Selected Crafts of Gujarat, Part VII-A, Vol-V
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PRG. 28-A· (xix-xx) (N) 1,000 CENSUS OF INDIA 1961 VOLUME V-PART VII-A SELECTED CRAFTS OF GUJARAT 19. BLOCK ENGRAVING AT PETHAPUR 20. BLOCK AND SCREEN PRINTING AT JETPUR R. K. TRIVEDI Superintendent of CensUs Operations, Gujarat PRICE R~. 4.(j0 or ~O Sp, 9 g. or $ V.S. '.66 CENSUS OF INDIA 1961 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS CEl'I'TRAL GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS Census of India, 1961 Volume V -Gujarat is being published in the following parts: '" I-A(i) General Report '" I-A(ii)a ') '" I-A(ii)b " '" I-A(iii) General Report-Economic Trends and Projections '" I-B Report on Vital Statistics and Fertility Survey :I< I-C Subsidiary Tables '" II-A General Population Tables '" II-B(l) General Economic Tables (Tables B-1 to B-IV-C) '" II-B(2) General Economic Tables (Tables B-V to B-IX) '" II-C \ Cultural and Migration Tables :t: III Household Economic Tables (Tables B-X to B-XVII) "'IV-A Report on Housing and EStablishments "'IV-B Housing and Establishment Tables '" V-A Tables on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes @ V-B Ethnographic Notes on .. ~ ~~es and Scheduled Tribes (including reprints) "'* VI Village Survey MonograPi!-, 1 VII-A Selected Crafts of Gujara~ l .e-\ '" VII-B Fairs and Festivals '" VlII-A Administration Report-EnumeratiOn Not for Sale *VIII-B Administration Report-Tabulation '" IX Atlas Volume • IX(A) Atlas Volume (Abridged) * X-A(i) Special ReP,Ort on Ahmedabad City ;. X-B Special Tables on Cities and Block Directory '" x-C Special Migrant Tables for Ahmedabad City STATE GOVERNMENT PuBLICATIONS '" 1 7 District Census Handbooks in English '" 17 District Census Handbooks in Gujarati • Published @ General Notes on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and Ethnographic Notes on 'Siddi' publi~hed . •• Village Survey Monographs for fourteen villages, Pachhatardi, Magdalla, Bhirandiara, Bamanbore, Tavadia, Isanpur, Ghadvi, Chichod, Sutrapada, Jambur, Ambav, Nana Sanja, Velavadar and Abhapur published t Monographs on Agate Industry of Cambay, Wood Carving of Gujarat, Patara Making at Bhavnagar, Ivory Work of Mahuva, Padlock Making at Sarva, Scale Making of Savarkundla, Perfumery at Palaripur, Crochet Work of Jamnagar, Sujani Weaving of Broach, Soap Making at Kapadvanj, Mashru Weaving of Patan, Glass Work at Kapadvanj, Jari Industry of Surat, Transparent Lacquer Work of Sankheda, Traditional Silver Ornaments, Brass and Copperwares at Sihor, Snuff Making at Bihor and Penknives, Nutcrackers and Scissors of Kutch and Jamnagar published PRINTED BY SHANTILAL H. SHAH AT NAVAJIVAN PRl!S8, AHMEDABAD-H. I'UII~ By 'q{E MANAQ1!.11 Of' PUlIl.lCATIONS DJl.LHl-1970. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1. BLOCK ENGRAVING AT PETHAPUR FIELD INVESTIGATION M. L. ACHARYA Statistical Assistant PHOTOGRAPHS K. D. VAISHNAV LAY OUT AND PRINTING M. P. JACOB Head Proof-Reader SUPERVISION AND FIRST DRAFT K. P. YAJNIK Deputy Superintendent of Census Operations, Gujarat, AHMEDABAD (SPECIAL STUDIES SECTION) Assisted by M. L. ACHARYA Statistical Assistant EDITOR R. K. TRIVEDI Superintendent of Census Operations, Gujarat, AHMEDABAD 2. BLOCK AND SCREEN PRINTING AT jETPUR FIELD INVESTIGATION M. L. ACHARYA Statistical Assistant PHOTOGRAPHS K. D. VAISHNAV LAY OUT AND PRINTING M. P. JACOB Head Proof-Reader SUPERVISION AND FIRST DRAPT C. P. VYAS Research O~cer (SPECIAL STUDIES SECTION) Assisted by 1. KUM. P. C. GANDHI 2. K. C. DESAI Computors EDITOR R. K. TRIVEDI Superintendent of Census Operations, Gujarat~ AHJI4EDABAD CONTENTS 1. BLOCK ENGRAVING AT PETHAPUR PAGES FOREWORD ix-xii PREFACE xiii SECTION INTRODUCTION Introduction-Location-Pethapur-Ahmedabad-Rajkot-Historical Background of the Craft 3-6 SECTION II CRAFT AND CRAFTSMEN Caste and Community-Origin of Suthar Caste-Main and Subsidiary Occupation-Migra tion-Size and Structure-Family Workers-Hired Workers-Residential Pattern-Working Conditions-literacy-Personal Characteristics 7-10 SECTION III RAW MATERIALS 11-12 SECTION IV TOOLS AND TECHNIQUE 1. Tools-Tools and Implements-II. Technique-(i) Sawing of Timber-(ii) Tracing of Design-(iii) Engraving-Designs and Decorative Motifs 13-15 SECTION V FINISHED PRODUCTS 16 SECTION VI MARKETING Problems of Marketing 17-18 SECTION VII ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS Cost of Production and Earnings-Economic Status 19-21 SECTION VIII ORGANISATIONAL AND SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS 22 SECTION IX CONCLUSION 23 APPENDIX Tables 27-29 LIST OF STATEMENTS IN TEXT STATEMENT I Distribution of artisans by caste, Pethapur . 