DOCSLIB.ORG

HA T·.Hesis Eubn:Lt.T:Ed L:1 Ra:R:I

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
HA T·.Hesis Eubn:Lt.T:Ed L:1 Ra:R:I CALH'ORI:\IIA S'l'ATE UNIVERSITY 1 NORI'HIUDGE 'l'IIE HIS'l'ORY 0'"' CONCRB1'E FROH ROI-.!AN 'I'JJ,!E.S H TO 'l'HE EIGH'l.'BEl\!TH CEl\'l'URY A t·.hesis EUbn:Lt.t:ed L:1 ra:r:i:·.J..al sat:i.sfacti..on of the :t··f~(Jnix·enlC~!·~:.s fer t.£~·2 d.E:g~~c;e of X1la.st.er oE A.rt.s i~1 1\Tt hy Jum:>. 1979 The 'l'hes:i.s of Janet Irene Atkinson is approved: -;.=:----~-~r-------:.--r---:::_-.--.-~- -- -~ ~-'r. Rpqer [,_t,Jul_~.o •" Dr. Jean-LtlC Bordeaux. ---------~~·---· Dr. Donald S. Strong, Chairman -~~-----· California State University, Northrid<Jc ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank my Father from whom I heard my first stories regarding concrete construction; Dr. Strong for his tireless patience; Charlotte Oyer, Librarian, loTho was able to locate many rare references; and Linda Hartman for t.yping this paper. iii TABLE OF' CONTENTS Page J~IST OF' ILLUSTRATIONS • v GLOSSARY viii ABSTRAC'r xvii INTRODUCTION . •. .. " . 1 Chapter I. THE :LEGl~CY OF' ROME 9 II. THE \1\JA:'NING OF' CONCRETE AECHITECTURE 46 III. THE REVIVAL OF CONCRE'rE IN EUROPEAN AECHITEC'lUHI~ 83 136 BIBLIOGRhPHY 146 iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Map . • . 6 .2. Specimen of Mortars from Egypt:, Greece, Italy and Cyprus, 18 65 . • . ~ • • • • 13 3. Map of Italy 18 4. "Example of Poured Concrete 24 5. Use of Iron in Antiquity 27 6. ~l'emple of Castor 30 7. 'I'emple of 117 B.C. 31 8. Trajan' s Market .. 9. The Sanctuary of Fortune at Palestr.Ln21, 35 .10. 'l'he Pantheon Showing the Arch Construction 38 11. '!'he Baths of Caracal1a 40 12. 'i'he Baths of Diocletian, Rome, 298-305 A.D. 41 1.3. 'I'he Basilica of Constantine . 4.2 14. Late Pagan Architecture in Rome, 'l'emple of !4inerva Medica, Lie in ian Gardens, Fourth Century A.D. • . • • . ... 52 15. The E>:t.erior ~vall of t.he Imperial Basilica ~rrier, 310 A.D. .•. • • "'! 0 • 55 16. Mausoleum of Galla P1acidia, Ravenna, 440 A.D. 57 17. Ravenna, San Vitale, 526--547 A.D·. 59 .18. Ccnst.anU.nople, St. Sophia, 532-537 A.D. 61 l Q -~· .... Medieval 'l'ic11ber Structures: Winchester Czt:hsdx:al, 1093 A.D. 67 List of Illustrations (continued) F.igure Page 20. Vio1let-le-Duc 1 s Drawing of the Fill in the Lo'V'Jer Portion of the Vaul tin9 Conoid, Amien's Cathedral (Notre Dame, 1220-·1270) • • 68 21. Scaffolding for a Stone Building (about 1460) 70 22. Ogmore Castle Showing Lime Kiln, Court House and :tvloat 72 81 23. Cellular "Crystalline'' Vaults . ~ . .. 24. Proposals for the Cross Section of Milan Cathedral 86 25, Francesco di Giorgio, Elevation of an Ideal Church 87 26. Leonardo 1 s Diagram of How to Dete:r.-mine t.he Breaking Strength of an Arch . • . 91 27. Galileo Galilei's Drawings 93 28. B:r:unelleschi 1 s Dome of s. Maria del Fiore 97 .29 •. Stress Configurations for Brunelleschi's Dome 99 30. The Donie of St. Pet.er' s, Rome . 101 31. Plans for St. Peter's . • . 103 32. The Catenary Chain for a Dome of Uniforr·l Weig"!l.t and for the Dome of St. :Pe:t.er' s . 1.06 33. The Fa.rallelogram of Forces from Memorie· istor iche della Gran CUpola del Tempio Vatic.:mo by Giovanni Poleni, Padua, 1748 107 34. Reinforcement in St. Genevieve, Paris llO 35. Dome of the Pantheon, Paris .. 111 36. Emile Gauthey's Testing Machine 112 37, Rondelet's Testing Machine 113 .38.. Machine for 'I'esting Small Tension Specimens, from Phys:Lca.e experimentales ei: geomet.ricae dissertationes :!Jy Petrus van t:tJ.usschenbroek, 1729 115 vi List of Illustrations (continued) Figure Page 39. John Smeaton, Civil Engineer . 