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Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49046-7 — Kashmir in the Aftermath of Partition Shahla Hussain Index More Information 378 Index Index Abbas, Chaudhry Ghulam, 41, 48, 53–4, inefficiency, 86 59, 244, 248 measures, 353 Abdullah, Begum, 198 officials, 87, 278 Abdullah, Farooq, 147–8, 202, 221–3, 306, services, 143 310 zone, 107 Abdullah, Sheikh Muhammad, 3, 37–44, Afghanistan, 246, 304, 327–8, 339, 358 47–60, 62–5, 69n21, 72n89, 78–82, agrarian reforms, 104–11, 140, 163, 224 86–7, 89–90, 92–4, 96, 99–105, deep resentment in Jammu, 109 109–20, 130n198, 132, 134–7, empowered a section of the Kashmiri 140–1, 144, 146–7, 149, 153, 155, peasantry, 107 157–8, 161, 163–6, 172, 177n41, exempted fruit farms, 108 185–7, 189–94, 196–203, 206–7, manipulated revenue records, 108 212–24, 226, 236n161, 239, 246, no compensation, 106 248, 250, 253–56, 272, 295, 297–8, ahli-i-tiqadis, 163 302–3, 306, 310, 319, 341n31, 357 Ahmad, Bashir-ud-din Mahmud, 40 against integrationist forces, 116 Ahmadiyyas, 40, 42 arrest, 203 Ahrars, 40 in National Conference, 143 Akal Takht, 313 limiting the jurisdiction of India’s central Akali Dal, 112 government, 99 Akbar, Sofi, 193 political views on partition, 62–3 Aksai Chin, 203 would nullify the state subject category, Al-Fatah, 211, 214, 217, 258, 302 117 commitment towards Palestinian Action Committee, 153–4 national movement, 274 Awami, 204 on guerilla warfare in Kashmir, 212 Babri Masjid, 305 Algeria, 19, 189, 202–3, 208, 239, 254, Buddhist, 228 258, 274 Hindu, 209 Algerian National Liberation Front, 254 Muslim, 198, 202, 204 Ali, Agha Shahid, 2–3, 20n1, 324, 360 West-Pakistani Refugees, 220 alienation administrative, Kashmir from India, 2–3, 294 acceptability, 5, 172 from National Conference, 301 anti-corruption campaigns, 148 of Kashmiri Muslims, 28, 212, 294, 301, complications, 92 311 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49046-7 — Kashmir in the Aftermath of Partition Shahla Hussain Index More Information Index 379 Aligarh Muslim University, 37 Assam, 15, 172, 221, 319 All India Kashmir Muslim Committee, 40–1 Audit Report of 1962, 144 All India Kashmir Muslim Conference, 31, Auquaf-i-Islamia, 155 33, 40 Awami League, 260–1 All India States People’s Conference, 47 Awami Mahaz, 216 All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Awami National Conference, 307 Conference, 242 Awami Raj, 80, 89, 120 All State Kashmiri Pandit Conference, 59 Awami Socialist Conference, 191 Allah Tigers, 326 Ayyangar Committee Report (1967), 141, Al-Qaeda, 331 177n46 Al-Umar, 326 Ayyangar, N. Gopalaswami, 100, 141, 144 Amarnath Shrine Board, 335 aazadi (azadi), 256, 278–9, 311–20, 323– Amnesty International, 16, 317 31, 337 Anantnag, 58, 162–3, 215–16, 303, 306–7, counter-narrative of, 320–4 333 demand by Kashmiris, 2, 4 Anantnag Degree College, 216 digital and creative roots of, 331–9 Andrabi, Jalil, 329 Islamization of, 324–31 Anglo-Sikh wars of 1846, 27 Azad Kashmir, 188, 214, 221, 229, 239–40, Anjuman-i-Tabligh-ul-Islam, 155 250–1, 253–4, 256, 259, 263, 267– Anjumun-i-Kashmir-Mussalmanan-i- 9, 277–80, 352 Lahore, 31 accommodation and resistance