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Home , Ambrosio Guillen, Battle of Carabobo, Cristina Saralegui, Esteban Edward Torres, Governorate of Cuba, Juan Aldama

An illegitimate mestizo cattle driver, Juan Vicente Gómez, became one of three great authoritarian rulers of (president, 1908-1910, 1911-1914, 1915-1922, 1923-1929, 193-1935), achieving political stability with the creation of a professional army. 1997 January 1997

SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY Año Nuevo (New Year's Day). 1 1955: Panama’s President 2 1925: José F. Valdez--Medal of 3 1927: Lauro F. Cavazos--first 4 José Antonio Remón is Honor recipient and private first secretary of 1954: Robert Menéndez, US assassinated. class in Marine Corps (WWII)-- education (1988) and first in a Representative (D-NJ), is born in is born in Governador, NM. cabinet-level position--is born , NY. 1963: Edgar Martínez, in King Ranch, TX. baseball player, is born in New 1961: breaks 1994: North American Free York, NY. relations with . Trade Agreement (NAFTA) takes effect.

1891: Cuban Revolutionary 5 Día de los Tres Reyes 6 1959: United States recognizes 7 1912: José Ferrer, Theater Hall 8 1915: Fernando Lamas, actor, 9 1815: José Gervasio Artigas, 10 1811: 100,000 peasants led 11 Party (Partido Revolucionário commemorates Three Kings Cuba’s new provisional of Fame actor and Oscar winner is born in , father of Uruguay, defeats by Hidalgo are defeated in Cubano--PRC) is founded by (Wise Men), in . government, headed by Fidel (Cyrano de Bergerac, 1950), is Argentina. Argentines at Guayabo. Battle of Calderón, . Cuban national hero José Castro Ruz. born in Santruce, PR. 1959: Rigoberta Menchú Tum, 1839: Eugenio María de Martí. 1957: Nancy López, golf 1941: Joan (Chandos) Baez, first indigenous Latin American Hostos, “Citizen of the champion honored in Golf Hall 1983: USS City of Corpus Christi, folk singer, is born in Staten woman to receive Nobel Peace Americas” and writer (Moral of Fame, is born in Torrance, a nuclear submarine, is Island, NY. Prize (1992), is born in Chimel, Social, 1888), is born in CA. commissioned. Guatemala. Mayagüez, PR.

1935: Gabriel Eloy Aguirre, 12 1943: “Sleepy Lagoon” 13 14 Cristo de Esquipulas celebrates 15 1924: Katy Jurado, actress, is 16 1914: Héctor García Pérez, 17 1817: Army of the Andes 18 owner of SaniServ and 1987 case inflames anti-Mexican Black Christ through important born in Mexico. first Mexican elected to Civil begins heroic march across Minority Entrepreneur of the bias and precipitates “ pilgrimage in Central America. Rights Commission and Medal Andes to victory at Battle of Year, is born in Akron, OH. Riots” in June in , 1938: Elsa Gómez, higher of Freedom recipient in 1984, Chacabuco on 2/12/1817. CA. education administrator, is born is born in Llera, Mexico. 1867: Rubén Darío, poet of in New York, NY. literary modernism (Azul, 1970: USS El Paso, cargo ship, 1888), is born in Metapa, is commissioned. .

1851: Esteban Echeverría, 19 1920: Marcario García--Medal 20 1929: Rolando Hinojosa, most 21 1826: Royalist forces at fortress 22 1933: Chita Rivera, actress, is 23 Alacitas Fair honors both 24 25 poet (Elvira o la novia del of Honor recipient; Army staff prolific novelist of King Philip, in Callao, , born in Washington, DC. Virgen de and Ekeko, Plata, 1832), dies. sergeant (WWII)--is born in (Estampas del Valle y otras surrender, ending two-year siege god of prosperity of Aymará 1920: Javier Pérez de Villa de Castaño, Mexico, son obras, 1973), is born in and independence wars. Indians in . Cuéllar is born in Lima, Peru. of Hector Pérez García Mercedes, TX. 1918: Manuel González Prada, 1942: Pat Mora, poet and (combat surgeon, diplomat, poet (Minúsculas, 1901), dies writer, is born in El Paso, TX. member of US Civil Rights (born 1/6/1848 in Lima, Peru). Commission, Medal of Freedom recipient).

1958: , US 26 1930: Esteban Edward Torres, 27 1853: José Martí, patriot and 28 1932: Máximo Yabes--Medal of 29 30 1847: Yerba Buena is renamed 31 representative (D-CA), is US representative (D-CA), is writer (Ismaelillo, 1882), is born Honor recipient and Army first . born in Sacramento, CA. born in La Puente, CA. in , Cuba. sergeant (Vietnam War)--is born 1926: Harold Gonsalves-- in Lodi, CA. 1929: Richard Cavazos, first 1933: Leo Márquez, lieutenant recipient and 1940: Opera singer Justino Diaz Hispanic four-star Army general of USAF, is born in Marine Corps private first class is born in San Juan, PR. general, is born in King Ranch, Paralta, NM. (WWII)--is born in Alameda, 1948: TV host Cristina Saralegui TX. CA. is born in Havana, Cuba.

NOTE: Hispanic Medal of Honor recipients with missing birth dates and therefore not listed in calendar include Philip Bazaar (Navy seaman in Civil War, born in Santiago, ); David M. Gonzales (Army private first class in WWII, born in Pacoima, CA); and John Ortega (Navy seaman in Civil War, born 1840 in ). As of December 1995, there were 38 Hispanic recipients of this award for exemplary service and bravery in combat. Alicia Alonso, Cuba’s foremost ballet dancer, is shown performing the “Black Swan Pas de Deux” at the Metropolitan Theater, New York, in 1955. 1997 February 1997

SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY 1929: Carlos José Arboleya, 1 CEO of Barnett Banks in , FL, is born in Havana, Cuba. 1947: Robert Ortega, Jr. , founder of Construction Management Associates, is born in El Paso, TX.

1848: Treaty of Guadalupe 2 1814: Mariano Matamoros, 3 1973: Oscar de la Hoya, boxer, 4 1824: Patriot forces under Simón 5 1899: Ramón Novarro--silent 6 1833: Ricardo Palma, creator 7 8 Hidalgo ends war between Roman Catholic priest and is born in East Los Angeles, Bolívar and Bartolomé Salom film idol and actor (Ben Hur, of literary genre of tradición, Mexico and United States. Mexican independence fighter, CA. begin two-year siege of royal 1926)--is born in , based on Americanist pride, is is executed for treason. fortress of King Philip, in Callao, Mexico. born in Lima, Peru. 1851: José Guadalupe 1958: , singer Peru. Posada, illustrator of 1910 characterized in La Bamba film, 1900-Spanish-American War Revolution, is born in dies in airplane crash near ends. Aguascalientes, Mexico. Clear Lake, IA.

1930: Angelo D. Juárez, 9 1916: Edward R. Roybal, 10 11 1541: Santiago, Chile, is founded 12 1886: Ricardo Güiraldes, 13 1811: Domingo Faustino 14 1898: USS Maine is 15 major general of US Army longest serving US by Spanish explorer Pedro de author of national novel, Don Sarmiento, Argentina's greatest destroyed in Havana Harbor, Reserve, is born in , representative (D-CA), since . Segundo Sombra (1926), is prose writer (Facundo o Cuba. IL. 1964, and chairman of born in Buenos Aires, Civilización y barbarie) and 1953: Francisco Gómez- Congressional Hispanic Argentina. president (1868-74), is born in Dallmeier, Latin American Caucus, is born in San Juan, Argentina. biologist and director of Man Albuquerque, NM. 1933: Adolfo, fashion designer, and the Biosphere Diversity is born in Havana, Cuba. Program at Smithsonian, is born in , Venezuela.