129 40. Edystone Lighthouse 131 vii GLOSSlL~Y Aggregate lonse; s.t.ones, pebbles, gravel or sand of various sizes. Agrimensorial RP.....fers to Roman land surveying. It is mentioned in Villard De Hnn~•ecourt ,. s notel:ook. Air Mortar Li:t<e mortar which hardens from ahsor.ption of carl:onic acid from t~ air. It is not hydraulic. Alumina Arnphorae Jar or vase characterized by oval or egg shape·, usually made from c.1rry. lh~gillaceous Lime Hyil:t:au1ic lime from Holland 1 al:x.Nl.mdingc ir:t clay. Asphalt A bituminous substance. I·t is SlliiXJth, hard:, brittle 1 black or brO':\'!lT:ish black, and is a resinous 1tli1'rJ.C'ral consisting of different. h}'tirocarbons.. A. con,position con-­ sisting of~ b±t.umen pitch and sand or R\anufactured from nat.ural hi'h:mrinous lime stone. Batten St:>fips of wood used for attaching {nad&Iing}.. acroc,s oi.:.her pieces. U:'>et:f for stiffening. Bending (moment.) The moment: tending to bend a beam. 'l'he moments of re si st.ance. Bitlillten Sf.;~imenta:ry rock, sue h as shale 1 sax;ilstone or limestone t:bat is na.ihilrally impregnated with bitumen. Cc11:cposed o'f' hydrocarbons. vii5k Brick-relieving Arch An arch used for structural purpose of concentrating and directing the weight of t.hrust, and/or to con­ tain the concrete core when it dried out. It may have been used to facilitate construction as well. Buttress A mass of masonry or brick~urk projecting from or built against a wall to give additional stress. Caementa, Caernentum Broken stones, aggregate. Calcinate To reduce to a powder by heat. Calcium Carbonate A compound CAC02 which occurs in limesi:one, marble and aragonite. Also found in plant ashes, bones and in many shells. Calx Small stones, or the process of making lime itself. Cas·t Concrete Concret:e poured into a mould. AlEC• :ref.er s to poured concrete. Catenary The shape assumed by a perfectly flexible inextensible infinitely fine c.ord in equilibrium under given forces. Exemplified by a chain or be<wy cord hanging freely between t\,u points of support:. First suggested by Galileo as the proper cu:tve for an arch of ecruilibrium. Cellular Pertaining to cell-like, having the top and bottom of a large l:ox beam divided into cells or com­ partments. Cement Fossiliferous, clayey limest.one that contains alu..mina, silica, and lizii!e. Centering A s.t.ruct.ure on which a masonry arch or vault is built.. Removed when mortar has set. ix Chaff Tl1e. glumes. or husks of grains and grasses separated from seed by thrashing. Straw or hay cut up finely. Chalk 1\brd comes from the Latin, calx. Means a soft limestone of earthy texture and is of marine origin. May be pure white to gray limestone and consists almost wholly of calcite. Clamp, Cramp A metal device that holds, binds masonry together, usuaLly at the corners. Clay Pure clay io:: a hydrated alumina silicate, technically knov.;n as kaolin, and is pure white. J:t is produced by the weaJchcring of fe:u:=:­ spars, a group of minc'ral sub­ stances, consisting of the sili­ cates of alumina, potash, soda, and lime. Common clays are formed by the weathering of igneous rocks, shales and clayey limestones. Jren oxide is present in most clays and small quantities of lime, magnesia, and alkal i.e s. Clinker Stony material fused together. Compression External stress applied uniformly to an object. Concre·te Cement mixed with coarse or fine agg.regate, e.g., pebbles, crushed stone, brick. Sand and wa·ter in SIJecific proport.ions are added to form a thick mass. Eggs Substances such as molasses, resin, eggs, and Y-'RX, were used in con­ crete·-l.ike mixt.ure s, due in part to their ability to coagulate. Elas·ticity The property of a body with the ability to escape original shape. Co-efficient elasticity is the ratio of internal stress to the strain giving rise to it. Feeble Refers to limestone containing little hydraulicity. Ferro-Concrete Reinforced concrete. Flint Chalcedony, usually