PR.. CENS-US OF INI>IA 1961 V<>L-..:r~ V PAR.T VII-A (3) P .A. T .A. R. ~ ]VI A. :K I :N" <;: .AT BI-I.A.VN"AG-AR. R... I<... TRIVEI:>I Superznrendenr of C"ensus Operarfons, GuJarar PR.ICE R.s. 4.95 P ... or II Sh.. '7 d. or $ '-'. S_ 1.79 R GUJARAT INTERNATlONA~ BOUNDARY _._.- ZONA~ BOUNDARY STATE BOUNDARY _._._._ IMPORTANT HANDICRAFTS DISTRICT BOUNDARY _ ._ ._ .- ,- RIVER DISTRICT H. G. @ LEGEND T CENTRES K S ~ • 0 040 NO. CRAFT ao CENTRE DISTRICT 16 0 16 32 04a 2 3 4 ~ .. ' ''0 •• -RANN - 'J-~ TIE AND DYE BAN:JANI (SARI) BHUJ KUTCH 2 EMBROIDERED ATLAS SILK SKIRT BHUJ KUTCH 3 EMBROIDERED COTTON SKIRT DHANETI KUTCH 4 EMBROIDERED COVER KUTCH KUTCH 5 PENKNIVES, NUTCRACKERS AND SCISSORS ANJAR KUTCH 6 TIED AND DYED GHARCHOLA JAM NAGAR (WEDDING SARI) JAM NAGAR ~ 7 CROCHET WORK (BORA CAl') JAMNAGAR 8 WOOLLEN BLANKET JAM NAGAR PORBANDER 9 JUNAGADH WOVEN WOOLLEN TIED AND RANAVAV DYED CAMBAL JUNAGADH 10 SHISHADHAR MIRRORED EMBROI- DERED SKIRT CHORVAD .... JUNAGADH II CHASED SILVER PITCHER RAJKOT 12 BEAD WORK-CHAKLA RAJKOT ~ RAJKOT 13 SILVER ORNAMENTS RAJKOT .,. RAJKOT 14 RAJKOT EMBROIDERED TORAN RAJKOT 0 15 IRON SCALES RAJKOT SAVARKUNDLA :x; BHAVNAGAR -< 16 LACQUERED TOYS MAHUVA 17 BRASS AND COPPERWARES BHAVNAGAR ,. SIHOR 18 WOODEN CHEST (PATARA) BHAVNAGAR ~ BHAVNAGAR N 19 WOOLLEN BHAVNAGAR 0 SHAWL CALLED z RAM-RAJ SHIANI SURENDRA- CJ 20 POTTERY NAGAH. " THANGADH ~ SURENDRA- NAGAI( ~ 21 BRASS AND COPPERWARES C) WADHWAN_ SURENDRA_ JORAVARNAGAR NAGAR 22 PATOLA, DOUBLE IKAT WOVEN SILK SARI PATAN MEHSANA Co '" 23-2~ TERRA-COTTA TOYS PATAN MEHSANA ~ 25 BLACK, MOULD-MADE CLAY SURAHI PATAN MEHSANA 26 MUD RESIST DESIGN, BLOCK ~ PRINTED ON COTTON FABRIC DEESA BANASKANTA 27 EMBROIDERED AND TIED AND DYED COTTON WALL HANGING RAJPUR- DEESA BANASKANTA 28 TERRA-COTTA HORSE AND RIDER POSHINA 29 PERFUMERY SABARKANTA PALANPUR 30 LACQUERED WOODEN TOYS BANASKANTA X IDAR 31 WOODBLOCKS SABARKANTA PETHAPUR MEHSANA ... 32 TEMPLE CLOTH AHMEDABAD 33 TRADITIONAL MORDANT DYED AHMEDABAD BLOCK PRINTED OOHANI AHMEDABAD AHMEDABAD H AKIK OR AGATE ARTICLES (HAND TURNED) CAM BAY KAIRA 35 LATHE-TURNED LACQUERED • 0110 .. CRADLE SANKHEDA BARODA 36 HANDLOOM WOVEN (SUJAN/) BROACH BROACH Co 37 SILK BROCADE OR TANCHHOI SURAT 38 MARQUETRY BOX SURAT ~ SURAT 39 ZARI SARI BORDER SURAT SURAT ). 40 TERRA-COTTA HORSE SURAT VALOD 041 CANE AND BOMBOO SURAT ~ KUDIKAS DANGS '4 CENSLJS C>F CND:I_A 1961 LIST C>F P-UBLICA. TIC>J'..lS CE~TR AI.... CTt3VER N"~EN"T PUBLI~A. 'TI ~e~s"I1s of'" India, 1961 Volume V-G-ujarat is being published in. the Iol1owin.g part:s : I-.A(i) c:ienera1 R..eport I-A(ii)a " I-.A..(ii)b I-ACiii) Gen.eral R-eport:-Ecoflomic Tren.ds and Projections 1-B R..eport on. Vital Statistics a.nd Fert.ility Survey I-C S-u.bsidia.ry Ta.bles II-A General Popula. tion. Tables II-B{I) P.R I N'T'EI:» .A. T S.A.~ JIV PR.Ir-;rTE R "Y,.. .A. alVl"EI=>ABAI> PUBLIS.FI"EI=> B~ T~E l'.-I"A.:N".A.CJER C>F P£JBLT~A..TIOr-.l, ~EL~I :1966. .ACKN<>"'LEI>GE~ENTS FIELI> I~VESTICTATIC>~ : 1'\11:. L_ ACHARY.A, B_ A_, ~S"rar;Sr;CCTr Assi"'ran r 1 O_ffice of -ehe Regiszrar GeneraL 2 :K.- I.:>- V .A.IS:rI~A. V 1\I.[AP AN"D ART WORK.. = 1 SC>~ALAL SI:-:IA.I:-I .2 Ci-TR:IS~ P..A.TEL 1"v'I _ p_ JACC>B ..FIe-ad Proof-reL7der S-U-PE.:R..VISION" .A.."N"I:> FI RST :DcRAFT _ IC_ P _ Y AJ:N"IK.., 1'VI:_ A-_, LL_ D_, L:>epury Superfnrenaenr of C:::ensus ~peraZfons,. <,special Srzu7ies Secrion) C <=> N" T E-l'J Y"'S PAGES FC>REWORI:> vii-x.. PR..EF.ACE xi SECTIC>N" I INT.R.~I:>VCTI C>~ Ci-e:n.eral-Locatio-n.-Bhavn.a.gar Cit:y-:Elistory of the Cra.ft: 1-4 SECTION" II CRAFT A.~I:> CR.A.FTS1VI:E~ S-ut:har- SECTI<>~ IIJ. R.A. W l"\.I:I.A.TER I.A..LS 16-20 SECTJ.C>N" IV TECFI~IQLJES .A.:N"I> PROCESSES Tools aTld ImplemeI:1t.s-Techr:liques a:n.d Pcocesses-:Designs 21-24- SECTION" V FIN"ISI-IEI:> P ROE> VCTS 25 SECTION" VI 1'V'£.AR.K.ETI N" SECTI~N VII CI-IA RACTERISTICS Financial Pc>sit:ie>ll-Cost a.nd Earnings-Ec<>I1omic Stat:us-Organisat.i<>nal Ch a.ract.er is tics-Cone] l1si <> T1 29-33 A..P PENI:>ICES I T~ _III 37-48 .A.PPEN".DI:X I 'T"ABLES 37-42 II "LTNSTR ~C"T U RED BIOCi RAPI-J: IES 43-46 III BI-IA "r~ACiAR. 47-48- BIBL.IOCi RAPFlY 49 CJ L<>SSA R._ y 50 IN"DE:X 5~ v LIST OF ST.A..T.E.~ENTS IX"I 'I'.E.x::-r St:a"temen"t N"o. Tit:le I 1...i teracy and edu.cational stat us 14 II Finished. produ.ct:.s 2S III Volu.me a.nd va.lue of products, I963-64 26- IV :I\IIarketing Centres a.n.d. Transporta.tion Charges 26 V Fi:na:n.ci a.1 Pos i tioD. 29- VI ~o-u.seholds according to Income R.ange 30 V:lI Workers by Age G-rou.p 31. Table ~o_ LIST' OF TA.BLES IN" A.pPE~IX" I I 'N"llmber <>f persons employed 37 II I>istrjbut.ion of artisa.TI. com_-mllnit:ies 37 III I>istributi<>n of ra.w materials 37 IV .R.aw ~a.t:erials 38 V I>esigns 39 VI Cost of productioI1, sale price: and earning 40 VII List of very skilled craftsmen of each community 40 VIII Tools and im.plemen. ts 41 I:x. Patara making in other Cen.tres 42 ILL-U-STRA. TION"S F"ACiES ~ap of Imp<>rtant FIand..icrafts in. ~ujarat: Fron.tj spiece Plate N"o_ I The finished. produ.ct that Pata.ra. is Facing page 14- II "Vishvak.arma, the :DiviD.e A..rchitect: Between. pages 14-15 III Front view a.nd gro.... I1d plan of vvork::shop-c"U7rZ-dwelling ,,. ,., 14-15 IV Savvin.g a.nd c'U.tti:ng by elect.rically opera.ted circ'U.lar saw Facing page 34- V Top: ~ak:ing the frame ..Bo£rorrz: Embossing t:.he frill Bet"VVeen. pages 34-35 VI :::z-rop: Fixi.D.8 the rrame Borro7n: ~ark:in.g the guide lines ,.. 34-35 " VII I>ifferent pa.rts accorded in. a. Pa..t:a.ra 34-35 " " VIII CJivin.g convex sha.pe to iro~ strips on. an. a.nvil ,,. ,,. 34-35 Fitting iron strips on. the lid __ _ I.x: .... ".. ... 34-35 ~ Fixing ir<:>n strips 0.0 the inner side of the lid ,,, 34-35 " :XI Perforating design.. 0"11 an iron. strip ,,. ,,. 34-35 ::x:.II ~o'p: ~ec<>ra.t:jve and other fi:x:t:uces ..BorrC7lrZ: ~ecorating the froI1t __ _ '" .. , 34-35 :XIII Fix.ing wooden. wheels an.d. a.x.les at: the bottom. __ _ " .. , 34-35 :XIV Putti.n.g hasp for lock: ,., 34-35 " :XV C::::Overing the Pai:ara. with lid __ _ 34-35 " X:VX Ca.rpenters Tools " 34-35 " " :XVII Chisels and implements .... ,., 34-35 X:VIII ~ea.r ,,"iew of tbe Pa"tara ., 34-.35 " :X::I:x. Pat.aca in. min.ia.tu.re 'With secret drawers ,,, 9' 34-35 :xx. Striking the bargain __ _ " " 34-.35 vi One of" the first st.eps to be taken. in "the First. o£'\ vie"" t.o develop indust.rial skills from sacatch Five Y"ear Plan. was the est.ablishment of six Boa.rds than to try to graft tradi"tio:n..al skill on. alien. soil . Cor .the promotion of" ha.ndicrarts~ vilJage a.nd .A. rather tragic case of failure to make what ,""auld small industries: (I) The :K.hadi and Village on the face of it seem a min.or adjustment cast.e In.dustries Board.; (2) The .A.ll-I:ndia I-IandicraCts its heavy shadow on. the n.ation. whe:n. it was dis Boa.rd; (3) The All-India FIandloom Board; covered that go.ldsmiths -used. t.o wo.rkin.g on.. 22-carat (4) The Central Silk. Board; (5) The Coir Boa.rd; gold all their lives fel"t sadly helpless 'When. a.sked. a.nd (6) The Small Industries Board. -to work.. on. 14-cara1:, so. narrow an.d. unadaptable: The rapid.. expan.sio.IJ. of the activi"ties of these were the limits of their skill a:nd pro.ficien.cy and. B<>a.rds which e«>ncen.tra"t;ea n.ot o.nly on. production. so rudimen.t:ary "the "tools a.nd. equipmen"t with "'-Vh.ich_ and techn.iq-u.es~ but a.lso <>:0. o-rga:nisa.tion., extensio:n... they a. nd. t:heir forefa.thers had worked_ This fiscal. -credit, m.arketing, and export, consolidated and a.ccident revealed that tools are even more impor en.larged. t.he position. tha,t th.e household indus"tries "'t.ant than. skills . sector had so 10:n.g e:njoye~ in. l"he na.tion.'s econ.omic .A.n. early oppor"tunit:y was therefore taken. in. life. It was this f'act that i forced itsel£ upon. the Febru.a:.ry 1960 to su.ggest t.o Sta.te Cen.su.s Superin. prepa.rations for the ._ 961 Cen.su.s and demanded t.en.dents,. that t:he Census provided a u.n.iqu.e oppor that household industry should be separat:ely in.vesti "'t.unity for co:n..ducting an.d doc-umen.ti:n.g a survey of" gated. Cor a.. prO'per accounting of the n.ation's this kind . .A.s such a s-u£vey was qu.ite ou.tside the man.power, resou.rces an.d its specific cO':n1:ribu.1:ion. "U.su.al terms of"rererence of Ce:n.sus work it was tho to the n.a.tion.al incom.e. The 196 ~ Cen.s us therefore "U.ght prudent: cau.tiously to feel ~1"1e's way with the th.in. asked a special series ot ques"tions c.>n hou.sehold end or t.he wedge of what: wo uld, i"t was hoped, prove i:ndust.ry, input or family an.d hired labou.r, an.d to be a.n. e:x.cit:i:n.g pu.rsuit. It was therefore considered. the periods over which household i:ndustry is COD. the vviser co"Urse to wa.it "Until the St.a"te Censlls 01)1- ducted_ I1: was Celt, hovvev-er, that an. eu"Umeration. ces felt so interes t:ed that they wO'u.ld no longer ta.k:e of" the total n."U.mber of est:ablishme:n"ts an.d their the in.quiry a.s a.n. imposit:ion. bu.t rather vvan.t to do industrial cla.ssifica.tion. would be in.co.mplete vvi"thout it on. their own and ask for the necessary staff a.nd. a. proper d..escript.io:n. of" what they pro.du.ce a.nd. equipment_ This o:ffi.ce, too, in. i 1:s turn., could. make hovv they prorluce_ It was im.portant to make an use of the int:erv-al to organ.ise and ela.borate the assessment of the lim.its of rigi vii through the agency o'x the :Development: :Department, genera.l descriptive accou:n.ts that had. obta.in.e:d so the StateI:>irectO'r O'r Industries, the IJirectO'r of rar. The primary aim was "to obtai::n a picture as Tribal Welf"'are, the R.egistrar of Cooperative much 0' f the art.isan h imse:l r as c>f his craft,. to oDtain. Societies, a.n.d other organ.isa:t:ions cO:l1cern.ed """itl1 a. perspective of the artisa.n. and his craf't in. bis the promotion. e>£ household industry. .A._ drart social a.nd econ.omic se"ttin.g~ the ext:en.t to whj_ch. questionnaire containing 30 questions in three parts tradit:iOI1 bound him a.nd the winds of chan.ge wa.s recommended Cor canva.ssing. It was su.ggested rumed hjm, the exte:n:t: of his mobility and tha.~ in.format:.ion on. this qu.estionn.a.ire,. v:illage by immobility, tbe con..ditioDS c>f" market, credit~ n.ew 'Village an.d a.rea. by area, might eIther be obtained cO'I1tacts and designs in which he opera"ted~ the .hrough the regu.lar departmental channels oT the rrame or new as well a.s traditional producer State G-overnment,. or througb the newly set up cus1:omer relationships in. which he st:ill worked, CeT1sus orga:nisa.tion., or throu.gh th.e hierarchy of" and how ra.r he was ready to pierce his own. ca.ste the n.ewly-created Pan.chayats_ Stress was laid on. the tribe socia-economic CO'coon an.d ma.ke a break need or photographic documentation and illustra. "through to n.ew opportunities promised by the tion of' designs~ shapes a.nd forms not on1y by Five Year Pla.ns_ The aim was "to hold LIp the photogra.phs ou.t with the help of lin_e drawin._gs mirror tel hereditary s.kills s:t..r-u.gg1.in.g wi~h the or sketches tO'gether with a full descriptiO'n. of dialectics c>r t:radition and change. "the meterials u.sed_ Thus the first part 0'£ t:he qu.estio:n.:naire, ,Almost the 'VVhole of" 1960 a~d the first half ~f pu.rport.ing -too be a. village schedule: sought: to take 1961 were SpCI1t in. c>rganising and taking 1:.he Cens-u_s accc>un.t of t.he size and popu.lat:ion of" the village, coun.t, although several States even. dUTing this its remoteness frO'm or proximit:y "to cen.tres of period had not allowed the grass t.o grow under t:rade and. commerce,. in short,. the degree oC t.heir feet. b-u.t:. ma.de explora.tory st"U.dies and isolation in. which the artisan worked,and the relatIve decided in their minds ho~ the inquiry should strengt:hs of variO'"Us communities in. the village be O'rga.nised- .A.. series of regional conferences which would a.fford clues to social interdependence held in Trivandrum, :r>arjeeling and Srinagar :in and ~he prevalence of'" the JczJ'7'Zczni syst:em_ The l'\I[a..y a:nd June 1961 revealed much enthusiasm secol1ci part. wa.s devoted. t<> artisan comm-unities an:llong State Superintenden.-ts 1:.0 proceed with the in 1:.he village: the severa] castes of artisans, the survey, but ~he need of separate staff a.n.d equip number of families in each,. the total ll'Umber of ment was zeIt at the same time as the realization workers,. males and f"emales, the extent of co da.wned tha t t:his was much too seriou.s an. inquiry operative a.ctivity amon.g them~ t_he ext:e"llt <>f to be treated casually and left. to be achieved dependence upon employers and of wage O'r con.t t.hro"LLgh the usual administrative chan.nels and ract labour_ There were ques"tioI1s <:>n the ra.w Sta.te Census Superintendents Proceeded to mat:erials used, -t_he mea.IXS of t.heir procurement, au.gment. t.heir staff with qualified research a.Tld the possible e.xteI1t: of de:pendeI1ce OI1 others for investigating omcers, t.echnical persons, photc> raw materials~ the ex~en._t of" the ma.terial t:hat gra.phers. art.ists~ draughtsmen. and other t:rained artisans can. handle within 'the limits of their skill_ personnel ~ There "Were other questions on. the exeh.a-n.ge an.d This was Col1owed by rapid progress in flow of" designs, the use or colou.rs, the ancient:ness coordinatio-n. be1:.ween. the Cen1:.raI and State Cen.sus of the cra.ft an.d legen.ds assOCIated, t:he colon.iza OfTices in the ma.tter of" exchange arlO processing tiOI1 of t:he craft.sman, OI1 patrons an.d customers of" informa.tion.., dO'cumentation.. and in.vestigatio11, a:n.d. on. social a-nd. eC viii throughout the coun:~ry and the -ways they sus tained Sta.~es and the Social Studies I>ivision in I>ecember t:hemselves, t:he t:ype or clientele 'they catered for, 1. 96~ at I>elhj, stimulated ma:ny of the States into the e:xt:ent to "Which they opera.~ed on. money or goin.g i:o. for a much enlarged schedu.le_ The revised. bart:er or service~ how specia.lized their craft was,. village schedule itself~ the counterpart. of'1:he first part. how wide "the market, ho"W depe::n_deI1t they were 0'1:1 of the February 1960 schedule, contained 19 large their socially preorda.ined clien._te:le and how restricted sec"t:ions con.taining elabora"t:e an.d probing qu.es- "the latter -was by the seemi:ngly u::n_alterable laws e>r '1:io:os_ The Family Schedule for practising artisan social custom; "the extent to which they could O'perate families similarly contained. 19 TI3.ai:n question.s each in the open. xnarlcet, the ran.ge of' their wares a:n.d subdivided into many quest.io:n.s. The Fa.mily Sche "t.he sizes "t.o "'VVhich these were ordinarily restricted d'Ule for no:o.-practising ar"t:isan.. families cOIl:t.ained 2I either by t.he limits or their own. skill or the length questions_ There were schedules f<:>r "the study of of their cu.stomers' pursestrings. Inquiries were coopera"tive socie"ties of production-currz-training ~o be m.ade abou.t: t:he operation ofmiddJemen arxd ceZItres, a.nd. or consumer's prerere:n.ce. This eZIJa ~f cooperative societies,.. 'the people whO' gave new rged schedule ofinvestigatio:n., in. the formulation. of designs and demanded new product:s. Finally which the States themselves ac"t:ively assisted,. the several stages of production. of' the articles vva.s greatly we1comed_ The surveys tha~ -wjll themselves were "'to be ,fully described incl ucting the appear in "'this series will therefore consist of' "twO final and. :fi.n.ishing stage and a. list of very skilled ma.in types: (a.) 'those based on.. the original short craftsmen of'" ea.ch community was to be fu.r.nished_ schedu.le a:n.d (b) those ba.sed o:n the much enlarged The third pa.rt was d~vot.ed, specially t:O' tribal schedule_ In some cases Census Superintendents felt: communities a.nd designed to fi:n.d ou"t how self e:n.thused. enough to scrap the work: based on. the sumcie:n.t or depe:n.de:n..t: ~hey were on. the produ.ction origina.l short schedule and do it: over a.gai:n. on and. supply <>r ma:n..ufactured goods .. the e:x."tcnt to t:he enlarged schedule. In.. the meant.ime much which. "they produced themselves or depended <>n. experie:nce was gained on. ~he analysis of facts and ~thers, 1:heir con..tacts wi~b o~her communities a:n.d figures to clothe each observation with plen.ty of t:he specific Forms of production and commerce authera.t:ic in£ormat:ion. so t:hat: t.he rea.der could make through vvhicb these contacts were maintained- his own ju.dgement instead of" being expected to Particu.lar emphasis was laid <>n. the need of see all the time thraugh another pair of eyes- ob~ain.in.g as full an.. a.ccount as possi ble of" u.niqu.e This programme of' survey of ha:ndicraft.s and regioI1a.l design. differe:n:tiations as they reflect I10t household industries ha.s been fortified by several only the very culture pattern.s of" the country out an.cillary su.rveys,. each one ~f which would deserve the persistent in.ventive f'a.cu.lties or "the craftsmen_ major a.tt:eIltion. A.long wit.h the survey a compila The importa:n.ce was emphasised of giving full tion has bee:n made of all handicraft cen.tres in. a t.ten. tion. to articles of domestic use as it is iI1 each State a.nd an invent:ory prepared of skilled their shapes.. desig:n.s and forms that: the cult.u.re craft:sme.n. Pho~ographic: an.d other docum.en..'tat.ion.. patterns and tradit:ional skills persist mOIst: tenaci has bee.n built ~.p to co:nstit:ute what may now be ously_ regarded as t-be most considerable repository ir:t t:he Simultaneou$)Y with t:he iTIvestigat.ion. of" specific country_ Elaborate and accura.e ma.ps of craTt craft.s::?, St.ate Superintendent.s proceeded to compile centres in "ta1uks", .ehsils and districts are either a comprehensive list: of all types of ha.ndicraft.s ready or under preparation_ .A. full cenSllS of all ~btajning in their Stat.e_ .A.s for t:he specific f"uirs and festivals, weekly hats and marke.s .. thro crafts to be investigated several tables were devised. ughout India~ has been taken. a:n.d is being published from the structured questionnaire in order to guide for the first time. Andhra Pradesh has embarked in..vestigators toward pointed observat.ion. and upon a project: <>:£chro::nicling the social a'11d religiou-s; a.:n.alysis~ to enable them to writ.e.. not just general antiquity a.rlO uniqueness <>f every fair and festivaL descriptions .. but with their eye on. the object. and .A separate volume will be devot.ed ta each district cn facts- which promises to be of the utmost value ~o socio Ir:tvest:igatio:ns cor:td ucted betwee£l Sept:ember logists an.d orie:n.£alists_ A :CUll and comple1:e jnveo 1.961 and J'YIay 1962, includi:ng a study group oT aU torY9 replet:e with sketches aI1d measuremerlt:s of l.X every Qbjec~,. ha.s been prepared. of' ex.h.ibi:t.& in has been. en.tirely a l.abo-ur of love,. pa.:t.ien,:~1.y,. orga. museums of" tribal cra.fts in India. There bas been nised and execu.-ted. under great: strain and in dis a fairly satisfactory survey of houses a:nd buildings, rega.rd of health a.nd comfort, for 'Which I take indigenou.s architect.ua.l designs a.nd u.se of loca.l th.is opportunity of expressin.g my appreciat.ioft building ma.terja.l of the whole country- A.U -chis and grateful than.ks "(;0 my colleagu.es. N"EW I:>EL~I. ASOK. Ivf:ITRA,. .J'uly 30,. 1964 Regfsrrar Generar,. India. PREF.ACE I-Ia.ndicra.ft;s have always played a very import:an.t: of AFl:l\fIE~ABAI>. R_ K_ 'TRIVEI>I, 25 Septexnbe~, 1966. Superinrendenr of C::::ensus Operar.ons, Gujarar_ xi SECTIO~ I IN'T"R.£»n-.JC'T'ION "Wood en. agr iCll I tura) t:ool s a. nd i m pI e men ts GENERAL but during the marria.ge sea.son, they prepare I_"1 PAT A..R.A literalty mea:o.s a. big vv~oden.. box_ pczt:arczs,. c~ts.... etc_, f<3r t.heir reg~\ar cus"\:omers_ But. here it. means a .. raditional chest, decorated They are also engaged in making of" doors, vvith embossed and perrorated yellow coloured' pillars, vvindovvs, and construction. or rooF, a.nd £<>ils_ On the t.wo side walls there are t.wo ha.ndles receive la.bour charges 00. piece work basi.s a~ t:<> racilita.t:e moving it on small wheels fixed contracted. The general practice is to enter t:~ "the bot:tom. Two bra.ss stoppers are fixed into an yea.rly agreement: locally known as arhu OT1 the lid covered with thin. white ir<>n with 10 to' 15 agricultu.Tist.