16 1929: League of United Latin 17 1898: Luis Muñoz Marín, first 18 1972: Armando Ramos wins 19 1905: Arthur-León Campa, 20 1795: Antonio López de Santa 21 1819: Spain cedes to 22 American Citizens (LULAC) is governor and principal architect lightweight championship Mexican-American folklorist Anna, president and dictator of United States under Adams- founded in Corpus Christi, TX. of Commonwealth of Puerto over Pedro Carrasco in World and writer, is born in Guaymas, Mexico on eight occasions Oñís Treaty. 1967: Ciro Alegría, honored Rico, is born in San Juan, PR. Boxing Congress. Mexico. during 1833-55, is born in novelist of El mundo es ancho y Jalapa, Mexico. 1964: Gigi Fernández, tennis ajeno (1941), dies (born 11/4/09 1942: USS San Juan, WWII player, is born in San Juan, in Trujillo, Peru). light cruiser, is commissioned. PR.

1836: Battle of the Alamo for 23 1947: , 24 1778: José de San Martín, 25 1948: Priscilla López--Broadway 26 1621: Pedro Bedón, 27 !882: José Vasconcelos, 28 independence of from actor (Stand and Deliver), is liberator of Chile and Peru, is actress, dancer, and singer--is Ecuadorian painter, dies in Mexican minister of education Mexico begins in San born in Los Angeles, CA. born in Yapeyú, Argentina. born in the Bronx, NY. Quito. and great Latin American Antonio, TX. 1844: Dominican Republic’s essayist ( cósmica, 1952: Judith Ortiz Cofer, poet independence day. 1925), is born in Oaxaca, 1963: Bobby Bonilla, All-Star and novelist, is born in Puerto 1959: Mexican-American Mexico. baseball player, is born in the Rico. Political Association (MAPA) is Bronx, NY. founded in . The son of poor migrant farm workers in Yuma, , C’esar Estrada Chavez became a gifted leader and organizer and founder of the , choosing to live penniless and without property. He died in 1993. 1997 March 1997

SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY 1609: Spanish write 30 1899: David Barkley--Medal of 31 1920: Julián Samora, 1 instructions to build Santa Fe Honor winner and Army private sociologist and White House de San Francisco (present- (WWI)--is born in Laredo, TX. Hispanic Heritage Award day Santa Fe, NM). 1914: Octavio Paz, Mexico's recipient, is born in Pagosa first Nobel laureate for literature Springs, CO. (El laberinto de la soledad, 1938: Euripides Rubio, Medal 1950), is born in , of Honor recipient, is born in Mexico. Ponce, PR.

1917: Desi Arnaz--producer, 2 1923: Manuel Pérez, Jr. -- 3 1960: Lucille Ball files for 4 5 1836: Battle of the Alamo ends 6 7 1895: Juana de Ibarbourou, 8 actor, and pioneer of “three Medal of Honor recipient and divorce from Desi Arnaz. in , TX. poet (Las lenguas de camera technique” in “I Love Army private first class diamante, 1919), is born in Lucy” (1950)--is born in (Vietnam War)--is born in 1928: Gabriel García Márquez- Melo, Uruguay. Santiago, Cuba Oklahoma City, OK. -Nobel laureate for literature 1926: José González, Puerto (1982) and author of Cien años Rican novelist, is born in 1917: Jones Act grants US 1965: Teatro Campesino is de soledad (1970)--is born in Santo Domingo, Dominican citizenship to Puerto Ricans. established in Delano, CA. Aracataca, . Republic.

1916: attacks 9 1848: US Congress ratifies 10 11 1927: Raúl Alfonsín, president of 12 1967: United Farm Workers 13 14 1947: Federico Peña, first 15 Columbus, NM, killing 17. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Argentina (1983-89), is born in Association (UFWA) wins Hispanic secretary of with United States gaining Argentina. contract with Christian Brothers Transportation (1993), is born 1940: Raúl Julia, stage and Arizona, California, Nevada, 1996: President signs Winery. in Laredo, TX. screen actor (Man of La New Mexico, Texas, Utah, and Helms-Burton Act, tightening US 1967: United Mexican- Mancha, 1990; The Addams half of . embargo on Cuba by sanctioning American Students (UMAS) is family, 1991), is born in San foreign firms using confiscated formed by Los Angeles Juan, PR. US property. colleges and universities.

1818: Spanish army routs 16 1966: Seven days after ending 17 1938: Mexico takes control of 18 Día de San José is observed in 19 1911: Alfonso García Robles, 20 1924: Ysmael Villegas--Medal 21 1873: Slavery is abolished in 22 Chilean forces under José de his 25-day fast, César Chávez foreign-owned oil properties on honor of St. Joseph in Latin Nobel Peace Prize winner of Honor recipient and Army by Spanish ruling San Martín in Battle of and National Farm Workers its soil. America. (1982), is born in Zamora, staff sergeant (WWII)--is born body, the Cortes. Cancha Rayada, near Talca. Association (NFWA) begin a Mexico. in Casa Blanca, CA. 1892: César Vallejo, poet of march from Delano to 1946: José F. Jiménez--Medal 1931: Benito Martínez--Medal 1953: Nydia M. Velázquez , Poemas humanas (1939), is Sacramento, CA. of Honor recipient and Marine of Honor recipient and Army US representative (D- born in Santiago de Chuco, lance corporal (Vietnam War)-- corporal ()--is born , NY), is born in Peru. is born in Mexico City. in Fort Hancock, TX. Yabucoa, PR.

Semana Santa, Holy Week. 23 1829: Ignacio Zarrogoza-- 24 25 1904: Emilio (“El Indio”) 26 1512: Juan Ponce de León 27 1966: Fifty Chicano leaders 28 1941: Ricardo Sánchez-- 29 Mexican general and hero of Fernández, Mexico's most sights Florida. walk out of Equal Employment pioneer poet of bilingual 1923: Emyré Barrios battle against French invasion prominent director (María Opportunity Commission literary style and activist of Robinson--founder of Barrios on , is born in Candelaria), is born in El Seco, 1950: Julia Alvarez, author, is (EEOC) meeting in --is born Technology, Inc. , and chair Mexico. Mexico. born in New York, NY. Albuquerque, NM, protesting in El Paso, TX. of Texas Space Commission- 1942: Jésus Alou, baseball 1948: Dr. Héctor Pérez García lack of Mexican-American staff -is born in El Paso, TX. player, is born in Haina, establishes American GI Forum and efforts. Dominican Republic. in Texas.

NOTE: White House Hispanic Heritage Award also has been awarded to Julián Samora (sociologist, 1985), Miriam Colón (playwright, 1990), and Eduardo Mata (composer, 1991) Born in poor Mexican-American family near El Paso, Texas, Vikki Carr (Florencia Bisenta de Casillas Martínez Cardona) has won acclaim vocalist and humanitarian. She is shown here in the “Jimmy Dean Show” on NBC-TV, April 7, 1964. 1997 April 1997

SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY 1940: Catalina Vásquez 1 1513: Ponce de León, Spanish 2 1926: Mario E. Ramírez, 3 1981: Henry Cisneros is sworn 4 1818: José de San Martín’s 5 Villapando, former US explorer and first governor of physician, is born in Roma, TX. in as mayor of San Antonio, soldiers defeat General treasurer, is born in San Puerto Rico under Spain, lands 1932: José R. Coronado, TX. Mariano Osorio’s forces in Marcos, TX. on and names Florida (“flowery”), health care administrator, is Battle of Maipú, Chile. near present-day St. Augustine, born in Benavides, TX. and introduces written language 1944: Tony Orlando, singer, is 1966: Mexican American to natives. born in New York, NY. Student Association (MASA) is founded in Los Angeles, CA.