black, pulver­ ized quartz. Formacean Ancient pise construction. Graphic Statics Branch of statics, in which magni­ tJ.lde, direction and position of :forces are represented by straight lines and unknown quantii:ies found by mechanical measurement. Grit Sand, gravel, rough hard particles, especially sand. Grout A thin mortar used to fill chinks or cracks. G:y-psum A hydrated sulfate of calcium, occurring naturally in sedi1nentary rocks and used for making plaster of paris and in treating soilo Haunches Either of the parts of an arch at: U1e sides of the crown between the crown and the springings. Hoop Stresses, Hoop Tension 'rhe circumferential tension in a shell or in any thin concentric el eNent of a thick-vva ll.ed solid of .revolution subjected to pressure .. Hydraulic Refers to substances which harden under water and are hence imper­ vious to it. Hydraulic L:Lmes C'.onstituted almost excJ G;;ivel.y of silica and calcium carlxmate. C.ontains less clay than cement mixtures" rr'hey set more slowly and attain less hardness than cements. xi Laconicum Laconicus, or sweating room in the mth.. Lava Fluid rock ejected from a volcano ar~ classified as basaltic. Lime Calcium Oxide. Specifically quick­ lime and hydraulic lime. The term is used: loo·sely for calcium hydroxide and incorrectly for calcium carbonate. Limestone Ci?<1cium carlxmate, yielding lime wlrem burned . Maltha An:y of var:ious cements, some bi:Lcrminous, others resembling IROJcta:rr. A. black-vissid substance r~tween petroleum and asphalt. Marl EaTt:hy deposits consisting chiefly o.f clay with calcium carlxmate in varying, proportions.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • In This Study, Marcello Mogetta Examines the Origins and Early Dissemina- Tion of Concrete Technology in Roman Republican Architecture
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-84568-7 — The Origins of Concrete Construction in Roman Architecture Marcello Mogetta Frontmatter More Information THE ORIGINS OF CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION IN ROMAN ARCHITECTURE In this study, Marcello Mogetta examines the origins and early dissemina- tion of concrete technology in Roman Republican architecture. Framing the genesis of innovative building processes and techniques within the context of Rome’s early expansion, he traces technological change in monumental construction in long-established urban centers and new Roman colonial cites founded in the 2nd century BCE in central Italy. Mogetta weaves together excavation data from both public monu- ments and private domestic architecture that previously have been studied in isolation. Highlighting the organization of the building industry, he also explores the political motivations and cultural aspirations of patrons of monumental architecture, reconstructing how they negotiated economic and logistical constraints by drawing from both local traditions and long- distance networks. By incorporating the available scientific evidence into the development of concrete technology, Mogetta also demonstrates the contributions of anonymous builders and contractors, shining a light on their ability to exploit locally available resources. marcello mogetta is a Mediterranean archaeologist whose research focuses on early Roman urbanism in Italy. He conducts primary fieldwork at the sites of Gabii (Gabii Project) and Pompeii (Venus Pompeiana Project), for which he has received multiple grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Loeb Classical Library Foundation, the AIA, and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council. He coordinates the CaLC-Rome Project, an international collaboration that applies 3D mod- eling and surface analysis to the life cycle of ceramic vessels from the Esquiline necropolis in Rome.