~ to repa.ir their sheets. There are t:hree to eight secret: drawers agricultural toots and implemel1t:<;; ror remunera t~ keep valuables,. orr1a~nts and documents. tion In kind, i.e.,. grain., groundn ut:, gur, et:c . ." Pat'ara is st.ill -used by agcicultI.Irists especially during t:.he harvest sea.son. For xnaking n.evv in Saurasht:ra. For keeping mattresses, quilts~ articles they recover ext:ra charges in cac;h or sheets, c]<>"thes, ghee-pots,. -utensils and even kind_ agricul.t:"U.ral produce like grair1.. grourLdnut::p gur Bhavnaga.r is Or1e O{ t. h.e: most: popular an.d seeds. -'t is a. decora.tive art:ic1e of'" rurnitu.re centres rO'r pat:arcz-making ramous f"or its work- also used as a cupboard-_ ITI. some or the castes of manship and t:raditional designs_ Saura.shtra. like CJarasia.~ K_oli" .A. hi r~ Rabari. I:<:._anbi~ Ka.thi, etc_,. there is a custom or giving embroi BHAV~AGAR CITY dered clothes, -utensils,. cots, cradtes, ornaments, 1.3 Bhavnagar city was rounded in 1723 A_I>. livestock .. trunks, mat:tresses and padded quilt:s by Bha.vsinhji I after whom the city is n.amed. 1.0 the bride by her parents while sending her The capita.l of the £ormer Shavnagar State and Cor t:he first. time to live with her husband or headq ...arters C)r "the presen.t district: of" that na.me~ aft er co rn p let. io:n_ of" one year af""t:er marriage or it. is situated on the bank of" the river eJadbechi sometimes a.Fter "the birth of the first child. These on 21 <=>_46' nort:h latitude and 72°-11' ea-;;t longi cerem~nies, k:n.own as cznu and JiLZTZU, take place tude about 38 reet above the sea level on a at the time or auspicious days like .Divali or creek of the gulf" of" Cambay in the south-east .Dassera, vvben all the,e articles are arranged in corner of" "the Saurashtra Peninsula. Bhavnagar o:n.e room and displa.yed a.s in an exbibit:ion a:n.d is the terminus station of the Ahrn.edabad-Bhav relatives, :n.eighbours a.nd Criends are invit:ed to nagar and V';'ramga.m-Bhavnagar metre gauge see t.hem. Parara is ~ne or the items of girts sections of" the Western R".I.ilway. It is also purchased by the P l.rents,. accompanied by relative'J. connected wit.h lVI"ahuva. in the sout.h via TaJaja Family priest:~ and sometimes t.he vaTano or barber by a narro·_" gau.ge liT1e_ It is the divisional on a.n auspicious day. Thus parczra is a very headquarters of" t:he Western Railway as also of" common. an.d popular piece or £urnitur~ especially the State Road Tra.nsport Corporat:ion connected in ru.ral areas in use by al)~ high or lowv_ by direct bus routes with Ahmedaba.d. Rajk<>t~ Bar<>da.~ Jamnagar,. Junagadb, Amreli, Suren.dra LOCATION nagar, Savar-I<.undla,. ~ahuva, PaJitana., etc_ I.2 Parczrczs a.re manuFactured in severa.l There is also a city bus service run by the cit.ies and t.owns of the State and at some or mur>icipal authorit ies. t:he )a.rge villdges of"" S3.LIrash~ra by carpenter"i I.4 Being a.n in.termediate port rar coastal and mostly or the Gujja.r Sut:har cast:e_ In. rural area.~ Ioreign.. tramc:, Bhavnagar is an important:. com they generally prepare car~s, cart-wheels an.d mercial arad industrial cent"re. Cotton, silk, "f.imber, p-l 2 SE.CTION I-INT~ODUC-rION roodgrains7 coal.. cemen.t: 7 et:c., a.re the main. Cen.tre trai.n.s the artisa.ns in ca.rpe.n.try, blac1c i"tems of" import:, 'Wherea.s grc>"Un.dnut: seeds and smithy~ t-urni.n:g an.d fitti.n:g, etectroplat:ing a.nd ca.ke,. hydrogenated oil,. kerosene7 iron, steel, lea.t:her work a:n.d gives Cree tech:n.ical guidan..ce cot.ton. seeds, building ma:t.erials,. sa.lt, t.ex:t.iles a"Qd a:n.d advice to local a.r~isa:ns. There is a.1so a. min.era.ls a.re the main. exports. There a.re ma.jor polytechn.ic. Bhav:naga.r ha.s lOX1g been. equipped. and sm.a.ll-sca.le indust.ries like textile weavin.g with elect:ricity, piped vva ter supply a.n.d un..der and ra.yon. mills, power looms. flour mills, saw ground drainage. I~ "Was the first to ha.ve mills, re-rolling mills a..:n.d sheet. metal ","orks, a. ~oder.n: wat:er works with filter plant in. rubber a.n.d bon.e f"a.ctories, salt works,.. oil mills, Sa.urashtra. :I. Cactories of" hydrogenat:ed oil, ma.tches, G-. I. an.d hu.me pipes, fire-crackers, .n.ails, bicycle cha.ins,. spare parts, perf""umed. oils, soa.p, I'-Ir:n.iture,. a.-n.d I.6 "N"ecessity is -t:he: mot.':J.er <.>f" in.vention.~ In. ot:her a.rt.icles of steel, paints, bobbins,. mou-Ided early stages of'" h'-t.m~n.. exist:ence, the idea of a.nd lat:he-turned articles~ floor tiles,.. czgczrb.crr ri~ possessiveness wa.s a.bsent. It appeared la~er when. electrical appa.ratus, plastic articles, prim"Us stoves, t:he household came 1:0 be recognised as the basic paper-hoa.rds,. etc. Other small-scale a.nd cot.tage unit O"T society. Possession a.n.d. belongings have industries concentrated in. particu.Jar localities to be preserved. R..eceptacle"!; tor storage and safe are pottery wOork:: including bricks,.. tiles an.d keeping were in.ven~ed_ They were first: ma.de of toys.. ca.rpentry,. blacksmithy, textile-cottor.. a.n.d cla.y,. ... hen of wood a-nd later of -_ ..zncore du.ra.ble woollen vv-eaving, lea.t.her ~a:n.n.in:g. lea.ther work, a.rt.icles lik.e iron. and steel Techniqu.e an.d pro gold and silver work ~ brass and copper vvork, cesses developed pari passu a.s the general level making of" mu.sica.l in.st.ruments and lacquered of intelLigence or the people adva..:I"l.ced aTld tooJs wooden a.r~icles, ivory work, dyeing a.n.d or mao.u.ract:ure developed. Till the lat..e 19th prin.t:i:ng V\.--'<>rk, bfdi ma.kin.g, embrOoidery, century everything t:ha.t: w~s produced was h.and button. ma.king, tin. -work, ma.king or ropes and ma.de and wit.hout t:he a.id or modern. machinery_ cordages, et.c_ ~echa..nisation. has~ however, cnar1ged a.n.d stron.gly I_S Even. beCare In.depen.den.ce, Bha.vnagar in.fluenced ~he implements of" ma.n.uf"acture a"D._ .A. town. plan.n.in.g scheme tion t:hey hit:herto enjoyed. ha.ving been undert:a.ken. in. 1935, the vveJl-pla:n.ned I.7 The origin. or parorcz-makin.g is lost: in. subu.rbs or .K._rishnanagar and Tak:hteswar Plot grew antiquity. But. the n.ecessit:y .cor t.he safe cust:ody up rapidly a.s a. result: or availability or land at of valuable art.icles was~ in. a]l probabili ty, "the cbea.p rate a.-n.d libera.l loa.ns ror "the con.s"truction. mother of t.he craf"'t. Parara 'th-us ta.kes an. impor or bu.ildings at rea.son.able rates or int:erest a:n.d ta.nt place amo-n..g articles used. ror storage, viz.,. easy terms Cor repayment. A. legisla.tive assembly wa.ll-cupboards, ~ooden cupboards, steel-almicas was cOI1stit-ut:ed even. berOore Tndepe:n.rle.n.ce a..n.d a.n.d t..run.ks .. clay receptacles aI.:ld cupboards", dczbda..s_ respon~ible G-overn.ment: "Was established on. the Tanka, et:c., which are "Used. to keep valuables~ J 5th. Janu.ary, 1948_ Bhav.n:agar was the first clothes, nnat:tresses.. etc_ a.mong the States to ~erge in. the 1Jn.ioI1 of" I.8 "Witb the foundation. or Bhavnagar Sau.ra.shtra. a:f"~er IndependeI1ce_.As can.. be expect:ed, t.own. in 1723 .A.. 1:>., 1:.he first a.rt.isan of" Ci-ujjar Bhav:n.agar ha.s; maX1Y ed:ucatio:n.al iX1stitu.tion..s .. Su:t:.b.ar ca'S-t:.e, K..ala. Shim. sta.rt.ed. this cra.rt ]ibrarjes~ h.ospita.ls a.n.d pla.ces oC interest_ The alon.g "With the man.ufaceure oC cart:s a.n.d Cent:raI Salt a:n.d J\..of:a.rine Chemical Resea.rch ca.re-vvheel~, in the locality known as Suthar'-"Vad, Institute, a natio.:n.a.lla.borat:ory, run by t'he G-overn. where t:o~day also parara..s a.re man.u..factu.red. me.:n.t of India. conducts researches in. the produc Thus,. t..he begin.ning e>£ this crart: vvas made t:ioo or pure salt and utilisat:ion. of by-produ.cts a.t Bh.a.v.n.a.ga..r about 200 years ago. This 5ioglo o£ sa.lt -ma:n..uf"a.cture. A I>istrict Trai.n.i.n.g Service establishlOOen.t wa.s d.eveloped by 'l.he ar"tisa.o·s -'_ F~r f"ur~h.er pa.r"ticu1ars regarding Bhav:n.agar. see ApPQndix TIT_ HISTORY OF THE CRAFT _3 two son.s, :nama. :Ka.la. and :neva. 1<...3 .. Ia. 150 years PurshC>t:tam I:>ha.:n.ji was so popular .that he was ago. Out of" 100 carpen.ters employed in. t:hat: locally.kn.own, as paLara-no-rajcz or .:the king or shop, 15 vvere engaged in making parar€Zs~ parayczs, beca.use or the sllperior quality of" his 16 (8 pairs) worked as sawers and "t.he rest: w'orkma..nsbip and bet.-tee fina.:n.cial position. 'Were engaged. in. ri"J.a.king cart:s and cart-wheels. I_ 11 C>f" these '7 est:ab1.i~hmen.ts, S have left About 50 los. or sweet-balls were dist:ributed this cra.f"t. Some .or the male family members of" Cor refreshment daily t:o -the art:isans work.ing t:-{l.ese·- establishments have - taken. service in. the in t:he night: shirt_ The ra.t:es of" da.ily wages at: - Western. .R..ailway :n"I.ost.ly o-n. t:echn.ical posts or tha.t t:ime are said t:o be 0.06 F_ to 0.25 P_ carpenters or in. building con~tructio.n. as carpen.ters ParaTas were made Cram sfsanz or Dalbergza on. da.ily wages. On.e works as a hired worker LL7rifolia wood in a very simple f"e>rm in. 4 sizes in. one of" the establishments o£ parara-making_ (S'~ 4:',.. 4~' and 4" )_ .A.f"ter sawing t.he wood into I. ] 2 Arter Independe.n.ce tb e craf"t e_xperie.llced .he required sizes by t:he band-s3.'\..v, the he:dVY difficulties in gettin.g the right types of raw mate parara wa.s assembled by fixing big I1ails in its rials at the right time,. a.t: reasonable price an.d thick: walls. .Age-old carpentry too]s were in required quantities. In. the: resu.l t, some arti rormerly used in makin.g pararas_ For rich sans have give n up 't. he craC't and 1. urned to customers pararas of siso~ wood were decorated t'u.r.n.iture making a.s hired or salaried workers. with brass ring~ an.d· motifs o£ birds, flowers, Even. "t.o-day, on account of t:he deteriorating animals, st.ars, et:c_~ embossed or cut f"rom brass posit.ion of t.he craf"t:~ one esta.blishmen.t has sheets. started furnit.ure making and a.nother has started T.9 Reviewing the gradua.l development of' manufacturing trunks f"rom thick: iren sheets t:his craf"t: over 'the past cent:ury, it: c 1.CI. be said along with porara-making. TV\.-'o years ago 1-here ~hat 50 to 55 es'tablish me.n..ts f"ollowed the system were 8 shops. but one of" them having stepped of' covering the side-wa.l1s, bot:t:om and lid with working, there now remain 7 est.ablishments iron. sheets a.nd strips :n.early 75 yea.rs ago. "When. e.n..gaged in. th is craf"t_ 150 cra.ftsmen were engaged in the craf"t_ The T. 13 C>F t.hese 7 shops,. 5 are oVrr n.cd by x:n.ain ra.w ma.terial, viz.,. wood of low qualit:y Gujjar Suthars a..n.d 2 by art.isaJ.:J.s or Luhar like sag, haldarvo, a.?Zhcz, saJad and aehlzola was Suthar cast.e. Out o:F the former, 3 are oWI1ed by substitu.ted ror t:he bett.er quality of szsa..rn wood 5 brot.hers of on.e ramily who have separa..ted~ .0 reduce cost. Cu.stomers were also satisfied while the owners of" the remainin.g 2 shops are with su.ch a product,. a.s it was attractive,. not related too each other. Th e 5 shops of G-ujjar decorat:ive and cl-urable and ea.sily moveable £rom Su..t:har caste are tradition.ally connect.ed vvith <:>n.e place t:o ar:u::>ther because of" it"s llght:er t.his craft, vvhereas 't.he Lu..har-Sut:har a.rtisa.ns vveight_ are new entrants since five yearCil ago~ prior "to I.I0 Twen..t:y-five years ago. t:here vvere 7 which 't.hey were engaged in their traditional shops worki:n.g wit:h 25 to 30 family members craft: of" preparing cart:-wheel'S. These 7 establish and hired workers in. the same loca.lit:y of" Sut.har IDents n.ormally employ 9 family members and 15 wad as detailed below_ hired workers o£ <::iujjar Suthar, L-uhar-Sutbar, Ku.mbhar,. Sarania and Sathwara. castes. Saran.ia N""o_ of person.s engaged in. the craft and Sathwara joined this craf"t: 10 years ago" SL Family "EIired wherea.s IC_umbhar artisan.s have been. engaged N'o. :r-orame or the artisa.n members workers Total :For t:he past 2 1:0 3 years. The 1:ot:al :number of" ] 2 3 4- 5 artisan.s W'orkfn.g in. th is cra:t-t: ranges from 40 to J Purshottam ~ha.nji 2 5 7 50 in. the busy seaSOon. 2 Lakhman Trikam 1 2 3 I.1.4 :During the first: an.d secon.d World Wars,. 3 Jasmat "N"anji I :2 3 the craC't: suffered a set:-back: on accou.-n.t of scarci ty 4- Chhagan ~uJji 1 2 3 5 Premji :rvt: ulj i 1 2 3 oFiron sheets and ot:her £oreign raw materials used 6 Jet:h.a HhLldar 1 :::! 3 in. making par-aras. Other cont.ributory .Factors 7 "N"anji Jeram 1 2 3 were a general in.crease in the daily ,,"vage ra1:.es Among these establishme.n.ts, t:he name of" paid by the Bri~ish G-over .... n:nent: in. India during - $£.CTION l-INT"R:ODUC-TION 'Wa.r-time,. higher ,,",ages paid by bailding: con.tra ing 1:0 G-ujjac Suthar, Lu.har-Suthar, Ku.rn.bhar ctors in. the su.bu.rba.n. area.s oC K..rish.:1anaaar an.d Sut.har,. Sat:hwara. an.d Pak:hali. ca.stes, who work in Takhteswar Plot: an.d th.e inctro CRAFT ANI> CRAFTSlVI:Er-l I.L 1 ARTISANS belonging tOo rOour ca.stes.. vi4E., nd..ar Sotad, he st:.ayed Cor t:wOo years in his oOld G-ujjar Sutha.r, Luhar-Suthar, I<..u.mbhar and age a.t: Botad where he expired_ I-lirabhai9 s soo" Satbwa..ra and the 'nOomadic caste or Sarania are Bhudarbhai (3 generati<>n.s rem<>ved f"rom t:he pre en.gaged in. .z:n::U aTa-ma king_ While the Gujja.r sent) who had been to Bhav:A.agar decided to sett.le Suthars are traditionally conn.ected \o"lVith this craCt:, there,. and joined as a hired carpenter on. daily art:isan.s or the rema.ining: cast:es are :n.ew c£l.trants_ wages in K.ala Bhim·s workshop man.ufacturing II_2 Five out: or the 7 establishments engaged wooden agricult:ural tools and implements,. carts .. in. £his era"'t: are owned by six Gujj ar Suthar cart.-wheels, and paraTas. At that time... his son. h<>"Useholds whereas :2 by Luhar-Suthar vvho ..Jethabha.i was a. child or 5 years_ Bh"Udarbbai have abandoned their traditional craf'"t. of'" contin.ued to work: in. the sa.me establishment. ·maki:ng cart-wheels f"!Or paLana-makin.g_ The under a new Oovvner,. Shamji I>evji, and became t:otal number of"" house;holds engaged in this skilled in parora-ma.king. Arter the deat:h of" craf"'t being 23, the 8 '. Oowner households give his raCher Bhudarbhai... Jethabhai was abc> employment to the workers or 15 hou.seholds employed in. the sa.me esta.blishment a.t th.at of different: CD..stes_ Th.e' 24 craFtsmen engaged time run by Jivan.bha.i Shamji. But: a.fter in. the industry comprise 9 Camily vvork::ers and t:he death oC Jivanbhai, his two sons Vanma.li 15 hired vvorkers_ In the peak: season, the figure and Lalh..Lbhai continued the ",vorK for of hired vvorlc::ers rises up to 50_ These additional some time and then sold away the sho"p-c~l77- hired workers work as carpent.ers on. daily wages d""",elling to Jet.habhai_ ACt:er the death of" in. building constrl.1ct.ioD. during:: t.he slack season._ Jet.habhai in. 1941, the five sons or Jethabhai SUTHAR (t.he presen~ generation) redeemed the mortgage on the building in 1955-56_ The part.ition. of'" II_3 C>ut <>f' 13 households of'" Gujjar Suthar one establishn:1en.t into 3 independent establish enga.ged as ra.mify workers or hired Ia.bourers, men.t:s took place in 1957 when. they divided six are traditional1y c<>nnect:ed with this craC't the property in equal shares_ All the five bro a-nd ovvn a majorit.y of C5) the establishments_ thers reside in their own h<>uses near their Of" "t.hese, 3 are owned by one large Camily workshops in. Su:tfl.arvvad Iocality_ One of" the three divided into 5 small households living separa workshops is oWII.ed a::nd the other two are t.ely_ Two o£ the brothers are p~rtI1ers in. one rented... one with a. rented warehouse a.t. ta.ched_ establishment. i~ "Which the youngest brother II_4 The remainin.g two establishments or is a. hired worker,. and ~he remainin.g tvvo c:::Jujjar Suthar are run by two separate ho"Use wark: in.depe:n.de:n."t.ly in their oW'n. workshops_ holds which are not related to each ot:her_ The This family migrated a cen.tury ago Crom head of'" one household ~igrated. 75 years ago "the village Loya in Sayla taluka oC Surendra. reom. Bh<>javadar in. Bhavnagar dist:rict, a.. nagar dist:rict~ where Fl:irabhai K..hodabhai, the viJlage one s:nile a.way Crom I:>hola Junctio:n, a head of the Cam.ily four gene ra"t: ions ago "Used railW'ay stat.ion. on. Bhavnagar-A.hmedaba.d met.re to prepare paearas, cart:s., cart--vvheels and gauge line_.At that: village, the C'axnily was agricul~uraJ toOols and i.mplemeats in his ovvn engaged i.n making p.ar.ar.as... carts, cart:-vvheels. W'orkshop_ From there be moved t:o village and agricult.ural implements in. its oown. vvork::: Pa.n.shin.a,. also in. Suren.dranagar dist:.ric"t:, ror a shop on. yea.rly co.u.tracts wi"t.h cu-]tiva"t:ors_ I"t: period or 8 to 10 IDo'Oths and finally to also offered services for mak.in.g windows, doors, Bhavnagar Cor developing his business_ But a.s etc_, "t:o regular customers on. daily 'Wages. At ~irabbai's sister was residing at -..c.has .. a villase present this f'"amily has no connection "\Vith that 5 6 SECTION lI-C~AFT AND CRAFTS.MEN village as it. bas sold 0-0.1:. it.s workshop-cuns parara-making. a.s 't:he shee'ts are thi.ckcr than. dwellin.g sit:"ll.at:ed t:.herc_ It <>wn..s it:s rcsidcn.t:.ial "the required gauge_ buiIdiI1g~ workshop and wa.rehouse in Bhavn.a.gar. OF II_ 5 The owner <>1" t:.he fif"t:.h an.d t:.he la.st:. O~lOIN SUTHA~ establish men t: is engaged in .his craCe: exclu II.9 There are several legends about the origin sively since 1945_ Prior to that:. be a.lso <>C Sut:harcast:e. According to one, Visbvakarma,. made other "Curniture an.d worked as a. hired 'l.he archit.ect.. of" gods a.nd the tut:elary deity oC carpen:t:er in buHciirl.g constru.ction.. besides the Suthar caste, had rOu.e sons among whon1 :rnaking paLaros_ His grandFather :Dadabhai m.ade he dist:.ribut:ed the four regions, viz~,. TJ.OW compelle·.J' to manuf"'acture ~runk:s From iron dist:riqu.l:ing creal-lye workmanship among t:hem 7 sheets obtain ~d a.gai.n.s.t. sanctio3cd quot:a ror Vi~hvak:arma assigned bla:::k:smi thy to 1'\.tI:a:n.u." wood LUHAR,-SUTHAR 7 work to ~aya, copper work:: to Tvashta.,. ston.e are a.IIO'wed ~o marry, divorce is gran.ted carv-i:n.g toO Shilpi and making of" golden orna- a.nd polyga.my practised_ Ca.ste disputes. men.ts to Takshalc.:I. a.mon.g the scv-eral divisioI1s are settled. either II 12 .A.bcH..1t the caste of Suthar, the rep.ort. by a. headman or a. :Few leadiI1g men at the oE Cen.sus 1931 roc the former BarO'da State says, meeting of all the men. of the cast:e. N"o ~~ S1..1thar--Carpen.ters rrom the Sa.nskrit Fee is levied :Crom. an. outsider who t:ak.es 'Word su~radhar ('su£ra. i.e., the thread with to carpentry. Carpenters 'Who do not ob 'Which t:he course of the saw is marked) .... serve as a cl.ose da.y the dark:: fiftee:n.th of They belong to six divisions, Pithva, G1..1jjar, every hindu m.onth, .or the day on. vvh.ich ~evvada., Pa.ncholi, lVf:arwadi an.d Vaisbya. a. death has taken place in the caste in a. Of' these, the Pan.cholis and the Varishyas to,",·n or village, a.re fined a.nd those who are round o-uly in CJujarat proOper,. the I. SHUKLA, "l..JM.A~HA~KAP.. ~AP..t-'\""_DJ'l..SH,...t--lK"'.P.., V~rae VUhva.KoGZr;nza Ch,ar~cra L>a.rsh-an,. P. 48, 1.96"3 2. lVI"UKERJe...... SATYA .. "V_,. Census of India, 193J, Vol. :X:I:X .. Baroda, Part: T, R.epor1:~ p_ 466 s blacksmith has a.lso to do carpentry work: in. to Shiva's back:: ror the p-urpose or Forging the absen.ce of a. carpenter a.n.d hence he is known weapons :f"or use in. Shiva's wars again.st: t:he as Luhar-Suthar. Fu.rther~ due to the scarcity two dem"On.s Andhk1r and I:>hundhkar. or iron. also, blacksmiths ha.-ve taken. to ca.rpen..t:ry They have: six. endogamou~ divisions, and a.re", t:hererore, kn.own as Lu.har-Su.t:har_ (I) Bhavnagri, (2) :K_hambhat:i, (3) Parjia .. (4) II.16 A.ccordin.g t:o legen.d", a Lubar married Pa.nehal, (5) Sirohia. and (6) Surt.i, who neither a. S-uthar girl giving rise to the term Luhar-Suthar_ eat: together nor intermarry_ Besides these, This legend gets support: Cram the :Follovving three more divisions are foun.d in. K._athia~ar, account: given. by R_ E_ Enthoven.. (I) Sorathia (2) :l\.IIachhukothia and (3) Jhil.k:a._ .... LOHARS (Luhars) or blacksmiths? They have several exogamous divisions,. some :From t:he Sanskrit Lohakar, i.e., worker in. iron na.med a£ter Raj put clan.s, others aCter have the following endogamous divisions places oC residence. Of" the :t'ormer type the I. Ci-ujarat:.i chief" are: 2. I<._anada Lohars or Kamars Chavda :l"vIakva.n.a R_athod Vaghela 3. I<._onkan.i ChohaI1 Parma'{'" Solanki Vala 4. 