6 1889: Gabriela Mistral--Latin 7 1888: Dennis Chávez, first 8 1866: Civil Rights Act is passed 9 1887: Bernardo Alberto 10 1899: Treaty of Paris is ratified 11 1952: Gary Soto, poet, writer, 12 America's first Nobel laureate in Mexican American US Senator, over President Andrew Houssay, Nobel laureate for to cede Spanish Cuba, Puerto is born in Fresno, CA. literature in 1945 (Desolación, is born in Los Chávez, NM. Johnson’s veto, granting medicine and physiology Rico, and Philippines to US. 1922) and UN ambassador--is citizenship to all native-born US (1947), is born in Buenos Aires, 1956: Andy García, actor, is born in Vicuña, Chile. 1932: John Gavin, actor and residents except Native Argentina. 1966: March of César Chávez born in Bejucal, Cuba. former ambassador to Mexico, . 1930: , labor and National Farm Workers is born in Los Angeles, CA. leader and social activist, is Association ends in born in Dawson, NM. Sacramento, CA

1551: University of Mexico, 13 1931: Rodolfo Hernández-- 14 1986: Major Fernando L. 15 1933: Naomi (Burgos) Lynn, 16 1961: 1,500 Cuban exiles 17 1892: Fiesta San Antonio is 18 19 first university in North Medal of Honor recipient and Ribas-Dominicci, USAF pilot, is president of Sangamon State invade Cuba at Bay of Pigs but initiated and runs annually for America, is established. US Army corporal (Korean shot down and killed by hostile University, is born in New York, most are killed or captured by 10 days with over 150 events Conflict)--is born in Colton, CA. fire near Libya. NY. Cuban military forces. to celebrate city's rich cultural 1904: Elwood R. Quesada, 1968: Mexican-Americans in heritage in Texas. lieutenant general of USAF, Colorado begin a boycott of is born in Washington, DC. Coors beer for discriminatory hiring.

1537: Hernando de Soto is 20 1836: Texas defeats General 21 1833: Rafael Chacón, soldier 22 1846: US declares war on 23 1907: Gabriel Figueroa, noted 24 1965: Pedro Alvizu Campos, 25 1923: Cleto Rodríguez-- 26 appointed governor of Cuba Santa Anna’s forces and and memoirist of New Mexico, Mexico. director of cinematic greatest activist for Puerto Medal of Honor recipient and and captain-general of declares independence from is born in Santa Fe, NM. photography (“The Night of the Rican independence from US, US Army technical sergeant Florida. Mexico in "Battle of Flowers" at 1929: Guillermo Cabrera 1993: César Chávez, founder of Iguana,” 1964), is born in dies (born 9/12/1891 in Ponce, (WWII)--is born in San San Jacinto, TX. Infante, award-winning novelist United Farms Workers Mexico City. PR). Marcos, TX. 1923: Tito Puente, musician, of Tres tristres tigres (1967), is Association, dies in San Luis, AZ is born in Brooklyn, NY. 1915: , actor, is born in Gibara, Cuba. (born 3/31/27 in Yuma, AZ). born in , Mexico.

1867: Spanish troops in 27 28 1943: 29 1975: Marine Master Sergeant 30 Puerto Rico mutiny and are (Mexican Farm Labor Supply Juan J. Valdéz is on the last executed by the colonial Program) is ratified by helicopter to leave US Embassy government. Congress under Public Law 45. in Saigon as Vietnam War ends.

1966: Rodolfo (“Corky”) Gonzales establishes Crusade for Justice in Denver, CO. Richard “Pancho” Gonzales, shown here on Paradise Island, the Bahamas, in 1962, got off to a slow start in his career as a professional tennis player, but by 1954 he was the world Professional Singles Champion and held onto that title until 1961. 1997 May 1997

SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY 1917: Revolution of 1910 in 1 1931: Cruz Renoso, judge and 2 1916: Henry Barbosa 3 Mexico officially ends with public official, is born in Brea, González--first Mexican- constitutional election of CA. American elected to Texas General Senate and US to presidency. 1958: Lourdes López, ballet representative (D-TX)--is dancer, is born in Havana, born in San Antonio, TX. Cuba.

4 1862: Cinco de Mayo 5 1857: Juan Morel Campos, 6 1919: Eva Duarte de Perón, 7 1753: Miguel Hidalgo y Castilla, 8 1928: Richard “Pancho” 9 1958: Ellen Ochoa, astronaut 10 celebrates General Ignacio composer of Puerto Rican Argentine first lady, is born in father of Mexico, is born in González, tennis player, is born and engineer, is born in Los Zaragoza's defeat of invading national music, is born in Junín, Buenos Aires Province, , Mexico. in Los Angeles, CA. Angeles, CA. French forces at Puebla, Ponce, PR. Argentina. 1876: France Silva--Medal of Mexico. Honor recipient and Marine Corps private (Boxer 1970: Patrick F. Flores is first Rebellion)--is born in Hayward, Mexican-American consecrated CA. as bishop in United States.

1940: Victor Villaseñor, 11 1928: Manuel Lujan, Jr.--first 12 1941: Ritchie Valens (Richard 13 1811: Paraguay’s independence 14 Día de San Isidro honors St. 15 1910: Horacio Rivero, first 16 1867: Maximilian, emperor of 17 dyslexic Chicano novelist Hispanic Republican elected to Valenzuela)--singer, guitarist, day. Pedro Juan Caballero, Isidore, patron of agriculture. Hispanic four-star Navy Mexico (1832-67), formally and screenwriter (Macho!, US House of Representatives and songwriter--is born in independence movement hero, admiral, is born in Ponce, PR. surrenders to President 1973), is born in Carlsbad, (1968) and secretary of interior- Pacoima, CA. joins first governing junta of 1937: Trini López, singer, is Benito Juárez. CA. -is born in San Ildefonso, CA. Paraguay. born in , TX. 1962: Emilio Estevez, actor, is 1875: Tibirico Vásquez, 1961: Giselle Fernández, born in New York, NY. legendary “Robin Hood” outlaw, newscaster, is born in Mexico is hanged in Los Angeles, CA. City.

1539: Explorer Hernando de 18 1895: José Martí, playwright 19 1902: General Leonard Wood 20 1542: Hernando de Soto dies in 21 1810: At open meeting of 22 1946: Alfredo González--Medal 23 1690: San Francisco de los 24 Soto’s expedition sets sail in and Cuban independence transfers power to newly Guachoya (present-day (municipal council) in of Honor recipient and Marine Tejas is founded by Fathers seven ships from Havana, activist, is killed by Spanish elected president of Cuba, McArthur, AR). Buenos Aires, is Corps sergeant (Vietnam War)- Massasnet and Fontcubierta Cuba, to Florida (arriving soldiers in Battle of Dos Rios in Tomás Estrada Palma, a deposed and revolutionary -is born in Edinburg, TX. as first permanent Spanish 5/25/39 just north of present- Cuba. longtime US resident, making 1949: Xavier Suárez, first Cuban- junta is elected in his place. settlement in Texas. day Fort Meyers, FL). Cuba independent. American mayor of Miami, is launches 1822: General Antonio José born in Las Villas, Cuba. Argentine independence de wins Battle of movement. Pichincha in .