    [Show full text]
  • New Fayette County Prison Volume 2 Divisions 03
    SECTION 03 1000 CONCRETE FORMING AND ACCESSORIES PART 1 GENERAL 1.01 RELATED DOCUMENTS A. Drawings and general provisions of contract, including General and Supplementary Conditions and other Division 01 specification sections, apply to requirements of this Section. 1.02 SECTION INCLUDES A. Formwork for cast-in place concrete, with shoring, bracing and anchorage. B. Openings for other work. C. Form accessories. D. Form stripping. 1.03 RELATED REQUIREMENTS A. Section 03 2000 - Concrete Reinforcing. B. Section 03 3000 - Cast-in-Place Concrete. C. Section 04 2001 - Masonry Veneer: Spacing for veneer anchor reglets recessed in concrete. 1.04 REFERENCE STANDARDS A. ACI 117 - Specifications for Tolerances for Concrete Construction and Materials. B. ACI 301 - Specifications for Structural Concrete. C. ACI 318 - Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary. D. ACI 347R - Guide to Formwork for Concrete. E. ASTM B221 - Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Extruded Bars, Rods, Wire, Profiles, and Tubes. F. ASTM B221M - Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Extruded Bars, Rods, Wire, Profiles, and Tubes (Metric). G. PS 1 - Structural Plywood. 1.05 SUBMITTALS A. Shop Drawings: Indicate pertinent dimensions, materials, bracing, and arrangement of joints and ties. B. Designer's Qualification Statement. C. Design Data: As required by authorities having jurisdiction. 1.06 QUALITY ASSURANCE A. Designer Qualifications: Design formwork under direct supervision of a Professional Structural Engineer experienced in design of concrete formwork and licensed in the State in which the Project is located. 1.07 DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING A. Deliver prefabricated forms and installation instructions in manufacturer's packaging.
    [Show full text]
  • USG Levelrock® 2500 Floor Underlayment Architectural Spec
    SECTION 03540 [03 54 13] ® Cementitious Underlayment LEVELROCK ™ 2500 Specification PART 1 - GENERAL ***Notes to Architect are highlighted in red**** 1.01 SUMMARY A. Description of Work: Work of this sections includes self leveling underlayment for interior finish flooring but is not limited to, the following: ® 1. LEVELROCK 2500™ Floor Underlayment covering normal project conditions and applications. 2. Division 3 Section “Concrete Toppings” applied over various substrates. 3. Division 9 Section sound control, patching, and leveling compounds applied with finish flooring. 1.02 REFERENCES A. ASTM C472 Compressive Strength B. ASTM C33 Sand Aggregate C. ASTM D4263 Standard test method for indicating moisture in concrete D. ASTM F2419 Standard test method for installation of thick poured Gypsum concrete and preparation of surface to receive resilient flooring E. ASTM E492 Impact Insulation Class (IIC) F. ASTM E90 Sound Transmission Class (STC) 1.03 RELATED WORK SPECIFIED ELSEWHERE A. See Section 9 for acceptable flooring materials including vinyl, tile, wood, and laminates. 1.04 SUBMITTALS A. Product Data: Submit manufacturer’s specifications and installation instructions with project conditions and materials clearly identified or detailed for each required product or system. B. Acoustical Data: Submit sound tests according to IBC code criteria ASTM E492 (IIC) and ASTM E90 (STC) 1. Submit in writing that all sound tests or data provided has been tested according to UL (Underwriters Laboratory) fire resistance design number. ® ™ Cementitious 03540 - 1 LEVELROCK 2500 Underlayment Floor Underlayment Updated 9/6/06 1.05 SYSTEM REQUIREMNETS A. Performance Requirements: ® 1. LEVELROCK 2500™ Floor Underlayment a. Minimum compressive strength 2,500 psi.