1\II:a.ratha Those of' local origi n are : 5. Panchal Af""adia ~eladia _Kahalia. Podhyar *' Asodia Devgha Karaoia SaI:1dhav Bardi,a L:.><>d~a :Kava' 5jronja G:JJAR,AT LOH_.'\._R_S are sometimes called Sodana Harsura J\;'Iaru Va. r:t 0 I I>e-va. Tanakhi> meanin.g .. divin.e spa.rk· 1 Chipt.ada Hathodja Pati vvhich may have reFerence to fire (which is Chi"troda Jhilka Pithva.. worshipped. as a deity), which is indispensable Except that in parts of' South Ci-i.J.jara.t, :rOT their work. They of"ten. address one children. o£ sisters or or brothers and sisters another, especially those connected by are allowed t:o marry.. marria.ge bet::ween marriage relations as L-uhar Sutar, which. n.ear relation.s is rorhidden_ l"v'l ~rriage with has it:s origin. in the following st:ory. two sisters is allowed, and brothers <:>n.ce a Ci-ujar Sutar wer.1.t: to a Luhar, are allowed t::~~ marry sis~ers_ 1\tf"aTriage accompanied by hi'S daughter, to sharpen. is gen_era.lly iof'ant:. ITI. some places, if" his tools. It wa.s meal time, and the Luhar" a girl is not married before firt::e:en. a fine bein.g alon.e, had to cook his own. :f"oorl. I-Ie~ is imposed -upon t:.he parents of'" the girl or thererore, told the S"l.1tar to wait. till his they are ex.communica~ed. Divorce is allow-ed_ meal was prepared. The Suta£ wa.s in. a Except among some Cutch L-uhars, the hurry.. and asked his dau.ghter to cook: the widovv is allowed to remarry,. but marria.ge L-u.har's meal so "that his ,",ork might: n.ot: with the younger brot.her o£ her deceao;;ed be delayed. The Luhar consen.t:ing1 the h usba:n.d is rare. S"l.1tha.r"s daught:er prepared the meal. In Cutch Luhars are girt with the sacred the meant.ime" the tools were sha.rpened thread, but some wear it ror a short: time and 'the Sut:ar started to return home_ He <>nly_ V\Til"h <>ne or two pecuJiarjtjes$ "!"he asked his daughter to come with him. but: marriage ceremon.ies or Luhars are similar she declined to do so, remarkin.g that as to those perFormed by l<_anbis. The peculia she had done a housewi£e's work for the rit:ies are that,. on the t:hird day before a Luhar,. she could not marry another man. marriage .. the mothers of 1:he bride: and the The Sutar saw his :f"olly an.d married the hridegroom go separat:ely wit::h music arLO girl to t.he Luhar. To commemorate the xema1e relat:ioD.s a little way rrom t.heir ho-use occu.rrence, the custom oFaddressin.g relat.ions and drive an. iron. n.ail into the ground, and connected by marriage as Luhar Su1:ar came that on the da.y beFore the marriage a.t the int:o vogue. house.. both of" the bride and or the bride Gujarat Luhars claim descen.t rrom groom .. seven women of" t:he caste,. take seven Pithvo, who a.ccording to tradition was earthen pot.s filled with wa.ter from a river" created by Pa.rvati out: or the dust adherin._g pond or wcl'_ LDHAR-SUTHAR 9 Luh.ars belong t:o ma.ny religio-us sects,. vegetarians, except. in South ~eherajpant:his, Ramana.:ndis7 Shaivs, Swami liquor_ In blowing the bellO'ws an.d in.. "the: narayan.s an.d Valla.bhacharyas_ They worship lighter pa.rt of" the "",ork,. the Lu.nar is helped. all Brahmanic and village gods and god by t:he 'Woman. of" his ramily. The competition. desses,. but the special object of their vvorship 'of Eu.ropean. ironware has {'"orced I.~uhars t:o- is _"'the goddess Bhavani_ Some or "'them regard give up t:heir original ca.llin.g and become their bellows a.s a. symbol or home of" Devi, silversmiths" ca.rpenters,. watch repairers, et:c_. and on. big da.ys vvorship the bellovvs~ a.n.d in. some cases field-labO'u.rers. Tn. return. pla.cing Tlear them a lamp fed vvith clarified :For me:nding field to<>ls7 the villagers pay a. b~tter_ 1'\II:ost of them believe in vvitchcraf't,. L-uhar in gra.in. at harvest t:ime_ ~arriage exrocism. and 1:h.e ord inary omens _ Their between n.ea.r reIatioI1s is a.voided_ I::>ivorce priest:s except: in.. Cat:ch are a class of" Au.dich and ~idow remarriage are a..llowed_ Luhars Brahmans, known as Luha.rgors, a.nd consi belo:n.g to many religious sects, s-uch as dered degraded as they <10 I101: scruple K._abirpanthi.. Swamina.raya-n,. Ramanan.di, 1:0 eat food cooked by Luhars_ In. Cutch et.c_ Their priests belong to many divisions the priests are Shriga.uda Brahma.ns who of" Brahman.s who are known as Luhar Gors do not consider themselves degraded. They an.d are despised by other Brahman.s_ "·2 bum t:heir dead vvit:h 'all K..anbi ceremonjes_ 1.<. UlvlBHAR In. So-ut.h Gujarat a:n.d Cutch they privately eat fish and flesh a-nd drink liquor, II. 17 Cra.ft.smen. of" the rema.inin.g 3 house hut elscV\there they are st.rict vegetarians_';' 1 hO'lds of :K..umbhar, one lOr Sa1:hVVara an.d one II.16 The acco'Urrt of this caste as narrated of Sara.nia a :nomadic tribe 'Work: as hired workers j..n t:he Cens12s R_eport:, :1931 ~ C>T t:he £CJrmer on. daily vvages_ C:>f" "three 1<.u.mbhar households". Baroda Stat:e:, is as follovvs : o.n.e belongs to Bhavnagar, wherea.s the other ~~ LUHAR:. Blacksmiths, :Crom Sanskrit two migrated from Bhikda and I>evgana villages Iohkar_ They a.re f"o1..J:nd iIl. cit:ies and large of" Bhavnagar district 50 and 24 years ago respec vil1a.ges_ Accordin.g 1:0 their accoun..t they tively~ They are n..<>t related to each other_ The are t:he: desccn.dant:s or o:n.e PithvO', vvho tra.dition.a.l occupa.tion. of the first £amily is wa.s creat.ed by Parva.ti o-ut Ocr t:he dust clin.g pa1'ara-mak:ing but that: o£ the other two is ing to' Shiva:"s back:, t:O' prepare weapon.s carpen.try_ From the first household one male in. Shiva"s war aga.in.st t:he demon.s Andhkar vvorks as a hired V\.'orker~ :Crom the seCORd two and I=>hundhakar_ They have such surnames m3.1es wJrk as carpen.ters in. building co:n.struc as Chavda, Chohg.fl, Dodia, Sirohia,. etc., tion. a.nd on.e is a hired worker iTl. this craft, which show t:hat: some R.ajputs also must while :From the "third .£amily 1:VVO are en.gaged have taken to their calling. There are 13 in. making cart-wheels a.nd one in parara-making_ main divisions in.. this ca'ite, who n.eit.her All the 7 ea.rning members O'r these 3 ea.t together :nor interma.rry_ They are fa"l"'D.i1.ies are employed on. daily wage syst.em. G-ujjar--., Bhavoagari __ ~Pa.:nchaI--_, Sirohia.. __ " All of" them live in rented hou.ses vvithi-n a. Surfi. __ , Chok:ia..--, "Da.ti ___ .. JChambhatL __ , mile's distance {"rom Sutarwad" the pla.ce vvhere Lodbaghada ___ • Rupaghada ___ ", Pithva ___ an.d they ~ork::_ Parajia .. - Panchal Luhars clai m to be Brah II_ 18 K_ umbhars call themselves Pra.japat:i ma.n.s~ who were degraded owing to their which mean.s Lord of' the people, beca.use they taking to' the bla.cksmiths" pro-r..;:ssion.., a.nd in. fulfil all the earthen. ~tensils and other a.rticles t:he present cen.sus some returned themselves f"...)r domestic use_ II1 another sense t.he as Panchal Bcah!I13.rts_ Luhars are strict pott:er shapes and produces clay articles by J. E~TFI"OVE"N, R.. E., 'L"'he Tribes cuzd C-asres o_r Ecnnhcz.v, Vol. IT, pp. 384-392~ 1922 p-2 10 SECTION I1--C'RAPT AND C~AFTS.M.EN rota.ting a vvheel vvhich is liken.ed to a. universe. t:he mythological kin.g I>a.ksha. Prajapati. FIe is t:herer<>re metaphorically con.sidered praja SC>:n::I.e of" their divisio.Il..s c1aim tc> be K_sha. pa~z or crea1:<>r. But in Sanskrit: k-u~bh means a. triya.s. They a.ppear to' be a. fun.cti.e:>n.a..J. caste pitcher and kar a maker an.d thus k~rnbhkar~ evolved Crom K..anbis, vvhom "they resemble corru.pt.ed into K._u.mbhar, litera.lly .mea.ns the in ma.ny respect:s. They ha.ve seven endoga m.aker of pots or pitchers. About: their customs, mous drvision.s~ (1.) G-ujar, (2) Kadiya or divisions, hobbies, sects,. etc., Enthove.n states IChedvaya~ (3) K..hambhat:i, (4) Lad, (5) as £<>llows: Sora t:hia, (6) -Va.ria and (7) -Vata1ia_ Of" .: .. .KUMBHARS or Potters.. frc>m the these, Sc>rathias, .K.hambhatis and Lads a.re Sanskrit: kun-zbha a water-pot a.nd kar maker.. territc>rial in origin., G-ujars belon.g to the • - • - are f"ou.nd in. a.ll parts of'" the Presidency_ great: tribe of'" G-ujars who ga.ve Guja.ra.t i.ts They are divided into twen.ty-three en.doga. :na.m.e, an.d to vvhich the majorit:y of" the mc>us groups. _ . _ "N"one of the a.bc>ve 23 _Kumbha.rs,. like G-uja.r -Van.ias, 1. EN"THOVEN", R.. E., The Tribes ~.nd COSIes of ..BQ~bay, VoI_ II, pp. 276-282, 1922 - SAR.ANIA 11 fotlo"VVs:: Gujar, La.d~ J\..f:arn,. Ajmeri, Ba.nda, I-lindu,.vvorship K.alika. and I-Ia.I1umao. The marriage FChambhati, Sami,. -Va.ria an.d Vatalia.. The ceremony vvhich is "U:n.ique,. is perCormed in. the first :n.amed is th~ predominan.t section. in. open.. The mother of the bride and the Ca.ther the State_ Besides working a.s potters, many of" .he bridegrooIn. tie clay pots on.. their bellies. or this cast:e a.re employed in. villages a.s They run seven. times to each o~her in. such a way domestic servan.ts and in. towns have become that 'durin.g their last turn both the pots clash carpenters or bricklayers. ThO'se who have together a.nd break. intO' pieces a:nd tha.t comple taken t-o carpe.ntry -or bricklaying ca.ll them ~es the cn.arriage. .Arter the death e>£ her husba~d= selves Sutar-K.u.mbhar or K..adia-K_u.mbhar, the 'VVidow ca:n. rern.arry. While some of them a.nd claim superiority over others ...... They bu.rn. their dead .. ot.hers inter them a.fter tou.ching live mostly OIl. vegetable Food but: some in. the ra.ce with a buc:n.ing bun..ch of" gra.ss. 3 South. G-u.jarat take: liquor aI1d even. eat SATHWARA flesh. Brahman'S omciate at their ceremon.ies,. a.nd are trea.ted on eq"Ual terms by other II.23 The on.e household or Sathw-ai"8 caste Bra.bm ~ns .... _ . Eac: h divis ion has its head ma.n xn.igra1:ed before 70 to 80 years rrom Baga.sara a.nd set:tles social disputes at t:he meeting or i.n. .A.mreli district vvhere the ramily was eng"3.ged all the men. of" the caSte." 1. in savving of wood. The head of .. he fa.mily works in. this craft. as a hired work.er on. da.ily wages. SA~ANIA On.e woman. of t.he £amily works as a. clome:s~ic II.20 The two households of Sarania.,. a. serva.:n.t_ But "the main occupation. of" 1:he hou.se noma.dic t:ribe h~ving ~he surnames of hold Cor 30 years has been. parara-maki:n.g_ Th.e: r>huCD.:l.liy.a a.nd Sora.~hia. Luhar a.re rela.ted to artisan. lives in. a rented house n.ear bis place each other. They migrated from .Iv.l:ahuva 65 of" work. miles away Cram Bhav:n.agar,. 35 years ago. II.24 In the ru.ral area.s of' Jamn.agar district~ Originally they were cartV\l'rights. One ~a1e From Sathwaras are kn.ovvn as ~a.lwadi. Hindu. by each family works as a hired worker in parara religion a.n.d a.griculturist: by occupation, "they making since last 24-27 years,. 'th.e other members are also engaged in trade. commerce,. and g~rden. bein.g dependent as n.o:n.-workers. Bot:h these in.g as hired labourers. "lv1:ost or them are co:ncen. families live in rented houses very :near to the t ra t.ed in I-I:ala r,. i. e. ~ J amna.gar district. and place OT work __ scattered in. Za.lawad (Suren.dranagar district) II.21 Saranias are tradition.a.l knif"e sha.rpen.ers, a.n.d ~a.dhya Sau.ra.sht.ra (Rajkot district:~ where so called From sararz or grin.ding wheeL They they are f"ou.X1d in Bara.di area,. Jamn.agar,. a.re concentrated in Saura.sht:ra an.d round roving .K.hambhalia, I>hrol,. ~orvi, Surendranagar, in pairs with sarLZn £>D. their shoulders. One or Sayla,. I:>hrangadhra,. Bo1:ad, Jun.agadh. and t:hem rot:ates the saran with the help of a Sagasara.. Each grou.p has its ovvn separa.te lea1:her belt an.d the other sharpens scissors,. cust.oms. They a.re also found i.n G-ujara.t but with pen1cnives~ n.u.t.-cra.ckers, etc.~ on. it. They are a. :no conn.ection with Sathwa.ras or Saurashtras. wan.dering tribe. A.ccording 1:0 R._ B. Ent:hoven., There a.re t:yvo legen.ds a.bou.t "t.h.e origin. t.hey constit.ute a su.bdivision of' Vaghris_ They of Sa.thvvaras- Accordin.g to one,.. they derive allow widow marria.ge a-nd di.vorce. Ju.nior levira.t.e their caste name from SarlVczla or those is compulsory a.mong on.e of" t;heir sections which who s"tick to truth "Up (:0 deat;h. According to lives a settled life. The o~her~ which is nomadic the second legend they were originally ICshatri practises win.nin.g the bride by rendering service yas. On the other ha.:n.d some of them. believe t:<> her pare:L1t:s_ 2 tha.t: they a.re descendants e>f" Lord Sbiva.. who I"l.22 Gujarar Sarvasangrah st:ates that they saved 16 "K_sha.'triya.s rrom Parashurama. posing have migrated :From ~arvvd.d. Those who are them as husbands of"' his 16 daughters creat.ed ]. l\I[UI<.E:R..:JEA.. SA.TY.A.. V •• Census .of India I93I. Vol. X~X. Baroda. Part I. Reporr. pp_ 447 2. E~TJ'=1.CJVEN"~ R. E., The Tribes ~nd Cosres of Bo.-zba_v. Vol. III. pp_ 320. :1920 3. Gu..fgra.s ~va.sQngrczh. ~'pre, 3. p_ 1.08 12 SECTION II~ AND CRAPTSMEN OD. the spot. They C&D1C to be knovvn as iron sheets ~hich beau.tiry the parara is the handi Satwa.ra. There are 16 divisions in. .K.shatriyas. ""ork of" an.. old I>a.udi Vora. ~uslim. Cami)y The seventeent.h IC.shatriya.. ~ho came late of Bhavn.agar. The householder deals in steel 'Was a.sked to do the ",",ork of" pounding near a a~d ha.rdware as hjs main. occupation. Colouring bullock to save him rrom the anger or Para.shu of shee"ts is has su.bsidiary occupation. His -un.it, raw:n.a.. Theref"ore, his descendan.ts, came: to be lcn.ovvn. as the Saurash:tra. Yellow Tin. ~an.uCac called K.andava or .K.handala_ Their surna.mes like turers is located at G-aID.-ni-Vora'VVad. G-adh .Parmar.. S«:>.ngara, :N"a.k::u.m., K.acbha ~iya. .. ~an.miriyap ni-Rang • .Bha.v~aBa.r. This js the only househo1d Chopda, Dabhip Jltd:ori, K.ba:ndar, Bedia~ I=>aman.i, in. Guja.ra.t un.dertakin.g such colou.ring f"or "a.miyel. K..ha.n.da.la are similar to. "l:hose of" the last 7S years on. piece-work basis. Of" K.shatriyas. They are sturdy in health~ and of" the 12 f"amily members 3 males 8.n..d ~edium. height. 1\-2:a1es ~ea.r na.rrow trou.sers, 4. fema.les are engaged. in this ,,",orlc in. .heir shirt (angaaL)p -white or red turba.n and put on own "Worksho p-cUI'I"Z-d we) ling. The work: is shoes. Females put on.. a. short. blouse~ skirt. and don..e manually W'ithout using any type of" powerp odhanI (gadharI). They use golden and silver the place of" work being the f"ran. t port.ion 0 r OrD.amex:a.ts pop u.lar am~ng a.griculturists of'" the house. ?'lo hired labourers are employed. Sau.ra.sh.tra.. The cust.oms of" birth. marriage Orders a.re booked an.d colou«:::ed sheets a.re and death are: similar to 't.hose or Hin.du.s.:I. delivered at the ren ted shop of"' steel and II. .2S About their customs.. occ:upa.tio.n.s# et.c., hardware sit::u.ated in. Lokhand Bazaar. one n::lile I;:-n.t.hoven. says : a.way Crom. the place oC residence and work. "' 1& ~arria.ges are Yorbidden. betvveen. the The shop is looked aCter by 3 male JIl.embers descendan.ts of" collat.eca.l males within seven ~f t:he fa..m.ily who also ~<>Tk in t:he colouring degrees. G-irls must be married beCOore they process. 1VI:onsoon. ia the slack sea.son. Cor are fou.rt.een, an.d in some cases b<>-y~ a.nd this process_ girls a.re ID.arried. ~hen. not. more thax:a. a II.27 The I>audi Vors. commun.it:y js generally month old ...... VVido'W' remarriage an.d divorce en.gaged in trade a:n.d commerce, making or tin is allowed. Younger brothers m.ay marry and steel art.icles p repairing ~C locks, pet:romax: t.he elder brother"'s widow_ Both husband lamps, fountain. pens, spect.acles, light:ers. or ~ire can. seek a divorce. prim-us st.oves, lanterns" etc._ framing ot: phot.o In. re1igion. t.he Sat.hwa..ras are Sha.ivas graphs, sa.le a.:n.d purchase of" jari goods~ and an.d Vaishnavas of" the: Valla.bhacharya, also 1n. service in oil :n::aills. railwa.y and port: Ra.ma.n.andi, Swa.:min.araya.n and Bij margi workshops a.n.d te:xt.ile JIl.iIls. Females a.lso do sects... The only bird 'they worship is t:he gainCu.l work like making papad~ vaal an.Q sev, nzZkanrh or jay on. ..Dasaro da.y in. October. ~broidery, ku.it.t.ing work,.. tailoring, crochet Sathwa.ras make pilgrimages '10 I>aicor. vvork. m.aking of" bu.t.ton.s, et.c.,.. at: home. It. is I>warka, Sidhpurp Benares, CSo.k::ul, ~ath.ura believed t.hat they are l\4u.slims converted 1"ro01 and .AUahabad_ .•••• Their priest:s are Audich, Hindu a.s evidenced by their surn.ames which are Shrimali or ~odh Brahmans. similar to those oC Brahmins_ Their origin. .. _ ...•. Sathwaras a.re husbandmen. field cust.oms and. habits, etc.,. are described by Jabourers and brick.la.yers. Those who a.re Campbell in t:he Gazetteer oC the Bomba.y Q_"uJ:l;ivators work: in t:hc fie.lds throughout. Presiden.cy. 1899 as "U.D.der : tho year. and are helped by their 'VVives ,cc I>audis are Shiahs of' the ~ust:aaJiaD and. chi1dren. In K..a.thiawar they rear rich divisions of" the grea.t Ismaili sect.. They garden crops.".2 are atten.tive to their religious duties,.. many J>AUDI VORA both. me.:n and women. kn.ovving the K.uraa.n. Th.ey are careeul to say t.heir prayers. t<:> II.26 The yellow colouring of" the thin white observe ~uharram as a season of mOllT~inB .. 1.. Saurash'ran6 Pachhar .K:o~. Part II. pp. 269-292. 1.958 2. E2>oIT~C>VE:N"~ .R.._ E_~ 7'"he TrLbes a_d C~sres .of Bornb_y. Vol. III. pp. 322-324• .1.922 13 and to go on pilgrimage to ~a1ckah and The artisans are tempted· to relax £room the Ka.rbala_ They strjctly absta.in. CroR1 ~usic la.bour in.volved in. their ca.lling vvi"th t.ea, bidi and dancing and rCOLD. 'Using or dea.ling and betel-Iea.ves_ They rea.d newspapers a.nd in. intox.ica.t.in.g drinks or dru.gs_ religious bQok.s a.nd. visit cin.ema.s_ Because of"" ___ . _. Except ror sc:>D1e peculiarities in cc:>nst:a.:n.t use of" hands~ they develop corns on their na.mes; that they atta.ch special the pa.lms_ St:oma.ch diseases are s'ta.ted 1:0 be importance te> circumcisie>n; tha.t the sacrifice common a.mong these a.rtisans_ They rcel that: or czkLkczh ceremony is held in. the J\.oIulla.'s t.hey Qffer good services to the society and house; that at xnarriage the bride and take pride in. their 'Work_ There are in. all 150 bridegroo~ "'hen. not: of age are represented hou.seholds ot: G-ujjar Sut.har ca.ste in. Bhavn..aga.r_ by sponsors or vvalis; tha.t: a1: death a On cert.ain. occa.sion.s, like betrothal,. ma.rriage pra.yer f'"or pity on his sou.l an.d body is an.d birth of" a cbild_ volun.t:ary cont.ribution.s la.id in the dea.d 'KDan.~s hands; a.nd that on are given. to the ca.ste panch. From such Cunds certain occasions the Higb Priest: :feeds t:he medicines a.nd books,. etc._ a.re given to needy ~h<>lc com.mu.n.ity_, £>a.udi custOD1S do o.ot, ca.ste·Cellows_ Vishvak.arma. is their tutela.ry god so Far as ha.s beeq ascerta.ined~ differ Cr<>01 an.d Va.sistha is considered t:o be the origin.al those oC ordinary '~usa.ID1a.n.s_ preceptor or guru of" the cast:e_ Chamunda is ____ . _ The: co mpletenc:ss of" t.heir cla.ss tbeir caste goddess_ C>.n ~agh Sud 13, 'they a..rra.n.aemen.ts, "the en.vy 0-£ other l\I.lu.ham.mad a.ll gather, 800 stron.g-» in Vishva.1carma lVi:aT1dir a.n.S7 is -the most marked Cea.tnre oC the I>audi to celebrat:e t:he Vishvakarma. Ja.ya.nti a.nd enjoy SonoTas_ Their lea.der_ hotb in. thin.gs religi- a reast there_ The expenses are met wit:h by <>u.s and sOtCial,. is the head ~ulla .of Surat: __ _ equa.l cont:ribut:jons from 'l:hem_ Shorti of"' 'Worship the head lV:lulla is treated II_29 The big bu.ilding with SOD:1e blocks vvi.h the greatest cespect:. Fl:e lives in ~u.ch a.nd. 'temple in. Sut:arvvad is owned by the caste sta.te a.nd entertains with 't:he most proCuse panch. The Cest.ivaIs celebra.ted in. "the t.emple Iiberality_ On both religious and civil ques are tions his a:utbority is fina.l. I>isciplinc is Kartik Sud 1 (New year day) Anna. k.oo t:_ cn1'"'orced in religious matt:ers by fio.c. __ - .. J\.o'£agh Sud S (Vasant: Pan-) l.