1816: National Day in 25 1939: Teresa Stratas is born in 26 1939: Lionel Sosa, chairman 27 28 1506: 29 1539: Hernando de Soto 30 1948: Gloria Molina, 31 Argentina. , , Canada. and CEO of advertising firm dies in Valladolid, Spain. arrives in present-day Tampa politician, is born in 1925: Rosario Castellanos-- Sosa and Associates, is born in Bay, FL. Montebello, CA. leading feminist and poet San Antonio, TX. 1918: --labor 1838: Central American advocate for indigenous 1968: Grand jury indicts “L.A. organizer and founder of Federation disintegrates. 1970: Tens of thousands of (Lívida Luz, 1960)- 13” for conspiracy to disturb Mexican-American Political 1941: Manuel Trinidad, people die in an earthquake -is born in Mexico City, peace during school walkouts. Association in 1959--is born in educator, is born in Rocky in Peru. Mexico. El Paso, TX. Ford, CO.

NOTE: Three Alou brothers--Felipe, Matty, and Jesús--played professional baseball. At one time in , they started in outfield for San Francisco Giants. Felipe became first major league manager from Dominican Republic. His son, Moises, played for Felipe. Luis Alvarez (1911-1988), physicist and Nobel Prize winner (1968) who worked on the development of radar and the atomic bomb, is Honored by President Harry S. Truman. 1997 June 1997

SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY 1912: José M. López--Medal 1 1951: Miguel Keith--Medal of 2 1937: Soloman P. Ortíz, US 3 1977: Violence during Puerto 4 1878: Francisco “Pancho” Villa, 5 1952: Anthony Quinn becomes 6 1904: Juan César Cordero, 7 of Honor recipient and Army Honor recipient and Marine representative (D-TX), is born Rico Day in Chicago kills two. legendary bandit and first Mexican-American to win major general of Army sergeant (WWII)--is born in Corps lance corporal (Vietnam in Robstown, TX. revolutionary general, is born in an Academy Award (“Best National Guard, is born in Mission, TX. War)--is born in San Antonio, San Juan del Río, Mexico. Supporting Actor” for Viva Carolina, PR. TX. 1943: In “,” white 1967: Reies López Tijerina Zapata! ). servicemen and Mexican- raids Tierra Amarilla, NM, Americans clash in Los courthouse and eludes capture Angeles, CA. for five days.

1875: Romualdo Pacheco 8 1967: Inter-Agency Committee 9 1788: José de Villamil, who 10 1947: Henry G. Cisneros, first 11 1941: Lucille Roybal-Allard--US 12 1911: Luis W. Alvarez, Nobel 13 1986: Jorge Luis Borges, 14 becomes first Mexican- on Mexican-American Affairs is fought in several battles against Hispanic secretary of housing representative (D-CA) and Prize winner for physics (1986), short story writer (Ficciones , American governor of established by President Spanish for Ecuadorian and urban development (1993), daughter of Congressman is born in San Francisco, CA. 1935-44), dies (born 1899 in California. Lyndon Johnson, with Vicente independence and served as is born in San Antonio, TX. Edward R. Roybal--is born in 1916: Ezequiel Cabeza de Buenos Aires, Argentina). Ximenes as its head. Ecuador’s minister to United Los Angeles, CA. Vaca becomes first Mexican- 1910: María Bombal, writer States (1852), is born in New American governor of New (La última niebla, 1935), is Orleans, LA. Mexico. born in Viña del Mar, Chile.

1786: Juan Bautista Aguirre, 15 1951: Roberto Durán, boxer, is 16 1947: Linda Chávez--public 17 18 1867: Emperor Maximilian is 19 1820: Manuel Belgrano, 20 1827: José Joaquín 21 Ecuadorian literary figure, born in Panama City, Panama. servant, politician, and news executed in Mexico. revolutionary hero, dies in Fernández de Lizardi, first dies in Tivoli, Italy (born commentator--is born in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Spanish American novelist, 4/11/1825 in Daule, Albuquerque, NM. 1927: Julián Nava, first dies (born 1776 in Mexico Ecuador). Mexican-American 1921: Pancho Segura, tennis City). ambassador to Mexico (1979- player, is born on steamboat 1953: , writer, is 81), is born in Los Angeles, CA. near Ecuador. 1829: Don Miguel Otero, born in Chicago, IL. governor and US senator (D- MI), is born in Valencia, NM.

22 1819: Spain seeks to settle 23 1822: Simón Bolívar’s forces 24 1835: Pueblo is founded with 25 1940: , screenwriter 26 27 1821: Simón Bolívar and his 28 Texas. defeat royalists in Venezuela at construction of first building (start and director (La Bamba, 1987), troops march into Caracas, decisive Battle of . of Yerba Buena, later to be called is born in Delano, CA. Venezuela, and take control 1949: Emilio A. de la Garza, Jr. 1922: Alejandro R. Rentería San Francisco). of city. --Medal of Honor recipient and Ruiz--Medal of Honor recipient 1963: Wendy -Schayes, Marine Corps lance corporal and Army private first class 1856: Mexican law forces Olympic diver and broadcaster, 1943: , US (Vietnam War)--is born in East (WWII)--is born in Loving, NM. redistribution of church lands. is born in Valencia, NM. representative (D-AZ), is Chicago, IL. born in Phoenix, AZ.

Día de San Pedro (y San 29 1944: Daniel Fernández--Medal 30 Pablo) honors St. Peter, of Honor recipient and Army patron saint of fishermen, specialist fourth class (Vietnam throughout Latin America. War)--is born in Albuquerque, NM.

NOTE: Hispanic fighter aces--fighter pilots who destroy five or more enemy aircraft in combat--include, from WWII: Commander Eugene A. Valencia, Jr. (Navy), Captain Richard G. Candelaria (Air Force), and Captain Michael Brezas (Air Force); from Korean War: Colonel Manuel J. Fernández, Jr. (Air Force). During her short life, Frida Kahlo (Mrs. ) became a celebrated artist and feminist. She is shown here in 1939 aboard the SS Normandie, . 1997 July 1997

SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY 1520: refers to 1 1964: José Canseco, All-Star 2 1769: Father Junípero de Serra 3 1943: Geraldo Miguel Rivera-- 4 1801: David G. Farragut-- 5 “sad night” when led by baseball player, is born in establishes first mission in Alta producer of “Geraldo” talk show Civil War naval hero, Moctezuma's brother, Havana, Cuba. (now San Diego), California. and winner of Peabody Award Hispanic, and first US Cuitlahuac, drive out Spanish and ten Emmies for broadcast admiral--is born in Campbell's from , Mexico, killing 1966: First Alianza public protest: 1950: US Congress upgrades journalism--is born in New Station, TN. 860 Spaniards. a march from Albuquerque to Puerto Rico’s status from York, NY. 1898: Battle of San Juan Hill, Santa Fe, NM. protectorate to commonwealth. 1811: Venezuela’s Spanish-American War. independence day.