in, 240–9 Anjumun-i-Nusrat-ul-Islam, 33 as a base camp, 268 Ansari, Abdul Khaliq, 250, 253–4, 262, dominated by Pakistani nationalist 271, 273, 285n77 politics, 253 Ansari, Maulvi Abbas, 307 feelings of political suppression, 246 Arab–Israeli War of 1973, 299 for guerilla training, 256 Arafat, Yasser, 274 involved in fractious internal politics, Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special 248 Powers Act (AFSPA), 281, 316, 332–4 legislative assembly, 272, 279 Article (Indian Constitution) Pakistan and, relationship between, 35A, 8, 103, 226, 338–9, 356–7 271–3 249, 306 provisional government, 242 275, 138 puppet regimes, 281 306A, 100 and self-determination promise, 252 356, 145, 201 Azad Kashmir Army, 241 370, 11, 100–1, 103, 137, 148, 166, Azad Kashmir movement, 95, 241–2 172, 201, 215, 218, 220–2, Azad Muslim Conference, 42, 202 224–5, 306, 308, 351 Azad, Abdul Ahad, 61 371, 11 Azad, Maulana Abdul Kalam, 119 371A, 11, 22n26 Aziz, Mir Abdul, 245 Arunachal Pradesh, 12, 172, 338–9 Ashai, G. M., 114 Babri Masjid Action Committee, 305 Ashraf, K. M., 45 backward classes, 166, 168, 182n160 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49046-7 — Kashmir in the Aftermath of Partition Shahla Hussain Index More Information 380 Index Baghdad Pact, 187 British paramountcy, 6, 60–1 Bakshi Brothers Corporation, 141 bodhisattva, 26 Bakshi, Rashid 153 border(s), 5–6, 10–13, 35, 40, 65, 67, Bakshi, Shakeel, 307 97–8, 199, 203, 205, 220, 229, 238, Bakula, Kushok, 110 242–3, 253, 272, 277–8, 317–18, Baluchistan, 246, 273 326, 330, 349–50, 358 Balawaristan National Front (BNF), 279 artificial, 2–3, 78, 83 Baltistan, 6, 243, 249, 254, 259, 275, 279– with China, 243 80, 290n193, 352 within their homeland, 252 Bandung, 189 in the Kashmiri psyche, 349 Bangladesh, 146, 260, 269, 271–2, 338–9 of the nation-states, 3 Baramulla, 204, 215, 255, 277, 299, 334 to reconnect communities, 83 Basic Democracy (BD) system, 248–9 Brinckman, Arthur, 30 Basic Principles Committee, 101, 118 Britain, 13, 17, 41, 99, 146, 229, 239–40, Basit, Abdul, 256–7 245, 251–2, 263–6, 270–1, 273–6, Batamaloo, 204, 313 281 Bazaz, Prem Nath, 43, 45–6, 51, 53, 57, 62, Buddhist, 4, 19, 26, 47, 95, 110, 224, 94, 169, 187–8, 192, 208, 234n101, 227–8 102, 246 Budgam, 204, 299 Bedi, B. P. L., 45, 81 Bukhari, Maulana Qasim, 155 Bedi, Freda, 45 bureaucracy, 108, 250, 259–60 Beg, Mirza Afzal, 102, 193, 215, 218 administrative, 245 belonging(s), 8, 18, 31, 35, 65, 77–9, 85–6, central, 170 90–1, 97–8, 102, 104, 111, 120, corrupt, 29 167, 241, 324, 353 Hindu, 28 community, 14 Pakistani, 12, 96, 229, 239, 243 to different sub-regions, 41 Burma Ordinance of 1818, 40 to either India or Pakistan, 64, 120 business groups, 38, 47, 307, 319 to the homeland, 353 Butt, Maqbool, 238, 254–5, 259, 261, political, 5, 17 263, 269, 276, 286n104, 286n105, religious, 7, 355 287n117 with the undivided territory of Jammu and Kashmir, 8, 241 Cabinet Mission, 58, 185 Berlin Wall, 304 capitalism, 57–8, 263–7, 270, 295, 301 Bhan, D. N., 187 cease-fire line, 248, 254 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), 228, 315, 338 central assistance Ekta Yatra in 1991, 325 Kashmir received a larger