\.t£arriage of" Every con.siderable settlement or I>,audis chami) .R.a.nna.de~ has its lVIulla. Qr deputy of the head ~u.ll __ daughter of :FIe i~ t:l:::u~ir lea.der i.n. religious mat.t:ers~ Vishvakarma. and whe n. disput: es arise he calls a meeting vvith Surya._ of" the chief' m.embers and decides the 1\IIagb Sud 1.1 S thapan.a I:>in. point_ From. this d.ecision. an. a.ppeal. I.ies or the day to the head ~ulla in. Surat:._.- __ of'" inst:alla Thougb they seem 1ittle inclin.ed .. _._. tion. t.o take t.o other than. their hereditary ~agh Sud 1.3 Birthday ca.lling of" trade, the I>audis Cor shre'VVdness celebra.tion. and enterprise hold their O'WVD with any oC Vishva- class oC traders in 'W'estern India.. a.nd oC la.t:e karma. years the grovving usc of iron ha.s beeD a Ashadh Vad. 11 An.n. iversary source of'" specia.1 ga.in. to them." 1 or arrival ok" Vishvaka.rma. SOC:JAL AND PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS idol Cram II.28 Carpenters arc a very intelligent an.d. Ahmedaba.d. hea.lt.hy class. This occupation requires technical Shrav a.n. Su.d 1. 1. SlIVcu:#hCU'n. slciU_ correct calculations and deft:ness or ba.nds_ G~an_ I. CA.~DEX-L. ~~ES :r-.rt:_. Gazelleer of Ihe Bo~>, Presidency, Vol. IX. Part: II• .lY.ru.sQ/~n.s and PQr.sis, pp_ 30-32. 1899 14 SECTION JJ-CRAPT AND CRAPTSMEN shops have sepera.t:e vera:n.dahs where som.e of I-I"OUSING CONDITIONS 'the opera'tion.s a.re carriecl on. Two workshops II_30 It is interesting to note that the have sepa.rate vva.rehouses where ... in. t:he pea.k ow:n.ers of" the 7 establishmen.ts of this craft sea.son ... "tbe work: of paz'ara-making is also don.e. resid.e in. own.ed. premises, mostly on the upper The largest w<>rkshop has an. area of 1,200 sq. stories o£ t:he- vvorkshop. The houses are vvell £t:. Two others, have 600 sq_ £t. each, three ventilated an.d spa.cious. The hired workers 'Workshops and 2 vva.reho~ses have an a.rea less reside in. ren.ted premises in a. radius of" one tha.n 300 sq. Ct:. each, a.nd t.he rema.in.ing one mile CrOom the place of "Work: ex.cept one G-ujjar has an. a.rea of' over 400 sq. Ct:_ Suthar "Who comes daily f"rom T.a.rsa~iya, a II 32. .A.ll these 7 esta.blishmen.ts a.nd other village of" Bhavn.aga.r taluka., 5 miles a.wa.y from units related "to 'pa~a,.a-mak.ing work: in.depen. Bhavnaga..r city. Thu.s hired cra.ftsmen. live dent:ly_ .All t:he pa~ara-r:n.akers e:r:nploy hired sca.ttered in. the city... bu-t n.ot rar rram the vvorkers. One est:ablishment did not: hire an.y place of work. "Worker 8t:- the time of t:he survey because of the sla.ck: season. The largest employs five WORJ STA TElV1:ENT I Literacy and educat:ioIlla'l s:~a.tns Litera.te .A.ge wit:hout: SecC:>%1- l\4a.tri- group 'I"otal Illit:erate educational standard Primary dary culate ~ .2 3 4- 5 6 7 Persons .138 54 2. 75 6 .. o to .14- 56 24- 2 28 2 J 5 "to 34- 49 ~4 30 4 ~ 35 to 59 31 ]4- 17 60 a.n.d a.bove 2 2 fIVI:.ales 7. 21 44- 5 :1 o ~o 14- 23 12 1:0 I .15 to 34- 30 5 20 4 .I 35 to 59 .17 3 1.4 60 and a.bove 1 J Fen:aales 67 33 31 .. o "tOo .14- 33 .12 .18 ~ 15 "tOo 34- 19 9 ~O 35 ~o 59 "1.4- II 9: 60 a.nd. aboove .I 1. PLAT'E I . <::3 I ~ ~ I ~ I ~ ' ~ - PLATE II Vishv akar 1na" the Div ine Arch·irec!; PLATE I I I I ! , :: ...0 • I - ~ =-a. -~ .- - ___ ~ c--a - ~ ~ :II: =z ~ -~ 3iI::: <:> ~ ~ ~ a: :z - <> :z <> ~ c:::::Il ~ Out: of'" a. ~ot:a.l of 138 members, 84 or 60.87 accoun1:s ror 75 or 54.34 per cen.1: of the per cen.t: are lit:erat:e or educat:ed, -while the Jitera.t:es. Six of" t:he ma.les ha.ve gone Curt-her. rema.in.in.g 54 or 39.13 per ce:nt: a.re illiterat:e. Five or t::hem have -taken secon.dary educa.tion The percen.ta.ges a.m~n.g ma.les an.d fem.a.tes are vvhile <:>n.e has pa.ssed the matricu.lation. stage 70.42 an.d 50.74 respectively. The highest n.u.mber a.nd join.ed a diploma course. On.ly one :f""eIDale as Vlf"ell as proport:io:n of Ii tera. tes is foun.d in. bas received secon.dary education_ Confined to t:he age group 15-34 '\JVhich cla.ims 35 lit:era.tes the vvorkers of" -t:hese fa.milies, t:he a.na.lysis vvho form. 71.42 per ce:n..t of" the 49 person.s i.n. reveals tha.t: 31. out of" the 40 earning mem.bers 't.ha"t. group_ The literacy ratio among those have t.aken. pri-mary education, 8"11d 9 are below 15 years or a.ge is 57.14 per cent: as illit::erat:e_ Out: of 24 t::01:a1 artjsa.ns en.gaged a.gain.st 54.85 per cent in. t:he a.ge group 35-59. in t::he craft:, 19 ha.ve t::a.ken prima.ry education. There is :no lit:era1:e a.mong 1:hose aged 60 an.d 5 are returned as .illiterat::e_ As far as the and over_ 16 workers :in. other occupa.tions are concerned, II.35 ~ost of the literates have a t.1:.a.i ned 12 have a:t-tained the prima.ry l_evel, a-nd 4- are only t:he prima.ry level of educa.tion, which illiterate. SECTIC>~ III ~TER.IALS III. "1 TI2\1.BER AND meta.l a.re t.he principal III.3 In. the city of" Bhavnagar, there .....are ra.w materia.ls used in. making pczrara. On. the more than. SO shops of timber owned by basis or quantity, t.imber takes precede:n..c::e over mercha.nts or 1<_an.bi, Lohana a:n.d ~uslim metal which is con.sidered a. subsidiary ra:w castes,. who purchase it in. big lots through ma.1:erial, 1:ho-ugh iII. terms of"' cost: the latter their ageI1ts at: Bulsar, Broach an.d other trade ou.tweighs the former. The chest is prepared centres or timber. l'vlost of' the timber required maiIl.ly £rom two kinds or timber, viz., cz7rlba for the use or this cra£t a.nd for other carpentry wood, i_e.,. wood of mango tree, .Jl..:£angifera vvork like f"Urniture, and struct"Ural ~ood work:, zndica and sag or tea.k wood, ~ec~ona grandfs ... is obtained £rom the forests or Su.rat and Dangs having red colou.r. Tea.k wood is preferred districts and tran.sported to Bhavnagar - by though it is dear because of its dura.bility, cou:n.t ry craft;, rail or truck. Tea.~k wood is smoothness, light weigh"!:, an.d hard:ness du.e to procured also from Indore (lVIadhya Pradesh) closeness of veins . .l'\I1:ango woO'd is rough, heavy by merchants an.d a.rtisan.s an.d tran.sported by in. weight a.nd damaged easily because or its rail. Bhavnagar being a:n intermediate port,. the scattered vein~ an.d its sortn.ess. ~oreover, it sea ro"Ute is pref"erred Tor t:he movement.: of is quickly affected by the climate, ben_dir1~ timber between. Surat an.d Bhavn.agar~ as the or cracking in su.mmer a.nd expan.ding in. dis tan.ce by sea is shor t: er. It red lJ ces the t.i me: m0I1S00I1,. a.,",kwardly de:£ormiIl.g the fit.tings and a:n.d cost of'" traIl.sportatiorl... ~ost of'" the p~rc::ha. the shape of" the chest_ To redu.ce the costs a.nd ses are on credit. The agent pays the amount sometimes for YDass production.. in. the peak of cost: vvhich he recovers from the principal seaSOD, t.hree other low varieties of haIdarva,. .3faJad alo-n.g with his commission. and int:eres"t: ""vithin.. a:n.d crchhola are also used but to a. very limited 30 t.o 90 days or even. wi thin a yea.r, if" the ex.. tent. In their earnest desire for prepa.ring chests party is reliable. This interest can be redu.ced of" the best workmanship and for a.voiding by paying the amount: '\ 16 17 cubi.c Coot a.nd, i.n. the size of" 3" breadth a.nd. on the thin. tinplate. It is then cu't in'&;o squares an.d -l-" t.hickness, obtained from Indore at Rs_ 3 75_ rect:.a._ngular pieces_ These pi~ces are then embossed Al'77hcz wood in. t.he popu.lar size of 4-j. .... (3' to T) by dies e»r puo.checd by poin.ted t~ols specially 2}-"'x-j-" costs R.s_ 4.00 per c-ubic Coot._ The rat.e of'" prepared f"or the purpose_ The perCorated pieces ~his ki.nd o£ wood was Rs. 0.44 t:o O.-SO bef'ore are then fixed in geometrica~ sha.pes supported 25 years_ If' the s-tock on hand, as stated a.bove, by iron strips genera.lly: on.. th~ :Fron t par,&; o:F is considered~ it. can be con.cluded t.ha teach parara, locally known as darshan hhag _ Iron establishment. purchases 'W'00d worth about Rs. rods are used to make the side-han.dles an.d 1 .. 000 generally du.ring summer or in t.he beginn.ing sta.ples. :N"ails, big and small are used in assembl of ~he monsoon on wholesa.le basis. I>uriog the ing the wooden pla.nks and fix.in.g the iron slack: season .. i_e.. m<>nsoc>n~ ~hey prepa.re variolls sheets,. wherea.s the) id is sec ured with the chest parts of' t.he chest. only but do n.ot. a.sse:m.ble with iron-hin.ges_ Thin brass plates are used the art.icle. The average annual consu.mption. of instead of" iron. ones in the f"ront portion and different: kind s of tir:n.ber on.ly ror the ma.nu f"a.c the borders of" the lid~ in the various forms as ture of" pararas at: this centre is estima.~ed to above,. only in chests made to special order_ be 'VVorth R.s_ 28 .. 850 comprising 7 .. 212 cubic ~ou.lded brass stoppers are fixed to the lid_ reet. III.8 The iron. sheets of 42 gau.ge vvhich _ .££_6 The syst"em. of" preparing pararas on were rorm.erly used being thinner were more piece-work basis preva.i,ls in. several t.own.s of suitable than the thicker sheets of" 33 or 34 Sa.-urashtra. In this syst~m, the Ia~il-vaTa or t.im ga.uge, in.volvin.g increased labour and time, as ber merchant s-upplies wood and. pays the act-ual t.hey add to the 'U-Itirn.ate weight and cost of"" expenses incurred by the artisa.ns on. other raw the paLarcz. Th e qu.ality or the: finished produ.ct ma.terials I ike iron sheet.s,. tin. sheets .. n.ails. handles, also suffers_ hinges, roils~ e~c_ Sometimes merchan.ts give III_9 The tin sheets of"' 33 an.d higher gauges 't he ceq u.ired a 1:0.0 u. n. ~ in. ad va. nee 1'"0 r s u.ch p ur were imported rrom -Foreign countries_ For cha.ses· or they tbemselves pu.rchase and supply obtainin.g import licence, the artisa.n had to' enroll 'the raw materials required_ Thus the artisarI himself" as a. member or t:he Small-scale Industries has not to invest a.n.y m.oney and he .Association and had to obtain. a.n essentiality certifi gets good remunera.tion ror his workmanship, cate Crom the 'Director of" In.dustries, A.hmedab-ad whereas the mercha.nt receives profit rrom the throu.gh the concerned District:: I:n.d -ustries Officer regular customers who come to purchase timber, after f"urnishing req-uired data :f"or the purpose. and oth.er building material. On a. very szn.all In addition.. an. income-tax verification certificate scale. these merchant.s a.lso keep carts an arrange ror the purchase o.f the tin sheets throu.gh this crart a.t Bhavnagar. obta.in their requ.irements the commercial agen.t dealiI1g in. import: business. Crom the local ma.rket. On.ly 1'¥I/S Niranjan FIe had to bear all the i:n.ciden.ta.l cha.rges in Furnit:"Ures, Bhavnagac secured a. quota. <>f" tin respect of custom, dock: cleara.n.ce, tra.nsportat:ion.. ~heet.s or 33/34 ga.uge throu.gh the iCD.por"t: licence octroi, Freight, etc. issu.ed by t.he Controller of" Iron.. and St.eel .. III. IO Six ortbe sevcx. est:.ablishD1cn.ts engaged in. Bombay in. 1960-1963 a.s deta.iled below. Issu.e date c>C Import: 30-:11-60 33/34- 2 .. 032 ~/s S. Ber "" Coo .. Lt:d. Shri P. L_ Bhat:t London Bombay 1.1-2-6. 33/34- .03 Bhavnagar Iroon ~ Steel ~erchant:s ~ssociat:iOOII :13-4-61 33/34- .I ,000 Shri P_ L_ ShaLt Bombay 7-8-6:1 33/34- .I .. 855 ~/s. :FIen.ry VigerD. • ~adra.s Iron ~ Tin Plate ]'.Tew "York: SYI'1dicat:e L:hu.it:ed 3-6--62 33/34- 4.000 Shri A.michand pyarelaI, Bombay 9-7-62 34- 1. .. 000 Shri K.ha..ndelwal' &; Bros .• Bombay 27-7-62 33/34 .I .000 l'\.ot'/s I-Ienry Vigern. J"tr,.o'ladras Iron. &. Tin Plate "N"evv -V-ork: Syndicate Ltd. 7-5-63 33/34 .:1.3S2 l'II.4/5 ~urvva 1 Incorpoo rated. Jayant: 'N". ~ave :r-;[ew 'York:-4 208/ 1 • G-hashira.m Ahmedabad 7-.1.2-63 33/34- 8:17 l!'t.II/s ~ orleys (.B:E-IAI'vI:) Ltd •• Jayant 'N"_ J:>ave Iron and Steel stoock holder, 208/1.. G-hashiram Poole. Essex .R..ooad. :E-IoddesdoD.. .Ahmedabad Rert:s, England. III. 1 1 AC't:er the set.t:ing up of" Rourk-ela t:oones or iror1 sheets <>f'" ::: 8 to' 33 gauges S~eel Works by the Hindustan. Steel Limited. man.urac~ured at Rourkela. throu.gh 'the Gujarat import" o£ steel from f""oreign coun.tries is rest.ricted. Small Industries C<>rpc>rati<>n.~ A.hmedabad, the In 1964 .. the ~ira.njan F"Urn.itures, Bhavnagar deta.ils of' which a.re given. be!ow_ were gra.n.ted permit C<>r t:he p'Uccha.se of" 8 I:>at:e oC issue of Qu_nt:it:y . the permit ~aua:e (in. ICS-:> .Agency ~ 2 .3 4 ~S.-3-64 28 t:o 33 2.714 The Oujarat Sma.ll In.dustries Corporat:ion., Ahmedabad _ .:16-5-64- 28 t:o 33 The Gujarat: Small In.du.stries <:"ocpocatio:n.. .A.hmeda.bad_ 6 ~64 Z8 t:c> 33 ,The Gujarat: SD:1.all Indus'LTies C~rpora.tion~ - A.bmedabad. 1.9 -.A.ltnough the- permit iss-ued covered thi:n.n.er -K.g_ --of'" Japanese tin pla.te acco-rdin.-g 1:0 the perrB.it gauges "Up to 33, the actu.al sheets received were issued to him,. because t:he quaut;ity sanct:ioned of" 28 ga.u.ge only, which. -are not: su.i~ble ror was t:o~ small a.nd_ would ent:ail dispropoct:ion-a.- being used in. parara-making_ Thus Cor vvan.t 1:ely heavy_ shipping charges_ The establishr:nent is of facilities to secure iron. sheets of required c:ngaged in colouring tin pla.tes 'Used f"or decora. type, the cra.f"'t has suffered adversely and the tion or the front of the paLara. The es.tablishment: quota. received is diverted to zna.nu.f"'acturing works independent:ly a.s vvell as for the artisans trunks an.d boxes_ e~ga.ged in PQt-ara-n13.king a.nd f"or mercha.nts I I T _ I2 l:Jp t:o 1. 963 lvI/s "N"iranj a.n Furnitures dealing in coloured plates. It: does not get tne "Were receiving regular import: IiccI1ces :Cor; a required quality of" tin plat:es I10W_ In a.b~ence period of :f"our years f"'rom the Controller of" OI import: I iceI:1ce s ys t; e a:l,. .i 1: is very d i mcul t to Iron and Stee1~ Bombay_ PrOem .A.pri1 1964 the obtain the sheets _ rrom t:he open ID"3rket:_ In import: policy has been. revised an.d ma.de foreign cou.ntries,. t:he cost price of' oue 'ton of def"'ence-orien.ted_ The policy followed is to tin plates is Rs_ 1,000 to 1,,100_ But in. In.dia.~ encourage utilisation of produ.cts ma.n.uFactu.red a.rter adding tra.nsportation. cha.rges a.nd local vvi-rhin the c :>un.t:ry and to cut down imports ta.xes,. t:he cost per tonne rises to Rs_ 1,500 and as :Far as possible_ Out' or seven esta.blishments the market price goes u.p st:ill f""u rther to Rs_ 2,000_ a.t Bhavnagar, only one, namely,. lVi:essrs_ Thus it becomes very expensive and dear to obt:ain N"ira.Llja.n Furn.itures h~ve been abJe too ta.ke t:he sheets from the a.uthorised dealers in compa. advantage o£ the quot:a' syst:em introduced for rison to procuring them direct:ly f"rom foreign <>bt:a.inin.g the requiremen.ts of" iroIl. sheets of" count:rieos t:hrough agents_There a.re some merchan.t:s Indian man_uf"act:ure_ As t:he sheets of" 24 to 32 dealing in iron. an.d st:eel at: Bhavnagar who also ga-u.ges manuractu.red a.t R.ourkela a.re Il.ot. get these sheets which s,.-,me art:isans of" the suitable f"'OT parara-ma1cing. This establishment cit:y purchase at a very high price_ has a.pproached the Director or Industries~ III. 14 English sheets of 450 mm x. 600 mm_ Ahmedabad, £>istrict: Indust:rial Coopera.tive and la.rger sizes a.nd A_meri~an sheets of" 600 A.ssociation,. Bhavna.gar" a.nd Bhavnagar SrrJ.all mm_ an.d larger sizes were a.va.ilable f"rom London. Industries A~s ">ciat:ion with a request to brin.g and ~evv "York up to 1963 in the popular unit their di:ffi.culties t:o the T1otic~ of" the higher of metric tonne a.t Rs_ 1 y500 inel uding t:ra.ns a.uthorit.ies and make availa.ble iron. sheets of" portation. charges~ labour charges, custom.;; charges, requ_-lsIte gau.ge_ n.a.o:1ely. 42_ In the alternative~ loca.l taxes, etc_ Berore 25 years, a -white tin sheet they may be gra:n.ted essentiality certificate for mea-suring 20" :>< 28" of" 34 to 36 gauge was t:b eir i rnports From foreign countries a.s in. t:he a.vailable at Rs_ 50 to 55 (50 Kg_)_ The iron. past:_ The artisa1.1s feel that the han.dicraf"t: of st:rips of 20 to 28 gauge are available ("rom JapaI1 parara-making will suffer a severe blow,. if in the form of l:n.:lI1dles of 100 feet: at: R.s. 250 their request is not: considered sympathetically_ per metric tonne bein.g the in.Terior quali t:y They also feel tha t the procedure Cor obtaining of 18 to 19 gauge is a.vatlable a.t Bhavnagar at the sheets of requisit:e ga.uge should be so Rs_ 700. Twent.yfive years ago~ the price of" one simplified as to enable them to obt:ain their B_md_ of" such strips waq :R.s. 1 to 3_ But: most: of"' quota 'Wit:hou.t: an.y dimculty at competitive rates. t:he arl:isans nowa.days p urcnase rrom the local III_13 SimiJar is the case or Shri Abdu.lhusain market loose iron s1:rips 'Used ror packin.g cotton and L:ukmanji "Va.idya~ the owner of Sa.urashtra. c]ot:h ba.les at. t.he prjce of Rs_ 12 to 14 per 13 md_ Yellow Tin lVi:aIl.uCacturers, who received (i) 1 III_ I 5 Iron rods used f'or making handles and ton. American sheet.s, Tiger Bra.nd, of" 40 ga-uge hooks are available in.. the city at Rs_ 45 per in. 1960-61,. (ii) 2 tonnes English and R.ussian Cwt._ The size of"' the rod varies Fro m 2' to 6' sheets of" 32 to 36 gauge in. 1961 -62 through and it.s radius is T1cg" _ Similarly small nails ot tvvo companies in Bomb:ay,. viz.,. Western In.dia. vario-u.s sizes, i_e_,. :}-~, ~'_. and In,. oC 1.7 gauge Privat.e 1-td_ a.nd Amichan..d Pyaretal privat.e Lt:d_ are 'Used 1:0 join t:wo planks or to fix the strips But in ~ 962 -63 he could not; avail <>E t:he 670 a.nd sheets. .A.nother bigger variet:y of" 13 gauge 20 SECTl~-ll.l RA9V MATERIALS in sizes 1.", I j-" and 2'1,. a.re _Iso used for the But: now the price per sheet or '" >< 4' is Rs_ 11.50 sa.me purpose b-ut ror the t.hicker st.rips. sheets in. the local ma.rk.e~_ It: is used Cor covering the a.nd wooden. s t.rips. Both the varieties a.re a. vailable :rront: portion. oC pararo either a.s a. simple in the loOca.l ma.rket a.t Rs. 8 a.nd 5 per Kg. sheet: or in. the f"'orm or rings or eITIoossed or respectively. The rates were Oon.1.y Re. 0.37 to. engraved squa.res an.d borders. The bra.ss mOoulded 0.62 per K.g_ a quarter Oof' a. cent.ury ago. Iron. st:oppers fixed on. the lid a.re procu.red f"rom Sihoc, hinges (3" breadt.h) are a.lso available locally -well-kn.own. Cor it:s brassware, a.t Rs. 240 per at R..s. 3 per dc>.zen~ as aga.inst Oonly Re. I in 1.00 pa.irs weighting a.bout one B.rnd. In. the t.he pa.st. past.-.. a pair 'Wa.s a.va.ilable a.~ Re. 0.75., i.e ... III.16 Berore 25 yea.rs~ the foreign. made Rs. 75 per 100 pairs. The tota.l consumption. 01: bra.ss sheet: (14" >< 48" Queen brand) were these main. and s-ubsidia.ry raw ma.terials at availa.ble in. th.e ma.:rke-t. a.t Re_ 0.62 per piece. Bhavn.a&a.r centre is esf.ima~ed at Rs_ 93~500. SECTIO~ IV TECHN"IQU"ES ANI> PR.<>CESSES IV.l. IN M.A~INO pararas the age-old techn.i the cost: would be Rs. 800 to 1.000 and include qu.es of" carpen.try are combined with blacksmit:by haI1d opera.ted toc>ls a.nd one elect:rica.lly operated because the chc~st: is made Crom two ra.,.." circular saw. :materials, viz.,. timber a.nd iron. BeCore assemb1- 'TECHNIQUES AND PROCESSES ing the ch.est a.n.d fixing the iron. sheets ax:rd strips on. the o"Uter portion. of it, various IV_3 The technique and process.es ca~ b. "-Vooden a.n.d iron parts arc prepared. in. divided in.t:o the £o11owing st:ages : advance rl"Uring t.he slack sea.son from. .June to • Sa:wing a.nd plan.ing t:imber September_ The peak sea.son is winter CroYn. 2. Joining wooden. plan.ks 3 .A.ssembling th.e pla.nks to rOrED a chest October to January and summer Crom. February 4- ~aking wooden. frame f"or the front portion to ~ay. Pa~aras are ',::n::t.adc in three sizes~ viz__ c:>f" the chest I_ 4-1-' :x 2-:1' :x. 3-1-' 5 ~a.kiDg the lid 2. 4--1" x 2-1-' x 3' ~ 6 Wooden. drawers, coverings ror the bottom 3_ 4' x. 2*' x 2"*' . corners, a.xles a.nd wheels "TC>CU.s AND I.M.PLENlENTS '7 Colo"Uring thin. tin sheet:s 8 ~utt.ing yellow sheet:s inte:> sq ua.res, rec"tan IV.2 Age-old tools or carpentry a.nd smithy gles an.d strips arc :D1ostly "Used in. making oC pa-lara. as listed 9 Embossing aTld punching of squares and in. Table VIII in Appendix. I. They a.re available strips In. the local market:. Pop"Ular tools a.nd imple 10 Cuttin.g an.d sbapin:g iron. st:rips and. wra.pp men.ts,. shown. in Pa.rt I oC the table above men. in.g them. vvith yellow tin sheet.s tion.ed are c>pe:rated by hand_ Elect:rically opera.t:ed 11 1\4a.k:::ing staples and side ha.n.dles implements sho"Wn. in Part II of" t:he t:able vvere 12 Fixin.g iron. sheets OD. sides. bot.t:om and in.troduced tvvc> years ago by Shri I>a.modar outside of" the lid vvith iron strips Jet:halal ~ist:ri7 the ovv:ner of" :r-.liranja.n. Fumitures.. 