1914: Delmira Agustini, poet 6 1808: Mariano Guadalupe 7 8 1816: Argentina’s independence 9 1902: Nicolás Guillén, Cuba's 10 1934: Franklin Delano 11 1904: Pablo Neruda--Nobel 12 of scandalous El libro blanco Vallejo--Mexican general, day. greatest 20th century poet Roosevelt becomes first laureate for literature (1971) (1907), is born in wealthy rancher, and California 1955: Jimmy Smits, actor, is born (Motivos del son, 1930), is born president to travel through and romantic poet (Veinte Montevideo, Uruguay. state senator--is born in in New York, NY. in Camagüey, Cuba. Panama Canal. poemas de amor y una Monterey, CA. 1965: Issac Camacho, Army 1960: Soviet Premier Nikita canción desesperada, 1924)- 1958: Mexican women vote sergeant first class, escapes Khrushchev promises Soviet - is born in Parral, Chile. for first time in presidential 1846: United States annexes after 20 months as POW in Union would defend Cuba election. California from Mexico. Vietnam. against a US attack.

1854: US forces shell and 13 1969: “Futbol War” between El 14 1946: Linda Ronstadt, singer, is 15 1809: Revolt in La Paz, Bolivia, 16 1833: Francisco Oller Cestero, 17 1872: Benito Juárez, first 18 1940: Vikki Carr, world- 19 burn San Juan del Norte, Salvador and Honduras begins. born in Tucson, AZ. under Pedro Domingo Murillo’s pioneer of impressionism, is indigenous leader of Mexico, renowned and Grammy Nicaragua. leadership. born in San Juan, PR. dies (born 3/21/1806 in Award-winning Hispanic 1950: Ralph E. Días--Medal of 1934: Katherine Davalos Ortega, 1917: Silvestre S. Herrera, Oaxaca, Mexico). singer of popular music 1974: Frida Kahlo, modern Honor recipient and Marine US treasurer, is born near Medal of Honor recipient and (“Simplemente mujer”), is artist of “The Two Fridas” Corps private first class Tularosa, NM. Army private first class (WWII)- born in El Paso, TX. (1939), dies (born 7/06/07 in (Vietnam War)--is born in 1948: Rubén Blades, entertainer, -is born in El Paso, TX. Coyocán, Mexico). Shelocta, PA. is born in Panama City, Panama.

1810: Colombia’s 20 21 1932: Oscar de la Renta, 22 1967: Puerto Ricans endorse 23 1783: Simón Bolívar, great 24 1819: Simón Bolívar and 25 1811: Juan Aldama, Mexican 26 independence day. clothes designer, is born in commonwealth status in “Liberator” of Spanish America, royalist forces battle at Vargas military leader, is executed by 1923: “Pancho” Villa is killed Santo Domingo, Dominican referendum. is born in Caracas, Venezuela. Swamp, Colombia. royalist firing squad. at Parral, Mexico. Republic. 1951: Lynda Cordoba Carter, 1898: US troops land at 1947: , actress (“Wonder Woman”), is Guanica, PR. 1929: Patrick Fernández musician, is born in Autlán de born in Phoenix, AZ. 1952: Puerto Rican constitution Flores--bishop and Medal of Navarro, Mexico. takes effect. Freedom recipient (1986)--is born in Ganado, TX.

1920: Joe P. Martínez-- 27 1821: Peru’s independence 28 1940: Jay R. Vargas --Medal of 29 1924: José Villareal, writer, is 30 1926: Mexican government 31 Medal of Honor recipient and day. Honor recipient and Marine born in Los Angeles, CA. prohibits Catholic practices in Army private (WWII)--is born Corps captain (Vietnam War)-- Mexico, separating church and in Taos, NM. 1868: Fourteenth Amendment is born in Winslow, AZ. state by peace agreement on grants US citizenship to legal 6/21/29. 1938: Lt. Gen. Edward D. US residents of Hispanic origin. 1944: Richard Rodríguez, Baca, National Guard chief, writer and journalist, is born in is born in Santa Fe, NM. Sacramento, CA.

NOTE: David G. Farragut, son of a Spaniard from Minorca, served 60 years in the Navy. Ileana Ross-Lehtinen, US representative (R-FL), born 7/15/52 in Havana, Cuba, is first Cuban-American elected to Congress (1989). Admiral David Glasgow Farragut (1801-1870) -- whose father, also a US Navy officer, was born on the Spanish island of Menorca – achieved Fame as a Civil War hero (“Damn the torpedoes!”) and the first US admiral. 1997 August 1997

SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY 1988: Luis Alvarez, Nobel 31 1942: Jerry Garcia--singer, 1 1821: Ignacio José de 2 Prize scientist, dies in songwriter, and guitarist--is Allende, Mexican Berkeley, CA. born in San Francisco, CA. independence leader, is executed by royalist firing squad and decapitated. 1942: Isabel Allende, Chilean novelist (La casa de los espíritus, 1982), is born in Lima, Peru.

1492: Columbus sails from 3 1947: President Harry Truman 4 1935: Roy P. Benavidez-- 5 1813: Simón Bolívar enters 6 1819: Simón Bolívar’s victory at 7 1776: Viceroyalty of Río de la 8 1871: José Mármol -- 9 Palos de Moguer, Spain, with signs Crawford-Butler Act, Medal of Honor recipient and Caracas and is given title of the Battle of Boyacá frees New Plata is established. Argentine national hero and three ships--Pinta, Niña, and permitting Puerto Rico to elect Army staff sergeant (Vietnam “Liberator.” Granada from Spanish. writer of Amalia -- dies (born Santa María, his flagship. its own governor. War)--is born in Cuero, TX. 1822: Bolívar wins Battle of Junín 1879: , 12/1/1817 in Buenos Aires, 1964: US Navy Pilot Everett in Peru. 1896: Ernesto Lecuona, legendary defender of rural Argentina). 1940: Martin Sheen (Ramón Alvarez, Jr. is shot down in Gulf 1825: Bolivian independence. popular and semiclassical poor and general of Mexican Estevez), actor, is born in of Tonkin, Vietnam, and serves 1988: USS San Juan, nuclear composer (“Siboney”), is born Revolution of 1910, is born in Dayton, . 8.5 years as POW. submarine, is commissioned. in Guanabara, Cuba. Anenecuilco, Mexico.

1809: Ecuador’s 10 1883: Emiliano Zapata, 11 1898: United States signs 12 1521: Aztecs, led by Cuahtemoc, 13 1870: Admiral David Glasgow 14 1914: Panama Canal opens. 15 16 independence day. revolutionary leader, is born in Armistice after defeating fall to Spanish forces of Hernán Farragut dies in Portsmouth, State, Mexico. Spanish fleet in Cuba and Cortés in present-day Mexico NM. 1917: Oscar Arnulfo Romero y 1932: Edward Gómez--Medal Puerto Rico in Spanish- City. Galdamez--archbishop of San of Honor recipient and American War. 1972: United Farm Workers file Salvador and Nobel Peace Marine Corps private suit in Phoenix, AZ, to repeal Prize nominee--is born in (Korean Conflict)--is born in new law prohibiting harvest- Ciudad Barrios, El Salvador. Omaha, NE. time picketing.

17 1934: Roberto Clemente--star 18 1958: Anthony Muñoz, football 19 1778: Bernardo O’Higgins, 20 1929: Hernán Badillo, 21 1966: United Farm Workers is 22 1925: Baldomero López-- 23 outfielder of Pirates player, is born in Ontario, CA. independence leader, is born in congressman/attorney, is born formed by merging National Medal of Honor recipient and and member of Baseball Hall of Chillán, Chile. in Caguas, PR. Farm Workers Association with Marine Corps 1st lieutenant Fame (1972)--is born in 1967: Alianza Federal de 1903: Beatriz Escalona, stage Agricultural Workers (Korean Conflict)--is born in Carolina, PR. Mercedes changes name to personality, is born in San Organizing Committee and is Tampa, FL. 1969: Department of Defense Alianza Federal de Pueblos Antonio, TX. admitted to AFL-CIO. 1944: Antonia Coelho Human Goals Charter is Libres. 1930: Miriam Colón, actress, is Novello, US surgeon general, announced. born in Ponce, PR. is born in Fajardo, PR.