share, 138 victory in 2019 general elections, 356 drove economic growth, 139 Bhat, M. S., 160 Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, 261, 265, 299, 272 210–11 Big Landed Estate Abolition Act, 106 centralization, 12–14, 93, 115, 133, 148, biradari, 241, 244, 250–2 166, 171, 187, 192, 217–25, 294, Birmingham, 245, 251, 263–4, 274 304, 351 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49046-7 — Kashmir in the Aftermath of Partition Shahla Hussain Index More Information Index 381 Chavan, Y. B., 169 109, 112, 114, 118, 137–8, 187, Chenab river, 12 193, 195, 199, 201, 220, 357 China, 11, 42, 243, 357–8 corruption, 34, 105, 136, 141–5, 147–8, challenged India’s sovereignty in Aksai 165–6, 169, 172, 174, 209, 219, Chin region, 203 224, 249, 257, 294, 300, 313, 329 China–Pakistan Economic Corridor counterinsurgency, 324–31 (CPEC), 290n193 Criminal Procedure Code, 333 Chrar-i-Sharif shrine, 328 Cuba, 208, 257, 266, 277 citizen(s), 102, 104, 112, 135, 151, 158, culture of immunity extended to state 167–8, 170, 206, 219, 244 institutions, 331 Kashmiri, 8, 16, 312, 314, 334, 340, Cyprus, 189 354 Indian, 17, 84, 91, 103, 154, 219–21, Dal Lake, 148 311, 335, 340 Debt Reconciliation Board, 107 Pakistani, 221, 269 decolonization, 10–11, 18, 20n3, 25, 77– Indian Muslims, 93, 339 90, 240, 266, 282 Citizenship Amendment Act (2019), 339 Delhi Agreement of 1952, 103–4 civil liberties, 82, 95, 112, 144, 186, 191–2, Delhi Development Authority, 305 194, 205–7, 211, 226, 248, 258, demography, 9, 91, 221, 226, 339 309, 311, 314, 351, 353–4 Devanagari–Persian script controversy, 52–3, Civil Service Recruitment Board, 35 92 Cold War, 94, 187, 192, 203, 264, 277, Dhar, D. P., 205 281, 300, 303, 351 diaspora, 326 collaborators, 5, 18, 134–48, 154, 167, 172, Mirpuri migrants, 251 357 Pakistan–Kashmir United Forum, 271 commercialization of agriculture, 157–74 shared experiences of racial Committee for Initiative on Kashmir discrimination, 251 (1991), 327 Directive Principles of State Policy, 92 Committee on Economic Reforms report Distressed Debtors Relief Act of 1950, 107 (1998), 173 Dixon, Sir Owen, 118, 247 communalism, 44, 51–2, 57–8, 62, 116, Dogra maharaja, 6–8, 28, 34–44, 47–8, 197, 206 52–3, 58–9, 64–6, 78–9, 81, 89, 93, communism, 19, 43, 67, 264–5, 327 101–2, 105, 108–10, 113, 125n93, communists influence on Kashmir, 55–60 132, 134, 136, 144, 185, 188–90, Comparative statistics of the central 195–7, 201, 206, 219, 227, 240–2, assistance (as percentage of total 247, 249, 254, 256, 294, 309, 350, outlay), 138 352 coercive state machinery, 354 durbars (or court sessions), 34 Constituent Assembly (Indian), 11 forced labor, 28, 313 adopted Hindi as official language, 92 maharaja, 6–8, 28, 34, 41, 66, 78–9, debate on princely states, 100 102, 125n93, 219, 241 constituent assembly of Jammu and religious discrimination, 28, 36, 275, Kashmir, 11, 65, 92, 100–3, 106, 308 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49046-7 — Kashmir in the Aftermath of Partition Shahla Hussain Index More Information 382 Index misgovernance in Kashmir, 30 Front de Libération Nationale (Algerian The Treaty
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