13 Fixing embossed, perf"orated. or pu.nched BhavnagaT_ The power press and ro.ll press are d.esigns in sqa.res. rectangles, etc ~ made or yellow tin sheets with coloured alu.minium manuf'act"Ur~d under the supervision of" the foils un.dernea.th artisan himself" by loca.l blacksmiths _ The hand 14 Fixin.g wooden axle and wheels a.t: 'the sa.w and circular saw worked by power were bottom introduced in one establishment 20 years a.go. IS Fixing of stoppers, hinges, a.nd side han.dles But: only circula.r sa.w is in. use in others. In the 'IV.4 These st.ages a.re discussed belovv in past. a.ll sawing was done only by han.d. Even details_ to-day, the vvc>ck::: or ben.ding t.he strips a.nd 1_ Sc:nvfng and pLanfng r frnber--The first embossing c:>f" designs is don.e by ha.nd. except: opera.tion. in. pa~ara-making is to prepare in <>ne establishIDcnt, viz., N"iranjan Furnit:ures. vvooden planks of" required size. The pczrczras 'Where it: is d<>ne by p<>vver roll and presses. The are ma.de in. three different sizes reom sag tot:a.l in.vestmen.t in these tools and implemcX1ts ("Tecrona grandis.). ambo (" ~angifera £rzdica). in thi"5 crart comes to Rs. 7 .. 700. One haJdorvo r Adina cordifoTza.J a.nd. sajaa ("relnanaIfa big unit: would require all these tools a.nd ~o~en~osa.) t:rees. Thicker pieces a.re red-uced t.o implement.s cc>sting a.bout R.s. 4,500 to 5,000, -1-" thickness by sawing, and cut to required. ""'hex-cas In the case of"' a. small c sta.blish men.t: size a.ccording to the size in. which the parara 21 22 'SECTION IV--TECHNIQUES AND PROCESSES is toO be prepared _ Sa wing used to be doOne a wooden. rectan.gu.lar f"'rarJ1e Cor being fixed 0-0. ma.nu.ally by putting the vvood slan.ting vvi!h.:o. 'the dLZrshLZn bh.ag or the fron.t: wall of the pLZLarLZ_ one end on. the ground and t-he at-ber end· on F<>-r this purpose wooden. strips or -tIT tbickness a raised platform. On.e man sits a.bove the log~ an.d 2" to 3" width are "Used_ These strips are of woOod a.nd the other on. the ground holdin.g cut into Col1owing sizes 4.,i) 4.75 ..... x. 3.5 ..... (ii) 4 5'x3 ..... each end of" the sa'W' in. ha.nds. Cha.lk ma.rki:n.gs an.d (iii) 4' x 2.7S' according t.o the size o.f"' t.he are ma.de on the wood to enable them to cut pa~ara. The strips a.re fitt:ed to form a fra.me the pla.nks of" requ.ired t.hic"k.:n.ess . .As the log which is fixed Oon. the front wall leaving unif"orm of" vvooOd is pla.ced in. a slan.tiI1g position.. the space on. its border_ Within the f"rame gu.ide-lin~ s wc>rk: .IS don.e smoothly with little stra.in_ are draw.ll by divitiling the spa.ce equally f"or Longer plan.k.s are cu.t to required size by fix.ing sq uares, rectan.gles a.r:t.d strips fOor small saws_ Electrically operated band-saw is decora.tion_ :n..._~w used for sawin.g the log of" vvood into. Wit.h a. view 1:0 prot:ect the upper edges plan.ks and circular one "f"or cutti:n.g the big of"' the three sides which are prone to have pla.nk into pieces of" required sizes. maximum friction. du.e to t.he ""eight: of t.he The rough surf"ace of" the planks is made lid, vvhenever it is opened and shu~~ a frame even by carpeo£er's planes. -wherea.fter they are loca.lly knovvn. as kanrho prepared _.mostly f"ram collected in a. corner in the workshop, in wall 'leak: 'Wood is fit t.ed 00 the t.op of ~ the walls. cupboards. cellars or wa.rehouses. .As the lid is slight.ly convex or semi-circu.lar, 2. Jornr.rzg ~vooderz pZL2nks--As the t.hickness t.he rim fitted on. the side . wall~ is a.l~o ma.de of'" all "the planks is "the same, the required semi-circular 1:0 ensure proper fittin.g or t:he lid_ n.-u,rr...ber of"' pla.n.ks a.re t.aken. and joi:n.ed t:ogether The rim on the f"ront a.n.d the back wa.ll is plain. to make different sides, bottom or lid_ The S . .ll4aking Lhe Lid--A f"ra-me ha.ving t.wo two side '-Valls are called ba./una ka,.a, -t.he concave sides~ semi-circula.r in. shape~ is then. back wall is called vahilu bhadu an.d the fro:nt prepa.red a.r:t.d pla.nks fitted with the n.a.ils wa.1l is ca.lled darsharz bhag. The lid is called "",ithout heads to ma.ke the lid_ The lid t.hus dhankarzu an.d the bottom Lalzyu. The required made is convex. in. shape number of'" planks Eor each wall or side, bot:tom o. J:-Vooaen draHr·ers. cove,ings '0,. rhe borroJ?'Z or lid are join.ed t.ogether by nails withou.t corners~ a..xIe and ~heeJs-A.ll these part:s a.re heads. Boa.rds for the sides a.n.d the bottom made :Fro lD. sag (Teet-ana grandis_J or amba a.re a.ssembled first and the lid last. Formerly (A-fL2ngirerLZ indica) wood..A. pa~a,.a generally planks used to have projections an..d grooves has six drawers, a.nd even more at times. On.e made alterna.t:ely on each e:n.d an..d then. join.ed drawer each is fix.ed on the t.wo side walls together without "Using a.n.y nails. The en.t.ire and the back wall, and three a.t the hottom. piece ~h us appeared like a. singJe be>a.rd without. A sma]] secret dra vver wit.hi.ll a bigger one is joints_ The out.er an.d in:n.er surfaces of" these at times proV'ided in such a way "that it: cannO't. boards a.re smoothened with the help of be det.ected_ A specia.l contriva.nce is provided carpenter·s planes_ :For openin.g such a. drawer and keeping 3 _ AssernbL"i-ng Ihc pLanks ~o fOI7n a chesL--One valuables,. orn.amen.~s~ et.c. Such a drawer is or the side walls a.nd the back wall are called a. chor khana or secret: dra.vver, which fir.o;t fixed firmly at right: a.ngles an.d joined by protects the conten..ts rrom a. th i.eC. na.ils -without heads. Similarly, t.he rro.:nt wall To t.he hot. tom or t.he parara 4- small a.n.d the other side wall are fitted t.ogether_ wooden. 'Wf:l.eels fit:ted a t the en.ds or t. wo a.x.les The t:wo pieces a.re then joined together t.o a.re fixed a.t the four corners. With a. view to make a. rectangu.la.r case 7 vvhich io;;;. fitted with make wheels a.nd axle invisible from out.side, "the: bo"tto.m. The ches"t. is now rea.dy wi"t.noOut. t.hey a.re shielded by semi-circula.r pieces oC wood t.he lid. fitted a.t rour cor.n.ers of" the bottom_ 4 . .Afaking of'lVoodenfran-ze for rhe/ronr porz;on 7. CoIouring rhin tin sheets--The work or of the chesr--The n.ext o.pera.tio.n is to. pFepace giving golden yellow colour on o.n.e side COLOURING THIN "TIN SHEETS 23 the 'Whi~e tin. shee~s is done by a. l\I.I"uslim Vora sheet, which rna.kes them look golden. Tbese Camily in Bhavnagar_ Powder of" brown colour is s~rjps are fixed at unif"o,rm dista.nces marked dissolved in. lin.seed oil and boiled in a. pan. ho,rizon.ta.lly a.D.d vertica.lly in advance on the on. the rurnace for six to eigh~ bou.rs. It is front part of" the paLara. ReCore doin.g so squ.ares then a.ll<>~ed tOl cOIol Cor 24 hours. The mixt.ure an.d rectan.gles are placed on the -u.n.covered tnru.s int:o black. The pain.t is t.hen. applied parts a.s demarcated by pencil. Unskilled workers by han.d on t.he whit.e surra.ce. For spreadin.g 'als<> a tt.end to t.his opera. t.ion_ the c:olo'O.r evenly t.h.e sheet. is t.apped by han.d 11. JlkfakLng s.eapJes and side handIes--A.s the cont.inuously fo,r sometime a.nd t.hen. t.he p1ate paLaTa is a very hea.vy article, it requires to be .8 kept in. ~he sun. Cor drying. As a. result of moved on. wheels Crom one place: to, the other. sun dryin.g the black: colour changes into, gQlden. Ha.n.dles are, therefore, provided on. the t.wo yellOow. The boiling of t.he mixt.ure is at.tended side-wa.lls. For this p-u.rpose iro,n. rods, -1-" in t.o by males an.d spreading o,f the colour is diameter is t-u.rn.ed in.to crescent sha.ped handle, a.tten.ded to by skil1ed women._ l-ocally known. as AaTabu~ by turnin.g t.he rod. on 8. C:urLfng yeIJo")oV sbeeLs inro sqZ-lczres, -the anvil. Two iron. staples are fixed Eor insert:ing recLLZ7zgLes ~;nd sr,..ips--The yelJovv co1£>ured. t:he tw-£> en.ds <>f "t.he handle in t:bem_ G-e:n.eraJJy tin sheet:s are "then utilised Cor dec<>ra.-t:ive tbese items are prepared by "the artisans t.hemsel purposes. The sbee"t is cut into pieces of required ves. H<>wever, in the peak sea.son ~bey ge"t sizes su.ch as square .or chagda~ rec~angle or them prepared by loca.l blacksmiths on piece chaZoya, sczndhpczrz or ,ho,rizont:a.l strips, achhoda 'Wack: ba.sis. or vertical strips a.nd· pavdz or semi-c1.rcuJar 12. FL.xzng erorz skeeLs on seaes", bor~o~ and coverings. The vvork. is gen.era.lly don.e by u..nskilled ou~eT szde of ~he rzd l-VeLh zron s~,.ips--The e:x~erjor vvo,rkers. side-V'V'alls, back-wall a.n.d the bot.t<>m a.re m<>st.ly 9. Ernbosszng and punchi.ng of squares and covered with blue or black. iron. sheets a.nd the .srrips -These pla.in. yellow pieces of tin sheets ou~er side of the lid with white tin sheet. Too in. the form of squ.a.res, rect.angles and st.rips. impart. durabiIi~y to the fittings, iron. strips a.re arc then taken. up rOlr embossing, pu.nchi~g, et.c. fitted over these sheets wi th ~ails at. a u_n.ifc:>rm For the purpose e>:F embossiI1g a big woodeI1 log distance of abc>ut 3". The f"roI1t: of" the lid is, is t::.aken. as a. s"Upport on which the steel die however, covered by decOlrated yellow st.rips soo is placed in the centre_ Some so,{"t meta.l or as to give u.niformity of" golden. colour to the t.hin. la.yer of" zinc is kept in. th.e cavit:y oC the en.tire {"ront. Skilled workers are requ.ired to die. The piece to be embossed is then. placed ha.ndle this job. on.. the die with yellow colour s"UrFace fa.cing the 13. F£.xing c#"nhossed, pcrjoraLed or punched die. An.o~her die of the same form bu.t OT designs: zn squares. TecLangIes. eLc.~ made Of yeIIo)'V in.vert:ed design is placed exa.ct:ly a.bove the ~in sheers l¥iLh c.r7[oured alun-2zniurnfoiIs undernearh- sheet. The hammec is then struck: t.o get the ~ow starts the most important of the deco,rati.ve piece embossed_ The designs embo,ssed are work:: on. the darshan bhLzg or the paroTo_ It gen.eraJly figures of a.nimals, birds,.. flowvers .. e.tc_ clOnsists 1Of: embel]ishin.g "the Cron.t por1:io.n by Alt.ernati ve1y sq ua.res, recta.ngles a.nd strips a.re dividing it in.t:e> squares and recta.ngles by means pun.cherl ""ith poin.ted n.a.i.ls or half round nails of iron st:rips 1:i1led in be"tween. with va.ri<>us or discarded files "to make: perCora."ted designs. designs ""hich are ei"ther embossed or perCora"te FINISFIEI> ~R.<>D"uCTS V.I TI-II:::~ SIzes, prices,. weight,. use,. etc.. or hale a. cen..t:ury a.gO' a.nd a.t: present: ~re given in. the palaTa Qr decorative wooden. chest a.s in. vog-uc t.he compa.rat.ive st.atem.ent. t.ha.t. foIIQ-Ws_ F'inished products Approx. weight Period ~ize in Ft a.nd inches (D_lIdd_> Price per pat:a.ra I 2; 3 4- ~913-I4 .A._~ t<> R.s.... (TiI1) R..s_ (Brass> ( 1) ,3 ha th=S ~ x 2-1-'x.3 ~ ... 1-70 12-00 .l 7-00 Tc:J keep orna ments. "al'l.:1a.ble a.rticles of: bea.d- (2) 2-1- ha. t:h=4 £' x.2-i-.... x 3-1-... 1-60 10-00 15-00 embroidery, gur_ gra.iI:I.,. seeds,. (3) 2j- ha tb=4*'x2l 'x3' I-SO 8-00 10-30 clot:hes,. etc. (4) 2~ ha t:h=4'x 2{-'x2-i-.... 1-40 6--00 11-00 3 1.962-64 A.I:>. (I) 2 T ha.t h=4-f-' x2~ 'x31 ... 1-60 80-00 to 90-00 To keep or~a.- me-n.'ts,. valu.a.- (2) 21- ha th=4!-'x2~ 'x3'" 1-50 65-00 to 70-00 hIes. articles of: bead -embroi- (3) 2-1- ha. th=4'x2*x.2-i-'" 1.-40 50-00 to 60-00 dery~ clothes, Kl'lr. gra.in. seeds, etc. (4) 15"x I 0"x13" O-IS 60-00 Toilet: Box. <.Bra.ss a.n.d all umjnium) V.2 PaLaras Qf" "the 3 sizes Qf" 4*', 4~' a.n.d India. :FJ:andic:raC'"ts Board, t:he f"ormer rulers oC 4' a.re manuf"'ac'tured in all the establishmen."ts. Bhavnagar a.nd Qther States and the: :Fa.shionable The small sized paLara,. 15" x. 10" x 13", is rich. Fin..ished products a.re arra.nged in. a. TO'WV made by only Qne: es1:ablishment,. viz., "l"Jiranjan in 1:he: -workshop if" spa.ce: permit Qtherwise: in F·uroitu.res. N"o a"t"temp1:s a.re made CQr standar the ""arehollse. The total an.:n.ua.J produc"tioI1 and disa.tion., but these sizes are a.ccepted by 8011 sale of" paLaras come to 1,500 t:o ] ,600 pieces the artisans,. merch.:~'-Tl.ts a.n.d cu.stomers. Sm.all valued at Rs. 136,600 approxim.ately_ palaras are pu.rchased by t:he G-overnm.en.t, .All p-4 SEC'TIO~ VI ~ARKETING fuzrs or f"airs, nor do local cu.stomers pu.rcha&e SALE: PRACTICES these pararas in large Ilu.mbers. VI_, IN SAtJRASHT~A,.. pafarczs are generally gi'V'en. VI_2 Choosing an. auspiciou.s day, cus"tomers t:o da:ughters in an" as presents by the parent:s come "With relatives, the priest an.d the barber in dahej or dowry after xn,arriages in. certa.in 'to the shops where parara& are displa.yed. Examin. cas"tes like C?iara.siya, K.athi,. K._oli~ Ahir, R.abari ing the products minutely, they decide to purchase and K.anbi, etc., a.s s"tat.ed ea.rlier. Even t.hou.gh a particular paLara of" good ti mber known C<>r raxnilies oC these castes might have migrat.ed t:o its durability. Then .. they pu"t a sign. or write other parts of VI.3 The balan.ce amo.u.n.t oC the price is paid they a.re durable with goo.d fittings, sha.pe and at the time of taking delivery of' the article. At: finish. The art.isans", therefore, do n.ot care to times the price rises by 20 'to 2S percen~ of it's en.quire abo~t the price: prevailin.g in.. other normal price in. peak seasoJ3.. :Flo. wever, while cen."tres but keep a close co:n:tact -with the local finalisin.g the price 'With the custo.mers, the market. They have,. however, to face diflicult.ies curren~ supply position in the market aIJ..d the in, selling superior varieties o,f" pararas as again.s"t necessity o.r finance are also taken. int.o con.si in.Cerio.r prepared Crom material o.r lo...... v qualit.y. deration berare chargin.g high prices. l\Ilerchants In. ,this con.tin.gency they t:ry to, convin.ce the 'VVho. purchase t.hese articles on. wholesale basis customer by pointing out t:he good quali ty of (minimum 3 pa~aras) get: a discoun.t of Rs. 3_00 ma.terial 'Used a.nd the exceIIen.t: fittings o.r -t.heir 1:0 Rs_ 5.00 per piece. Being a heavy and bulky products. art:icle, pa~ara.s are not exported_ But on.e forei'g VI.7 I>etails o.£ workers, prices, market, et:c., ner, 1\.I:[ajor John" who was serving on Bhavnagar in. respect or the five centres or Jasda.:n", Botad, port: 40 to 4S ~ ears ago was sufficiently Chital, ..An.jar a.nd :Dholera. a.re given in Ta.ble interest:ed in 't.he pa~ara to buy one from Shri I:X: in Appendix I at the en.d. The Dumber Zaverbhai .N'anjibl:H:I.i. I'n. the past:, pararLZs were ot: artisans employed in these centres vary Fro.m despat:ched by train. because <>C t.bier good I 5 in .Jasda.n to 60 in. Ch i tal and t: he vol u.me ,fittings a-nd sturdy wood used in making them. or pro.duction in the l:-t.rgest: centre or Chi't.al . At present, 'this is n.ot possible: as the fittings is a.bout 1.125 pieces per year. The price ran.ges become loose and tr-uck::s are, thereCore,. preferred. Tro.m Rs. 67 in .Dholera Rs. 350 in Botad,. The value undisposed st.ock o,C pa:t'aras at apart Crom Anjar where t.he la.rgest size of 1:he en.d of'" the financial year (Divali) can. be 6' is man.u.f"actured and where t.he price goes estimated at R.s. 5,,000. up to R.s_ 425_ l'VI'arket.s t.o. which 't.he finished OTHER CENTR.ES products are export:ed are most.ly wit.hin 'the Saurashtra. region except in case o.F :Sotad which V:r.4 Other important centres "",bere s-uch exports some pararas e,,-en t.o l"v:I:ehsa:na in pararas are manufactured are listed belovv. 'N'orth G-ujarat. The customers come f"rom SI. agricultural and pastrol cast.es like K..anbi, ~o_ ~ame of Centre :District' K.oIi, Rajput,. K.athi, Bbacwad and Rabari who 1 :E>holera Ahmedabad purchase paLaras most.ly as girts t:o their Bhav:nagar 2 Botad daugh ters in marriage and decora tive pieces or 3 Jasda:n Rajk:<:>t: 4- Chit:al .Art"lceJi f"urniture to store valuable an.d other art.icles_ S 1\.'l' a h u. v a. Bhavnagar VI.8 The Regio.nal .Design ~evelopment Centre, 6 Talaja HhavTlagar '7 .An.jar K1..Itc:h of" the All India ~an.dicraIts Board,. Bombay,. 8 Lathi Amreli sometimes makes s-uggest.ioIl..s ror t.he export VI-S The firs't. five cen.tres are very well-kno'VVu prom.o.t.ion scheme Cor the man.llf"act.u.re o-r Cor th is era Ct. Bhaveagar ranks first among all pararas of" 't.he small size, which are 'U.sed as bec3use of" it.s workma:n-ship and design. The ornamen:t boxes and toilet boxes. Shri r>_ J. Ta.W ma terial, ~iz:e1 shape and price of the ~istry .of 'N'iran.ja::n Furnitllres.. Bhav:nagar takes parara a.re pract.ically the sa-me in. all the cen.tres. int:erest in such suggestions and makes small But sometimes customers t.hemselves s-uggest a paLaras according to o.rders. Jaeger s;.ze <>f" pc:zrc:zrc:z to suit a big room a t the VI.9 The diffi.culties experienced during tin-.e cf" placing t.he o.rder. parara manuf"act-ured sales a:nd the suggestion.s of" the ~rt.isans to. at: Botad are cos'tlier t:han. those at. Bhavnagar~ mitigate them are as -rollows a~ '!'hey are made rro.m Sisa:rn (.DeIbergia IarifoIia) (i) The sales tax is charged at 6-l per cen.t wood an.d decorated by brass squares and rectaI1- on. the price or the parara_ I t should be charged gles. instead only o.n. t.he materials used and family VI 6 Customers vvho can. af£ord always and hired lab o.ur charges included in t.he price pre£er to purcbase pararas of Bhavnagar because should be exempted. 28 SECTION VI--.MA.n.K.E.TINO: (ii) Bei::ng a. t:raditio::nal craft more or less but they a.re not cha.rged sales tax on caT't-vvheels~ or a. hou.sehold nat:u.re oC decline it shou.ld be which a.re considered articles used in. agric1..J.IL1..J.rC_ exempted Crom all taxes. 1:n. Bhavnagar, there The art:isa:n.s contend that: sales 'tax. should are 25 shops which make cart-wheels. These not be levied. ie this traditional cra ....t: is ::not artisa.n.s pay sales tax. on iron. strips a.nd timber disappear in. course oC t:ime_ SECTI<>~ VII ECC>N"C>lVI:IC CI-IARACTERISTICS inves tmen. t made by different es ta. bli shments FINANCIAL POSITION engaged in. the ~r art. VII.l THE FOLLOWING ta.ble shovvs the total STATE'lVI:ENT V Financia.l Position Approxi- Annual mate expen.di- 'No. of "Value or t:uce on parcrras "Value finished te>or-s & manu- <>:F raw pr<>ducts Cash T<>0)5 and imple- SL ~ame o£ the :Factured materials in s(oclc <>:n hand Ft..ecove:ry im pJe:mcn1:S I:>ebt ments No_ e~ta.bllshmcn.t annually Rs. Rs_ ~s. Ft..s_ Rs. R.s. R.s. ~ :2 3 .. S 6 7 B 9 10 I 'N"iranjan Fu rn.i 1: "LIreS 750 18~OOO 400 8.000 1.000 2,000 1,.000 150 2 I'vt: i~ t: ri Fe. J 75 2,500 300 500 125 700 1 .. 500 150 3 I'vt:istri p- J. 200 3 .. 000 300 3,.000 700 ],.000 BOO 200 4 ]'VI" i 5'1: ri z. N"_ 150 2,.500 400 400 500 J,OOO 450 125 5 I'vt: is t ri Ft._ <3_ 150 3,000 500 J,OOO 1: ,.000 1,000 1,.000 150 6 )'VI stri Ft.. ~. 175 1,500 350 400 500 1,000 500 1:50 7 ]'VI" i s t: ri s. I'vI: • 80 J ..OOO 600 200 500 1,.000 500 125 To.a). :1.580 3::1. .. 500 2,850 :13,500 4,.325 7 .. 700 5,750 :1.,050 The number of paLaras "that a.n estabJish The finan.c:ia.1 posit:ion of' the est:ablishments can, ment can manuf'"acture annua1ly is an index of" .herefore, be said t<> be no"t poor_ .A_ majority the resources and t:he capacity of" the owner_ of the artisans work in their own ,""orkshop-cun7- ~ .. - st: or t he proprietors prepare l50 "to 2CO dwellings_ Bu"t the hired workers live in rented pae-czrQs a year. Leaving ~ut t:he single largest houses. Beca.use of "the shortage of'" working manuFact:ure, ~ira.nja:n Furnitures, among t:he capital, "(hey cannot afford to purcbase raw rest. each has in s.