1847: US-Mexican War ends. 24 1828: Uruguay’s independence 25 1899: Rufino Tamayo, painter 26 1870: Amado Nervo, Mexican 27 1565: Pedro Menéndez de 28 1970: National Chicano 29 30 day. of pre-Columbian and modernist poet (La amada Avilés founds St. Augustine, Moratorium protest in Laguna 1951: Oscar Hijuelos, first contemporary art, is born in inmóvil, 1920), is born in Tepic, FL. Park attracts 30,000 people. Hispanic writer to win Pulitzer Oaxaca, Mexico. Mexico. 1893: Pedro del Valle, Marine Journalist Rubén Salazar is Prize (The Mambo Kings lieutenant general, is born in killed in ensuing clash with Play Songs of Love, 1990), is San Juan, PR. police. born in New York, NY. 1948: Horacio Gutiérrez, pianist, is born in Havana, Cuba. José Feliciano – singer, guitarist – overcame the obstacles of blindness and poverty to excel as a popular performer, blending rock, soul, , blues, classical, and Latin sounds into his own highly personal style. 1997 September 1997

SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY 1772: Mission San Luis Obispo 1 1972 (9/1-9/4): La Raza Unida 2 1915: Américo Paredes, folklorist 3 1781: Los Angeles, CA, is 4 1940: Raquel Welch (Raquel 5 1946: Carlos James Lozada-- 6 de Tolosa is founded in holds national convention in El (Cancionero, 1976), is born in founded. Tejada), actress, is born in Medal of Honor recipient and California. Paso, TX, to promote Chicano Brownsville, TX. Chicago, IL. Army private first class candidates for local elections; 1932: Carlos Romero-Barcelo, 1942: Eduardo Mata--director, (Vietnam War)--is born in 1958: , singer, is José Angel Gutiérrez defeats 1965: Charlie Sheen (Carlos Puerto Rico’s resident Mexico's National Symphony Caguas, PR. born in Havana, Cuba. Roldolfo “Corky” Gonzales as Irwin Estevez), actor, is born in commissioner to Congress, is (1975)/recipient, White House national chairman. New York, NY. born in San Juan, PR. Hispanic Heritage Award Virgin of Guadalupe (Mexico). (1991)--is born in Mexico City.

1961: US Congress prohibits 7 Birthday of Virgin Mary is 8 1850: California (Mexican 9 1945: José Feliciano, singer, is 10 1919: US Marines invade 11 1918: Juan José Arreola, writer 12 1810: Father Miguel Hidalgo 13 aid to any country providing celebrated in one of biggest territory lost during war born in Lares, PR. Honduras. of short narratives instigates revolt in Dolores, assistance to Cuba, unless fiestas of Andean countries and between Mexico and United (Confabulario, 1952), is born in Mexico. US president determines it is Mexico. States) becomes 31st state of 1994: Cuba and United States 1973: Military coup deposes Ciudad Guzmán, Mexico. 1941: Oscar Arias Sanchez-- in national interest. United States. More than 27 agree on talks to halt rafter Chile’s socialist President Costa Rican president (1986- percent of California’s exodus; United States promises Salvador Allende Gossens. 1949: Michael Aguirre, 90) and Nobel Peace Prize population is Hispanic (1996). to accept up to 20,000 legal attorney, is born in San Diego, winner (1987)--is born in Cuban immigrants. CA. Heredia, .

1843: Lola Rodríguez de Tió- 14 1821: Central America’s 15 1810: Mexico’s independence 16 1868: Puerto Rican decree frees 17 1559: Audiencia of Charcas is 18 19 1946: Judith Francisca Baca- 20 -feminist and poet (“La Independence day. day (“Grito de Dolores”). all children of slaves born after installed in Chiquisaca, Bolivia, -muralist and creator of Borinqueña,” national hymn, 1948: Rosemary Casals, tennis this date. to supervise region of Bolivia, world's largest mural (“The 1868)--is born in San player, is born in San 1965: Delano Grape Strike is 1907: Luis Leal, literary scholar Paraguay, southern Peru, and Great Wall of Los Angeles” Germán, PR. Francisco, CA. led by César Chávez and (El cuento hispanoamericano, Río de la Plata. (1970s) --is born in Los 1856: San Jacinto Day Dolores Huerta under National 1967), is born in Linares, Mexico. Angeles, CA. (Nicaragua defeats invaders). 1997: Hispanic Heritage Month Farm Workers Association. 1937: Orlando Cepeda, baseball 1810: Chile’s independence begins. player, is born in Ponce, PR. day.

1926: Reies López Tijerina-- 21 1927: , US 22 1959: Elizabeth Peña, actress, 23 1915: Joseph Manuel Montoya-- 24 1828: Manuela Sáenz saves 25 1968: Group of 35 students, 26 1514: Juan Ponce de León is 27 social activist and founder of representative (D-TX), is born in is born in Elizabeth, NJ. influential US senator (D-NM), Simón Bolívar from parents, and granted right to colonize Alianza Federal de Mercedes Mercedes, TX. 1996: Hispanic Heritage second of two Hispanic senators assassination. begin six-day sit-in at Los Bimini and Florida. to reclaim US southwestern Awards ceremony at Kennedy in history)--is born in Peña 1929: Gilbert Padilla, Angeles Board of Education to land stolen from Hispanic Center, Washington, DC, Blanco, NM. clergyman and writer, is born in protest teacher ’s 1821: Agustín de Iturbide descendents--is born near honors six outstanding Morenci, NM. suspension. (emperor, 1822-23) wins Falls City, TX. members of Hispanic-American 1952: Cherrie Moraga, writer, is Mexican independence by community (21 million). born in Whittier, CA. signingTreaty of Córdoba.

1542: Juan Rodríguez 28 1513: Vasco Nuñez de Balboa 29 1962: César Chávez founds 30 Cabrillo discovers bay at “discovers” Pacific Ocean. National Farm Workers present-day San Diego, CA. Association (NFWA) in Fresno, Dia de San Miguel honors St. CA. Michael in many parts of Latin America.

NOTE: Águila Azteca (Aztec Eagle Medal), Mexico's highest honor accorded to a foreigner, is awarded to Américo Paredes (1991) and Julián Samora (1985). Desi Arnaz – bandleader, actor, and producer – achieved fame and fortune playing the hassled husband to his real-life wife, Lucille Ball, on the long- running television series I Love Lucille. 1997 October 1997

SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY 1979: United States returns 1 1945: Frank Tejado, US 2 1792: Francisco Morazán, 3 1906: George Sánchez--civil 4 Canal Zone to Panama (but not representative (D-TX), is born Central American unity rights leader and president of Panama Canal) after 75 years. in San Antonio, TX. advocate, is born in League of United Latin Tegucigalpa, Honduras. American Citizens (LULAC) 1968: Los Angeles teacher Sal in 1941--is born in Castro is allowed to return to Albuquerque, NM. classroom after week-long student protest.

