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IA Colombia00ederiala \V^ _,;j UNlVEKSiTY of CALIP'OKNLft AT LOS a>;g.eles UBBIAKY Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/colombiaOOederiala 2 TlIK nllMilo Kion!i»p:«r COLOMBIA BY PHANOR JAMES EDER WITH 40 ILLUSTRATIONS AND 2 MAPS T. FISHER UNWIN LTD. LONDON : ADELPHI TERRACE y^ r-V First published in August, igi^ Second Impression, September, iqi$ Third Impression, January, igi'j Fourth Impression, Nwember, igig Fifth Impression, January, ig2i {All rights reserved) PuiMTED IN Great Bwitai* F ETzr DEDICATED TO MY FATHER A PIONEER OF PROGRESS IN COLOMBIA — PREFACE Though, by virtue of the possession of literary abili- ties to which I can lay no claim, or by longer residence in that hospitable land, there are others better fitted to write qn Colombia, yet I do not believe there is any foreigner who has had the oppor- tunities that have been presented to me in the course of my practice for coming into such close touch with so many different spheres of activity in widely scattered parts of the country. United by ties of birth, family, friendships, and business relations to Colombia, and consequently appreciating, I hope, the native point of view, and at the same time being aware of the attitude of the Northerner, I felt that in undertaking this book for the South American Series I could render a double service a, service to the Colombians in sympathetically interpreting their country to the Anglo-Saxons, and a service to the English and American business man, interested actually or potentially in Colombia—in setting before him a true picture of what he wants to know. If I have succeeded in keeping up to the high standard set by the authors of the other volumes in the South American Series and in presenting a true, fair, and sympathetic general picture of present- day commercial and industrial conditions in Colombia, I shall deem myself well rewarded for the time snatched from my professional and leisure hours. For there is so much extant in print that is utterly misleading, so much that is utterly untruthful. iii PREFACE and so little that strikes the just medium between glowing panegyrics that read like a promoter's pros- pectus on the one hand, and ignorant, unsympathetic abuse and the worthless impressionism of shallow journalists on the other. Colombia is neither a land where " gold grows on coffee-trees," where " children play with nuggets picked up on the streets," where " there are ready-made fortunes to be picked up for " the asking " nor a country '- reeking with disease and " swarming with revolutionary bandits, swash- buckling generals, and reckless demagogues," as stock salesmen or embittered adventurers would have us believe. The foreigners best qualified to speak usually remain silent. Mindful of the fact that it is in general presumptuous for a man to sj>eak of a coun- try not his own, and especially aware of the sensi- tiveness of the Latin American to criticism, realizing how irrevocable is the printed word, how deleterious to their own personal interests frank speech may be, how readily their motives may be questioned and their views misunderstood, they often lack the courage to step forward, the courage to make the mistakes of fact and of judgment that inevitably creep into any book, and the courage to expose themselves to attack and hostile criticism. And yet it is a burning necessity that peoples learn to know one other, and Colombia, perhaps above all Latin countries, has suffered from being misunderstood. Colombia is not an opera bouffe country, nor a country all of jungles, fevers, wild beasts, and savage Indians, where one is exposed to death instanter. No, it is rather an ordinary flesh-and-blood country of happy and unhappy homes and families and of daily business routine. Here are people who work their plantations, who mine the bowels of the earth and wash the river sands, who hew down forests, who have their shops, who paint pictures, sing songs, make bookSj, PREFACE ix publish newspapers, who are earnestly engaged in attempting to solve their political, economical, ecclesiastical, and other national problems, even as are the British, or the Americans, or the Canadians, or the French, or the Germans. They may go to church more or to school less than other peoples, their population may be scanty, their science of government not perfected, their lower classes uneducated, but they are worthy of serious attention. They are not a nation of slaves. Here are free men striving along various lines for national improvement. There are earnest men,, defenders of the old moralities and of the old beliefs, there are Conservatives, there are Radicals engrossed with the new ideas and the new hopes. Can it be fairly doubted that these descendants of that virile race of Spaniards who gave to humanity a New World, of those enlightened heroes of the Independ- ence who, imbued with ideals of liberty and human rights, fought for their nation's sovereignty, will not work out their own salvation, will not finally succeed in swinging their nation fully into line in the grand march of the world? But with such matters I have not concerned myself in this book. To present the national soul, the inmost spirit, of even a small population like Colombia's is a task requiring the perseverant labour, keen in- sight, and breadth of view of a gifted social philoso- pher. Neither have I attempted, discretion being the better part of bookmaking, to intrude upon the paths of science. Notwithstanding Colombia presents, scientific friends tell me, a splendid and almost virgin field for original exploration and investigation in natural history and anthropology, the scientist will find herein little if anything of interest, though I trust that the bibliographical material at least may prove of value to research workers. I have confined myself to the point of view of the mere business X PREFACE man ; it is Colombia's present industrial and financial condition that I have primarily iattempted to portray, with only such bare historical, political, and socio- logical material as was necessary to frame the picture. I have tried to lay the facts fairly and candidly before the reader. In so doing, though I have as far as possible sunk my own personal views, I have been under the necessity of indulging at times in stricture of some things Colombian. In fact, I fear that, realizing my sympathy and friendly feeling for Colombia might tend to make me unduly indulgent, I may have occasionally gone too far towards the other extreme and unconsciously passed from criti- cism to censure. But I feel confident that my Colombian friends, knowing well my love for them and their country, will pardon any errors of judgment on my part and will appreciate that any criticisms made have been intended in the best of faith to be constructive and helpful. If I had attempted, on the other hand, to veil what seemed to me to be defects, such lack of sincerity would have been at once evident, and all hope that this book, by a sympathetic presentation to foreign readers, might redound to Colombia's good would be vain, I think I recognize to the full the difficulty of the national problems the Colombian Government and the enlightened classes in Colombia have to contend with. Above all, perhaps, is the problem of carrying on the necessary governmental functions, to the extent nowadays required for sp>eedy progress, with insufficient sources of revenue, and the difficulty of levying new forms of taxes which the people are not accustomed to. Railroads and roads could be so easily built, new schools opened, agriculture officially encouraged, and its chief enemies, like the prevalent locust, checked, rich regions made sanitary and habitable, if there were only lots of money in hand to do the work PREFACE xi with ! And if foreign capital be sought, the gravie problem arises how to obtain it without subjecting the country to the risk of an intolerable foreign • domination. And social questions are no less hard : how to arouse the masses from the lethargy of ignorance and illiteracy ; how to free the Indians from the sullen fear, inherited from the Spanish days, of the priests and the governing classes ; how to: civilize the savages within the country's borders. These and other serious problems, the delicate one, for instance, of how .to maintain, in a; strongly Catholic country, a just balance of power and influ- ence between the ecclesiastical and the political authorities, between priests and citizens—all these problems call for constructive statesmanship of the highest order and for a rare spirit of co-operation. It is no wonder that the prevalent note of pessimism in the modern world finds strong echoes even in remote Colombia. Few of our books evince even an inkling of appreciation of these besetting problems. The dearth of reliable books in English on the minor Spanish American countries is especially deplorable now that South America is on the eve of a great development. Colombia, as I have already indi- cated, has suffered much in this regard. Immedi^ ately after the Independence a number of interesting works were printed ; but interest in the country seems early to have lagged, and only at rare intervals were there any publications of merit in our language to record her progress through the course of the nine- teenth century. In this connection, it may not be inopportune to sound a note of warning, at least touching Colombia, against the majority of general books on South America.
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