7 II General description of workshop located in the house 9 III Literacy and educational status • 10 IV Price of raw materials 11 V Cost of production and earnings 19 VI Workers by age group 20 VII Distribution of surveyed households according to annual income 21 UST OF TABLES IN APPENDIX TABLE I Numbers of persons employed in production in surveyed households 27 II Distribution of artisan communities 27 III Designs 27 IV List of very skilled craftsmen of each community 28 V Tools and implements 28 VI Composition of workers 29 VII Working of the cooperative society 29 ILLUSTRATIONS (i) Tools Between pagel 24-25 (ii) Implements II Tracing of design on a wooden log III Engraving design on a wooden piece IV Engraving minute details V Specimen designs of the blocks v 2. BLOCK AND SOilEEN pRINTING AT JETl'tm PAGES SEatION INTRODUCTION Introduction-Block Printing-Location-Jetpur 33-36 SECTION II CRAFT AND CRAFTSMEN Traditional Artisans-Khatri-Chhipa-Development Of Block Printing-Development of Screen Printing-Surveyed Housebolds-Migration-Literacy-Workshops and Dwellings -Hobbies and Recreational Activities 37-41 SECTION III RAW MATERIALS Muslin cloth-Colours and Chemicals 4-2-43 SECTION IV TOOLS AND TECHNIQUE A·Block Printing-Tools and Implements-Technique-B.Screen Printing-Tools and Implements-Technique-Dyeing and Developing of Printed Cloth-C-Designs-Designs in Screen and Block Printing 44-50 SECTION V FINISHED PRODUCTS AND MARKETING Finished Products-Mar)(_eting 51-52 SECTION VI ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS Capital Structure-Cost of Production-Income- Wage Structure 53-55 SECTION VII ORGANISATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS Cooperative Society-Training 56-57 SECTION VIII CONCLUSION 58-59 APPENDICES I Table. 63-66 II Unstructured Biographies 67-69 71-72 73-74 LIST OF STATEMENTS IN TEXT STATEMENT Households by caste 40 II Literacy and educational status 40 III Rates of muslin cloth (1964) 42 IV Colours <Uld chemicals 42-43 V Tools and implements--Block Printing 44 VI Tools and implements-Block Engraving 45 VII Tools and implements-Screen Printing 47 VIn Tools and implements-Screen Making 48 IX Distribution of surveyed households according to income range 54 X Screen printing charges 54 LIST OF TABLES IN APPENDIX I TABLE Distribution of artisan communities 63 II Distribution of family members according to age, sex and earning status 63 III Literacy according to age and sex 64 IV Composition.of workers in the surveyed households 64 V Cost of production, sale price and earnings, 1964 . 65 VI Designs 65 VII List of very skilled craftsmen of each community 66 vi ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE Screen making tools Between pages 60-61 II Colours and Chemicals in workshop III Set of blocks in traditional designs IV Block printing in single colour V Printing in multi-colour VI Stretching of cloth for screen printing VII Screen printing in operation VIII Rolls of printed saris IX Acidic process for fastness of colour X Printed saris are dipped in river wat!'r before "ashing XI Washing in clean water XII Final process on river bank XIII Sun drying XIV (i) Ironing of saris-a hand process (ii) Passing through rolls XV Pressing in hand press XVI Gala XVII Galo with butti in palav XVIII PaZav butti XIX Chokdi palav XX Dhaka print sari XXI (i) Dhaka palav (ii) Bandhani border XXII Chandarvo or pichhavai (Temple cloth) XXIII (i) Single star (ii) Navi Kothmir XXIV (i) Patangiyu (ii) Jui Vel XXV (i) Tar-nu-monogram (ii) Tar-nu-ltlheriyu XXVI (i) Nani badam kina, (ii) Shelur-ni-nani kinar (iii) Shetur-ni-kinar XXVI[ Block printed saris are popular among rural folk vii FOREWORD One of the first steps to be taken in the study may well reveal that it is perhaps cheaper First Five Year Plan was the establishment of from the social point of view to develop industrial s~ boards for the promotion of handicrafts, skills from scratch than to try to graft traditional V1~lage and small industries: (1) The Khadi and skill on alien soil. A rather tragic case of Village Industries Board; (2) The All-India failure to make what would on the face of it Handicrafts Board; (3) The All-India Hand seem a minor <l,djustment cast its heavy shadow loom Board; (4) The Central Silk Board; (5) on the nation when it was discovered that ~e Coir Board; and (6) The Small Indu· goldsmiths used to working on 22-carat gold all strles Board. their lives felt sadly helpless when asked to The rapid expansion of the activities of these work on 14-carat, so narrow and un adaptable Boards which concentrated not only on produc were the limits of their skill and proficiency tion and techniques, but also on .organisation, and so rudimentary the tools and equipment extension, credit, marketing, and export, conso with which they and their forefathers had worked. lidated and enlarged the position that the This fiscal accident revealed that tools are even household industries sector had so long enjoyed more important than skills. An early opportunity was therefore taken in the nation's economic life. It was this fact that forced itself upon the preparations for the in February' 1960 to suggest to State Census 1961 Census and demanded that household Superintendents, that the Census provided a industry should be separately investigated for a unique opportunity for conducting and document proper accounting of the nation's manpower, ing a survey of this kind. As such a survey was resources and its specific contribution to the quite outside the usual terms of reference of Census national income.