Standards and Codes of Conduct 137 Legislation 138 Disability Services 143 EEO and diversity management 144 Electoral Act 1907 145 Energy Smart 146 External funding, grants and sponsorships 147 Occupational safety and health 150 Record keeping 150 Substantive equality 151 Waste paper recycling 151 Publications produced in 2005-2006 152 Performance indicators 174 Financial statements 199 The opinion of the Auditor General appears after the performance indicators departmentofconservationandlandmanagement 1 About us Executive Director’s review The year in review has proved to be significant for the Department of Conservation and Land Management (CALM) for the work undertaken and because it has turned out to be the Department’s final year of operation. The Minister for the Environment announced in May 2006 that CALM would merge with the Department of Environment on 1 July 2006 to form the Department of Environment and Conservation.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact Melt Emplacement on Mercury
    Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 7-24-2018 2:00 PM Impact Melt Emplacement on Mercury Jeffrey Daniels The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Neish, Catherine D. The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Geology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Master of Science © Jeffrey Daniels 2018 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Geology Commons, Physical Processes Commons, and the The Sun and the Solar System Commons Recommended Citation Daniels, Jeffrey, "Impact Melt Emplacement on Mercury" (2018). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 5657. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/5657 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract Impact cratering is an abrupt, spectacular process that occurs on any world with a solid surface. On Earth, these craters are easily eroded or destroyed through endogenic processes. The Moon and Mercury, however, lack a significant atmosphere, meaning craters on these worlds remain intact longer, geologically. In this thesis, remote-sensing techniques were used to investigate impact melt emplacement about Mercury’s fresh, complex craters. For complex lunar craters, impact melt is preferentially ejected from the lowest rim elevation, implying topographic control. On Venus, impact melt is preferentially ejected downrange from the impact site, implying impactor-direction control. Mercury, despite its heavily-cratered surface, trends more like Venus than like the Moon.
    [Show full text]
  • E. General Subjects
    Index E. General Subjects Academia (of Cicero) 13, 97 books-papyrus rolls-codices 22, 54–56, 65–71, 158–160 Adonis (image of) 48 booty, see plunder Aedes Concordiae, see Index B: Roma Boxers (sculptural group) 72 Akademia, see Index B: Athenai Bronze Age 21 Akropolis, see Index B: Athenai bronze from Korinthos 11, 12, 92 Alexandros the Great (dedications by) 28 bronze horses (statues of) 74 Alexandros the Great (portraits of) 47, 52, 94 bronze sculpture (large) 4, 14, 33, 43, 44, 46, 49, 51, 52, 72, 74, 82, 92, Alexandros the Great (spoliation by) 39, 41, 43, 47 122, 123, 130, 131–132, 134–135, 140, 144, 149, 151, 159, 160 Alexandros the Great’s table 2, 106 bronze sculpture (small) 14, 46, 53, 92, 106, 123, 138, 157 Alkaios (portrait of) 53 bronze tablets 81 altar 2, 42 Altar of Zeus, see Index B: Pergamon, Great Altar cameos 55–70 amazon 14, 134 Campus Martius, see Index B: Roma ancestralism 157, 159 canon 156, 159, 160–162 Antigonid Dynasty 46, 49 canopus 133 antiquarianism 4, 22, 25, 28, 31, 44, 55, 65–66, 73, 80, 81, 82, 156–157, Capitoline Hill, see Index B: Roma, Mons Capitolinus 159–160, 161 Capitolium, see Index B: Roma Anubis (statue of) 75 Carthaginians 9, 34, 104 Aphrodite, see Index C: Aphrodite catalogue, see also inventory, 93 Aphrodite (statue of) 52 censor, see Index D: censor Aphrodite of Knidos (statue of), see Index C: Praxiteles centaur, see Index D: kentauroi Apollon (statue of) 49, 72 Ceres (statue of) 72 Apollonios (portrait of) 53 chasing (chased silver) 104 Apoxyomenos (statue of), see Index C: Lysippos citronwood