    [Show full text]
  • IJCIET), ISSN 0976 –AND 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online)TECHNOLOGY Volume 4, Issue (IJCIET) 3, May - June (2013), © IAEME
    INTERNATIONALInternational Journal of Civil JOURNAL Engineering OFand TechCIVILnology ENGINEERING (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 AND– 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online)TECHNOLOGY Volume 4, Issue (IJCIET) 3, May - June (2013), © IAEME ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print) ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) IJCIET Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), pp. 168-175 © IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.3277 (Calculated by GISI) © IAEME www.jifactor.com THE EFFECT OF GYPSUM COMPENSATIVE ON MORTAR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH Alaa Abdul Kareem Ahmad Advanced Chief Engineer, College of Engineering, University of Al-Anbar,Al-Ramadi, Iraq. ABSTRACT The gypsum concrete is a new type of concrete and has its usage. This study aimed to know the effect of the gypsum on the compressive strength using 2 inch. or 50 mm cube specimen. They compensated 5%, 15% and 25% of the cement by the gypsum respectively for making six specimens for each treatment of the gypsum had been studied. Comparing their compressive strength at age (3) days and at age (7) days with a control mortar mix at the same ages. The results shown that the compressive strength for cement mortar is decrease whenever the compensated 5%, 15% and 25% of the cement by the gypsum 38.8%, 60.5% and 68.5% respectively for (3) days age specimens. The compressive strength for cement mortar is decrease whenever the compensated 5%, 15% and 25% of the cement by the gypsum 38.1%, 58.4% and 66.1% respectively for (7) days age specimens. Through that we determined the limitation of gypsum concrete in building works.
    [Show full text]
  • Proportioning the Key to Achieving a Strong, Durable Concrete Rests in the Careful Proportioning and Mixing of the Ingredients
    Wej-it Fastening Systems Technical Manual Note: the information and data contained herein was current as of November 2008. However, the material is subject to change and is updated as needed. Wej-it Fastening Systems reserves the right to change designs and specifications without notice or liability for such changes. Please contact Wej-it Fastening Systems or look us up on www.wejit.com for the most current data available. BASE MATERIAL CONCRETE In its simplest form, concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregates. The paste, composed of Portland cement and water, coats the surface of the fine and coarse aggregates. Through a chemical reaction called hydration, the paste hardens and gains strength to form the rock-like mass known as concrete. Within this process lies the key to a remarkable trait of concrete: it's plastic and malleable when newly mixed, strong and durable when hardened. These qualities explain why one material, concrete, can build skyscrapers, bridges, sidewalks, superhighways, houses and dams. Proportioning The key to achieving a strong, durable concrete rests in the careful proportioning and mixing of the ingredients. A concrete mixture that does not have enough paste to fill all the voids between the aggregates will be difficult to place and will produce rough, honeycombed surfaces and porous concrete. A mixture with an excess of cement paste will be easy to place and will produce a smooth surface; however, the resulting concrete is likely to shrink more and be uneconomical. A properly designed concrete mixture will possess the desired workability for the fresh concrete and the required durability and strength for the hardened concrete.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rediscovery of Roman Baths in Eighteenth-Century Britain
    This is a repository copy of An Elusive Legacy: The Rediscovery of Roman Baths in Eighteenth-Century Britain. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/140325/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Savani, G orcid.org/0000-0002-8076-9535 (2019) An Elusive Legacy: The Rediscovery of Roman Baths in Eighteenth-Century Britain. Britannia, 50. pp. 13-48. ISSN 0068-113X https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X19000023 © The Author(s) 2019. Published by The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies.This article has been published in a revised form in Britannia https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X19000023. This version is free to view and download for private research and study only. Not for re-distribution, re-sale or use in derivative works. Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ An Elusive Legacy: The Rediscovery of Roman Baths in Eighteenth-Century Britain By GIACOMO SAVANI ABSTRACT In this paper, I investigate how eighteenth-century antiquarians engaged with the remains of Roman bath buildings in Britain and discuss their multifaceted attitude towards the ancient practice of bathing, with a focus on the city of Bath.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Woman, Culture, and Law by Heather Faith Wright Senior Seminar
    Roman Woman, Culture, and Law By Heather Faith Wright Senior Seminar: HST 499 Professor John L. Rector Western Oregon University June 5, 2010 Readers Professor Benedict Lowe Professor Laurie Carlson Copyright @ Heather Wright, 2010 2 The topic of my senior thesis is Women of the Baths. Women were an important part of the activities and culture that took place within the baths. Throughout Roman history bathing was important to the Romans. By the age of Augustus visiting the baths had become one of the three main activities in a Roman citizen’s daily life. The baths were built following the current trends in architecture and were very much a part of the culture of their day. The architecture, patrons, and prostitutes of the Roman baths greatly influenced the culture of this institution. The public baths of both the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire were important social environment to hear or read poetry and meet lovers. Patrons were expected to wear special bathing costumes, because under various emperors it was illegal to bathe nude. It was also very important to maintain the baths; they were, at the top of the Roman government's list of social responsibilities. The baths used the current trends in architecture, and were very much a part of the culture of the day. Culture within the Roman baths, mainly the Imperial and Republican baths was essential to Roman society. The baths were complex arenas to discuss politics, have rendezvous with prostitutes and socialize with friends. Aqueducts are an example of the level of specialization which the Romans had reached in the glory days of the Republic.