5 1822: Manuel A. Alonso-- 6 1940: Pedro Antonio 7 1927: César Milstein, Nobel Prize 8 1947: Luis Santiero, writer and 9 1967: Army and police 10 11 physician and author (El gíbaro, Sánchez, agronomist, is born winner for medicine and playwright, is born in Havana, massacre hundreds of students 1849)--is born in Caracas, in Havana, Cuba. physiology (1984), is born in Cuba. and activists and wound 2,500 Venezuela. Bahia Blanca, Argentina. others protesting government- 1965: Rubén Sierra, American 1967: Ernesto “Che” Guevara sponsored inequities in Mexico League “Player of the Year” 1963: Reies López Tijerina is executed in Valle Grande, City (Tlaltelolco Massacre). (1989), is born in Río Piedras, incorporates Federal Land Grant Santa Cruz Department, PR. Alliance. Bolivia.

Día de la Raza (Indigenous 12 Columbus Day (observed) 13 1929: Fernando Luis García-- 14 Hispanic Heritage Month ends. 15 1596: Don Pedro Ponce de 16 1918: Rita Hayworth (Margarita 17 1898: US flag is raised in 18 People’s Day), a.k.a. Medal of Honor recipient and León is appointed governor of Carmen Cansino), actress, is Puerto Rico. Columbus Day, Marine Corps private first 1924: José Quintero, stage New Mexico. born in Brooklyn, NY. commemorating origin of class (Korean War)--is born director, is born in Panama City, Latin American people. in Utuado, PR. Panama. 1989: President George Bush 1912: Edward Hidalgo, Navy 1951: Desi Arnaz debuts, with nominates Antonia Coehlo secretary (1979), is born in Lucille Ball, in “I Love Lucy” Novello for surgeon general. Mexico City. television comedy series.

1899: Miguel Angel Asturias- 19 1938: Juan Marichal, Baseball 20 1927: , singer, is 21 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis 22 1935: Juan (“Chi Chi”) 23 1892: Rafael Hernández, 24 1937: Guadalupe C. 25 -author (El señor Presidente, Hall of Fame pitcher, is born in born in Havana, Cuba. results in agreement to ban Rodríguez, golfer, is born in composer of popular Quintanilla, educator, is born 1946) and Nobel Prize Laguna Verde, Dominican construction of missile bases in Río Piedras, PR. music(“Lamento Borincano”), is in Chihuahua, Mexico. winner for literature (1967)-- Republic. 1972: Reies López Tijerina Cuba by Soviet Union if United born in Aguadilla, PR. is born in Guatemala City, stages walk-out of Chicano States promises not to invade 1970: USS San José, combat 1955: Minerva Pérez, Guatemala. 1953: Keith Hernández, Congress for Land and Cuba. storeship, is commissioned. 1943: José E. Serrano, US television journalist, is born in baseball player, is born in San Cultural Reform in representative (D-NY), is born San Juan, TX. Francisco, CA. Albuquerque, NM. in Mayagüez, PR.

1922: Lucian Adams--Medal 26 1806: Juan N. Seguín, founder 27 1910: Eligio (“Kid Chocolate”) 28 1920: Baruj Benacerraf, Nobel 29 1810: Battle of Monte de las 30 1831: Romualdo Pacheco-- 31 of Honor recipient and Army of “Republic” of Texas, is born Sardiñas, first Hispanic boxer Prize winner for medicine and Cruces, Mexico. governor of California in 1875 staff sergeant (WWII)--is in San Antonio, TX. to win world junior lightweight physiology (1980), is born in 1928: Piri Thomas, writer, is and US representative (R-CA) born in Port Arthur, TX. title, is born in Havana, Cuba. Caracas, Venezuela. born in New York, NY. in 1876--is born in Santa 1967: Land in Chamizal region 1937: Rudolfo Anaya, novelist Barbara, CA. is returned to Mexico by (Bless Me, Última, 1972), is President Lyndon Johnson. born in Pastura, NM.

NOTE: On October 2, 1672, Spanish began building , St. Augustine, FL, out of coquina (shell stone), to protect St. Augustine from invaders. Construction was completed 23 years later. Castillo de San Marcos was renamed Fort Marion in 1845 to honor Francis Marion (“the Swamp Fox”), a Revolutionary War hero Lieutenant José Gonzales, United States Marine Corps, received a Medal of Honor for service in the Vietnam War. 1997 November 1997

SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY 1781: Andrés Bello López-- 30 1878: Carlos Saavedra 1 intellectual, jurist, linguist, Lamas, Nobel Peace Prize philosopher, and poet, best winner (1936), is born in remembered for his Spanish Buenos Aires, Argentina. grammars and a legal textbook--is born in Caracas, 1935: Nicholasa Mohr--writer Venezuela. (Nilda, 1973) and artist--is born in New York, NY.

Día de las Ánimas/los 2 1903: Panama’s independence 3 1774: Carlos María de 4 1811: Arrest of Manuel Aguilar, 5 1810: Father Miguel Hidalgo’s 6 1985: Colombian troops end 7 1519: Aztec emperor 8 Difuntos honors deceased day. Bustamante--historian/ Roman Catholic priest, by royal Indian army of 40,000 to 27-hour siege of Bogotá’s Moctezuma Xocoyotzín family members at publisher/army officer--is born officials provokes revolt in San 60,000 members is decimated Palace of Justice. meets Spanish explorer cemeteries throughout Latin 1970: Salvador Allende in Oaxaca, . Salvador, El Salvador. José by 7,000 criollo troops of Hernán Cortés at temple of America. Gossens takes office as Chile’s 1932: Rita Esquivel, head of Matías Delgado, father of El viceroy’s army at Aculco, goddess Toci in Mexico. president, vowing to nationalize Office of Bilingual Education Salvador’s independence Mexico. copper companies. and Minority Language Affairs, movement, plays key role in is born in San Antonio, TX. uprising.

1918: Medal of Honor 9 1834: José Hernández, author 10 1928: Carlos Fuentes, Mexican 11 1651: Sor JuanaInés de la Cruz, 12 1962: Carlos Ortíz, Puerto 13 1844: Joseph H. de Castro-- 14 1915: Alberto Baez, Mexican- 15 recipient David Barkley of of national epic poem Martín novelist (La región más poet and feminist, is born in San Rican boxer, regains Medal of Honor recipient and American physicist noted for Laredo, TX, drowns under Fierro (1872-79), is born in transparente, 1958), is born in Miguel , Mexico. lightweight boxing corporal (Civil War)--is born in X-ray imaging, is born in fire, en route back across icy Chacra de Puerredón, Panama City, Panama. 1930: Eugene Arnold Obregón-- championship in San Juan, PR. , MA. Puebla, Mexico. Meuse River, France, after Argentina. Medal of Honor recipient and 1928: Joseph C. Rodríguez-- mapping enemy artillery units Marine Corps private (Korean Medal of Honor recipient and in WWI. His partner returns War)--is born in Los Angeles, sergeant (Korean War)--is born safely. CA. in San Bernardino, CA.

1994: Judge in Los Angeles, 16 1905: Rodolfo Usigli, playwright 17 1903: Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty 18 1938: Louis R. Rocco--Medal of 19 Veinte de Noviembre honors 20 21 1595: Sir Francis Drake, 22 CA, temporarily suspends (El gesticulador, 1938), is born gives United States control of Honor recipient and Army Francisco Madero's call to English explorer, sails into Proposition 187, an initiative in Mexico City. 10-mile strip of land in Panama sergeant first class (Vietnam arms against dictator Porfirio San Juan, PR. passed on 11/8/94 to prohibit to build Panama Canal. War)--is born in Albuquerque, Díaz (president, 1877-80, undocumented immigrants 1913: Panama Canal opens for NM. 1884-1911) in Mexico. from receiving public use. 1962: Dennis Chávez (D-NM), assistance. first Hispanic member of US Senate, dies.