-ock raw materials 'Worth materials on wholesale ba.sis, nor can t:hey keep Rs 3,000 and less. and finis.hed products large stocks of'" raw material and finished pro ranging Crom Rs 30~ to Rs_ 600. In.vestments ducts on. hand. ~ost of the artisans i.n.vest in t:ools and implement:s is about Rs. 1,.000 pee their own capitaL "None has take.n. advant:age est:abJishment-. COI1sidering tbe stock and cash of the G-overnmen"t loan. f'"or the development of in. band as vve11 as investment in. tools, out the craft:, advanced by the Registrar Cooperative sta.nding recovery, et:c_,. t:he t:olal assets in. ... he Societies as well as by the :Director of I:nd L1st::ries. t:rade of'" these seven esta.blishments amoun.t t:o The artisaI1s do Y10t take advan tage oC 29 30 SECTION Vll-ECONO.MIC CHARACTER,ISTICS i~ 1.963 A.I>. for t.be development of the craf"t_ VII.S Fe-mal.es do "Dot V\7ork i_.n. this cra."f""'\. The ba.nk gran.ts "the loan. up to Rs_ 5,000 ie except Tour I:>a.udi -Vohra Cemales -who work: the a.rtisan has his accou.nt with "the bank or ror giv-ing yellow colour "to the tin sheet:s. O'\Vr1S a building. V.lI.6 The total annual earn.iogs or 23 households eI1gaged in. t:his cra1""t stood a. t Cos'r AND EARNINGS R.s_ 40,,000, the average anllual incoOme per VII.2 The to1:al cos"t 01' one paLara of" household being R..s_ 1,,739_ .A break-up of "the medium size ( 4~' x 2~' x 3') is given below_ total income shows tha.t 8 ovvner households claim a major share of'" the ear_nings "Which come .R..s . .op. "t"o Rs. 27,000,. while IS t"amilies of" hired workers Timber 18_00 get: Rs. 13,,000 on. the aggregate. 7 or 30_43 Thick BJa.ck: iron. sheets 16.00 per cent of the families have in.comes higher "YelloW' coloured shee"t.s 10.00 __ han. "the general a.verage_ Iron s'trips 4.00 The:: hou..seholds engaged in the cra.ft under "N"ails 3.00 st"lldy can. be distribut.ed iI1to fiv-e ranges or ~aLldles, stoppers an.d hinges 4_00 in.come_ :Z-o~al cosr .55.00 Labour charges 15_00 ST.ATE~ENT ~I Profit 10_00 I:-Iou~ehOolds according tOo Inco~e Range Sale pr.ice 80.00 ~o. u.f" Pe'Ocen"t a.g'C VII 3 Two art:isa.ns can. complete one parara Income Range(in Rs ) households ~<> tcota.) within. two days, ir they work:: eight: hou.rs a. 1 2 3 day to assemble ~he parts already prepared 201-500 t 4.35 earlier. If" artisans have 'to prepa.re all the spare 501-800 8 34.78 parts a.nd then. joi:n. the~,. a paL-ezra takes four 801--1.000 3 .3.04 days to complete. The average earnings or I~OOl--2,.OOO ~ 21.74 vvorkers of'" different categories are in the ran.~e 2,.001 a. nd a.b ove 6 26.09 of" Rs. 125~ 100, 75, and 25, per month accordin.g VII.7 EleV"en. or 47.83 per cent of" the to the skill of the worker. households earn. over Rs. 1,.00 I each,. while I 2. VIL4 Wages are mostly paid in cash on or 52_17 per cent have sm aller incomes. Further any day of"" t.he week. 1'VI"ost of the hIred workers dist:ribution or the households revea]s tbat only are 0.£1 daily vvages va.ry iog from R.~. 1 toO R..s. OYIe household earns Rs. 500 or less whereas 4.62 P,,;. Tbey work: in. a. group in. the master"s 8 or 34-.78 per cen.t of" the he> useholds Tall in. "",-orkshop. The skilled ,",orker joins the wooden. the income ra.nge ~s. 501-800 and 3 bouseholds strips,. prepares t:he box,. "Frames and lid, assem· in. the range Rs. 800-1 .. 000. 0 u t of the eleven bles all vvooden part~ in. the form of" pafara £dmilies earning more "t.han. a thousa.n.d, 6 or af"ter fixing the iron sheets, etc. IJc on it. The 26.09 per cen.t of" t:.he total f"amilies a.re in the semi-skilled worker hel ps the skilled artisan, highest income bracket of" more than Rs. 2,,000 fixes "t.he strips and embosses the squares, etc. per an.num. ~Ilski~led -vvorkers ben.d the strips,. cut them V1I_8 Artisans work: daHy for 8 h<>u_rs~ in to. pieces and. v.rrap "the yellow colo ured tin I.e., :Cram 8-30 a..m. t.o 12-30 p.m_ and 2-30 sheet on. them_ The owner or the sbop supervises to 6-30 p.m. with a recess of two hOUTS in the work .. handles sa.les a.n.d 1000ks aCter the betvveen.. On. Sunday th.e shops rema.in .closed entire ma:n.uract:ure administ.ra.~i<>n of this busi under the Bombay Shops an.d Esta.blishment.s ness. In the peak: sea.son, some artisa.ns work on Act. .A.rtisan.s also observe holida.ys on import.ant piece VI.'orlc basis cha:rgin~ Rs. 10 to 30 per I-lindu :Festivals like Ja:n.ma.shta.mi" "Shim Agiyaras" parara ror his· labour_ :rn "t.he busy season, ~iva.li~ ~e"v Yea.r da.y,. _r>ev r>.ivali, Holi and art.isans-ge t--:,regular ",,-orK TOT eight mo:nths a.t Vishva."karma. J aya.n.ti on l'v1:agh Sud 13. The the prescribed rates. total working days in a yea.r a.re est:imated 1:0 ECONO.MIC STATUS 31 be 300 to 310_ In the slack season (monsoon) ECONO.MIC STATUS only 2 to 3 hired. ",,"orkers a.re employed i.II each ",,"ork.&hop but in. the peak: period the VLI_9 A.s discussed in. the f'"oregoing pa.ra figure rises to half" a. dozen_ Surplus hired graphs,. 24 persons (9 :f"a.mily members and workers get employmen.t in. carpen'tary in. 15 hired workers) Crom 23 households oC slack season. Thus they 'Work. ror 270 to 280 differeD:t castes are engaged in. t.his cra.£t. The days in. the year. The names or skilled·craftsmen. ,table given. below distributes the members of'" Erom different ca.stes working in pOt'ara-:n:1a.k:ing these fa.milies in.to worleers a.nd non-workers are listed in Table V~I in. Appen.dix I. by sex and a.ge group_ STATE~E:NT VII 'Workers by Age Group Workers Persons 1'0.1: ales Females In other In other In otl.er I'lcon-wcorkers Age- [n the occupa- In the occupa- In the occupa- <3roups craCII; tion. Tota.l craCe tion Total craCt 'lion Total p F 1 1 3 4- S 6 7 8 9 10 11. 12 13 Below 15 1 J. J. 1. 5S 22 33 15-34- '2 9 21 1.2 9 21 28 '9 1.9 35-59 12 6 IS J.2- S 17 1. 1. 1.3 13 60 Be. a.bove .2 ); 1. Tota.l 24 16 40 24 IS 39 :I. 1. 98 3::2. 66 "VII.10 Out of'" a. t:ota.l of :138 members in VII.It Family members or owners supervise 23 households depends <>n. this cra:f'"t 40 or 28_99 over various operations of" the craft,. look af""ter per cent a.re workers and 98 - or 71.01 per ceY1~ the purchase of" raw .materia.ls and sale of' finished a.re non-workers. .A. majorit:y of'" 24 or 60 per cen.t product:s and even. vvork: i:n. assemblin.g parczrczs. or 'the w<>rkers are engaged in porara-making i e_,. fix the axis or lid and give final 'touches a.s against 16 or 40 per cent who find employ to the prodUct. 1\.o1:0st of" the operations involv-ed ment in other occupations. All except one or in. this craft are ca.rried out independen.tly by the workers are aged between. 15 and 59 yea.rs. ea.ch workmaIJ._ But i-n. operations like sawin.g The only Vvorker below 15 is not employed in. timber, assembling planks in the :Form or a pOl'ara craft- The 24- pat'_aro workers are equa.lly chest, fix.ing the axles,. strips, sheet.s, stoppers,. distributed bet: ~een. "the age groups 15-34 and hinges,. han.dles a.nd lid, artisans are required to 35-59. .Among the 40 workers in. these ramilies,. vvork: in pairs. 'there is only one fema.le~ Sathvvara by caste, VI"I.12 It is estima.ted "t.hat 8 to 10 house "-'he> - falls in. the age group 35-59 and works a.s holds of" Luhar cas'te are en.gaged in. making a. d<>mestic serva:n.t_ Pal'ara-making is thus or repairing tools an.d implements used in. the confined 1:<> Yna.le 'Wo"' leers on ly. In the past,. cra£t and a. similar number or t.imber and hard hovvever,. a few females used 1:0 be engaged in. -wvare marchan.ts supply timber and iron. or tin pu1:t:ing nails in the holes of'" brass rings to be sheets "Which are ~he raw ma.teria.l required by fixed on the £T ont vva.ll of" paraTczs. Bu.t n<>VI./" this craft._ At: Sihor which is 22 K.ilometers fe.males do not work: in this craCt. a.way Crom Bhavna.gar, 10 households <>f'" I<.ansara 32 SECTION Vll-E:CONOM.IC CHAR.ACTER,ISTICS cas~e a.ls~ mould bra.ss stoppers f"or pa~czrc:zs trai~ed person.s in G-overnrnent: instit:U-t:ion. in:'l:part besides the Vora. household of" Bhav:o.a.a;a.r engaged in& t:ech:nical "train.ing in craf"t:5. Those vvho vvant in. colouring t;in. shee'ls_ to st:art: their OVVI1 b-usin.ess are gran.t:ed le>a:ns in. :f"'OTm oC working capi1:al "to t:he ext.ent <>F R.s. C>RCiANISAT~ONAL CHARACTERISTICS 10,.000 Cor tools a.n.d. implements,. an.d work.sbops. VII.13 All the establishment:s work: indepen. ::r--:lo artisa.n "","orking io. the craf'"t: or pa~ara-malcin.g dently. There is '0.0 gu.ild~ coopera.tive society ba.s, bovvever, taken adva.ntage of the training or associa.tiDn oC ovv.ncrs Dr hired 'VVorkers. The offered by 'the centre. They suggest: that: the hea.d of' the household looks af"ter the ad:minis -this craft and ~heir fore-Cathers 'Were a.lSD vvorking extinct 9 t.hough .hey "'ish that. "t.beir sons should i.n carpentry. An apprentice can. become a skilled take up some technical or engiD.eering line which worker j:o carpentry 'VVithin a period of" 2 years_ ma.y have better prospects. During -this period he gets. Re. 1 to 1.50 per day CONCLUSION in private e,~ablishments. VII.1S There is one I>ist:rict: Training Service VII_17 )'IvIan is an inb,rn artist~ ever Cen.t:re established by the St:ate Govern.ment: at a.nxious t:o vveave art i'D.o his surrou.ndings Bbavnagar. This centre "","bicb was originally st:ar and belongings, vvhjch mainly c~nsist of"' ar~icles ted as product:iDn-cum-t:rain.ing centre i.npa.rt:ed. of'" domestic use. As art:s developed, an ordinary t:raining in. carpentry, blacksmit.by and lea.1:her_ ",ooden. box got. itself"' tran.s'f"ormed into a. Being a product:ion-cun1!-t:raining centre,. the decorative piece or :Furnit"ure.. a. pczrara strongly training side received poor attent:ion as the built:" vvi~h secret dravvers Cor keeping valua.bles staff of'" the centre ha.d to move rrom place t~ and embel1ished "With a. va.riety or designs and place ror receivin.g orders of" t:he different articles moti£'s. Parara., t:hough essen~ia.lly a de-cora prepared in t:he centre. It: was 7 there:f"ore~ tive piece of" rural Curniture., vvas popular alike decided to emphac,;is~ t:he irnportaz:J.ce oC in. villages and t:ovvns a. generation ago and training by cOI1ver.ing it into -the I>istrict is prized even to-da.y by the urbanite beca.use Training Service Centre in 1961 and en.hanciog of" its artist:ic vvOorkmanship and utility. IrI. its activi"ties by providing ... vvo more courses xnodern. times, when adequat:e living space is in. (i) t:urning and fit:ting a.nd (Ii) electroplat not: available t<> bouse the grovvi:ng popu.lati<>n~ ing. "With "the int:roduction. or Panchayat R.aj, on.e fin.ds it: di:fficult: t<> have a parara of" -the wi~h effect: from 1st Aprij. 1963~ the management size in. vvhich it is OIa:nuf"actured Cor use by "the o£ the centre has been tra.nsCerred to "the vil1a.ge people. Its use in TOVVn.S and villages can £>is "trict Panchayat:. be popularised by va.ria.tion in design, reduct:ion. VI I _ 16 There is a prOVlISIon in each training in size and improvement in ~ecbnique to su.i~ ela.ss to train 16 adult: trainees_ The academic the conditions under vvhich people novva.days qualification required f"or admission. is IV St:aZ1- Jive. Its modern variations as a .oilet: box. or dard Prima.ry. C>u"t: oC 16 trainees, 6 are deputed. a. dressing -ta.ble a.re still capa.ble or main.taining by the Taluka I>evelopment OfJicers of" the its f"ormer popu.larity as an. a.r~icle of" utility district ~nd 10 are directly selected by t.he and artistic decora.t.ion. cent:re_ Training extend ror a period or one yea.r~ durin.g vvhieb a train.ee, dra'VVs a. stipen.d VII. t 8 Pararas are in use allover eJujarat:,. OIl" Rs. 25 per In.onth_ At: t:he en.d of" the training9 peninsula.r as ""ell as mai:n..lan..d_ because <>r cert:ificat:es are given to t:hose vvho pass the their "-1seCu.lness as a. very s~urdy recept:a.cle prescribed test:. Preference is given. to such. "'or the s.ora_ge or go_ods and valuables_ ~t.s CONCLUSION 33 ar~istic man.u.£acture~ however,. is particula.rly a..n.d the only raw material, namely, white tin noteworthy in. Saurash'tra. where it is still in sheets of the desired gauge can. be ea.sily remo dema.nd by a. nu.mber oC ca.stes and ved by a. sympathetic approach to the n.eeds com-munit:.i.es_ Such a. cra.-rt:. must. be of the small man-uf"'acturers and i"t.s use popula preserved an.d sho-uld :not be allowed to die Cor rised by giving it wide publicity and creatin.g 'Want: .of pa1:ro:n.age and en.couragement_ ~imcu- new market:s through the efforts made in this 1t:ies t:he cra.f"'t: is facing in procurin.g f:be one beha.lf" by "the AU I.ndia Handicraf"'t:s Board_ PLATE I"V Sazving and cutting by electricalry operated circular saz:v PLATE V - ~---~-- Top: _.?\.faking t;he frame Bot;t017l- _- Enzbossz"ng t;he frill -Z-op _- F'ixing {;he frame Bo{;{;om _- _ll.,farking fhe guide lines PLATE VII - ...,. -..,. ~ ~ ~ ~ =<:::$ ~ ~ ------=-,._ ~ -== ~ = C3 ~ ~ ~ -" -" ~ '"- ::§: ~ ...t::; '"- ~ '= --.,. ~ .~--- ~ .~= ~ ~ = ~ ~ -.." - . .,.... '"------= = ~ -=<:::$ <= -=<::::> ~ -='--" ~ ~ ~ e-,-;,..___, - .... c:c5 ...... ---- -~ ~ -~ -~ ~ ~ --= -"2--< ~ ~ ~ :::3.- ~ .~ --.. - ~ ---..= -== ~ <::::> Q C'<-) ~= -~ ~ - __ ~ ,,__, ::l:: -.." "------~ .::::;;------~ .~ ..,..,. ~= -.:; ~ ~ ~ ~ :::§ ~ ~ -~ =<:::$ ~ ~ ~ ~ = __ ~ Q._.= - ----. ~ --~ - .... ---..- .... ~ ------~ ~ ~ -;;::: .._" - . ...- ~ ...... :j ;:::. ~ c3 - --~ ---;;:::;: ~= ---- ~ ~;:::. - = ~ -..:::::= <:::$ <:::$ - q C3 Q._, <:::;:; -...; ~ --. PLATE VIII Giving convex shape to zron strips on an anvil PLr"-TE I.x PLATE ~ ~ ~ " "::S= ~ ~ -~ -~= -~= = "::S ~ <-, -~ -.':':::: <-, :;: -~ ~ - ~ ~ PLATE XI P e iforating des(:;;n on an zron strip PL.ATE ~II ~op.· ..Decora~ive and oLher fixLures .Bo~Lorn: ..DecoraLing Lhe frone PI~~~TE .x:III \, '. \ Fi.xing z-voode n u >'heels and axle s a ~ ~he bo~t:orrz Puf;t;ing hasp for lock Cove ring rhe Parara zvirh lid PLATE XVI 10 12 5 ~ools 00--1. Vice.:>o 2. ~ 9. E£at;hodi (hanznzer).:>o 3. &" 4. Shardi (drill).:>o 50 Gornpass _; 0o Ja77Zbur _K" (nail puller); 7. ackhuno (rig ht; angle) .:>. 80 ~andho (plane); 10. _Z J _ J 13. Got;ilo (7nallet;) Vanslo (adze).:>o F'arsi (chisel).:>o 2o K'arvat; (sa'UJ).:>- .~::;=t1:;=: - <® e;==.::~:::: " ~ :o:~ @ cr===:=:::~-:; jiiil@) =4:{rZ;7,~i~:~:J ® c====::'.;:: :::=:: "·"~ ,. ....}J =:=:~1i~~ @ ". 0-'-',, - i2f> .~ ~ =~ ~ ~- ~ ~= ~ .~ .~ -=....~ ~= ~ "::S ~ ::J:3 ~ < ~...... . ..., .-----...... __" ~ .~ =-= c:O ~ -..., ~ -:::5 = ~ = - !;::2 ~ -=<...:> ~ --= ~ ~;;::::= ~ ~= . -~ PLATE ::x.VIII Rear vzezv of the Patara • PLATE XIX Patara 'in 71liniature UJith secret drawers • PLA TE :x::.:x::_ Striking the bargain APPENI>ICES APPENDIX I TABLES ~uIDber 0.- persons eIDp1.oyed TABLE I N"o_ o£ persons employed in produc1:.i.oD Name of cra:f1:. l'lo. oC vilJages/To,",os .P F I 2 3 S Patara ~a.king I Bbavoagar (City) 24 Di.s'h"lbotioD o£ artisan coDDDuni:t:ies TABLE II "N"o. of N"o. oC Tota.l number Ole families Camilies 'Working ~o. oE N"o_ or adult w~rkers working in own houses or Na-me o£ N"ame o:f' ca.st.e villages £amilies in under cor in. workshops set. up. &:he cra.1"t or cOJ::U.muoity surveyed the craft Persons .f'Io.1"aJes Females po-ration by &:heir employers 1 2 3 4 S 6 ,. s 9 Pa~ra making 1 Gurjar Su1:a.r .1 Bhavnagar .3 1.4 .14 6 (in own houses) ., These it:ems can. "be purchased from Bha.vnagar 8180_ 37 38 A PPEN"D:IX I TABLE IV Ra.'ft' materials 1963-64 1938-39 SI_ No. Raw materials Form and unit Price ~arket: 1'\11 a rket: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I TIl"VIBE.R. (a) Sag (tea.k) wood Pieces-~ubic feet 2.00 tOo 4.00 I Bhavnagar 0.44 to 0.50 I Bhavnagar 1~" to 6· Length 3.75 II Indore :I:I In.doce 3" & ~" breadth (b) Other vvood 2t-· X 4~" X~" len gth.. 2.50 tOo 3_50 Bhavongae Belovv 0.44 Bhavnagar 3'u to 7'"' breadth II IR<>N" A_ Tin-pla.tes Sheets l!'\.'I_ TooDe 1,.500.00 Tin sheet: vvhite 450 m.m. >C 600 rD..:IWa. (Including aU I Bombay (SO K..C3.) I Bombay and larger 600 m.m. expenses like II Ahmedabad 20":X:2899 .50 'to a.nd larger custom. fee .. III Bh.a.vnaga,£ S5 Rs_ (34 to I.I Bha..vna.gar ~uni_ Tax &. 36 Gauge) labour char ges, etc.) B. Black sbec t Piece 1.80 Bhavnagar c. Strips (a) 200. to 23G- Bundle or 100 feet:: 1_00 t:o 3.00 Cb) 18<3 1:0' :t9CJ 11.;1. Tonne Bengal maund Loose. metric TODTIe 700.00 Bhavnagar ~. Rods 1/.10-' L<><>se CW1:. 2" to 6' 45.00 Bbavnagar 2S.oo (50 K.G-.) Bhavnagar E. N"ails (a) Small 17C3 ~"/!-~·/l·· IC.g. 8.00 Bhavnaga r 1.00 1:0 1.50 Hha V rl.a.g a.- big 13 III BR.ASS n 9 1 Sheet: 1:J .50 Bhavnagar 0.62 P_ (14 X48 -) Bhavnagar .'" X 4' 2 St<>ppers (~oulded) 100 Pairs B.md. 240.00 Sibor 0.75 (Pair:> Sihor IV .AL U.l'v.£IN~-Ul.Vl 1 Foils. Book: of" 100 leaves 6.00 Bha.vnagar 0.37 t:o 0.50 Bha.vna.gar 5·" X .0'" (100 leaves) APPE~DIX: ~ 39 Designs TABLE V Name or design N"ame Name N"a:ture l'iro_ of of or Colloquial of _he families cra,r~ a.rticle Size I1.a.me: English equiva.lent design enga.ged ) 2 3. 4 5 6 7 ArricLe P€4lara Pararc;z- (1) 4~" x 2!l' x 3.~"'2 Ci) Sada parara Simple """ooden chest Traditiona.l 23 making I>ecora,1:ive (2) 4!r" x. 2~-' :x 3' (~z) Kororni.vaZo Wooden chest wit.h embossed ,. pararo and punched design vvooden (3) 4'" ::Ie 2~' x: 2i-" (fz'~ SOlZerf 1Ca:nnvalo or Wooden chest studded with chest (4) 1.S'~ x. 10''" X 13"· Dlfferenr parrs of rhe ar6zcle I Chagdo Square .. 2 <7hal~yu R.ect:a:ngle .. .3 KL:znaoro Frill. 41# .ToIi Lattice -5 .E:fnar'; Vpl Border .. t5 ~avd, Covering 7' AchhL>da Vertical st:rip 8 Sandh pari Horjzon~al strip -... 40 APPENDIX I TABLE Cost 00:£ produ.ctioD~ sale price and earnings Cost: or .Average C~st ~C raw mat:erial C<:JrI versi <:JD sale price Average in.1:o fiDished oC finished earning ~ame of'" article Raw material "lJII it: Price (in Rs.) product: goods per worker 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Pa.a.ra Decorat:ive Vlrooden ches~ :a Timber Cubic foot 2.00 t:o 4.00 Rs. 10.00 to Rs. 60.00 to R.s. 1.00 to 2 (a.) Tin sbeet; (33 t;o 35 1 .. 500_00 30.00 per 100.00 4.62 ~aug:e) Parara per day .l>vI _ Tonne Cb> Black sheet 1.80 P. piece :3 Strips Tonne 250.00 to 700.00 4- Rods CWT 45.00 S r-ofails Ie_G-. 3.00 t:~ 8_00 6 Foils Book: of" 6.00 '1 ()O, lea.ves TABLE VII List 0:£ very skilled craCtsDl.en of" each cODununi"ty N"a.me ~£ village!cit:y Na.me of" community Names of" skilled craftsmen 1 :2 :3 4 BhaVIIagar Pa t:ara :rv.I:aking G-ujjar Su~har I Shei I>amodarbhai .:Jet:ha bhai 2. Shri Prabhu.das ~ethabhai 3; Shri A.nandji .Jet:habbai 4 Shri K-anaiyala.1 Jethabhai S Shri Ratilal Jet:habbai 6" Shri Zaverbhai r-;;ranji 7 Shri "Ramji G-irdhar S Shri Popat:la.l Valji Luhar Suthar 9 Shri Ramjibhai .Dahyalal 10 Shri Shan.t:jjal ~akanbhai Sarania 11 Shri Balubhai Khoda 12 Sbri Nanjibhai K.hoda. Sat:bvvara. 1.3 Shri Bhagvvan. 'Devji APPE~"IX :I. 41. Tools and iwnpleuaenf:s TABLE VITI Price Life Name of' t.ool 51. ------1938-39 1963-64 Place from Year No. LocaI term English equivalen.t Rs. p_ Rs_ P. where procured 1'd:ont:h 1. 2 3 4 5 6 7 I OPER.ATED BY HANI> 1 Llhido Vice 8.00 35.00 Bha:vna.gar 25 2 Er'arhodi :E[ammer 0.37 3.00 ... 5 :3 Karkhuno Right angle 1.00 5.00 25 4 J'ltTani eTa,. Small anvil 2.00 8.50 2S (20 Ihs) .:5 1Yfoli eran Dig anvil 4.00 15.00 25 (40 Ihs) 6 Panch Punch 0.10 0.50 2 lTlont;hs 7 Vansalo A.dze 0.75 1.2.00 '2. 't<:» 1.00 8 PhLzrshi Chisel 0.75 10.00 I 9 Rando Carpenter"s plane 1.S0 7.00 3 mont:hs 10 Shardi. _ Drill (wooden) 0.25 2.00 1. 11 DriZ/ Drill (iron) 18.00 10 12 COn7pass Compass 0.50 2.00 ... 3 "13 II C)PERA.TEI:> By ELECTRIC l\4A.C~1:N"ES 21 Senso < Band-sa""", 300.00 1;200.00 .... 25 22 Chakardi Circular sa.w machine 20.00 100.00 25 23 Press Power press._ 250.00 1.000.00 ... 25 24 Roll press machine Roll-press 30.00 150.00 25 25 Drill-machine ~rj)J-machine 25.00 125.00 25 26 l\d:otu. drill Drin (big) 250.00 .. 25 27 ~anu drill Dri]) (sma]) _- - 125.00 ,,. 25 28 ~otor l'\II:otor (5 H. P.) 300.00 .~OOO.OO 2S 29 Emery chakka.r Emery wheel 10.00 50.00 1 4-2 APPENDIX I 'TABLE IX Pat• .-a UlIaking iu o ....~ centres Approxima.te number of' a.rt:isans Average Centre Units Caste/community Family annual Hired Si.ze <>f" pTodu- Total 'W'orkers ,","orkers Price or pa1ara ction pa"ara I 2 3 lvlarlcet 4- S 6 7 )_ 8 9 Jasda.:n. 7 Suthar ~O lS 7 a N, (R.ajkoO A. N. A. 125 .7asdan 2 Batad (Bhav- 4- (0 Gujjar Suthar 20 !Ii .IS (i) nagar) (ii) Luba.. 4~· N. A_ 125 (i) Botad (ii) S:l"" N. A_ 200 (ii) Dhranaa,dhra (iii) Sf-· N. A. ~50 Source - TaJulca Development Officer~ .TasdBD. Bota.d,. AmrcU, Anjar~ Dhandhuka APPENDIX II Unstructured Biographies (0 A SK.ILLED CRAFTSl\oot:AN N"APd:E: .fo..