    [Show full text]
  • The Monumental Villa at Palazzi Di Casignana and the Roman Elite in Calabria (Italy) During the Fourth Century AD
    The Monumental Villa at Palazzi di Casignana and the Roman Elite in Calabria (Italy) during the Fourth Century AD. by Maria Gabriella Bruni A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Classical Archaeology in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Committee in Charge Professor Christopher H. Hallett, Chair Professor Ronald S. Stroud Professor Anthony W. Bulloch Professor Carlos F. Noreña Fall 2009 The Monumental Villa at Palazzi di Casignana and the Roman Elite in Calabria (Italy) during the Fourth Century AD. Copyright 2009 Maria Gabriella Bruni Dedication To my parents, Ken and my children. i AKNOWLEDGMENTS I am extremely grateful to my advisor Professor Christopher H. Hallett and to the other members of my dissertation committee. Their excellent guidance and encouragement during the major developments of this dissertation, and the whole course of my graduate studies, were crucial and precious. I am also thankful to the Superintendence of the Archaeological Treasures of Reggio Calabria for granting me access to the site of the Villa at Palazzi di Casignana and its archaeological archives. A heartfelt thank you to the Superintendent of Locri Claudio Sabbione and to Eleonora Grillo who have introduced me to the villa and guided me through its marvelous structures. Lastly, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my husband Ken, my sister Sonia, Michael Maldonado, my children, my family and friends. Their love and support were essential during my graduate
    [Show full text]
  • The Rediscovery of Roman Baths in Eighteenth-Century Britain
    This is a repository copy of An Elusive Legacy: The Rediscovery of Roman Baths in Eighteenth-Century Britain. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/140325/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Savani, G orcid.org/0000-0002-8076-9535 (2019) An Elusive Legacy: The Rediscovery of Roman Baths in Eighteenth-Century Britain. Britannia. ISSN 0068-113X https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X19000023 © The Author(s) 2019. Published by The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies.This article has been published in a revised form in Britannia https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X19000023. This version is free to view and download for private research and study only. Not for re-distribution, re-sale or use in derivative works. Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ An Elusive Legacy: The Rediscovery of Roman Baths in Eighteenth-Century Britain By GIACOMO SAVANI ABSTRACT In this paper, I investigate how eighteenth-century antiquarians engaged with the remains of Roman bath buildings in Britain and discuss their multifaceted attitude towards the ancient practice of bathing, with a focus on the city of Bath.