1883: José C. Orozco, 23 1724: Father Junípero Serra, 24 1897: Spanish royal decree 25 1907: Vernon Louis “Lefty” 26 27 28 1916: United States declares 29 Mexican muralist (“Catharis,” founder of California missions, grants autonomy to Cuba and Gómez, Baseball Hall of Fame martial law in Dominican 1934), is born in , is born in Petra, Majorca, Spain. Puerto Rico. pitcher, is born in Rodeo, CA. Republic. Mexico. 1920: Ricardo Montalbán, 1931: Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, 1922: Orestes (“Minnie”) actor, is born in Mexico City. Nobel Peace Prize winner Minosa, baseball player, is (1980), is born in Buenos Aires, born in Perico, Cuba. Argentina. Mexican painter Diego Rivera (1886-1957) works on the “American Class Struggle” at the New Yorkers’ School, New York City, in 1933. His technique had an enormous influence on twentieth-century art in Mexico and the United States. 1997 December 1997

SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY 1939: Lee Buck Treviño-- 1 1891: Carlos Mérida--Mayan 2 1896: Xavier Guerrero, Mexican 3 1934: El Congreso del Pueblo 4 1947: Jim Plunkett, All-Pro 5 1534: Quito, Ecuador, is 6 Mexican-American member of painter of La confluencia de las muralist, is born in San Pedro de de Habla Española holds first football player, is born in San founded by Spaniards. Texas Golf, American Golf, and civilización en América--is born las Colonias, Mexico. conference in Los Angeles, CA, José, CA. World Golf Halls of Fame--is in Quezaltenango, Guatemala. to fight for equal rights for born in Dallas, TX. 1986: Desi Arnaz, television Spanish-speaking people in entertainer, dies in Del Mar, United States. CA.

1929: Ambrosio Guillén-- 7 1886: Diego Rivera, master 8 1824: Forces of General 9 1898: Spain signs Treaty of 10 1905: , actor 11 1531: Día de la Virgen de 12 13 Medal of Honor recipient and muralist (“Creation,” 1922), is Antonio de Sucre liberate Peru Paris, transferring Cuba, Puerto (“Cisco Kid”), is born in Juárez, Guadalupe honors patroness of Marine Corps staff sergeant born in Guanajuato, Mexico. by defeating royalist army, Rica, and Philippines to United Mexico. Mexico and all Americas. (Korean War)--is born in La under command of José de la States. 1931: (Rosa Junta, CO. Serna, at Ayacucho, Peru, in Dolores Alverio)--Academy last great battle of wars of 1951: Johnny Rodríguez, singer, Award-winning actress (West independence. is born in Sabinal, TX. Side Story, 1961)--is born in Humacao, PR.

1951: María Grever, singer, 14 1831: José Francisco 15 1936: Carmelita Schemmenti, 16 1830: Simón Bolívar dies near 17 1955: Deborah Aguiar-Vélez-- 18 1896: , 19 1942: Hector Santiago-Colón- 20 dies in New York, NY. Bermúdez--prominent brigadier general of USAF, is Santa Marta, Colombia. president of Sistemas master muralist (“The March of -Medal of Honor recipient and Venezuelan patriot, hero of born in Albuquerque, NM. Corporation and Outstanding Humanity,” 1964), is born in Army specialist fourth class independence wars, and 1959: Alfonso Reyes--humanist Women Entrepreneur Advocate Chihuahua, Mexico. (Vietnam War)--is born in commander-in-chief of Army of 1966: USS Mariano G. Vallejo, and poet (Visión de Anáhuac, (1990)--is born in New York, Salinas, PR. the East--is assassinated by nuclear submarine, is 1917)--dies (born 5/17/1889 in NY. political enemies. commissioned. Monterrey, Mexico).

1874: Juan Bautista Sacasa, 21 1935: Tomás Rivera--pioneer of 22 1751: José Campeche--great 23 24 Navidad (Christmas) 25 1492: First Spanish settlement 26 1967: More than 100 27 (...y no se lo colonial artist (“La visión de in New World is founded at La demonstrate (1932-36), is born. tragó la tierra, 1971)--is born in San Francisco,”1801)--is born 1934: Robert Martínez, former Navidad, Hispaniola, by against police brutality at Crystal City, TX. in San Juan, PR. governor of Florida and Columbus. sheriff substation in East Los 1964: USS García, escort director, Office of National Drug Angeles, CA. ship, is commissioned. Control, is born in Tampa, FL. 1904: Alejo Carpentier, novelist (El siglo de las luces , 1962), is born in Havana, Cuba.

Día de los Santos Inocentes 28 1845: Texas becomes 28th 29 30 1777: Juan de Miralles leaves 31 (Holy Innocents' Day) is state, and today more than 27 Cuba to establish diplomatic celebrated with practical percent of its population is liaison between Spain and jokes in Latin America. Hispanic. Congress of . 1930: Jaime Escalante, educator 1989: Open letter to Fidel who inspired Stand and Deliver, Castro is published by Latin is born in La Paz, Bolivia. Americans and Europeans.

NOTE: Spanish grammar and literature courses are first offered in United States in 1776 at College of Philadelph DEOMI: Year 1997 Hispanic Heritage Calendar

During the past 500 years, the histories of the Division (FRD) of the . Using the Hispanic world and the United States have become so resources of the Library of Congress and other interwoven that Hispanic heritage is a vital, inseparable sources, the FRD staff researches and prepares part of American history. In 1968, the United States products on a fee-for-service-basis for Federal Government set aside a week each year to recognize agencies. As an intern with FRD from the Hispanic Hispanic heritage. Congress expanded the celebration to Association of Colleges and Universities (HACU) a month beginning in1989. Each year, the period National Internship Program in the summer of 1996, between September 15 and October 15 is Hispanic Jaklen Muoi Tuyen co-authored this calendar with FRD Heritage Month, and the Defense Equal Opportunity Research Analyst Rex Hudson. Dr. Gene Murray, Management Institute (DEOMI) actively participates. Associate Professor of Mass Communications, Grambling State University, performed initial research The purpose of the Hispanic heritage calendar, and oversaw the project as a DEOMI Faculty which is being distributed by DEOMI, is to recognize Research Fellow in 1996. selected events and achievements by persons with Hispanic backgrounds. Hispanic persons make up about Photographic credit: All photographs used in this 9 percent of the United States population and about 6 calendar were reproduced from the collections of the percent of the total U.S. armed forces. According to U.S. Library of Congress. Census figures, there are more than 22 million persons of Hispanic backgrounds. number more Cover art: The design on the cover was prepared by than 12 million, and there are almost 2.5 million Puerto the graphic arts staff of DEOMI. Ricans on the United States mainland. The third largest group is Cuban American with more than 1 million. The number of is increasing faster than any other ethnic group in the United States. Demographers estimate there will be 31 million Hispanics in the United States by 2000 and 88 million by 2050.

This calendar was prepared for the Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute (DEOMI) under an Interagency Agreement with the Federal Research Since its inception in 1971, the Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute at Patrick Air Force Base has been a leader in human relations training and equal opportunity research. To date, over 12, 000 equal opportunity advisors have been trained and numerous research projects Have been conducted. This calendar is the result of one of these research projects.