-t:istci Damodar .Jethabhai Vadg&m& OCCUPA.TION: Patara. m.aking Ar>DRESS: lvI:or Building. SuthacV\i'ad,., Bhavnagar In rroduc r ion Jethabhai was 5 years old. The owner of the shop I was born in V_ S. 1980 at Bhavnagar. I have was later on changed but Bbudarbhai con.tin.ued to completed 40 years. I: ha.ve passed "the 4t:b standard work: at makin.g pa£aras and became a skilled craf"ts of" primary school in Bhavnagar. I start:cd carpent:ry man. in t:he shop of Shamji Devji. t:he new owner. at the: age o£ 15 in. IDy Cathec·s shop of patara Bhudarbhai expired in Bhavnagar and his son. n:1aking. Thu.s. I have been ",",orking in. "'t.his CTaf"t. f"OT Je"t.habhai '-ben. joined the sa.me shop on. t:.he same the past 25 years. It. is. our hereditary occu.pation. job. ACter "he death of" .Iivanbhai,. son. of" Shamji,.. Fczrnzly ILisrory his two sons VaamaH an.d Lallubhai co.ntinued the work- Vanmali sold the shop-cU'ln-dwelling to I am in the fourt.h generat.ion .-rom "the pion.eer Jethabhai. In. V_ S_ 1997 Je1:.habhai expired, leaving craCtsman. Hirabhai as shown. below: a. debt o-C Rs_ 7,000 incl uding in.terest: 1.0 be paid Hirabhai Khodabhai to a timber merchant. Our buildin.g was mortgaged I to discharge this debt_ We five brothers paid up Bhudar 1:he debt in. V. S. 2,011-1.2 and in V- S. 2,01.3 I all of" us started ma.king pat"czros in.depen.dently af1:.er Jetha dividing the propert:y equally_ As I prererred 1:.0 I own the bu.ilding of" my :father, I again D10rtgaged Damodar {self"} it: and distribu.ted R..s_ 14.,.000 obtained :From it among my br<>thers as their share or ancastral Fl""irabhai ha.d his own house used as workshop-cuTn pro per1:y _ I gave on hire some portion of my shop dwelling_ He used to make pararas. carLS, cart to one of my brothers for a. short, period so t:.hat wheels and "Wooden tools and implements for agri interest. on mortage could be deFrayed: from. the cul1:ure at t.he village Loya of Sayla. "taluka in ren.1: recovered from. bim_ Later the mortage was Su.ren.dran.a.gar district. From there he migrated to redeeTned an.d I renam.ed the shop "Niranjan Fur Panshina. village of" Limbdi taluka. in the same district. n i tl..1. res' _ For a period or 8 "to 10 mon.ths and ""then can"le "to Bhavnagar 100 years ago Tor -.be development of ProducCion his business. For some period, Hirabhai stayed :for As men.tioned below,. I gradually developed. t.he "t.wo years a.t Satad because his sister resided in product:ion. of paTaras o:f" 3 sizes (4~V,. 4t. .... 4') cove Khas near Botad where she expired because of' red. with yellow coloured t:.hin 1:.in sheet.s and. vvhi1:.e/ old age. Previous to that, he sta.rted his ca.reer in blue iron sheets. pur-ura making in Kala Bbim"'s establishment and developed the craft. gradually. His son, Bhuda.rbhai No. 0:£ pataras had been in Bhavnagar with Hirabhai and so he v. s. of" an sizes decided to settle in Bhavnagac_ He a.lso worked as a 2014 450 2015 300 hired carpenter in Kala Bhim"'s establishment in 2016 275 -whichpararas were made along with carts~caTt-whee)s 2017 400 and other agricultural implements. At that time 2018 750 43 44 APPENI>]X II Ra.." Jt.:Iarerzal iron.-sheets from India and foreign. ma.rket.s by t:.he In view of my good vvork.manshlp~ I was given. St.a.'te Director oC Indust:ries. The part:iculars or aD. bnport licence and additional permit 'to obtain. Import; licence and permit: are given below_ Import licence Per.DJit Qua.nti~y obtained Quant.it.y obtained Crom ot.her countries froIn India Cram Si%C or iron sheets Date through a.gent Kg_ Da.te authorised dea.Jers • 2 3 4 s 0/33134- 30-1.1.-60 2~O32 1.1.- 2-61 103 1.3- 4-61 1.000 OJ33/34 7- 8-61 1.855 3- 6-62 4_000 9- 7'-62 :1.000 <3-/33/34 27- 7-62 1.000 0/33/34- 7- 5-63 1.352 0/33/34 7-12-63 817 18-3-64 2 .. 714 0/28 t.o 33 1<6-5-64 2,000 6-6-64 -_ 3~286 While in Bombay St.ate, the procedure Cor Bhavnagar 20 years ago_ During t.he last. 5 years,.. obtain.ing 'the raw material on 'the basis of' ia::nport :I have int.rodu.ced t.he Collowing elect:rically operated licence was very easy. In pa~ara makin.g the iron. machines, vjz_~ (i) Roll fbr bending st:rjp~ (ii) emery shee1:s or gauge 33 t:o 42 are required. Import wheel Cor sharpening 'tools,. (iii) big and small elec licences 'VVere issued on the basis of" a.ct.ua.l consump t.ric drills for boring and (iv) poV'Ver press fOT t:ion a.nd additional permi 1.8 were a.lso given '(.0 embossing sheet.s. 1\.'1051- of' t.hese Tnachines have Culfil the demand o£ t.he art:isans who used. to' been rnanuIact.ured by local bJaCKsmit:hs under my purcha.se foreign iron-shee~s from stockist:s in. supervision- India. In. 1964~ I did not. receive the licence but:. PaLrons received a permit to obtain iron-sheet.s of" gauge 28 1:.0 33 (India). At t:he t:ime or a.ctual delivery I recei IVJ:y fat:her" first:. s~arted making small pararas ved sheets or 28 gauge which are of no use: in ( IS'" ~13'" X lO'~) ror the .rvI:aharaja. 01 Bhavnagar. parara making because 1:hey are too thick. Thin I make pararas a.lso Cor rulers of" Palit:a.na. and sheets are wrapped on strips or iron and "then fixed La-.hi, et:c., All India "Handicraft.s Board and ot.her on. "tbe IrOn1: port.ion a.nd lid~ and so~ t:.hick shee~s in~erested cust.omers. can not be used Tor this work. Further they w..::>uld Frealth and ITabiCs :make puror-as very heavy and cost.ly. The customers ,""ould no"t. 1ike t.o purchase such pararos. I, "there M:y father expired in V. S. 1997 and my J'Tlother f"ore, s"t.ar"ted making b.oxes and t.runks out: .of"" such died 15 or 20 days Iat:cr on account of' old age. heavy shee"ts. For t.he developmen"t OI thjs crart~ ~y sixth brother who had passed the 2I1d standard impor"t licences should be issued 1:<> al( the est.abli of" primary schOool expired from a disease of t.he shments engaged in parora making. Guidance and spleen at t:he age of' S years. ~y t.hree daughters advice by t:he Government: ror export: promotion. expired at t:he age of' I year.. 8 D'l.ont.hs and 6 and design would prove useruL YDont.hs respect.ively_ I have never been bed -ridden because of"" sickness. Tools During war t:ime, I visit-ed Bombay to see t.hat. I aYD the on.1y owner in 1:his crafl 1:0 use eJec city and I st.ayed 't.here Ior a period of"" 4 mont.hs_ "tric ba.nd-saw ror sawing timber. I introduced the I -vvorked t.here as a carpeI1t.er on daily -wages. I -circula.r sa.w in this craf"t. for the first time in like 1:0 visit ttistorical and pilgrim cent.res. I visited APPEN"DIX II 45 char dho7n, t:he four main. pilgrim centres 10 t:o 12 bet.el leaves. During leisure t:ime I always t:hink: years ago. and his"torical places like Agra, etc. I have how to develop the crart and try to think au t also visited llorgadh (Ellora) twice. I t:ake t:ea and m.echa.nical devices to increase productioD.. (ii) A l'vIASTER CRAFTSIIdAN NA.l'Id:E: Zaverbhai Nanjibhai Ahalpara OCCUPATION: Pat:ara ~aking ADDRESS: ~aDi1a.l I3alal's K.han.cha~ Sutharvvad, Bhavnagar In croduct: ion Parsho'tam Dhanji, the oVllner of one of" the 1. 1VI:y birth place is Bbavnagar. I have complet establishments was known as "'t:he king of parara'. ed 43 years of age_ I leTt study 'N"hen I wa.s 14' or Because of" his good financial position, he :n:la.n.u.fac 15 a.fter passing the 4th standard in primary school t:ured and stored pab::rras in large numbers. Out of" of Bhavnagar. I became a. skilled craftsman in car the 7 ul1its described above,., only 2 are "Working at: pen.try at: the a.ge of 16 or 17 after cOn:J.pleting tvvo present and t.he rest are closed down because t.he heirs of the owners have taken up 1:.0 service an.d y.ears' tr~i:ning in. this craft: in my father·s shop carpentry on. account or thejr critical finan.cial sItuated U1 Sutharwad_ ~y father was a skilled craC'tsman in pa~ara makiDg. In ~be peak seasOon I condition. used 1::0 make pararos but: in the slack period I Family .Efisrory '\Vorked as a carpenter in. building construction. in 5. "lvf:y fat:her migrated to Bhavnagar 75 years the city o.n daily wages. In those days the daily ago rrom Bhojavadar, 1 mile away Irom. Dhola vvages used t:o be R.e. 0.75 P. to Re_ 1 for the Jun.ction (50 Km. f"rom Bhavnagar)", a railway station. ordina.ry carpenter hut: Rs_ 1_50 P_ to 1.75 for on. Bbavnagar-Su.rendranagar met.re gauge Iin.e. In the skilled vvorker_ Artisans had t:o work from the village my father was making pararas and morning to evening with a recess for 90 minutes agricult:.ural wooden implements in. owned shop-cu7n at noon tin~e_ dwelling a.nd also vvorked on daily wages iI1 bu.ildiILg EIisrory of Crafe construction. as a. carpenter p We have already sold. 2. About 150 years a.go, there vvere two brothers, the building a.t Bhoja.vadar village. Novv we have no connect:ion vvit:h "that: village but som.e of our -namely, Shri Dama ~ala and Deva Kala,. who exo.ploye:d n.early 100 workers in ma.king carts, cart relatives sta.y there. 6_ ~y father was suffering f"rom asth1Ila. He vvheels,. pararos, etc- There was only one shop of pat:ara making. expired at: t:he age of" about 60 in.. Bhavna.gar. JVry oC 3- Tin. sheets co1oured yellow are used for deco mot:her died or f"ever 18 years ago at: the age ration of £.ront portion since 100 years ago. The 60_ JV'Iy married brother expired of" convulsions at: system of covering the side a.nd back 'Walls and the age of" 22. l'Vly sister died of burns while cooking a.t the ag~ Df' 25 or 26 in Sanand. Now I have flU ho't.t.om with iron. sheets came int.o vogue before br01:her, sister or parent:s_ In my family "there is 75 years. Prior 1::0 that brass-sheets were used ror covering only the front port:ion and the price of one married son. (22) who is workin.g in pa,ara making,. another son (18) and a daught:er (14) are parara was only Rs. II "to' 17. studying in S.S.C. (1 I th standard) a.nd 8t:h stan.da.rd 4_ 2S years ago, there were 7 shops in Su~harlVad respectively of" seconda.ry schooL lVly wife (35) has -which ext:ends from the railway st:at:ion to Lati passed 2 standards of primary schooL A son. (0-7 "Wat:er C~un1:ain where pararas were manufactured. months) and a daugh~er (0-7 months) expired before 10 famIly workers and 20 hired workers of Gurjar Suthar caste wO'rked in these "units. Polaros of 3 12 and 10 years respectively. sizes (4':', 4~', 4"'), -were made in l::he peak season.. .J\,,:farriage Cus toms oC eight months (winter and summer), and in slack 7. ~y marriage took place when I was 7 years season (Inonsoon) separate parts of pararas were old, thus it was a child marriage. I started my made. regular married life at the age oC 18. To-day there 46 APPENDIX II are no such hard and Cast; rules ror marriage carpenter in Dadar (Bombay) on.ly :Fo.r nine months. customs in my caste. The bride is offered wit:hout: Ten years ago, while embossing the strip an iro.n. any payment: (Kanku-Kanya), though some persons splinter pierced my lert eye which was operat.ed pay Rs_ 1,000 as dowry in cash a.nd kind or take upon Cor takin.g out the splint;er. Since that time, Rs_ 500 cash over and above clothes and ornamen.ts. I use spectacles. According to t:he cu.stom-book la.id down. by the caste panch in. V_ S. 1965.. the bridegroom ba.s .... 0 Religion pay Rs_ 65 only t:o the bride and Rs- 15_62 P. ror other miscellaneous expenses, i.e_, a. t.otal of 9. Our caste-god is Visbvakarma_ It is believed R.s- 81_62 over and a.bove one silk sari" one silk t;hat Vishvakarma resided in Ilorgadh (Ellora) which skirt, Cour Jari embroidered blouses, and ornaments is approachable vI-a Aurangabad by State Transport: like :nose-ring, eac-rings, bangles,. braceJet:s and Bus :Crom Velur. There are five carved caves and anklet:s. The bride's fat.ber served 4 feasts to the in. one of them~ the idol of Vishvakarma is there. number of persons -whom 3 carts can. carry (i_e-, Some of ou.r cas1:.e-fellows per£OTD1 the sacred 35 persons) and gra.ss ~o the horse of" ~he bride 1:.hrea.d ceremony there. groom_ 1.0- I live in my o-wn house ror the past 1.0 years. In the past my father stayed in.. an. old rented ..Efeal~h and .FTazards house of bamboo chips ~ho paid monthly rent of 8. I suffered from stomach disease berore 18-20 Rs_ 5_ During leisure hours, I read I1ewspapers. I years when I was -working on daily wages as a. ~a.ke tea, bfdis and betel leaves. ' (iii) A. SKILLED ARTISAN N A]\.I(E: Shri popat:Jal Valjibhai lVIis"try CASTE: G ujjar Sut:har AGE: 33 OCCUPATION": Patara making ADDRESS: Tarsamiya. Bhavnagar is a municipal 1:0VVn. with a popula. Being a port, Bhavnagar is an important commer tion of 176,.473 situated on. 21 0 46' north lat.itude cial and industrial cen.tre. Cotton." silk a.nd t:imber and 71 0 11" east: longitu.de_ are t:he main items of'" its t:rade, while its indus1:ries It: is a. port: to the west of"' the Gul£ of" Cambay include textile and ra.yon. mills, power loom.s, :flour a.n.d a 1:erminus of t:he Surendranagar-Bot:ad mil1s, saw-mills, re-rolling mills and sheet met:a.1 Dhola-Bhavnagar naet:re guage section. and Bhavna works, ru.bber and bone factories,. salt:. works and gar-TaJaja-J\..f:ahuva narrow gau.ge sect:ion or the ractories ror the manufa.cture or hydrogena.ted oil a.n.d West:.ern. Ra.ilway. It is also joined by a -Stat.e matches, G. I. a.nd Hume pipes, fire-crackers, nails, Highwa.y -with R.ajkot:, a.nd St:at:e Tra.nsport buses bicycle chains and spare parts_ There is also a. public con.n.ect. it with many town.s around, vo;rhile the: dairy. There are three to Cour fa.ct:ories which process mu.nicipality runs t:he city bu.s services. There is yelloweart:h and Fuller"s earth or good quaJity foun.d .also a daily air servic~ -to Bombay. The river in Bhavna.gar Taluka_ ~umerous small engineering I Gadhechi takes its rise 'rrom hills near the vitlage indust.ries are flourishing in. Bhavnagar. Laquered of" Sidsar four miles sou't:h-west oC Bhavn.agar and wooden toys and frui't.s,. paLara (wooden chests) aI1d joi:n.s the Bhavnagar creek near t:he town. cart-wheels are well-known handicraf""t: produ.cts of Formerly the capital oJ: ~he progressive State Bhavnagar- An. indust.rial es~ate wit.h 38 sheds of Bbavnaga.r, it is the district. headquarters of the has been constru.cted under the Sec<>nd Five Year dist:rict since 1948. Bhavnagar ru.lers were Surya Plan vvith sufficient: land Coc expansion up "(:0 144 vansbi Gohel R..ajputs, originally from l'v'larvad, sheds. Under the First and Second Five Year Plans who gave t.he na.D1e G-ohilwad 1.0 the area. :now 714 tenaments have also been. built for industria.l in.cluded in Bhavnagar Dis1:.rict_ They esta.blished labou.rers a.t a total cost of" Rs. 2,.147~243. There t:heir first: capital at: Umrala which was lat.er shift.ed is also a training school for artisans in lathe-turning to Sihor. Bhavsinhji :r foun.ded Bhavn.agar in 1723- an.d blacksmitby, carpent:ry and leather produc~s_ on. the sit.e <>f the vinage Vadwa, now one of ~be There is a modern ma.rket: maintained by "the wards in. t:he city_ The cap i t:t..l from Sihor wa.s municipali ty. removed by him with t:he "twin objec"l:s of' enablin.g Bhavnagar is an intermediate port Cor coas1:al a.nd himself -t<> take t:o sea in the event: of a.n invasion, foreign tra.ffic with an iron jetty at the <>ld ha.rbour and developing n:taritime -t:rade :Cor his St:ate. In and a. concrete jet~y at the n.ew one which has been both -these objects he succeeded well and t:he new const.ructed by the former st.at.e as -t.he old jetty was caphal grew ra.pidly under a line of' enlightened getting silted up_ There is a workshop at the port rulers and illustrious Divans like Gaurishanker and the railway line has been. extended to t.he harbou.r. (Gaga) O:za", Shamaldas ~ehta and Sir Prabhashanker .As described in Statistical Account of Bhavnagar Pattani. The first mun.icipality in Sa urasht:ra was .... From it.s excellent position at the head OI the Gulf eS'lablished in. Bhavnagar town. in. 1872. Total of Cambay as well as from the secure anchorage prohibit.ion was in.troduced in the State in. 1919. A afforded by the excellent creek. in. its vicinity, it legislat:.ive assembly wa.s cOIl.stit:u:ted even before commenced at: an early period ~<> attract to it.self nO' independence and responsible Government was esta sma.1I share of the local trade of 1:he Gulf"_ Formerly blished on. 15th January 1948. Bhavn.agar was the ships Were able to en1:er the harbour at. t.he concrete first amon.g States of Saurashtra 1:0 merge in t:he jetty only d urin.g t:ide time. In order t:o obviate this Indian U'nion after Independence. difficul1:y a. lock-gate has been. constructed in 1961, 1_ T.RIVEDl: R. K..~ Dislricl Census E:T67ndbook~ .z96.l~ Bhavnagar dist:rict:,. Part-I,. pp_ 39-41. 47 48 APPENDIX III at a cost. of" Rs_ 90 lakbs which enables st:eamers to Library, t::he District:. Library.. a library for women remain in harbour cOI1st.an:t.ly_ It. is now an all ~eat.he(."" and a museum. The Gandhi Smriti declared open. port and handled 347,683 tons or cargo in 1961-62. in 1955 has a library oC Ciandhian lit.erature,. Gandhi The imports., v.rhich amount.ed t.o 229,482 'lons, includ pict.ure gallery and an open. air theatre- Promotin.g ed foodgrains, coal,. t:imber~ building ma.t.erials, kero social an.d cultural activit:ies is also one of' i"ts aims sene, iron and st:eel and COt:t:Oll seeds. The main items a.nd object:s- 1Vlahila lVIandal is another not:able insti oC 1 18.201 1:.ons of export. cargo were salt~ oil-cake. tution. Numerous lit.era~ors, artists.. educat.ionist:s cot.ton. and groundnut seeds and oil. Foreign. t:rade and social and public workers have made Bhavnagar accounted for 40 per cent: of t:he total t:onnage. The rich in cult:ure and public lire. railway line opened in 1880 bas also con.tribu.t:ed to The chief medical institutions include Sir the development:. of" t:rade of Bhavnagar t.own an_d Takhtasinhji Hospital~ Shei G-opna1:hji l'v1:aternity port commanding the shortest: link vvit:h the hinter Hospita.l, and a leper hospit:a.J wit:h 250 beds_ There land. Bhavnagar~ vvhich was the headquart:ers of t:he is al§"o a nurses" t:raining school. During t.he Stat.e Bhavnagar St:at:e Railway is now a I>ivisional head regime,. soxne beautiful public buildings were quarters of the West.ern Railway, and has a. railwa.y constructed • .A town. plannin.g scheme havin.g been. workshop. undert.a.ken in 1935, the well planned suburbs or Bhavn.agar has lon.g been repu:ted as a centre of' K.rishn.ana.gar and Takh teshwer plot grew up education~ where ~he first: college in S aura sht:ra, rapidly as a result of availabiJity or land at cheap viz.~ the ShamaIdas College was st:art:ed, and where rate and liberal loans for the construction. of l\.1:aha-t:ma Gandhiji studied ror some-time be:Fore building at reasonable rat:es of interest and easy proceeding ~o England. :It: bas,. Arts. Science a.nd terms for repayment:.. Takht:.eshvver :lvlahadev is a Commerce: colleges, a Polyt:echnic,. a :tY1ahila Vidya. beaut.iful marble temple on a small 'hillock and laya. (college for women_)~ a primary t:eacher~s provides an excellen.t view of" the city. Beaut.ifully t:raining college and severa.l boys" aod girls" schools, carved Ganga_Chha1:.ri is ano'ther temple in marble a school Ior blind children. and a. cooperative in "the middle of Gangajalia tank now used as a training school. The AlFred High School in .... an playground or meeting place. Both these temples imposing building in t.he :Indo-Saracenic st:yle." The are protected monuments. The Town Hall ~s an. pioneering work done by the late Shri Gijubhai imposing edifice. Badheka. in. 1:he field of children·s educat:ion. a.nd Bhavnagar has long been equ.ipped with electri by the late Shri Nanabhai Bhatt in basic educat.ion city. piped wat:er supply and underground drainage. brought. :f'ame 1.0 the insl"it.ution or Dakshinamllrt:i It has the first modern wat.er 'VVorks with a. fiUer I~ounded by them. It has now been closed down.., but plant in Saurashtra. Its water supply is drawn froIn the Bal ~andir movement.: initiated by Gijubhai bas Gaurishanker lake,. popu]a.rly knovvn as Bor TaJav spread all over Gujarat. The Central Salt: and supplement.ed by Kodiar Lake,. bot:h oc which are !V1arine Chemical Research In.stitute, one of" t.he beautiful picnic spots- The G aurishanker lake natiorrallaborat:ories run. by the Govern.ment: of" India. also ha.s a terrace garden and children.'"s park conducts research in. respect of" production or pure (BaJodyan..) wi1:h a. variety of" items of enterta.inments. salt and utilisat:ion. or by-product.s of salt: manu The Victoria. Park: close by is also a place for facture. There are also t:he weI1 equipped Barton. picnic. BIBLIOGRAPHY TRJ:VEDI.. R. K.. D;srrzct Census .EIandbook of' Bhavnagar district:.. 