    [Show full text]
  • USG Rehabilitation Guidelines for Damaged Gypsum Underlayments Technical Guide (English)
    USG Tile & GUIDELINES Flooring Solutions USG REHABILITATION GUIDELINES FOR DAMAGED GYPSUM UNDERLAYMENTS POURED GYPSUM FLOORS IN The use of poured gypsum floors began in the early 1970s as a substitute for light-weight concrete. MULTI-FAMILY STRUCTURES The need for either gypsum or light-weight concrete is based on building codes that require all multi-family wood-frame buildings provide a one-hour fire rating. Both gypsum and light-weight concrete products act as a heat sink that in turn delivers a one- or two-hour rated assembly. Poured gypsum concrete is beneficial for a few reasons: 1. Reduction in thickness. Poured gypsum can be poured at a minimum of ¾ in. (19 mm) instead of the 1-1/2 in. (38 mm) that light-weight concrete requires. 2. Poured gypsum sets and develops strength very quickly which can allow trade traffic to resume in as little as one day. All multi-family structures must be designed in accordance with the requirements of Underwriters Laboratory (UL) for fire-resistance. UL has created a library of floor-ceiling assembly specifications that are used by architects and code bodies to identify the exact methodology needed to construct the floor-ceiling assembly. Therefore, it is imperative that any repair/rehabilitation performed on a multi-family dwelling conform to UL standards. This means that the minimum thickness of the poured gypsum underlayment must be maintained at no less than ¾ in. (19 mm) using a UL Classified product. There are no maximum thickness limits specified by UL. Gypsum floors are installed by adding water and sand to a specially formulated gypsum binder powder at the jobsite.
    [Show full text]
  • Brief History of the Roman Empire -Establishment of Rome in 753 BC
    Brief History of the Roman Empire -Establishment of Rome in 753 BC (or 625 BC) -Etruscan domination of Rome (615-509 BC) -Roman Republic (510 BC to 23 BC) -The word 'Republic' itself comes from the Latin (the language of the Romans) words 'res publica' which mean 'public matters' or 'matters of state'. Social System -Rome knew four classes of people. -The lowest class were the slaves. They were owned by other people. They had no rights at all. -The next class were the plebeians. They were free people. But they had little say at all. -The second highest class were the equestrians (sometimes they are called the 'knights'). Their name means the 'riders', as they were given a horse to ride if they were called to fight for Rome. To be an equestrian you had to be rich. -The highest class were the nobles of Rome. They were called 'patricians'. All the real power in Rome lay with them. Emperors of the Roman Empire -Imperial Period (27BC-395AD) Augustus: Rome's first emperor. He also added many territories to the empire. Nero: He was insane. He murdered his mother and his wife and threw thousands of Christians to the lions. Titus: Before he was emperor he destroyed the great Jewish temple of Solomon in Jerusalem. Trajan: He was a great conqueror. Under his rule the empire reached its greatest extent. Diocletian: He split the empire into two pieces - a western and an eastern empire. -Imperial Period (27BC-395AD) Hadrian: He built 'Hadrian's Wall' in the north of Britain to shield the province from the northern barbarians.
    [Show full text]
  • Heat-Insulating Gypsum Based Plaster Compositions
    Lyashenko, T.; Kersh, V.; Kolesnikov, A. Heat-insulating gypsum based plaster compositions 1. Introduction When developing lightened heat-insulating materials on the base of calcium sulphate (increasingly important in construction) the possibilities to introduce various lightweight aggregates and the limits of their content have been studied [1, 2]. The purpose of this particular study has been to develop the compositions for interior plaster coverings, with fine perlite as basic filler. It is known that entering of perlite grains (of low thermal conductivity) in gypsum matrix can significantly improve heat and sound insulation properties of the composite, with not only its density being lowered, but, unfortunately, its strength as well. To strengthen the composite a part of perlite could be replaced with cenospheres. These hollow alumina-silica microspheres (formed as a part of fly ash) are known [3-6] as efficient filler due to their form, waterproofness, low density and thermal conductivity. The preliminary experiments showed that certain dosages of metakaolin, plasticiser and latex could improve gypsum matrix, structure and properties of the composite. 2. Preliminary trials To determine the upper limit of the content of heat-insulating component the method of electro-thermal analogy was used in preliminary model experiments. The method helps to establish the proportions in "conductor − insulator" systems, at which the electrical conductivity changes abruptly; percolation conductivity jump takes place (or percolation resistance jump at certain content of insulator). The conductive media was modelled with carbon powder, lightweight filler particles served as the insulator. The estimated value of percolation threshold for perlite grains (and for cenospheres as well), near 80 volume percents (Fig.
    [Show full text]