    [Show full text]
  • The Archreology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions
    REVERSE OF A TABLET IN THE HITTITE LANGUAGE FROM BOGHAZ KEUI, Frontispiece.] [See Preface, p. vi. The Archreology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions BY THE REv. A. H. SAYCE PROFESSOR OF ASSYRIOLOGY, OXFORD PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE GENERAL LITERATURE COMMITTEE SECOND EDJ'J'ION:.__RE VISED LONDON SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE NORTHUMBERLAND AVENUE, W.C. ; 43, QUEEN VlCTORIA STREET, EoC. BRIGHTON: x29, NORTH STREET NEW YORK: E. S. GORHA:J14 RICHARD CLAY & SONS, LIMITED, BREAD STRE~T HILL, E.C., AND BUNGAY, SUFFOLK, CONTENTS CHAP, PAGE PREFACE v I. THE DECIPHERMENT OF THE CUNEIFORM IN· SCRIPTIONS 7 II. THE ARCHlEOLOGICAL MATERIALS; THE EX• CAVATIONS AT SUSA AND THE ORIGIN OF BRONZE • III. THE SUMERIANS IV, THE RELATION OF BABYLONIAN TO EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION • IOI V. BABYLONIA AND PALESTINE 135 VI. ASIA MINOR • I 60 VU. CANAAN IN THE CENTURY BEFORE THE EXODUS. 187 INDEX • . ' 215 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Facingjage REV.Jl:RSE OF A TABLET IN THE HITTITE LANGUAGE FROM BOGHAZ KEUI (Frontispiece) MAP - THE EASTERN WORLD IN THE SEVENTH CENTURY B.C. • 7 THE TOMB OF DARIUS 16 BLACK OBELISK OF SHALMANESER lI 21 CHALDJEAN HOUSEHOLD l.JTENSILS IN TERRA-COTTA 2 I THE TE;LL OF JERABIS (PROBABLY THE ANCIENT CARCHEMISH) 40 THE TUMULUS OF SUSA, AS IT APPEARED TOWARDS THE MIDDLE OF LA$T CENTURY 46 HEAD OF ONE OF THE STATUES FROM TELLO • 58 VASE OF SILVER, DEDICATED TO NINGIRSU BY ENTENA PATESI OF L~GAS 58 THE TELL OF BORSIPPA, THE PRESENT BIRS-NIMRUD 78 THE SEAL OF SHARGANI-SHAR-ALI (SARGON OF AKKAD) : GILGAMES WATERS THE CELESTIAL OX 88 BAS-RELIEF OF NARAM-SIN 88 SITTING STATUE OF GUDEA' 122 MAP-THE FIRST ASSYRIAN EMPIRE 135 VIEW OF THE TEMPLE OF UR 11;!' ITS PRESENT STATE, ACCORDING TO LOFTUS , 141 THE GARDENS AND HILL OF DHUSPAS OR VAN 163 THE RUINS OF A PALACE OF URARTU AT TOPRAK- KALEH 166 THE RUINS AT BOGHAZ KEUI , I 74 ONE OF THE PROCESSIONS IN THE RAVINE OF BOGHAZ.
    [Show full text]
  • HA T·.Hesis Eubn:Lt.T:Ed L:1 Ra:R:I
    CALH'ORI:\IIA S'l'ATE UNIVERSITY 1 NORI'HIUDGE 'l'IIE HIS'l'ORY 0'"' CONCRB1'E FROH ROI-.!AN 'I'JJ,!E.S H TO 'l'HE EIGH'l.'BEl\!TH CEl\'l'URY A t·.hesis EUbn:Lt.t:ed L:1 ra:r:i:·.J..al sat:i.sfacti..on of the :t··f~(Jnix·enlC~!·~:.s fer t.£~·2 d.E:g~~c;e of X1la.st.er oE A.rt.s i~1 1\Tt hy Jum:>. 1979 The 'l'hes:i.s of Janet Irene Atkinson is approved: -;.=:----~-~r-------:.--r---:::_-.--.-~- -- -~ ~-'r. Rpqer [,_t,Jul_~.o •" Dr. Jean-LtlC Bordeaux. ---------~~·---· Dr. Donald S. Strong, Chairman -~~-----· California State University, Northrid<Jc ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank my Father from whom I heard my first stories regarding concrete construction; Dr. Strong for his tireless patience; Charlotte Oyer, Librarian, loTho was able to locate many rare references; and Linda Hartman for t.yping this paper. iii TABLE OF' CONTENTS Page J~IST OF' ILLUSTRATIONS • v GLOSSARY viii ABSTRAC'r xvii INTRODUCTION . •. .. " . 1 Chapter I. THE :LEGl~CY OF' ROME 9 II. THE \1\JA:'NING OF' CONCRETE AECHITECTURE 46 III. THE REVIVAL OF CONCRE'rE IN EUROPEAN AECHITEC'lUHI~ 83 136 BIBLIOGRhPHY 146 iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Map . • . 6 .2. Specimen of Mortars from Egypt:, Greece, Italy and Cyprus, 18 65 . • . ~ • • • • 13 3. Map of Italy 18 4. "Example of Poured Concrete 24 5. Use of Iron in Antiquity 27 6. ~l'emple of Castor 30 7. 'I'emple of 117 B.C.
    [Show full text]