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A Sociological Study of J&K Conflict

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CONFLICT AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION: A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF J&K CONFLICT THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF SOCIOLOGY i,:^' '^^ w By BILAL AHMAD MIR Under the Supervision of Dr. Abdul Waheed (Reader) DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL WORK ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2006 ;, hra;* i,>., * v T6699 [1905-1994] Phone (0571) 700922/923/926/937 Extension 350 and 351 DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY AMD SOCIAL WORK ALlGAlRH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH -202 002 D.No Dated Certificate This is to certify that Mr. Bilal Ahmad Mir has worked for his Ph.D. thesis on 'Conflict And Conflict Resolution: A Sociological Study of J&K Conflict' under my supervision. This is an empirical study. To the best of my knowledge it is an original work and worth to he submitted for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology. Dr. Abdul Waheed Supervisor CONTENTS Page No. Acknowledgment i-iii List of Tables iv-vi Introduction 1-6 Chapter -1 Dynamics of Conflict 7-42 1.a. Sociological Perspectives 1.a.1. Dialectical 1.a.2. Functional 1.b. Meaning of Conflict 1.C. Classification of Conflict Ld. Source of Conflict I.e. Consequences of Social Conflict 1.f. Conflict Resolution ig- References Chapter-II Socio-Historical Account ofJammu 43-72 & Kashmir State and Design of the Study 2.a. Area & Location 2.b. Physiography 2.C. Population and Communities 2.d. Language 2.e. History 2.f. Economy 2.g. Culture 2.h. Research Design 2.i. Design & Stages of the Study 2.j. Formulation of an Interview-Schedule 2.k. Respondents 2.1. Problems faced in fieldwork 2.m. Aims and relevance of the study 2.n. References Chapter-Ill Sources and Dimensions ofJammu 73-1Q4 and Kashmir Conflict 3.a. International Dimension or exogenous sources 3.b. National Dimension or endogenous Sources 3.b.1. Political Dimension 3.b.2. Economic Dimension 3.b.3. Ethnic Dimension 3.b.4. Religious Dimension 3.b.5. References Chapter-IV Factors ofJammu & Kashmir 105-142 Conflict: An Analysis 4.a. Political Factors 4.b. Economic Factors 4.C. Ethnic Factors 4.d. Religious Factors 4.e. Factor/s of J&K Conflict Chapter-V Consequences and Resolution of 143-226 Conflict in Jammu & Kashmir: An Analysis 5.a. Consequences 5.b. Resolution 5.C. References Conclusion 227-267 Bibliography 268-277 Interview-Schedule 278-281 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the outset all the praises and thanks be to Allah the guide to the straight path. When years of earnest research finally translates into a neatly written thesis, it is easy to take all the crec'it and pat oneself on the back for a gigantic task accomplished. The fact remains, however, that no work of such magnitude is possible without a whole network of support systems available to the research scholar. I consider myself both lucky and blessed to have been associated with people who went out of their way to lend me a helping hand even before I asked for it. Though mere words are not sufficient, they are all I have to acknowledge, with deep gratitude, al the people whose names are mentioned below. I wish to thank Dr. Abdul Waheed, my supervisor, for the outstanding dedication with which he guided me through the entire research process. Not only did he share a wealth of information with me, but also provided unique and deep insights into every aspect of Kashmir conflict. I am eternally grateful to him for giving me constant encouragement and showing great optimism and faith in my abilities. I am very thankful to Professor Noor Mohammad, Chairman Department of Sociology And Social Work, for all his help and support during the initial registration period. I would like to send very special thanks to other teachers in the department like Professor Jamal Siddiqui, Dr. Nemat Ali Khan, Dr. Zain-ud-din, Dr. P.K. Mathur and Dr. Mateen. They have always been kind enough to offer their valuable comments on various aspects of the present work. Moreover, the special relationship I shared with each of them was my motivation and inspiration to do well. My heartfelt thanks go to Seminar Librarian, Dr. Ibne Hasan for giving me full access to valuable collection of books. In the department I am also indebted to other non-teaching staff members like Mr. Hussain, Mr. Subhan Bhai, Mr. Minat and Mr. Gaffor for motivating me to do my best. A very warm thank you goes to the management and staff of the Maulana Azad Library, A.M.U., Aligarh where I had access to books and Journals related to the topic. I concede that whatever is