196I ENTHOVEN. R. E. The Tribe~ and CasU~s of Bon7ha,y. Vols. II and III. 1922 CAM:PBELL.. .JA~ES ~_ Gozerreer of Ihe .Bon2bay PresI- dency. Vo]_ IX.. Pa.rt II. .899 .M:UKERJEA.. SATYA V. Census of India, V<>L XIX.. Baroda.. Part I. 1931 SHUKLA V. N. Shri VIral Vlsh'J¥okarlnQ C'ha- r;/rradarsnan. 1963 SaurashrranL Pachhar Kcuno Pa.rt: II.. 1958 A-rorke-ring Clin-Lc on Sal.lrashrro .#£anr:i:lcrafrs. An India HandicrafTs Board.. 1958 Fn4usl,.;af Bu/rer;n .. Vol. III» No.3 of Directora.te: of" Indust:r:ies.. 1964- Gu/arar Sarva Sangrah 49 GLOSSARY OF LOCAL TER~S A K. Achhola. Differen t: type IOJ" wood-vvast:c pieces Kadi .A ring Agarbatti An incense stick K..ala. pat.ra Black: met:al sheet. Ambo l\.£a.ngo or lk£angifera inal-ca .ree Ka n thapa Li A. frame fixed on top of" the walls of" a pal'ara Angadi A. shirt: Kara. Side-wa.lls Anni One-ann.a worth or one-six.teent:h pa.rt Kher Acacia carechu tree Anu Usually the :firs~ occasion afllcr marriage Kinari .A border vvhen a ma.rried girl goes to her busband·s Kurnbh A. pit. so INDEX A .l'vf: Artisans lVi:arketing - ~ethod of working, ~o Agency" 26 Cen.t.res Cor sale, 26 B Difficulties.. 27. 28 Bha:vn a ga.r - ~et:hod oof'~ 26 Bhavsinbji I, 1 Volume and value. 26 r:>is~rict: Training Service Centre, 2. 32 0- Indust.rial Centre .. 2 Intermediate Port:.. 1 Organisational patt.ern,. 32 ~odern '\/Vater works .. 2 p Politechnic.. 2 .Pa~CJra,. 1. .. 3, 4. 5.7, 17.. 1.9,.. 20, 21, 24, 2!5" 26. 27,. 29, 30~ 31 SaU and .M:arine Chemical Research Institution,. 2 Chest:. ::I CO -- Darshan bhag~ 1 7 ~ 22 Ca.pital st:ruct:urc -- 29 -- Secret: drawers, 1. 22 Crartsmen - Para,.a-n~-rajQ,. 3 Dandi Vera.. 12.. J 3.. 23 Price trends.. 27 <.JU_jjar Suthar, 2 .. 3 .. 5 .. 17 Production -- Caste organisation, J 3 Annual. 25 Hanurnat Shilp. 6 l'Vt.igra. lion 01'.. 5, 6 Co.st of~ 30 Origin of". 6 R. .._ LIST OF AGENTS Fc>R... THE SALE OF GDVER..N!v.:'IENT OF INDIA. PUBLICATIONS A.S ON .7-2-1964 S. S. Book Emporium" 118.. lVI:ou:rrt: Joy R.oad AGAR..'TALA.- The Bangal ore Press.. Lake "V'iew, lVI:ysore R.oa.d_. L~i Bhandar Books &. Scientific Sales (R.) P. C>. Box. 507 AGR.A.- The Sta.:n.dard Book Depot, Ave_nu_e Road N"ational Book ~o-use,. Je:o:n.i lVI:,an.di Vichara. Sahitya. Private Ltd." Balepet Wa.dhawa. &. Co... 45 .. Civil Lin.es l'I.£a.k:k:a.la P-usta ka Press. Balama.n.clira,. Gan.dh in. aga.r Ba.r:1wari Lal Jai.n." Pu.blishers,. :rv.I:oti K-a:t.ra. (R) ~r-u:thi .Book Depot, Aven:ue R<>a.d (R.) EngIisb Book I>epot" Sadar Bazar,. .A.gra. C:::a:n.tt. CR.) I:nternat:io:nal Book :E-Io~ Private Ltd.,. 4--F .. ~ahat:noa Ga.:n.dhi Road AFl:l'Iv£A~N.AG-.AR.- Nava.kar:nataka P-ubn.s. Private Ltd.~ J'v1:ajestic C:::ircle CR) "Y. T_ Jorakar,. Prop•• Rama Ger:teral Stores, Navi BAR..EILLY- Path (R.) Agarwal Brothers, Bara. Haza.r A:E-I:~EI>ABA.I> BAR~~A- Balgovi:n.d F;.:u_ber I>a.ss &; Co., Ga.ndhi R.oa.d Chan.dra K.a:n.t Chima.n. Lal -Vora, G-a.n.dhi Road Shri C::h~draka:nt l"v.£oha.:n La.l Shah, Ra<>~ J'\.1:inerva. Book Shop.. Shop N"o_ 1/80.. N"_ S'-1bha.s R.oad Press C:>flicer, <:>rissa. Sec~t. AcadeLT.lic Book Co.,. A.ssociati~n. B-.Lilding,. Girgaum Cut~ck Law Times Roa.d (R..) Pra.bhat K.. ~pa.~ra:1" ]V[a.:nga.la.ba.g." P.B_ 35 Domi:nion. P~blishers,. 23,. Bell Building, Sir p- D. F_ S1..I.C & So.ns,. lVI:a..n.gala.ba.g (R) R..oa.d (R.) Utkal. Stores,. Balu Ba.za.r (R.) 13O'roba.y Natio:n.a..l I-listory 91 Wa.lkeshw:a.r Socie~y, DEHR..ADUN- Roa.d CR.) J-u.ga.l ::K.ishore &.. Co.,. R.a.jpu.r Roa.d Dowa.madc<> &.. Co., 16,. N"aziria. Bu.ildi n.g, Ba.llard. Nation..a.l N~ .Age:n.cy,. Pa..lta.n.. .Bazar Estate (R.) Bish aD Sin.gh a.n.d. l\.-£a.hen.dr"a. Pal Asian 'Tra.dIDg Co.,. 310.. the JV1:iraba.l1.. P_B. 1505 (R..) 318~ Ch~~wa..la. CALCU~.A- "t:Jtam Pustak Bhan. dar.. Pa.lta.:n Bazar (R...) c:a:1a.tte yj ce &. Co... 3/1, B:a.chara.m Ch.at"tcerj ee L.a.r1C I>ELFI I- Dass G~pta. &.. 0<>.", Ltod..", 54/3, College Street: J. 1\..1:. J a.ir>.a &.. Brothers, !'I.I.I:ori Ga.te Hin.du Libra.ry, 69 A" Bolara.m De Street A.t:m.a. R.a.m &.. Sons", K.ash.mere Gate S • .K.. La..h..iri &:: C:::o_ .. Priva.te Ltd., College Street: Federa.l Law Book: I::>epot:,. ~a.sh.mere G-a.te: :lv.I.. C. Sarkar &. Sore; PriV"a:te Ltd ... 14,. .H.a.n.k:im Ba.hri Bros., 18a~ La.jpa:t R..a.i ~arket: Cha.t:t:eIjee Street Ba.wa F-I:arkish~ I>ass Dedi (Vija.ya. Gen.eral Age:o.cies) W_ N"ewma:n. &. Co., Ltd•• 3~ c)ld Court :I:-'lou.se Stree1; P_B. 2027" Aha.ta. K..edar-a... Clh.a.x:oa.lia.x1 R..-oa.c1. <:>.xCOord Book an.d Statio.nery COo., 17" Park Stree1; Book-",,"ell~ 4 .. San.t N"a.ra.n.k.a.ri Colon.y.. P. B. 1.565 R.. Chambray & Co.~ Ltd., Kent: ~ou..se", P. 33, ~issio:n. Ixnperial Publishin.g Co.., 3, Faiz Ba:z;ar~ Dary:a.gan.j Roa.d Ex:t:c~io:n. J\..£e~ropolita:n. Book. <::"0_,. 1,.. Fa:iz Bazar S_ C_ Sa.rka..r &. SOo:ns Priva.te Ltd.__ I.C. College Sq:u.a.re Pu..blication. <:::en.~e", Su.bzim.a.ru::Ii Th.acker Spink &.. Co.... (1933) Priva.te Ltd., 3,. Espla.n.a.d.e You..n.gxn.aD. &; Co., Na.i Sara.k:,. East: In.dia.n ~y Book Depot, 3,. Darya.ga.n.j Firma K.. L. 1'v.i:u.khOopaclha.ya." 6/1A" Banchha. R.a.IJa All India.. EdL1ca:tio:n.a.l S"Upply Co.,. Shri R.am Bu.ildirI_gs. Akra:r La.:ne Ja:wahar N"aga.r (R) K.. K... R.oy" P _ Bo:x No. 102 10, Ca.lcu.t"t:a.-19 (R) Dha.:n:wa.:n.t l'vI:edic:al &. La.w Book :Fi:ou..se,.. 1.522,. Sm. P. ~. Upadhya.y, 77 ~ 1Y.lu.k1:araxn. Babu S1:reet (R.) Lajpa.t: Rai l.Vla.rket (R.) Universa.l .Bocok ~is~., 8/2, FJ:a.stin.gs S1:ree~ (R..) "UxU-versity Book. ::FJ:ouse, 15,. BaI1galore R.oa.d,. l"v-:lod.ern .Book: .r>epo~~ Chowrh1ghee Centre (R.) Jawa.ha.r N"agar (R.) Soar & Co.,. 125,. Can:nin.g Street: Law Litera""t:u..re I-I:ou.se~ 2646", Balima.ra.n. (R...) S. Dha.tta.charjee, 4-9,. Dha.ramta.la. Street (R..) Su.r:nmer Brothers.. P. C>. Birla. Li.n.es (R.) :rv.I:u.kherjee Library.. 10,. Sarna. K.h.an R.oa.d TJ:niversa.l Book &. Sa:a.tio:n.ery Co... 16.. Neta.ji C"l...1rrent Li1:erature Co.:> 208,. 1'v.£a..b.a.tn::l.a.. Ga.ncclhi R.oa.d S"Ubha.sh lVla.rg Th.e B<:><>k I:>epository, 4/1" .lY1ada.:n. Street (1st FI<:><>r) (R...) B. Nath &. Bros., 3808~ Cha.rkhawala:n. ( ..:-:howri Sc';:cX1t:ific Book AgerLcy,. NetaJi Su.bha.sh R.~a.d. (.&..) Baza.r) (R.) Relia.:n.ce Tra.ding Co., 17/1, Da.:uku Dibari Gho:se La.ne,. Ra.jkaTTl21 I Pra.ka.:;;h~ Private Ltd., Bs Faiz: Bazar I:>istrict: Fl:owra.h (R.) Premier Book Co.,. Prin.t:ers,. Pu:blishers &. .B 11 List: o£ A~n. "ts-conM. I>ELHI-CQrdd~ JABAL.PUR- Kita.b lY.I:a.hal (Wholesa.le Div.) Pri"V'ate Ltd., 28, Faiz Bazar 1'v.Ioder:n. Book I-Iouse, 286 .. Jawal:.arga.:n.j Hi.n.d"l..1 Sahitya. Sa.n.sar, Nai Sara.k: (R) N'a:tio:n.a.l Book House, 135 Ja.i Pra.kash N"a.:rain. ~arg (R.) lVI:~shi .Ram l.VI:a.n.ohar La.I,., C>rie:nta.l Booksellers J AIP"LJ::R_- &. Publishers. P_ B_ 1 165.. N"ai Sarak (R.) G-overn.mer1t P rAn.t.ir:.g an.d. S"tationer y I.:>cl">:a.rt merll.1:.~ K._ L_ Seth, Suppliers or Law, Commercial Tech. Raj asthaYll. Bc>oks.. Shan.ti ~a.ga.T', ~eshp-u_ra. (R.) B1:1:a.rat La:w "FIouse... Bookse1.1ers .& Pub1.ishers.. Adarsh Pu.blishing S~ice, SA/IO Ansa.ri Road. (R.) <::::>PP_.. Proem Prakash Ci:n.ema D:H:ANBAD- Garg Boook Coo. Tripolia Baza.r Ismag C<>-operati"Ve Stores Ltd., P. D. I:n.dia:o. School V"an.i 1'YI:a.n.dir, Sawai ~an.siz1gh llighway or lIv.£i:o.es K..a.Iyan lV£.aI & Sons. Tripolia. Bazar (R.) Ne-w Sketch. Press, Post Box 26 (.R.) Pop-ular Book I:>epot:_,. Chau.ra Ras-a:.a K.rishna Baok Depot:. Chaura. Rasta. (R.) ~HA.R..:W.AR:- Dominion; Law Depot:. Shah B-uilclin.g, P.R. "No. 23 (Ft) The Agricu.ltural Co1.lege c::.on.su.mers Co-op. Society (R..) Ra.meshra.ya Book Depo1:, Su.bhas R.oa.d (R) J A"l'v.INAGAR..- "K_arn.a1:a.kaya Sa.hitya 1Vt:an.dira or Publishers a:o.d Swa.deshi Vastu. Bha.n dar Booksellers J A~S"1::'I.E"DP1:JR.,- ERNAKULA.lod- Ama.r K..itab Gl::tar .. "Diagorlal Road," P. B. 78 Pax &. Co_~ C::loth. Bazar Road (n.) Gu.pta. Stores, I>hatkid.il:t. So"U."t:h I:n.dia. Traders C}o Con.stituticn-1.a.l J o"LU":n.a.l Sa:r.J.yal Bros., Booksellers &. News Age:n.t:s, Bis-a:apur FEROZEP"UR..- J\..1':a.rket (R..) English Boo-k I:>epot:.. 78, Jh.9ke Road. JAW ALA.PU Rc- GAU~ATI- Sahyog Book Depot (R) lV£okshacla Pus takala.ya G-AYA- Jr£UNJE£"uN"u- Shashi :K:u.mar Sa-rat Charl.<:i (R.) Sab..i.t:.ya. Sadan., Gautam Bu.dha ~rg K..:apram Prakasha:n. Prasara.:n", :1/90 Narndha. N"iwa.s~ Azad. G'13:AZIABAD- ~a.rg CR.) Jaya.:n.a Book Age:n..cy (R) JC>D:H:PUR- GOR..AK~R..- n__,arka. I:>a.s .R.a.t:h.i.. 'Wl2olesa]e: Books a:n.d Nev.rs Age:n.ts V"ishwa. V"idyaIa.ya Prakasha.r.t.. Na.kh.es R.oa.d. Kita.b-Gha.:r.. Sojati Ga.te O-.JI>"£JR- Choppra. Brothers, Tripolia. B_ar The Gen.eral rvt:a.n.a.ger.. The N.D_C_ Pu.blishin.g &. Ptg. Society Ltd.. (R) J~LLUND"uR- GUNTUR- Hazooria Bros_~ J'ttvI:a.i I-lira.r.L Ga.-toe (R) Book LoV"ers Private Ltd.. K.adriguda, Chowrasta Jain Gen.eral I-Iouse, Ba.za.r B:ansarl.:~aJa. Un.iversity Publishers, R.a.il"VV"ay R.oa.d (Ft.) GWALI£JR- K.ANPLTR- Su:perrn t;e:n.de:n1;.. Prirn:ing &;; S ta.-tionery,. l'vI:_ B. Loyal Book: Dcepot.. Pata..:n.k:a..r Bazar, Lash.kar Ad:van.i &. Co., p_ Box. 100, The l'vI::al"l lV'1:. C_ Da.ftari~ Prop. 1vI:. D_ Jain. & Bros.,. Sahit.ya. Niketan" Shradba.n.an.d Park Booksel.lers.. Saraf"a.. Lasulcar (R.) The 'Lr:n.i:vers.a.l 13~k Sta.ll... *I'h.e :lv1:all R...aj Corporat:ior:., Raj FIot..KSe ,P. :D. 200, Chorwk (R.) FCLTBLI- Pervaje:"s Raok FIoL1.se:,. .K.oppik.a.r Road :K.AR.._'LlR..- E£YI>ER.ABAD- Shri V _ N"agaraJa. R._a.o, 26,. Sri:o.iv-asap-urar::n. (R) Direc.tor,. Goverr1Ir1.ex1 t; Press K..OI>AR..~- The Swar-aj Book: ~epot, Lakdika.p-ul "IDe Bha.~va.1:i Press... P_C>_ Jh-u.mri -:rila.iya~ I>t._Fl::az=ib~b Book Lovers Priva:t:e Lt.d. (n.) K.~I..J-i.A.P-UR..- LaboL1r La.w Publication.s,. a73~ S ...... l:ta:n. Bazar (R..) :fIt.I.[ahara..shtra. GraJ];th BhaI"1dar, lVf"ahadwar Roa.d (R) I .rvI:P~AL- ICC)TA- Tike:o.dra. & Sons. Booksellers (R) Kota. Book I>epo~ (R.) IN.DC>R.E- ·K:U~.A- '"VVadh:wa. .& Co_,. S6~ 1Y{_ G,. R.oad s. '-T. 'K._a.ma1:, Boc:>kse1.1ers &: St:a.tio:neJ:""S (N. 'K.a.nara.) S-waru:p Brother's, KhaJu.ri Ba.zar (R) L'LJ"CK.N"DW- JIv1:adhya. Pra.desh. Book Ce.:n..tre, 41, Ahilya. P~a (R.) l\t:£odem s.:.ok "El:ou.se, Sh.i v 'Vil:a.s PalELCe (R_) Sooch..:na. Sahitya. Depot (Sta.te Book :J:)epo-a:) N:a:vY'-1g S:a.hi.tya. Sada:n.,. Pu.blisbers &. Booksellers, BWkrishn.a B<>ok Co_~ Ltd_,. ~azra."t:ga.n.j 1.0~ K..hajuri. B:a:zar (R) British Book De:po't, 84,. FI:a.z.ratgan.j iii List of Agents-conlll. Geeta. Book ~o~e.. Booksellers & Pu.blishers ~shn.:a L "1JC"KN"DW-.;ontJ. mu.rthi.pu.ram (R.) Ram Advani~ I-l:a.zratga:nj2 P_ B. 154- Ne_.s Paper House, Lansdown.e 13-u.ilding (R.) Un.iversa.l P~blish.ers (P) Ltd_,. FIazratga:n.j Ir:adi:ar:l lVI:erca:n til e Corpora't ion., Toy Palace Ramvi1.as (Ft.) Eastern. Book COc_, La.1bagh Road. N"AI>IAI>- Ci~l & 1"VIilitary Educatiorta.l Stores. 1 «36JB Sa.d.a;r Bazar (R..) R. S. I>esay St:a-riorl Road (R.) Acquari"U.%rJ. Supply C:o.~ 21:3, F:a.izabad R-oa.d (R._) N"AG-PUR._- Lav.r Book JV1:ar"t:. Amirt-YJd-D.a.ula. Park (R) S'-1peri.n..teY1.de:r1.t~ <3,ov-ern..men.t Press &.. Book Depo~ LUDFrIANA- Western. Book Depot, Residen.cy Road Lyall B~k I:>epot,. Chaura. Bazar The Asstt. Secretary, ~i:neral Ir:..d"UStry As.soeiation., J'v1:~hirulra. Broth.ers.. Ka:t.cheri Road (R..) 1\.!'Iin.eral Fl:O'L1se (R.) Na:ncla Statio:nery Bhan.dar, Pu.stak Baza.r (R.) NAINI'TAL- rrhe Pharmacy "News, Pi:n.di Street (R..) Cc>ural Book Depot, Bara. Baza.r (R.) ~DRAS- N"AN"DED-- Su.peri:n.te:n.den..t~ Gov-ern.me:n.t Press,. IVrol..Int: Roa.d Book Cen..t:.re,. College Law Ge:neral Hooks, Station. Acccn.I:nt Test IY1StitLlte. P. O. 760 Emgore R.oad (Ft) C_ Subbiah Chetty &. Co., Triplic:a.Yl.e 1:'Iin.dl..ISt~ Cen.era.l S"t:cn::-e:s, Paper &.. St:a."t:ioT:J.cry 1VI:erchan.ts, p_ B. No. 51 (R) K. Krish:namu.rty .. Post Box 384- Sa:n.joy Book:. Ager:l.cy,. V-a:zi:r:a.bacl (R.) Preside:ncy Book SUcpplies~ S, PycroftR.o ad, -rrip1.ican.es P. Vardhac:ha:ry & Co.". B,. Lin.ghi Chett:y Street: NE"VV I>EL:E-:II- Amrit Book Co., Con.:na.ught Circus Pa.la.n.i Parch"L1ram, 3,. Pycrofi:s Ro:ad 2 Tr:iplicane Bha-wani & So:ns.. B-F, ConrtaU'gbt: 'Place NCB:FJ: Priv-ate Ltd.". ],99, l'v£onnt Road (R) Cen.t:ral News Age:ncy, 23/90, C:::o:n:n.a~ght Circ:u.s V_ Sadar.a:nd" The persoY1al B<><>ksbop.. 10" <:::-OIl.gress Empire Book ~epc>t" 278 Aliga:nj Buildings, 1 1 1, l'v'Iou.:n.t Road (R.) E:nglish Book Stores .. 7-1.., Connau.ght Circus P_O.B. 328 ~I>'£..JRA.I- Faqir Chartd &. So:ns~ IS-A .. K.hanc l'Vf:arket Orie:nt:a..l Book F:ro"U.Se .. 258, "West 1'v£a.si Street Ja..h1 Book Agen.cy" C-9" Prem rI01..LSe" Conna:ught: Place Vivek:at::la~da. Pr~ss. 40. West 1VI:,asi Street C>x:f"orcl Book & St:a.t:io:n.ery Co ... Sciru:li.a. :E-I:<>u.se J'Iv.I"ANT)YA S "LJ"GAR.. TO""'\.VN"- Ra..-rn._ .K..rish11a. &. So:ns (of"La.hore) 16tB" CouII.au.ght Place K... N". N"arimhe Gowda. & So:ns (R) Sikh. P-u.blish:ir1g :EJ:o~e" 7-C, CoIU::l,a:ugh:t Pl.ace ~AN"GALC>R..E- Srmej:a. B iv List o£ Agen..t:s-contd_ PATIALA- SFIILLON"G- Superin.ten.cle:n t, Bhu.per:tdra Stacte Press The: Offi.cer-h1-Charge, Assa.m Goveru.m.en.t, Ja.i.n_ &. Co., 17, Sha.h N a.shi:n Baza.r Ch.a.pla. Bookstall, P_ B. No. I (.R) PA"I"N'"A- SONEPAT- S~perin. te:ncle:n t, Go-ver:nmen. t Prin."t:in.g (Bihar) £In.itecl B<><>k Agency J. N" - P- Agarwal & Co~, Padri-:K_i-FIa.v-eli R.aghu- SRINAGAR.- n.a.1:h Bhawa.:n The K.a.shmir Booksl:u:>p," R.eside:ncy Rc:>a.d. Lu.xr.n.i Traclin.g Co_ ~ Padri-:Ki-~a.v-eli J\...f:oti Lal Ba.:narsi I>a.ss, Ba:nkipore SU~T- Benga,1 La.w FIouse, Chowha.tta. CR) Shri GajaT1a.r1 Pustakala.ya." To'-Ver R.oa.d PI~C>RAGARFI- TIRUCHIRPALLI- :z\..f:a.n.ira.rn P~etha. & Son.s (R) Ka,lpa.n.a PLtblisl:>.ers, Wosi~ PC>NI>IC::~ER.._R..y-- S. K.rishr:ta.swami &; Co." 35". S~bha.sh Charu:ler Bose Road. ~/s_ F£on.esty Book :E£o"U.se, 9 Ru.e J:>-upli:xo (R) POONA- Pa,1a,miapp:a. Bros. (R..) I>ec:c:ar:. Book Stall,. Decca.n. ~ymkhan.a. TR IV".ANI)R "£J:rvt:- Imperia.l Book Depot" 266, ]VI. G. R.oad I:ntemation.a.I Book: ~ep<>t. lVI:a.in .Road I~ter=a.t:iorl_.a.l Book Service, IJecc.a.r::t <7y:o:;tkharJa. Recldear Press & Book Depot, P. B. No.4- (R.. R..a.ka Book AgeT1cy .. OPP.9 N"a.t-u.'s Chawl" N"ear Appa Balwa.=1: Chowk LUTICOR_IN- "l:..Tti1.ity Book Depot, 'i.339, ShiV'aji l"'ra.gar (R..) Shri ~. Thia~aj an" 10-C,. Fre:nch Cha.pa1 R.oacl (R. PUD"UK.C>-:rI'AI-, UDAIPUR..- Shri P. N. Swa.mir1at.ha.~ Siv-am &. Ea.st ~Ta.gclish &. Co., Ir:tside Sura,japole (~) R.oad (R) Book Cen.tre~ ht'[ahara.:n.a... Bhopal COTls"U.mers • Co-ap. .R.AJK..OT- Society L1:d. (R) :.J!rII.I:oha.:n. Lal Dossa.bhai. Sha.h,.. Boooksellers a.ncd S~'b-Age:n:t;s U.JJ.A.I~- RAN"CHI- ~a..n.ek Chan.cl Book: Depo"t:, Sati Gate (R.) Crown Book: Depot.. "(Jpper Bazar Pu.sta.k: ~ahaI, "lJpper Eaza.r (R) V A R...A.N".A.SI- R..E",,"A.- Su.Ide~ts Frien.ds &. Co., LaJ3.Ka (R.) Cho"Wkh.a.mba Sa:n.skrit Series ~ffi.ce", <:;opal S-u.perin. t:en. cle:n.t:,. Govcmmer:d: Sta:t:e Emporium. P. -v_ R.oa.d, P. B. a R O"UR...K.E LA- <:;-lob Book Cen.tre (R) The Rourkela. "Review (R_) K.ohi:n.oor Stores, U:n_iv-ersity R.._oad~ La.nka S.A.:E-£~LTR._- B.:EI.'LJ_ Hook Depot: (R) Cha.r1c:1ra Bharata P"UStak Bha.:n.dar, <:k>urt: Road (R.) YELL-ORE- SECYJNDER..ABAI>- .A. -Ven_kata.s~bha.:n,. ~w Booksellers F£ir:td-usta.r1 Diary P~blishers.. Iv.£arket St:ree~ VIJAYAWADA- SILC~R.- "I"'be Book: & Review CCrltre" El-u.ru. Road .. ~verT1pet: (R) Shri Nishitto Se:n, Nazirpa.t:ti (R) V-ISAK.~APA"T"N.AlVI:- SI~-- C;~pt::a. Bmt:hers, Vizia. Bu.ildin_g S~periTIt:e:n.deTI t:. "'I:-3:imacha.1_ Pradesh Govemme:n'l "Book Cerl Lre, 1 '1 J9? , ~ain_ R.oad l'v£in.er-va Book Shop, The ~a.IJ The Secy. Ar.1clhra U:ni-versity" G-en.era.l Cc>-op_ Stores The Ne"W 13<>ok I>epot: 79, ~he :l'Vf:a.ll Ltd. (_R_) SIN"N".A.R.-- V:IZIAN"AGRAl'v1:- Shri N_ N. Jakhadi, Agent, Times of" India., Si:n.:nar Sarda. &. Co. (R) (Nasik) (R) -W~Fl_A._- Swaraieya. Bha.n.da.r7 Bhorji .hI:£arket Gov~rnYnerlt: c>r Tn.dia K_jt:ab 1'VI:a.hal,. -. Jan.pat:h.,. c>pp. I:n.dia. Coffee ~ouse-~ I N"ew Delhi }- For local sales :E-ligh Cornmissio:n.er Ior I:ndi a. in. I.,..on.dort,. I:n. dia Gover:n.ment o£ In.dia. Book Depot,. _jl FIo-use, Lo:n.don_. W c. 2 a IIastin.gs Street,.. Calc:-utta. v List of' Agent:s-concLd. SIS. .A.. I-'I.. Wheeler &. Co., 15.. Elgin. R.oad.. Allahabad SIS. Edu.c:atio:n. Enterpri3e Priv-ate Ltd.,. K.athu.ma.n.du. (Nepal) SIS. Aktie Bologat,. c:::_ E_ Fritzes K:u.ng!. FIovoh<>kba.xJ..dcl, Gahlot: Bros ... K._ E. :rrv.I:. R.oad, Bika:n.er Freclsg:a:t:ion-2 Bo:x 1656. St<>ckh.olm-16~ (Sweden.) R.eise-u:n.d 'Ve:r kebrsver lag S t"U. ttgart, Post 730,. Gu.te:.n.her g s1:ra 21, Stu.ttgart No. 11245, Stu.tt:gart: den (Germa.n.y West) Higgi:n.bothams &. Co., Ltd., .I'v:IOU.Y1t Roa.d, 1'v1.a.clra.s Shri IS'\N'ar Su.bramar:l.yam 452" R..eversite: Driv Apt. 6, Ne'\V York~ 27 N W Y lv.l. Gulab SiTlgh &. SOT1S... Priva.te Ltd., }'v[a.th u_ra. R.oa.d .. The Proprietor, Book Ce:ntre, La.kshmi ~a.n.sio:ns, 4-9,. The New Delhi l'vI:all,. Lahore (Pakist3.I1) &. R :o-.• .1s) The I-Ieacl Clerk, 0<>V"t:. Book: ~epot:, A.hmeda.bad -r'he .Registrar of'" C::ompa.:n.ies, 1'rvI:a..hatma. ~a:ndhi R..oa.d, "West The Asstt:. I:»irector, E::octe:nsio-n Cen.t:re, K.apilesh"'..... a.r Road, Cott:. Bldg. P. B. 334-, K.a.n.pur Belga'Um "Ihe R..egistrar oC C:::ompan.ies", Eiverest 100, Jv.[ariru~ :Drive"" "The Employme-nt C>fficer, Employmer:>t Exccha..n.ge, Dhar Bombay 'I'he Pu;st1:. Director.. Footwear Exte:nsiorl Cer:L1:re,. Polo "r"h.e Registrar of Compan.ies,. 162, Briga.de :Roa.d,. Ba.n.galore Grou:nd N"o. I". Jod.hp"llr The Registrar of' c::.ompan.ies.. Gwalior 'I"he O.ffi.cer I/C., ExtcTlsion Cen.tre:, CIUcb Road, 1'I.:£1.XZ:a.ffarp-ucr Asstt. Director,. ExtcXIsio:n Oe:ntre, Bhu.li Road,. Dhan.bad The Director, I:n.dia.:n., BLireau. 0.£ l'vIi:n.cs, Govt. or India., R.egistrar of COU:1panies,. Orissa.,. Cu.ttack Ca.n.dhi,. Cu.t"t:a.ck l\I.£in.istry o£ 1'I.£i::ne~ &. F"Uel,. N":a.gp"Ur The R.egistrar of:' Companies,. Gu.jarat St:a."t:e. ~u.ja:rat: The .A.sstt. Direc\or,. In.du.strial Extension. Ce:n.tre, Nadiad Sama.char Bu.ildrng,. Ahmedabad (G-u.j arat:) Pu.hlic:a.tion. Divisio:n, Sales Depot,. North Block, N"evv Delhi The FJ:eacl Clerk, Pho1:ozi:n.cogra.pIClic Press, 5, Fina.:n.ce Roa.d, The I:»cveiopme:n.t CornTTllissioDo.er, Small Scale In.du.stries .. Poo:n.a Nc'W De1hi Goverr.zme:nt:: Pr~tir1g &. Stationery,. Ra.jkot The: <::):fIicer I/C::.~ "LJ:n.iV"ersity Employme:nt B~ea.u,. LuckI10w ":rhe C>ffi.cer I/-G... ~ten.si on. Cen."t:re, In.d~trial Esta.te:,. Officer I/O., S. I. S. I. Extension. <:len..tre,. ~a.lda K..ok.a.r, R.arl.chi Officer I/O.,. S. I. S_ I . .Ex.teIU!.ion. Ce:n.tre, FJ:a.bra., Tabal"Uria., 'Ibe Director, S. I. S. I. I:n.du.strial Exte:n.sion. Centre" U-dh:o..a., 24 Parga.n.a.s Sura:t Officer I/C.,. S. I. S. I. 1\.1:oclel Carpe:o..t:ry Workshop, Piya.J.i The R.egistrar 0.£ Oompa.n.ies.. Nara.ya.:n.i Bu.ildir1g.. 27. Naga.r~ P. O. Buxxripur Era"bou.me R.oad, CaIcu.tta-1 <:>fii.cer I/C.,. S. I_ S. I. Ohro:n.taT1:ni:n.g Ex:te:nsio:n. ~tre:o ~e Registrar o£ C:::Ompa.n.ies, :K.era.la, 50,. Feet: Road, Emaku.lam Ta.:n.gra. 33,. N"ort:b Topsia R.oa.d,. Ca.lcu.tta.-46 "I"h.e R._egistrar oC Compan.ies, :FI:. No. 3-5-B3~ :E£yder~d.a. Officer I/O•• S_I.S.I. Extension. Ceo. tre .. (Foot"Wea.r), Ca.lcu.tta ~yderabad Asstt. Director,. Ex.te:n.sion. Ck:n.tre.. I£ydera.bad. Regist:rar of" CompaY1ies, Assa.m,. ]\,I[a..n.ipur and Trip1U"".a~ Asstt • .Director, Ext:eIlsion. Centre,. K.rishz2a .outt. (A.P.) Sh.illong Employmen.t C>fli.cer.. Employme:n.t Ex:cha.r:tge, Jhabu.a. Registrar o£ C::::ompar:>ies, Su.:n.light I:nsu.ran.ce Bu.ild:in.g.. ~merj Dy. ~irector In.charge, S.I.S.I.,. C/o Chief" Civil Adrnn. Goa. .. Gate E:xteI1Siort.~ N"ew Delhi Paqiin2 The Registra.r of" Compa:n.ies, Pu.n.jab and Y-:Iimach.a.l Pradesh.. The R.egistrar of'Tra.de "LIrdons.. ~:r::tpur Li:n.k Roa.d ~ Ju.llLICrt.du.T Oity The Empl<::>ymen. t O.fficer", Employme:nt: E:xcha.n.ge.. G<>pal Registrar of'" Compa.r1ies, Bihar •.:Ta.mmal Pat:r:ta-l Bhava.:n.,. 1' V1
Patara Making at Bhavnagar, Part VII-A
