Informal Land Controls, a Case of Karachi-Pakistan
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Informal Land Controls, A Case of Karachi-Pakistan. This Thesis is Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Saeed Ud Din Ahmed School of Geography and Planning, Cardiff University June 2016 DECLARATION This work has not been submitted in substance for any other degree or award at this or any other university or place of learning, nor is being submitted concurrently in candidature for any degree or other award. Signed ………………………………………………………………………………… (candidate) Date ………………………… i | P a g e STATEMENT 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of …………………………(insert MCh, MD, MPhil, PhD etc, as appropriate) Signed ………………………………………………………………………..………… (candidate) Date ………………………… STATEMENT 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. The views expressed are my own. Signed …………………………………………………………….…………………… (candidate) Date ………………………… STATEMENT 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter- library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed ……………………………………………………………………………… (candidate) Date ………………………… STATEMENT 4: PREVIOUSLY APPROVED BAR ON ACCESS I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter- library loans after expiry of a bar on access previously approved by the Academic Standards & Quality Committee. Signed …………………………………………………….……………………… (candidate) Date ………………………… ii | P a g e iii | P a g e Acknowledgement The fruition of this thesis, theoretically a solitary contribution, is indebted to many individuals and institutions for their kind contributions, guidance and support. NED University of Engineering and Technology, my alma mater and employer, for financing this study. Dr Noman Ahmed and Dr Sarosh H. Lodi for their encouragement and support, both intellectually and administratively, throughout the process. Especially, Dr Noman for mentoring and guiding at all the difficult times during the study. I feel extremely lucky to get a place at Cardiff University, and above that, be supervised by Professor Alison Brown. I am extremely thankful for her kind guidance, mentoring, and encouragement throughout the process. From identification of research topic, that I felt passionate about, till the details of subtleties of English writing, her guidance paved the whole journey; I am certain, it would not have been possible without her constant guidance. I would also like to thank Dr. Richard Gale for his kind support throughout the processes, especially his guidance on writing literature review was immensely helpful. I also want to thank the staff at Cardiff University, especially Sian Moseley and Ruth Leo for all the administrative support and guidance. The sensitive nature of the study was largely dependent on the access to case study areas and consent of people; this was made possible by a number of people, whom I call gatekeepers while the identities could not be revealed due to anonymity issues. Mr. Z. and Mr. K. were the main gate keepers without the support of whom I would not have conducted my fieldwork in areas experiencing social tension and segregations of various types. Again Dr. Sarosh and Dr. Noman made it possible to talk to government officials and the commissioner Karachi. I am also thankful to Dr. Abid Mahmood for his kind practical guidance and support throughout the process. In addition, the term ‘informal land controls’ came from Dr. Mansoor who helped shape my thesis in the initial stages and kept in touch throughout the process. My colleagues and friends at CPLAN are also to be thanked, who contributed directly or indirectly in the whole process, and especially Ademola Omoegun and Karolina Rucinska are now lifelong friends. I would also like to thank Summiya, my research assistant during my fieldwork, for her iv | P a g e inspiring focus and commitment to work, I have seen very few young people taking their responsibilities with such seriousness. I would also like to thank Najia Zaidi and Dr. Mujeeb-u-Rehman Bhayo for being there as close friends and housemates, for all the discussions, for cooking delicious food, keeping the house clean, being part of parties, movies and for bearing me and my eccentricities. I learnt a lot from all of you guys. Last but not the least, I would like to thank my family, especially my mother and elder brother, for always being there for any moral, emotional and financial support and for all the prayers. It has been a wonderful learning experience altogether with all of those whom I mentioned, and those I did not mention but they are part of this acknowledgment. Thank you all. v | P a g e Table of Contents Acknowledgement ....................................................................................................... iv Summary ...................................................................................................................... xi List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................... xiii List of Figures ............................................................................................................. xiv List of Tables ............................................................................................................... xv List of Maps ................................................................................................................ xvi List of Boxes .............................................................................................................. xvii List of Pictures .......................................................................................................... xviii Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Background ............................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 The Research Problem.............................................................................................................. 5 1.4 Research Hypothesis and Questions ........................................................................................ 5 1.5 Structure of the thesis .............................................................................................................. 7 Chapter 2 Literature Review: Towards a Theoretical Framework .............................................................................. 10 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 11 2.2 Informal Urban Development ................................................................................................ 13 2.2.1 Various Interpretations ................................................................................................... 13 2.2.2 Impacts of informal urban development ........................................................................ 16 2.2.3 Drivers of Informality ...................................................................................................... 17 2.2.4 State and Market............................................................................................................. 19 2.2.5 Critical Analysis of the Literature on Informality ............................................................ 20 2.3 Land, Space and its Production .............................................................................................. 21 2.3.1 Land ................................................................................................................................. 22 Land market and management of land ................................................................................ 23 2.3.3 Space and Production of Space ....................................................................................... 24 2.3.4 Power and Social Production of Space ............................................................................ 26 2.3.5 Defining Informal Land Control; a Type of Production of Space? ................................... 27 2.3.6 Informal Land Controls: Linking Social and Spatial Domains .......................................... 29 2.4 Processes of Control – the Role of Power .............................................................................. 31 2.4.1 Understanding ‘Power’ ................................................................................................... 31 Nature of power ................................................................................................................... 32 Power as action or having capability of action and inaction ............................................... 34 Power relations and expression of power ........................................................................... 34 2.4.2 Types of Powers and Power Structures .......................................................................... 36 2.4.3 Defining Informal Power Structures ............................................................................... 40 2.4.4 Concluding Debate on Power .........................................................................................