really appreciable in the work is also as a result of my constant interaction with all members of the Institute Of Objective Studies, Aligarh Chapter. I express my unrestrained gratitude to Dr. Muqeem, Coordinator, Dr. Siraj, Assistant coordinator and their colleague Mr. Sartaj. They have always been a source of constant encouragement for me in carrying out this work to accomplishment. I am beholden to the institute for awarding me the scholarship for two years, which enabled me to complete this work. My grateful thanks are also due to my friends Mr. Saiyed Idrees, Dr. Malik Rehan, Dr. Mujeeb, Dr. Sharif, Dr. G.M. Rathor, Arief Amin, Dr. Jawaid Ahmad Dar, Dr. Fayaz Ahmad Bhat, Dr. Fasogamy, Dr. Parvez, Dr. Fasahat, Razya Sahni, Shahnawaz, Arshad and Jeelani. I would also like to send very special thanks to my friends with whom I have spent my childhood days Dr. Nazir Ahmad, Manzoor Ahmad Mir, M.A. Dar, Abdul Hamed Mir, Mr. Abdur Rehman, Muzaffar Ahmad Bhat and M.A. Wani. Each of whom have helped me in unique ways. The solace and assurance they gave whenever I seemed to lose sight of the goal will remain with me forever. Moreover the prayers and good wishes they constantly sent my way will always have a special place in my heart. My thanks and appreciations are also due to the typist Mr. Hammadun Naseer, (HIRA COMPUTER WORLD) who spared valuable time and has done the typing work with patience, utmost interest and care. Finally I would be failing in my duty if I do not place at record the suffering and difficulties which my respected parents had to face in supporting me in this venture. Despite, this entire parent took keen interest in my study. My sisters Mahmooda, Shazada and naughty lovely (Tasleema) as well as brothers Baidhar Ahmad and Mohd Amin also contributed a lot in this direction. All of whom stood firmly by me during the most difficult moments, and never allowed me to give up. Without their prayers, mentoring advice and even admonishments this accomplishment would have been impossible. Hearty thanks are due to Miss. Sabah Ahmad for keeping my spirit up and keeping all the hamstrings and scions in order while drafting this work. Though a lot has been said there is still more that remains because of debts of this magnitude are impossible to repay. All I can say is that a significant part of this success belongs also to each person mentioned in these pages. This achievement, finally, is theirs as much as it is mine. Bilal Ahmad Mir, Alig. 11) LIST OF TABLES Table Title Page No. No. 1. Composition of respondents their religious 64 affiliation at state and regional levels 2. Political factors responsible for creating 106 background for Kashmir conflict. (Item no. 14 of the Interview Schedule) 3. Political factors responsible for conflict after 109-110 accession to India (Item no. 15) 4. Political Factors promoting violence in J&K 113 (Item no. 16) 5. Root causes of the conflict (Item no. 17) 116 6. Economic factors of the conflict. (Item no. 18) 121 7. Economic factors and growth of militancy. 123 (Item no. 19) 8. Religion and militancy (Item no. 20) 125-126 9. Hindu suspicion of Muslim patriotism and the 128-129 conflict (Item no. 21) 10. Ethnic diversity and the conflict (Item no. 22) 131-132 11. Hegemony of Kashmiri speaking Muslims and 134-135 the conflict (Item no. 23) 12. Major factor of the conflict (Item no. 24) 137-138 IV 13. Kashmir conflict and its impact on political 144 integration (Item no. 25) 14. Support base of the movement (Item no. 26) 146 15. The conflict and the economic prospects (Item 148 no. 27) 16. The conflict and educational infrastructure 151-152 (Item no. 28) 17. The conflict and family and marriage 155 institutions (Item no. 29) 18. The conflict and Kashmiryat (Item no. 30) 160 19. The conflict and inter-community relations 163 (Item no. 31) 20. The conflict and the respect of people. (Item 166 no. 32) 21. The conflict and religious freedom (Item no. 33) 168-169 22. The conflict and rights and liberties (Item no. 171-172 34) 23. The conflict and demographic changes (Item 174 no. 35) 24. The conflict and Human rights violation (Item 179-180 no. 36) 25. Autonomy of the state and resolution of the 193-194 conflict (Item no. 37) 26. Resolution of the conflict and regional 196 autonomy (Item no. 38) 27. Plebiscite and resolution of the conflict - I 199 (Item no. 39) 28. Plebiscite and resolution of the conflict - II 202 (Item no. 40) 29. Free movement of the people across the border 205 (LOG) and resolution of the conflict (item no. 41) 30. Merger of Valley-Kashmir with Pakistan and 208 resolution of the conflict (Item no. 42). 31. Proper implementation of democracy, 210-211 economic development and resolution of the conflict.(ltem no.
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